Diagnosis and treatment planning for removable partial denturesKelly Norton
The document discusses the process of diagnosis and treatment planning for removable partial dentures. It involves a thorough patient interview and medical/dental history to understand the patient's needs and concerns. A comprehensive clinical examination including intraoral photos, diagnostic casts, and x-rays is then used to evaluate the oral health, identify treatment needs, and assess teeth for suitability as abutments. The findings are interpreted to formulate a treatment plan addressing disease management and prosthetic reconstruction.
oral and general manifestation of radiated patients - KellyKelly Norton
This document discusses the oral and dental manifestations of radiation therapy and their implications for prosthodontic planning and treatment. It covers topics like:
1. The different types and modalities of radiation therapy and their primary biological effects.
2. The dentist's role in managing patients before, during, and after radiation therapy, which includes fabricating stents, managing oral mucositis, and addressing issues like trismus, xerostomia, and osteoradionecrosis.
3. Prosthodontic considerations for patients who receive radiation therapy, such as special impression techniques, altered vertical dimension and occlusal schemes, and increased focus on post-insertion care due to complications from
Description of examination and evaluation of partially edentulous patients, development of treatment plan, Prosthodontic Diagnostic Index (PDI), Partial Edentulism Cheklist, SOAP summary. Added references for further reading.
Ch12 diagnosis and treatment planning iiHoang Hieu
This document discusses several factors to consider in diagnosis and treatment planning for removable partial dentures, including:
1. Evaluating a patient's oral hygiene habits and providing regular maintenance appointments after treatment.
2. Assessing the periodontium, abutment teeth, caries activity, and need for restorative work or extractions.
3. Analyzing the occlusion and whether to modify it prior to prosthetic treatment.
4. Considering factors like nutrition, xerostomia, need for preprosthetic surgery, and endodontic treatment of abutment teeth.
The overall message is that thorough evaluation of the patient's clinical situation and careful treatment planning is important for successful removable partial
Diagnosis and treament planning in fixed partial denturesSoumyadev Satpathy
The document provides guidance on diagnosis and treatment planning for prosthodontic cases. It discusses collecting a thorough patient history, performing extraoral and intraoral examinations, taking diagnostic casts and radiographs, and developing a treatment plan. The diagnostic process aims to determine the nature of the patient's dental needs and establish a logical sequence of procedures to address identified issues before undertaking fixed prosthodontic treatment. Developing an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan requires a systematic, multidisciplinary approach.
Diagnosis and treatment planning for removable partial dentures- KellyKelly Norton
The document discusses the process of diagnosis and treatment planning for removable partial dentures. It involves:
1. Taking a thorough patient history and medical/dental examination to understand the patient's needs and concerns.
2. Performing a clinical examination including diagnostic casts, radiographs, and assessment of teeth and ridges.
3. Developing a treatment plan that addresses the patient's desires and oral health needs in the most appropriate manner.
Examination,diagnosis and treatment planning in rpdDR PAAVANA
This document provides an overview of the process for diagnosing and treatment planning for removable partial dentures. It discusses the importance of the patient interview and clinical examination to understand needs and desires. The diagnostic process involves a thorough medical and dental history, intraoral and extraoral examination, diagnostic casts, and analysis of occlusion. The Prosthodontic Diagnostic Index (PDI) is introduced as a classification system to assess location and extent of edentulous areas, abutment conditions, occlusion, and residual ridge characteristics to aid in treatment planning. Key steps in the process include relief of pain, oral prophylaxis, radiographs, occlusal analysis on diagnostic casts, and fabricating a treatment plan that addresses both patient desires
This document outlines the phases of periodontal therapy, including:
1) Preliminary phase focusing on emergencies and extractions.
2) Nonsurgical phase involving plaque control, non-surgical treatments like scaling and root planing.
3) Surgical phase using various periodontal surgeries and other treatments like implants and endodontics.
4) Restorative phase for final restorations and prosthodontics.
5) Maintenance phase for long-term supportive periodontal therapy.
Surgical periodontal therapy aims to eliminate pathologic changes, create a stable periodontium, and promote regeneration through techniques like pocket reduction surgeries and correction of anatomic defects
Diagnosis and treatment planning for removable partial denturesKelly Norton
The document discusses the process of diagnosis and treatment planning for removable partial dentures. It involves a thorough patient interview and medical/dental history to understand the patient's needs and concerns. A comprehensive clinical examination including intraoral photos, diagnostic casts, and x-rays is then used to evaluate the oral health, identify treatment needs, and assess teeth for suitability as abutments. The findings are interpreted to formulate a treatment plan addressing disease management and prosthetic reconstruction.
oral and general manifestation of radiated patients - KellyKelly Norton
This document discusses the oral and dental manifestations of radiation therapy and their implications for prosthodontic planning and treatment. It covers topics like:
1. The different types and modalities of radiation therapy and their primary biological effects.
2. The dentist's role in managing patients before, during, and after radiation therapy, which includes fabricating stents, managing oral mucositis, and addressing issues like trismus, xerostomia, and osteoradionecrosis.
3. Prosthodontic considerations for patients who receive radiation therapy, such as special impression techniques, altered vertical dimension and occlusal schemes, and increased focus on post-insertion care due to complications from
Description of examination and evaluation of partially edentulous patients, development of treatment plan, Prosthodontic Diagnostic Index (PDI), Partial Edentulism Cheklist, SOAP summary. Added references for further reading.
Ch12 diagnosis and treatment planning iiHoang Hieu
This document discusses several factors to consider in diagnosis and treatment planning for removable partial dentures, including:
1. Evaluating a patient's oral hygiene habits and providing regular maintenance appointments after treatment.
2. Assessing the periodontium, abutment teeth, caries activity, and need for restorative work or extractions.
3. Analyzing the occlusion and whether to modify it prior to prosthetic treatment.
4. Considering factors like nutrition, xerostomia, need for preprosthetic surgery, and endodontic treatment of abutment teeth.
The overall message is that thorough evaluation of the patient's clinical situation and careful treatment planning is important for successful removable partial
Diagnosis and treament planning in fixed partial denturesSoumyadev Satpathy
The document provides guidance on diagnosis and treatment planning for prosthodontic cases. It discusses collecting a thorough patient history, performing extraoral and intraoral examinations, taking diagnostic casts and radiographs, and developing a treatment plan. The diagnostic process aims to determine the nature of the patient's dental needs and establish a logical sequence of procedures to address identified issues before undertaking fixed prosthodontic treatment. Developing an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan requires a systematic, multidisciplinary approach.
Diagnosis and treatment planning for removable partial dentures- KellyKelly Norton
The document discusses the process of diagnosis and treatment planning for removable partial dentures. It involves:
1. Taking a thorough patient history and medical/dental examination to understand the patient's needs and concerns.
2. Performing a clinical examination including diagnostic casts, radiographs, and assessment of teeth and ridges.
3. Developing a treatment plan that addresses the patient's desires and oral health needs in the most appropriate manner.
Examination,diagnosis and treatment planning in rpdDR PAAVANA
This document provides an overview of the process for diagnosing and treatment planning for removable partial dentures. It discusses the importance of the patient interview and clinical examination to understand needs and desires. The diagnostic process involves a thorough medical and dental history, intraoral and extraoral examination, diagnostic casts, and analysis of occlusion. The Prosthodontic Diagnostic Index (PDI) is introduced as a classification system to assess location and extent of edentulous areas, abutment conditions, occlusion, and residual ridge characteristics to aid in treatment planning. Key steps in the process include relief of pain, oral prophylaxis, radiographs, occlusal analysis on diagnostic casts, and fabricating a treatment plan that addresses both patient desires
This document outlines the phases of periodontal therapy, including:
1) Preliminary phase focusing on emergencies and extractions.
2) Nonsurgical phase involving plaque control, non-surgical treatments like scaling and root planing.
3) Surgical phase using various periodontal surgeries and other treatments like implants and endodontics.
4) Restorative phase for final restorations and prosthodontics.
5) Maintenance phase for long-term supportive periodontal therapy.
Surgical periodontal therapy aims to eliminate pathologic changes, create a stable periodontium, and promote regeneration through techniques like pocket reduction surgeries and correction of anatomic defects
The document discusses diagnosis and treatment planning for patients requiring removable partial dentures. It outlines the importance of a thorough patient interview and clinical examination, including diagnostic casts and jaw relation records, to understand the patient's needs and dental condition. A comprehensive analysis of all diagnostic findings is necessary to develop an appropriate treatment plan that meets the objectives of eliminating disease, preserving oral tissues, and restoring function and esthetics. The treatment plan for an edentulous patient is simple, but a complex case requires assembling all diagnostic criteria to ensure success.
Full mouth rehabilitation FINAL PRESENTATIONNAMITHA ANAND
This document discusses full mouth rehabilitation (FMR), including:
- Definitions of FMR as restoring form and function of the masticatory system to a normal condition.
- Goals of FMR include achieving a stable centric occlusion, even distribution of stresses, and equalization of forces.
- Indications for FMR include restoring impaired function, preserving remaining teeth, and improving esthetics.
- Classification systems for patients requiring FMR, including those with excessive wear with or without loss of vertical dimension.
- Diagnostic tools used in planning FMR, such as models, radiographs, bite records, and diagnostic wax-ups.
This document presents classification systems for complete edentulism, partial edentulism, and completely dentate patients. For complete edentulism, it describes 4 classes based on factors like residual bone height, ridge morphology, muscle attachments, and occlusal relationships. Partial edentulism classes are determined by location/extent of edentulous areas, abutment conditions, occlusion, and residual ridges. Completely dentate classes consider tooth condition and occlusal scheme, with higher classes requiring more extensive pre-prosthetic therapy.
There is no question that given the current state of the art in dentistry, that dental implants are pretty much the best way to replace teeth; they are stand alone tooth replacement systems that look and function just like natural teeth. They do not attach to adjacent teeth like a fixed bridge and don't have to be taken in and out like removable partial dentures.
A dental implant is a tooth root replacement made of titanium, which has the unique property of being osteophilic (osteo-bone, philic-loving) and actually fuses to bone. A crown, the part of the tooth that you see in your mouth, is attached to the implant. And the great thing about implants is they are not susceptible to decay or periodontal (gum) disease in the same way that teeth are.
Now here are a few important pointers, which hold for implants generally and are especially important in your case when replacing a front tooth for an imminent event . Dr Harshavardhan Patwal
journal club on Progressive Root Resorption Associatedwith the Treatment of ...Shilpa Shiv
This case report describes progressive root resorption that occurred after treatment of a deep gingival recession using scaling and root planing, tetracycline root conditioning, and connective tissue grafting. At 20 months post-operatively, external root resorption was observed without symptoms. Root resorption is an uncommon complication that can occur despite initially achieving the desired outcome of treating recession and creating healthy periodontal tissues. Tetracycline root conditioning may cause late root resorption, so this risk should be considered when developing treatment plans.
An altered cast procedure to improve tissue supportCPGIDSH
The document discusses an altered cast technique for removable partial dentures. The technique involves making an impression of the edentulous ridge after the metal framework is cast. This refined impression is used to alter the edentulous areas of the master cast, accurately reproducing the supporting tissues. This provides correct denture base extension and favorable physiologic support when seated. The technique offers benefits like reducing adjustments and preserving residual ridges by improving stress distribution. Two case examples demonstrate using the altered cast technique for mandibular and maxillary removable partial dentures.
Most of problems in root canal are fixed, re-establishment of strength in weakened crown or root is impossible.
After coronal leakage the most common reason for long term failure of endodontically treated teeth is vertical root fracture, if this fracture extents even a millimeter depth into soft tissue attachment then it must be extracted
Term heroic means self reference (treating a tooth with poor prognosis)
List of heroic Endodontics –repair of perforation before MTA, Hemi section/root amputation of teeth with vertical root fracture, forced eruption of a tooth with sub crestal caries, cervical resorption or oblique fracture and internal bonding of root fracture
The primary reason in considering a tooth unworthy is when structural integrity is gone
Journal club on physiological impression techniquesdushyant chauhan
This document describes a physiologic impression technique for resorbed mandibular ridges. It aims to develop an impression with maximum support of hard and soft tissues. The technique involves making a preliminary impression using McCord's technique, refining it with irreversible hydrocolloid, and fabricating a custom tray. A final impression is made using light body polyvinyl siloxane impression material. This technique combines traditional and contemporary methods to produce a prosthesis with better retention and stability by allowing physiological compression of tissues in primary stress bearing areas through a close-fitting tray and viscous material.
Effect of Calcium Hydroxide on Deep Caries Dentin: A Clinical Studyasclepiuspdfs
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of calcium hydroxide on arresting deep carious lesions in permanent teeth. Methods: A total of 190 patients aged between 15 and 55 years old were selected for this clinical study. Calcium hydroxide was applied to fully matured permanent anterior or posterior teeth clinically and radiographically after 2 weeks, 3–4 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 1-year follow-up. Results: The overall survival rate was 89.4%. The findings of this study showed that calcium hydroxide is effective in arresting deep carious lesions and formation tertiary dentine as well as preservation teeth vitality. Conclusion: Calcium hydroxide is effective in reducing the risk of pulp exposure in deep carious lesion.
This document discusses the diagnosis and treatment of aggressive periodontitis. Key points include:
- Aggressive periodontitis is characterized by rapid bone loss and minimal plaque. Microbial testing can identify pathogens like P. gingivalis.
- Treatment involves scaling, root planing, surgery, and adjunctive antibiotics like amoxicillin with metronidazole. Regenerative therapies and local drug delivery aim to regenerate bone and treat pathogens.
- Maintenance therapy through frequent cleanings and home care is important to control the disease long term. Some severe cases may be refractory to standard treatment and require further testing and customized therapies.
Importance of diagnosis and treatment planning in fixedDr.Noreen
- The document outlines the process for conducting a thorough dental examination, including chief complaints, medical and dental history, extraoral and intraoral examination, diagnostic casts, diagnosis, and treatment planning.
- The examination involves assessing the chief complaint, medical history including medications, dental history, temporomandibular joint examination, palpation of muscles and lymph nodes, and intraoral soft tissue and dental evaluation.
- Diagnostic casts are useful for diagnosing problems, assessing edentulous spaces, abutment teeth, and developing a treatment plan. A comprehensive treatment plan is developed through a process of data collection, diagnosis, and integrating information to create a logical plan of care.
DIAGNOSTIC SETUP FOR REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURE /prosthodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Journal Club On Subepithelial Connective Tissue GraftAssociated with Apicoec...Shilpa Shiv
Journal Club On Subepithelial Connective Tissue GraftAssociated with Apicoectomy andRoot-End Fillings in the Treatment ofDeep Localized Gingival Recession withApex Root Exposure
Biofunctional prosthesis system complete dentureNikitaChhabariya
The document summarizes the Biofunctional Prosthetic System (BPS) for complete dentures. The BPS is a systematic approach that uses specialized trays, materials, and techniques from impression making to the final denture insertion. It aims to create dentures with optimal aesthetics, comfort, fit and function. The summary discusses the key steps of the BPS including primary and secondary impressions, jaw relation recording, tooth set-up using articulators, and injection molding of the final denture. Clinical examples are provided to illustrate the BPS approach.
This document discusses supportive periodontal therapy (SPT). It begins with an introduction and overview of SPT. It then discusses the rationale and objectives of SPT, which include preventing disease recurrence and progression. Compliance is important for effective SPT. The document outlines the typical parts of an SPT visit, including examination, motivation and instrumentation, treatment of reinfected sites, and determination of recall interval. Research shows that regular SPT every 3-6 months is effective at preventing further attachment and bone loss. The document also discusses classifying post-treatment patients, referring patients to specialists, assessing risk of disease recurrence, and complications of SPT.
Diagnosis related to fixed prosthodonticsQalamGroup
This document discusses the importance of proper diagnosis for fixed prosthodontic treatments. It outlines the key elements of diagnosis, including medical history, dental history, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and occlusal evaluation, and clinical examination. The clinical examination involves assessing oral hygiene, habits, the edentulous ridge, occlusion, and prospective abutment teeth. Modern diagnostic tools like T-Scan, BioEMG, intraoral cameras, and caries detection devices like Diagodent are described which aid in accurate diagnosis. A thorough diagnosis is essential for developing an appropriate treatment plan and ensuring treatment success.
This document summarizes a study evaluating outcomes of closed reduction versus open reduction and internal fixation for treating different types of condyle and subcondylar fractures. The study included 45 patients with 51 fractures that were classified into different classes based on displacement and dislocation. Class I non-displaced fractures were treated with closed reduction, while displaced and dislocated fractures in Classes II and IV underwent open reduction and internal fixation. The results found that Class I fractures healed well with closed reduction, while Classes II and IV achieved good function and range of motion when treated with open reduction and internal fixation. Complications for both groups were minor and resolved within a year.
JC One versus two anterior miniscrews for correcting upper.pptxShruthi Kamaraj
This study compared the effects of using one versus two anterior miniscrews for correcting upper incisor overbite in 44 adult patients. Key findings include:
- Overbite correction was greater when using two miniscrews compared to one miniscrew. Two miniscrews produced more upper incisor intrusion with less labial tipping.
- Root resorption of the upper incisors occurred on average 2.15mm as a result of overbite correction, with no significant difference between the one and two miniscrew groups. Greater overbite correction resulted in more root resorption.
- Treatment successfully corrected overbite with minimal relapse
The document discusses diagnosis and treatment planning for patients requiring removable partial dentures. It outlines the importance of a thorough patient interview and clinical examination, including diagnostic casts and jaw relation records, to understand the patient's needs and dental condition. A comprehensive analysis of all diagnostic findings is necessary to develop an appropriate treatment plan that meets the objectives of eliminating disease, preserving oral tissues, and restoring function and esthetics. The treatment plan for an edentulous patient is simple, but a complex case requires assembling all diagnostic criteria to ensure success.
Full mouth rehabilitation FINAL PRESENTATIONNAMITHA ANAND
This document discusses full mouth rehabilitation (FMR), including:
- Definitions of FMR as restoring form and function of the masticatory system to a normal condition.
- Goals of FMR include achieving a stable centric occlusion, even distribution of stresses, and equalization of forces.
- Indications for FMR include restoring impaired function, preserving remaining teeth, and improving esthetics.
- Classification systems for patients requiring FMR, including those with excessive wear with or without loss of vertical dimension.
- Diagnostic tools used in planning FMR, such as models, radiographs, bite records, and diagnostic wax-ups.
This document presents classification systems for complete edentulism, partial edentulism, and completely dentate patients. For complete edentulism, it describes 4 classes based on factors like residual bone height, ridge morphology, muscle attachments, and occlusal relationships. Partial edentulism classes are determined by location/extent of edentulous areas, abutment conditions, occlusion, and residual ridges. Completely dentate classes consider tooth condition and occlusal scheme, with higher classes requiring more extensive pre-prosthetic therapy.
There is no question that given the current state of the art in dentistry, that dental implants are pretty much the best way to replace teeth; they are stand alone tooth replacement systems that look and function just like natural teeth. They do not attach to adjacent teeth like a fixed bridge and don't have to be taken in and out like removable partial dentures.
A dental implant is a tooth root replacement made of titanium, which has the unique property of being osteophilic (osteo-bone, philic-loving) and actually fuses to bone. A crown, the part of the tooth that you see in your mouth, is attached to the implant. And the great thing about implants is they are not susceptible to decay or periodontal (gum) disease in the same way that teeth are.
Now here are a few important pointers, which hold for implants generally and are especially important in your case when replacing a front tooth for an imminent event . Dr Harshavardhan Patwal
journal club on Progressive Root Resorption Associatedwith the Treatment of ...Shilpa Shiv
This case report describes progressive root resorption that occurred after treatment of a deep gingival recession using scaling and root planing, tetracycline root conditioning, and connective tissue grafting. At 20 months post-operatively, external root resorption was observed without symptoms. Root resorption is an uncommon complication that can occur despite initially achieving the desired outcome of treating recession and creating healthy periodontal tissues. Tetracycline root conditioning may cause late root resorption, so this risk should be considered when developing treatment plans.
An altered cast procedure to improve tissue supportCPGIDSH
The document discusses an altered cast technique for removable partial dentures. The technique involves making an impression of the edentulous ridge after the metal framework is cast. This refined impression is used to alter the edentulous areas of the master cast, accurately reproducing the supporting tissues. This provides correct denture base extension and favorable physiologic support when seated. The technique offers benefits like reducing adjustments and preserving residual ridges by improving stress distribution. Two case examples demonstrate using the altered cast technique for mandibular and maxillary removable partial dentures.
Most of problems in root canal are fixed, re-establishment of strength in weakened crown or root is impossible.
After coronal leakage the most common reason for long term failure of endodontically treated teeth is vertical root fracture, if this fracture extents even a millimeter depth into soft tissue attachment then it must be extracted
Term heroic means self reference (treating a tooth with poor prognosis)
List of heroic Endodontics –repair of perforation before MTA, Hemi section/root amputation of teeth with vertical root fracture, forced eruption of a tooth with sub crestal caries, cervical resorption or oblique fracture and internal bonding of root fracture
The primary reason in considering a tooth unworthy is when structural integrity is gone
Journal club on physiological impression techniquesdushyant chauhan
This document describes a physiologic impression technique for resorbed mandibular ridges. It aims to develop an impression with maximum support of hard and soft tissues. The technique involves making a preliminary impression using McCord's technique, refining it with irreversible hydrocolloid, and fabricating a custom tray. A final impression is made using light body polyvinyl siloxane impression material. This technique combines traditional and contemporary methods to produce a prosthesis with better retention and stability by allowing physiological compression of tissues in primary stress bearing areas through a close-fitting tray and viscous material.
Effect of Calcium Hydroxide on Deep Caries Dentin: A Clinical Studyasclepiuspdfs
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of calcium hydroxide on arresting deep carious lesions in permanent teeth. Methods: A total of 190 patients aged between 15 and 55 years old were selected for this clinical study. Calcium hydroxide was applied to fully matured permanent anterior or posterior teeth clinically and radiographically after 2 weeks, 3–4 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 1-year follow-up. Results: The overall survival rate was 89.4%. The findings of this study showed that calcium hydroxide is effective in arresting deep carious lesions and formation tertiary dentine as well as preservation teeth vitality. Conclusion: Calcium hydroxide is effective in reducing the risk of pulp exposure in deep carious lesion.
This document discusses the diagnosis and treatment of aggressive periodontitis. Key points include:
- Aggressive periodontitis is characterized by rapid bone loss and minimal plaque. Microbial testing can identify pathogens like P. gingivalis.
- Treatment involves scaling, root planing, surgery, and adjunctive antibiotics like amoxicillin with metronidazole. Regenerative therapies and local drug delivery aim to regenerate bone and treat pathogens.
- Maintenance therapy through frequent cleanings and home care is important to control the disease long term. Some severe cases may be refractory to standard treatment and require further testing and customized therapies.
Importance of diagnosis and treatment planning in fixedDr.Noreen
- The document outlines the process for conducting a thorough dental examination, including chief complaints, medical and dental history, extraoral and intraoral examination, diagnostic casts, diagnosis, and treatment planning.
- The examination involves assessing the chief complaint, medical history including medications, dental history, temporomandibular joint examination, palpation of muscles and lymph nodes, and intraoral soft tissue and dental evaluation.
- Diagnostic casts are useful for diagnosing problems, assessing edentulous spaces, abutment teeth, and developing a treatment plan. A comprehensive treatment plan is developed through a process of data collection, diagnosis, and integrating information to create a logical plan of care.
DIAGNOSTIC SETUP FOR REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURE /prosthodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Journal Club On Subepithelial Connective Tissue GraftAssociated with Apicoec...Shilpa Shiv
Journal Club On Subepithelial Connective Tissue GraftAssociated with Apicoectomy andRoot-End Fillings in the Treatment ofDeep Localized Gingival Recession withApex Root Exposure
Biofunctional prosthesis system complete dentureNikitaChhabariya
The document summarizes the Biofunctional Prosthetic System (BPS) for complete dentures. The BPS is a systematic approach that uses specialized trays, materials, and techniques from impression making to the final denture insertion. It aims to create dentures with optimal aesthetics, comfort, fit and function. The summary discusses the key steps of the BPS including primary and secondary impressions, jaw relation recording, tooth set-up using articulators, and injection molding of the final denture. Clinical examples are provided to illustrate the BPS approach.
This document discusses supportive periodontal therapy (SPT). It begins with an introduction and overview of SPT. It then discusses the rationale and objectives of SPT, which include preventing disease recurrence and progression. Compliance is important for effective SPT. The document outlines the typical parts of an SPT visit, including examination, motivation and instrumentation, treatment of reinfected sites, and determination of recall interval. Research shows that regular SPT every 3-6 months is effective at preventing further attachment and bone loss. The document also discusses classifying post-treatment patients, referring patients to specialists, assessing risk of disease recurrence, and complications of SPT.
Diagnosis related to fixed prosthodonticsQalamGroup
This document discusses the importance of proper diagnosis for fixed prosthodontic treatments. It outlines the key elements of diagnosis, including medical history, dental history, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and occlusal evaluation, and clinical examination. The clinical examination involves assessing oral hygiene, habits, the edentulous ridge, occlusion, and prospective abutment teeth. Modern diagnostic tools like T-Scan, BioEMG, intraoral cameras, and caries detection devices like Diagodent are described which aid in accurate diagnosis. A thorough diagnosis is essential for developing an appropriate treatment plan and ensuring treatment success.
This document summarizes a study evaluating outcomes of closed reduction versus open reduction and internal fixation for treating different types of condyle and subcondylar fractures. The study included 45 patients with 51 fractures that were classified into different classes based on displacement and dislocation. Class I non-displaced fractures were treated with closed reduction, while displaced and dislocated fractures in Classes II and IV underwent open reduction and internal fixation. The results found that Class I fractures healed well with closed reduction, while Classes II and IV achieved good function and range of motion when treated with open reduction and internal fixation. Complications for both groups were minor and resolved within a year.
JC One versus two anterior miniscrews for correcting upper.pptxShruthi Kamaraj
This study compared the effects of using one versus two anterior miniscrews for correcting upper incisor overbite in 44 adult patients. Key findings include:
- Overbite correction was greater when using two miniscrews compared to one miniscrew. Two miniscrews produced more upper incisor intrusion with less labial tipping.
- Root resorption of the upper incisors occurred on average 2.15mm as a result of overbite correction, with no significant difference between the one and two miniscrew groups. Greater overbite correction resulted in more root resorption.
- Treatment successfully corrected overbite with minimal relapse
A Comparison of The Lateral Tarsal Strip with Everting Sutures and The Quic...Meironi Waimir
Entropion is Inversion or rotation of the margo palpebra towards the eyeball.
Characterized by : Ocular discomfort, epiphora, secondary corneal thinning, vascularization and scarring as well as microbial keratitis and corneal perforation.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document discusses factors related to stability and retention in class II division 1 malocclusions. It covers 3 main topics: 1) The relationship between stability and extraction patterns, finding that nonextraction and premolar extraction have similar long-term stability. 2) The relationship between treatment mechanics and stability, finding stability with functional appliances, Herbst, Twin Force Bite Corrector. 3) Surgical vs conventional treatment, finding functional appliances and surgery have similar stable results, though surgery has more vertical relapse. Relapse is multifactorial and can be reduced by ensuring proper occlusion, avoiding overcorrection of lower incisors, and continued retention as needed.
The document summarizes a journal club presentation on a 3-year study evaluating the clinical performance of short expandable dental implants in highly atrophic alveolar bone. The study found a 94.7% implant success rate in the mandible and 83.6% in the maxilla over a mean follow-up of 42.6 months, with median 3-year crestal bone changes demonstrating maintenance of peri-implant alveolar bone. The conclusion was that the short expandable implant system provided reliable oral rehabilitation, especially for elderly patients with difficult implantation conditions.
Success rate of miniplate anchorage for bone anchored maxillary protractionSaba Basit
(1) The study evaluated the success rate of using Bollard miniplates for bone anchored maxillary protraction (BAMP) in growing children, finding a 97% success rate. (2) Failures occurred in the youngest patients and were addressed by removing and replacing miniplates under local anesthesia. (3) The high success rate was related to presurgical counseling, minimal invasive surgery, good postsurgical instructions, and orthodontic follow-up.
Supportive periodontal therapy (SPT) involves long-term maintenance programs following active periodontal treatment to maintain periodontal health. SPT involves periodic examination, motivation and instrumentation of sites showing inflammation, treatment of reinfected sites, and polishing. It begins after active treatment and is aimed at preventing recurrence through early detection of disease. The frequency of SPT visits depends on the patient's periodontal risk assessment but generally occurs every 3-4 months. It can be performed by general dentists or specialists depending on the extent of original periodontal destruction. Adjunctive use of antimicrobials may also be included in SPT.
Experience with semi occlusive dressing in fingertip injuriesCAMILA AZOCAR
This document describes a case series study that evaluated the use of semi-occlusive dressings for fingertip injuries. The study included 6 male patients between 40-65 years old who sustained distal phalanx fractures from saws, knives, or animal attacks. The patients received antibiotics, debridement, and a semi-occlusive dressing that remained for 6 weeks until complete coverage was achieved. At 3 month follow up, all patients had good or excellent functional results on a satisfaction scale, an average QuickDASH score of 4.5, and satisfactory cosmetic results with full range of motion and no complications. The conclusion is that semi-occlusive dressings provide an alternative treatment to skin flaps for fingertip injuries with excellent
ABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate the role of age as a moderator of bone regeneration patterns and
symphysis remodeling after genioplasty.
Method: Fifty-four patients who underwent genioplasty at the end of their orthodontic treatment
were divided into three age groups: younger than 15 years at the time of surgery (group 1), 15 to
19 years (group 2), and 20 years or older (group 3). Twenty-three patients who did not accept
genioplasty and had a follow-up radiograph 2 years after the end of their orthodontic treatment
were used as a control group. Patients were evaluated at three time points: immediate preoperative
(T1), immediate postoperative (T2,) and 2 years postsurgery (T3).
Results: The mean genial advancement at surgery was similar for the three age groups, but the
extent of remodeling around the repositioned chin was greater in group 1, less in group 2, and still
less in group 3. Symphysis thickness increased significantly during the 2-year postsurgery interval
for the three groups, and this increase was significantly greater in group 1 than in group 3.
Remodeling above and behind the repositioned chin also was greater in the younger patients. This
was related to greater vertical growth of the dentoalveolar process in the younger patients. There
was no evidence of a deleterious effect on mandibular growth.
Conclusion: The outcomes of forward-upward genioplasty include increased symphysis
thickness, bone apposition above B point, and remodeling at the inferior border. When indications
for this type of genioplasty are recognized, early surgical correction (before age 15) produces a
better outcome in terms of bone remodeling. (Angle Orthod. 0000;00:000–000.)
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Factors affecting occlusal stability
1.
2. A PROSPECTIVE EVALUATION OF FACTORS AFFECTING
OCCLUSAL STABILITY OF CLASS II CORRECTION WITH
TWIN BLOCK FOLLOWED BY FIXED APPLIANCES
Graham R. Oliver, Nikolaos Pandis, and Padhraig S. Fleming
London, United Kingdom, and Bern, Switzerland
Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop: 2020;157(1):35-41
PRESENTED BY -
Dr DEVENDER KUMAR
POST GRADUATE STUDENT
DEPARTMENT OF ORTHODONTICS
4. INTRODUCTION
■ Class II functional appliances are indicated in the correction of mandibular deficiencies as
they allow mandibular postural changes by holding the mandible forward and/or downward.
■ The muscles and soft tissues are stretched with the generated pressure transmitted to the
skeletal and dental structures potentially resulting in skeletal growth modification and tooth
movement.
■ Both fixed and removable Class II functional appliances are used to improve Class II
malocclusions. Since the success with removable appliances largely depends on patient’s
compliance, using a more tolerable appliance can increase the chances of a favourable
outcome.
5. ■ Twin-blocks are upper and lower acrylic bite
blocks with occlusal inclined planes that
interlock at a 70 degree angle and guide the
mandible forward and downward.
■ It has been suggested that compared to other
functional appliances, success rate with
Twin-block is favourable because it is
generally better tolerated by patients as it is
smaller than other functional appliances, has
no visible acrylic portion anteriorly, and its
interference with speech is minimal.
6. OCCLUSAL INCLINED PLANES
During the evolution of the technique the angulations used were 90 degree and then
changed to 45 degree.
Drawbacks of 45 angulations posterior open bite.
An angle of 45 also results in equal downward and forward force on the mandibular
dentition.
Finally changed to 70 to apply a more horizontal component of force.
7. PHASES OF TREATMENT
Stage 1 : Active Phase (6-9 months)
■ The aim in this stage is to achieve a class I occlusion with corrected overbite and overjet and a three point
Occlusal contact with incisors and molars.
Stage 2 : Support Phase (3-6 months)
■ The aim is to maintain the corrected incisor relation till the buccal segment is fully interdigitated. The upper
removable appliance is fitted with a anterior inclined plane to engage the lower incisor and canines and the
lower twin block is left out in this stage.
Stage 3 : Retention (9 months)
■ Treatment is followed by retention with the upper anterior inclined plane only, with wear reduced to night time
only.
TEXTBOOKOFTWIN BLOCK FUNCTIONALTHERAPY BY WILLIAM J CLARK
8. AIM
■ To assess the stability of Class II correction with Twin-block therapy
followed by fixed appliances (TBFA) and to evaluate factors that may
affect stability.
9. MATERIALS AND METHODS
■ A prospective evaluation was undertaken at the Orthodontic Departments of Barts
Health NHS Trust (The Royal London Hospital and Whipps Cross University
Hospital) over 12 months following completion of orthodontic treatment with
approval from Barts Health NHS Trust Clinical Effectiveness Unit (ID 6274).
■ A convenience sample of participants was recruited before or at debonding as well as
at routine posttreatment review clinics.
■ 64 participants attended for posttreatment review at a 12-month follow-up. There were
34 male participants (n=34; 53%) and 30 female participants (n=30; 47%).
10. INCLUSION CRITERIA
■ The inclusion criteria were treated Class II Division 1 malocclusion as
defined by the British Standards Institute; treated with TB appliances
followed by preadjusted edgewise appliances; and willingness to
participate in the study.
11. EXCLUSION CRITERIA
■ Patients who failed to complete functional appliance therapy with the
subsequent loss to follow-up;
■ Single-arch preadjusted edgewise appliance treatment only;
■ Craniofacial syndromes (eg, cleft lip and palate).
12. ■ All participants were treated under consultant supervision with a combination of a
TB appliance, followed by preadjusted edgewise appliances.
■ The standard departmental protocol is to undertake functional appliance therapy
for 12 months.
■ Following the collection of post functional records, preadjusted edgewise
appliances are placed after a brief period of either night-only wear or complete
withdrawal. Removable retainers were prescribed only for night use.
■ Lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken in centric occlusion and hand-traced
on cephalometric acetate tracing film.
13. ■ All measurements were performed by the investigator who was calibrated
in the use of Peer Assessment Rating (PAR). Study models were blocked
randomized in groups of 20.
■ Identifiable information was removed from the models with a unique,
random number.
■ Following the measurement of the models, the investigator was unblinded
to record participant identity as well as stage of treatment.
■ The investigator was therefore kept blind with respect to the participant
identification as well as the time point of assessment.
14. ■ The primary outcome was the stability of overjet reduction (mm). Secondary outcomes included
anteroposterior stability of molar and canine relationship and the PAR score.
■ Independent variables to be assessed were occlusal interdigitation at debonding, pretreatment sagittal skeletal
discrepancy, treatment-induced change in overjet, and prescribed retention regime.
■ A novel objective method (Royal London Occlusal Interdigitation Scoring System) was developed to grade
occlusal interdigitation accounting both for anteroposterior as well as vertical relationships of the buccal
segments.
■ Both left and right buccal segments are considered, and an overall score was given.
■ A maximum score of 16 can be assigned to a set of study models based on the anteroposterior discrepancy;
for extraction cases, the maximum score is 12.
■ In the vertical plane, the occlusal contact of the maxillary first molar, premolars and canine were assessed
with a maximum score of 4 for each set of study models.
15. ■ The anteroposterior and vertical score is then combined and converted to a percentage based on the
maximum possible score.
■ The reliability of this novel approach was assessed on 20 sets of study models measured 2 weeks apart
by the investigator.
■ Intraexaminer reliability for other model-based measures was assessed on 10 randomly selected sets of
models and cephalometric radiographs 2 weeks apart.
16. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
■ Data were analyzed using a statistical package (version 15; StataCorp,
College Station, Tex).
■ Statistical analysis included descriptive analysis.
■ Participants were categorized as either stable (overjet relapse <1 mm) or
unstable (overjet relapse ≥1 mm).
17. RESULTS
■ 64 participants attended for posttreatment review at a 12-month follow-up. Data were unavailable for
some participants because of absence or poor-quality study models or cephalometric radiographs.
■ Participants were treated with a TB appliance for a mean duration of 1.15 years (SD, 0.45) followed
by a transition period of 0.24 (SD, 0.25) years.
■ Most functional appliance designs followed the department protocol; however, a labial bow (n = 2;
3%) because of significantly proclined incisors or high-pull headgear (n = 5; 8%) were used
occasionally.
■ In addition, 63% of the participants (n = 41) were treated on a nonextraction basis.
■ The fixed appliance phase lasted 1.88 years (SD, 1.15) on average, resulting in a total treatment time
of 3.26 years (SD, 1.30).
21. ■ All participants received some form of retainer with vacuum-formed retainers (VFRs)
used most commonly in the maxillary arch (n = 51; 80%) and the remaining received
Hawley type retainers (n = 13; 20%).
■ To supplement this, 30% (n = 19) also had a maxillary bonded retainer.
■ In the mandibular arch, 6 participants received no removable retainer; however, these
participants did have a fixed retainer, VFRs were used most commonly (n = 53; 83%),
with relatively few patients receiving Hawley type retainers (n = 5, 8%). In total, 29
participants (45%) had mandibular fixed retainers.
22.
23. DISCUSSION
■ In the present study, an overall significant sustained Class II correction was observed with an overjet
relapse of 0.67 mm in 12 months, which is consistent with previous studies focused on the stability of
Class II correction.
■ Most participants had clinically insignificant overjet changes <1 mm; however, 16(25%) subjects
underwent overjet relapse of >1 mm.
■ The main etiological factor in this relapse remains unclear. More prolonged periods of follow-up may be
required to isolate these factors more clearly, although previous research has highlighted that the
majority of relapse in Class II cases arises relatively soon after cessation of the active treatment phase.
■ Very little relapse was observed with buccal segment relationships, with <0.2 mm relapse on average.
■ For every unit increase in overjet reduction, the odds of stability was found to be 33% lower after
adjusting for other variables.
24. ■ Pretreatment skeletal discrepancy was not found to be correlated with overjet relapse in
keeping with previous research with the Herbst appliance.
■ Optimal interdigitation is associated with interlocking of buccal segment relationships
in static intercuspal position; however, a physiological rest position with freeway space
is habitual with estimates that teeth are in contact for <30 minutes daily based on
chewing and swallowing activity.
■ Therefore, it is unsurprising that interdigitation is not key to buccal segment stability.
■ Posttreatment relapse in terms of overjet appears to be predominantly associated with
dentoalveolar changes of the maxillary and mandibular incisors and would, therefore,
appear somewhat independent of buccal segment interdigitation.
25. ■ Retention regime appeared to play no role in the stability of overjet reduction with all participants
receiving some retainer for both arches in the present study.
■ An inconsistent retention regime seemed to contribute to anteroposterior relapse. Furthermore, retention
was advocated until the cessation of growth, and as such, retention was ceased after a set time.
■ No other studies have assessed the effect of retention regime on anteroposterior relapse in cases treated
with functional appliances, with the majority focusing on the alignment of lower incisors rather than
interarch relationships.
■ It is accepted that there remains insufficient evidence in the literature regarding the ideal retention
regime, and this statement appears to apply equally to the preservation of alignment and sagittal
stability.
■ Nonetheless, posterior occlusal coverage during retention following significant sagittal correction may
be inadvisable because of the risk of impairment of occlusal interlock. The present study may have been
insufficiently powered to demonstrate this effect.
26. ■ Despite efforts to recall all identified participants meeting the inclusion criteria,
there was a relatively high dropout rate with a third lost to follow-up with some
data missing at random.
■ Attrition of the sample was limited with use of appointment reminders for
participants in the form of telephone calls before the appointments.
■ It is difficult to speculate as to whether those attending were more or less likely
to have experienced relapse. Furthermore, loss to follow-up is expected to have
little effect on the possible predictors of instability as this was not a comparative
study. There was no control over the treatment provided, such as modifications
to the TB design as well as approach to managing the transition to fixed
appliances, preadjusted edgewise appliance prescription, extraction protocol,
and treatment mechanics.
28. ■ The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Herbst and Twin-block appliances for
established Class II Division I malocclusion.
■ A total of 215 patients (aged 11-14 years) were randomized to receive treatment with either the Herbst or
the Twin-block appliance.
■ Treatment with the Herbst appliance resulted in a lower failure-to-complete rate for the functional
appliance phase of treatment (12.9%) than did treatment with Twin-block (33.6%).
■ There were no differences in treatment time between appliances, but significantly more appointments
were needed for repair of the Herbst appliance than for the Twin-block.
O’Brien, K.,Wright, J., Conboy, F., et al. Effectiveness of treatment for class II malocclusion with the herbst or twin-
block appliances: a randomized, controlled trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2003, 124(2), 128–137.
29. ■ There were no differences in skeletal and dental changes between the appliances; however, the final
occlusal result and skeletal discrepancy were better for girls than for boys.
■ Because of the high cooperation rates of patients using it, the Herbst appliance could be the appliance
of choice for treating adolescents with Class II Division 1 malocclusion. The trade-off for use of the
Herbst is more appointments for appliance repair.
O’Brien, K.,Wright, J., Conboy, F., et al. Effectiveness of treatment for class II malocclusion with the herbst or twin-
block appliances: a randomized, controlled trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2003, 124(2), 128–137.
30. ■ The objective of this study was to analyze the short-term occlusal stability of Herbst therapy in adults
with Class II Division 1 malocclusions.
■ Methods: The subjects comprised 26 adults with Class II Division 1 malocclusions exhibiting a Class II
molar relationship >0.5 cusp bilaterally or >1.0 cusp unilaterally and an overjet of >4.0 mm.
■ The average treatment time was 8.8 months (Herbst phase) plus 14.7 months (subsequent multi-bracket
phase). Study casts from before and after treatment and after an average retention period of 32 months
were analyzed.
■ Results: After retention, molar relationships were stable in 77.6% and canine relationships in 71.2% of
the teeth. True relapses were found in 8.2% (molar relationships) and 1.9% (canine relationships) of the
teeth. Overjet was stable in 92.3% and overbite in 96.0% of the patients; true relapse did not occur.
■ Conclusions: Herbst treatment showed good occlusal stability 2.5 years after treatment in adults with
Class II Division 1 malocclusions
Bock, N. C., von Bremen, J., & Ruf, S. Occlusal stability of adult Class II Division 1 treatment with the Herbst
appliance. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop:2010;138(2), 146–151.
31. ■ The aim of this 2-arm parallel study was to compare the dentoalveolar and skeletal changes achieved
with Twin-block appliance therapy prescribed on either a part- or full-time basis for 12 months.
■ Sixty-two 10-14 year-old patients were randomly allocated to either full-time (FT, 22 hours daily) or
part-time (PT, 12 hours daily) wear of a modified Twin-block appliance and recalled at 6- to 8-week
intervals.
■ Study models and cephalograms were taken at baseline and after 12 months of treatment.
■ Data from 55 of the 62 participants were analyzed. Overjets were reduced by 7 mm (SD, 2.92) in the
PT group and 6.5 mm (SD, 2.62) in the FT group, with no statistical difference between the groups.
Parekh, J., Counihan, K., Fleming, P. S., Pandis, N., & Sharma, P. K. Effectiveness of part-time vs full-time wear protocols
ofTwin-block appliance on dental and skeletal changes: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial
Orthop:2019:155(2), 165–172.
32. ■ Similarly, no clinical or statistical differences were noted for skeletal changes: ANB angle (PT= -
1.51; FT=-1.25), pogonion-sella vertical (PT= 3.25 mm; FT= 3.35 mm) or A-sella vertical (PT= 1.28
mm; FT=1.06 mm). Mean wear durations were 8.78 hours a day in the PT group and 12.38 hours in
the FT group.
■ Conclusions: There was no difference in either dental or skeletal changes achieved with PT or FT
wear of a Twin-block appliance over 12 months. PT wear regimens may therefore be a viable
alternative to FT wear of removable functional appliances.
Parekh, J., Counihan, K., Fleming, P. S., Pandis, N., & Sharma, P. K. Effectiveness of part-time vs full-time wear protocols
ofTwin-block appliance on dental and skeletal changes: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial
Orthop:2019:155(2), 165–172.
33. CONCLUSION
Acceptable levels of stability with twin block followed by fixed appliance
therapy were observed in the short term, with relatively minor degrees of
relapse in Class II correction, particularly in terms of overjet.
A weak relationship between the change in overjet during treatment and
overjet relapse was found.
Instability could not be associated with the degree of buccal segment
interdigitation, pretreatment anteroposterior skeletal discrepancy, or
retention regime.
34. LIMITATIONS
■ Limited sample size.
■ No control group.
■ Effect of growth and gender differences were not included.
■ As patients were in the postpubertal phase following the completion of
treatment, gender and growth-related differences likely had minimal
impact on the stability of occlusal change.
35. REFERENCES
■ Bock NC, von Bremen J, Ruf S. Occlusal stability of adult Class II
Division 1 treatment with the Herbst appliance. Am J Orthod
Dentofacial Orthop 2010;138:146-51.
■ O’Brien, K., Wright, J., Conboy, F., et al. Effectiveness of treatment for
class II malocclusion with the herbst or twin-block appliances: a
randomized, controlled trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2003,
124(2), 128–137.
■ Parekh, J., Counihan, K., Fleming, P. S., Pandis, N., & Sharma, P. K.
Effectiveness of part-time vs full-time wear protocols of Twin-block
appliance on dental and skeletal changes: A randomized controlled trial.
Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop:2019:155(2), 165–172.
36. ■ Cheewapornpimol, J., Tangjit, N., Dechkunakorn, S., &
Anuwongnukroh, N. Treatment effects of twin block appliance in
hyperdivergent and normovergent patients. Mahidol Dental
Journal:2019;39(3), 277-291.
■ Graham R. Oliver, Nikolaos Pandis, and Padhraig S. Fleming. A
prospective evaluation of factors affecting occlusal stability of Class II
correction with Twin block followed by fixed appliances. Am J Orthod
Dentofacial Orthop: 2020;157(1):35-41
■ TEXTBOOK OF TWIN BLOCK FUNCTIONAL THERAPY BY WILLIAM J
CLARK
Editor's Notes
The first Twin Block appliances were fitted on 7th September 1977.
ADV Comfort, Esthetic, Function, Patient compliance, Facial appearance, Speech, Clinical management, Arch development Mandibular repositioning Vertical control Facial asymmetry Safety & efficiency Integration with fixed appliance Treatment of TMJ dysfunction
90= PT HAD DIFFICULTY MAINTAINING A FORWARD POSTURE. RETRUDING MANDIBLE AT OLD POSITION OCCLUDING ON BITE BLOCKS ON TOP OF EACH OTHER.. 45= LESS HORIZONTAL FORCE POST OPEN BITE CAUSED.
Class I:
When the mandibular incisor edges lie or below
the cingulum plateau of the maxillary incisors.
Class II: When the mandibular incisor edges lie
posterior to the cingulum plateau of the maxillary
incisors, the maxillary incisors could be proclined
where it is classified as Class II / 1, or retroclined
maxillary centrals and proclined laterals, or both
central and lateral incisors are retroclined where it
is grouped under Class II / 2. Class III: where the mandibular incisor edges lie anterior to the cingulum plateau of the maxillary central incisor
The British Standard Institute (BSI) in 1983 classified dental malocclusion according to the maxillary and mandibular incisors relationship.
Class I: When the mandibular incisor edges lie or below the cingulum plateau of the maxillary incisors.
Class II: When the mandibular incisor edges lie posterior to the cingulum plateau of the maxillary incisors, the maxillary incisors could be proclined where it is classified as Class II / 1, or retroclined axillary centrals and proclined laterals, or both central and lateral incisors are retroclined where it is grouped under Class II / 2. Class III: where the mandibular incisor edges lie anterior to the cingulum plateau of the maxillary central incisor
Centric occlusion when teeth are in maximum occlusal contact irrespective of the position of the disk assembly
Centric relation is thr maxillomandibular relationship in which condyles articulate with the thinnest avascular portion of the respective discs with the complex in the anterior superor position against the shape of the articular eminence.
PAR- methods to determine outcome of orthodontic treatment in terms of improvement and standards.
Overall, there were more male (n 5 34; 53%; Table II) than females (n 5 30; 47%; Table II). The mean age of commencement of functional therapy was 12.55 years. The majority (n 5 48; 75%) started treatment during the peak pubertal growth.
Pretreatment skeletal measurements from lateral cephalometric radiographs reflected a moderate skeletal II pattern (ANB, 5.58) secondary to mandibular retrognathia (SNB, 74.80) with reduced vertical proportions (FMPA, 24.45; LAFH, 53.67%; Table III).
Pretreatment dental measurements from study models showed overjet was 9.8mm and buccal segment relationships were Class II, with maxillary canine and molar positions being 5.42 mm and 3.47 mm mesial of Class I relationships, respectively (Table IV).
Overjet decreased by 6.22 mm (9.80 to 3.58 mm;
OVERJET RELAPSE AFTER 12 MONTHS .Close assessment of the overjet relapse showed that 25% of participants experienced overjet relapse > 1 mm; however, the majority (59%) showed minimal posttreatment overjet changes (<0.5 mm).