The document analyzes the greenhouse gas footprint of wood production in New South Wales, Australia. It finds that greenhouse gas emissions from wood-processing facilities are generally low. Manufacturing is typically the biggest contributor to overall emissions, with electricity use for drying being the main source. When accounting for long-term carbon storage in wood products, the annual production of wood products in NSW results in storage of 3 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents. This highlights the importance of considering whole lifecycle emissions and storage.
Heavy Industries: Advancing American Manufacturing - Forest Products Industry...Alliance To Save Energy
Nov 17, 2009: Alliance to Save Energy Congressional briefing, "Heavy Industries: Advancing American Manufacturing," - A discussion by industry experts centering on the current and future prospects for energy efficiency in their four respective industries. All agreed on the great potential for energy efficiency projects but acknowledged the formidable barriers that inhibit investment.
This is one of a series of factsheets that cover a key set of technologies that have real business
potential in the region. In fact, around each, there are already many examples of entrepreneurs making
successful businesses.
Heavy Industries: Advancing American Manufacturing - Forest Products Industry...Alliance To Save Energy
Nov 17, 2009: Alliance to Save Energy Congressional briefing, "Heavy Industries: Advancing American Manufacturing," - A discussion by industry experts centering on the current and future prospects for energy efficiency in their four respective industries. All agreed on the great potential for energy efficiency projects but acknowledged the formidable barriers that inhibit investment.
This is one of a series of factsheets that cover a key set of technologies that have real business
potential in the region. In fact, around each, there are already many examples of entrepreneurs making
successful businesses.
This is my final DT IGCSE coursework (I got 100%). Do not plagiarise, plagiarism will result in a 'U' grade for your final IGCSE DT score. I uploaded this since sharing is caring.
Partial Discharge Detection Products by EA TechnologyRyan McFallo
EA Technology is the global leader in MV Partial Discharge detection. EA’s unique technology allows real time partial discharge detection and monitoring without interrupting service, EA also provides on-site partial discharge surveys.
Would you like to learn more about partial discharge detection and monitoring products/services?
Visit Technical Sales-Northwest at http://www.techsalesnw.com
Surface coating industry is one of the most popular industries. Paints, varnishes and lacquers industry is gaining ground at a rapid pace in modern time accompanied with closed advance in surface coating technology. They are formulated for specific purposes: outside house paints and exterior varnishes are intended to give good service when exposed to weathering; interior wall paints are formulated to give excellent coverage and good wash ability; and lacquers are formulated for rapid drying.
Tags
Formulas for Preparing Spirit Varnishes, Formulas of Oil Varnishes, Formulation of Lacquer, Formulation of Paint, Formulation of the Volatiles in Nitrocellulose Lacquers, Formulation of Varnishes, Fundamentals of paint, varnish, and lacquer technology, How paint is made, How to Make Nitrocellulose Lacquer, How to make paint and build your own factory, How to make varnish, How to manufacture lacquer, How to manufacture lacquer paint, oils paint, How to Manufacture Paints, Varnishes and Lacquers, How to Start a Lacquer Production Business, How to Start a Paint and Varnish Business, How to start a successful Paint business, How to start a successful varnish and lacquer business, How to start a varnish and lacquer making business?, How to Start Lacquer manufacturing Industry in India, How to Start Paint Manufacturing Industry in India, How to Start Paint Production Business, Indian paint industry, Introduction to lacquer production, Lacquer Based Profitable Projects, Lacquer Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Lacquer Business, Lacquer Formulation, Lacquer manufacturing Industry in India, Lacquer production process, Manufacture of Paint and Varnish, Manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar coatings, Manufacture of varnishes, Manufacturing Paint and Coatings, Most Profitable Lacquer Processing Business Ideas, Most Profitable Paint Manufacturing Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Lacquer manufacturing industry, New small scale ideas in Paint Manufacturing industry, Oil Varnishes manufacturing, Paint and varnish facts and formulae, Paint and Varnish Manufacture, Paint Formulation and Process, Paint Formulation, Paint Making Small Business Manufacturing, Paint manufacturing Business, Paint Manufacturing Industry in India, Paint manufacturing process, Paint Manufacturing, Paint pigment varnish & lacquer manufacturing, Paint Production Business, Paint production process, Paint production technology, Paint Varnish Solvents & Coating Technology Book, Paints and Pigments Technology book, Pigment Manufacturing, Process of paint production, Profitable Small Scale Paint Manufacturing, Profitable Small Scale varnish and lacquer manufacturing, Raw materials used in paint manufacturing, Resin and Varnish Manufacture, Setting up and opening your Paint Business, Setting up and opening your varnish and lacquer Business, Small scale Commercial Paint making, Small scale Commercial varnish and lacquer making
Wood has been used for hundreds of thousands of years for both fuel and as a construction material. Wood is an organic material, a natural composite of cellulose fibers (which are strong in tension) embedded in a matrix of lignin which resists compression. In the strict sense wood is produced as secondary xylem in the stems of trees (and other woody plants). Wood is used for millennia for many purposes, primarily as a fuel or as a construction material for making houses, tools, weapons, furniture, packaging, artworks, and paper.
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http://www.entrepreneurindia.co/
Email:
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Bark Extracts, Best small and cottage scale industries, Biological Decomposition, Business guidance for Wood processing, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business start-up, Chipboard manufacturing, Construction material, Energy and Chemicals from Wood, Fiberboard, Fire Retardancy, Great Opportunity for Startup, Hardboard Manufacturing, How fiberboard is made, How to start a successful Wood processing business, How to Start a Wood processing industry?, How to Start a Wood Production Business, How to start wood Processing Industry in India, Manufactured wood, Manufacturing Process of Fiberboard, Materials Wood & its derivatives, Modern small and cottage scale industries, Molecular Forces, Most Profitable Wood Processing Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Wood processing industry, Nonconventional Bonding, Particle Board Manufacturing Process, Particleboard Manufacture and Processing, Particleboard Manufacturing, Particleboard Processing, Polymer Composites, Polyurethane Foams, Profitable small and cottage scale industries, Profitable Small Scale Wood Manufacturing, Project for startups, Pyrolysis and Combustion, Setting up and opening your wood Business, Setting up of Wood Processing Units, Small Scale Wood Processing Projects, Small scale wood production line, Small Start-up Business Project, Start Up India, Stand Up India, Starting a Wood Processing Business, Start-up Business Plan for Wood processing, Startup ideas, Startup Project for Wood processing, Startup project plan, Startup Project, Technology Book on Wood and Its Derivatives, Thermoplastic, Weathering and Protection, What are wood derivatives, Wood and Its Derivatives Technology Book, Wood and its derivatives, Wood and Wood Derivatives, Wood Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Wood Derivatives, Wood Fiberboard Manufacture, Wood manufacturing processes, Wood Processing & Wood Based Profitable Projects, Wood processing Business, Wood Processing Industry in India, Wood processing plant, Wood Processing Projects, Wood processing Small Business Manufacturing
Sustainable design for a low carbon footprint by Fabiano XimenesFWPA
Sustainable design for a low carbon footprint
Fabiano Ximenes, NSW Department of Primary Industries
Carbon positive wood and wood products are enabling architects and designers to create buildings with low or zero (negative is possible!) carbon footprints.
Carbon Storage & Low Energy Intensity in Harvested Wood ProductsBecky LaPlant
Presentation by Jim Bowyer, Dovetail Partners, at the Blandin Foundation sponsored Forest Values and Carbon Markets: Opportunities for Minnesota conference. February 25-26, 2009 at the Cloquet Forestry Center, Cloquet MN
This presents a new report published to coincide with the COP 21 Paris Climate Conference, outlining a scientifically validated process to assess the green credentials of products made from bamboo. It shows how items made from this versatile plant can be carbon neutral – or even carbon negative – over their lifecycle. It provides a tool that producers can use to certify their green credentials for the increasing number of bamboo products on the market. The presentation was delivered by the report's lead author, Dr. Pablo van der Lugt, of MOSO International.
Tessera Earthscape Karo Halı - Anıl Zemin MarketBurak Yıldız
Tessera Earthscape Karo Halı Neden Tercih Edilmeli?
Tessera Earthscape karo halı, tek başına veya diğer tessera karo halılarla birlikte kullanılmak üzere zengin dokulu organik desenli ilmek havlı karo halı tasarımları oluşturulabilir. 12 nötr ton ile doğal estetiği temsil eden desenleriyle, ofis benzeri zemin uygulamalarınız için ayrı bir estetik değer katmanıza olanak sağlar. Tessera Earthscape karo halı, her renk – desen seçeneği; değişen ve görünüşte sonsuz bir yüzey tasarımı oluşturmak için dokulu yapı ile birleştirilen 4 tamamlayıcı renk yolunun bir karışımıdır.
Tessera Earthscape Karo Halı Özellikleri
Zengin doku ve ayak altı konforu için 978gsm hav ağırlığı
Dayanıklılık ve renk haslığı için% 100 Invista Antron® Lumena çözeltisi boyalı poliamid 6.6 iplikten oluşmaktadır
% 57 oranında geri dönüştürülmüş malzeme
This is my final DT IGCSE coursework (I got 100%). Do not plagiarise, plagiarism will result in a 'U' grade for your final IGCSE DT score. I uploaded this since sharing is caring.
Partial Discharge Detection Products by EA TechnologyRyan McFallo
EA Technology is the global leader in MV Partial Discharge detection. EA’s unique technology allows real time partial discharge detection and monitoring without interrupting service, EA also provides on-site partial discharge surveys.
Would you like to learn more about partial discharge detection and monitoring products/services?
Visit Technical Sales-Northwest at http://www.techsalesnw.com
Surface coating industry is one of the most popular industries. Paints, varnishes and lacquers industry is gaining ground at a rapid pace in modern time accompanied with closed advance in surface coating technology. They are formulated for specific purposes: outside house paints and exterior varnishes are intended to give good service when exposed to weathering; interior wall paints are formulated to give excellent coverage and good wash ability; and lacquers are formulated for rapid drying.
Tags
Formulas for Preparing Spirit Varnishes, Formulas of Oil Varnishes, Formulation of Lacquer, Formulation of Paint, Formulation of the Volatiles in Nitrocellulose Lacquers, Formulation of Varnishes, Fundamentals of paint, varnish, and lacquer technology, How paint is made, How to Make Nitrocellulose Lacquer, How to make paint and build your own factory, How to make varnish, How to manufacture lacquer, How to manufacture lacquer paint, oils paint, How to Manufacture Paints, Varnishes and Lacquers, How to Start a Lacquer Production Business, How to Start a Paint and Varnish Business, How to start a successful Paint business, How to start a successful varnish and lacquer business, How to start a varnish and lacquer making business?, How to Start Lacquer manufacturing Industry in India, How to Start Paint Manufacturing Industry in India, How to Start Paint Production Business, Indian paint industry, Introduction to lacquer production, Lacquer Based Profitable Projects, Lacquer Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Lacquer Business, Lacquer Formulation, Lacquer manufacturing Industry in India, Lacquer production process, Manufacture of Paint and Varnish, Manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar coatings, Manufacture of varnishes, Manufacturing Paint and Coatings, Most Profitable Lacquer Processing Business Ideas, Most Profitable Paint Manufacturing Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Lacquer manufacturing industry, New small scale ideas in Paint Manufacturing industry, Oil Varnishes manufacturing, Paint and varnish facts and formulae, Paint and Varnish Manufacture, Paint Formulation and Process, Paint Formulation, Paint Making Small Business Manufacturing, Paint manufacturing Business, Paint Manufacturing Industry in India, Paint manufacturing process, Paint Manufacturing, Paint pigment varnish & lacquer manufacturing, Paint Production Business, Paint production process, Paint production technology, Paint Varnish Solvents & Coating Technology Book, Paints and Pigments Technology book, Pigment Manufacturing, Process of paint production, Profitable Small Scale Paint Manufacturing, Profitable Small Scale varnish and lacquer manufacturing, Raw materials used in paint manufacturing, Resin and Varnish Manufacture, Setting up and opening your Paint Business, Setting up and opening your varnish and lacquer Business, Small scale Commercial Paint making, Small scale Commercial varnish and lacquer making
Wood has been used for hundreds of thousands of years for both fuel and as a construction material. Wood is an organic material, a natural composite of cellulose fibers (which are strong in tension) embedded in a matrix of lignin which resists compression. In the strict sense wood is produced as secondary xylem in the stems of trees (and other woody plants). Wood is used for millennia for many purposes, primarily as a fuel or as a construction material for making houses, tools, weapons, furniture, packaging, artworks, and paper.
See more
http://goo.gl/tDG4LR
http://goo.gl/7Pte87
http://goo.gl/uJWqdI
http://www.entrepreneurindia.co/
Email:
npcs.ei@gmail.com
info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tags
Bark Extracts, Best small and cottage scale industries, Biological Decomposition, Business guidance for Wood processing, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business start-up, Chipboard manufacturing, Construction material, Energy and Chemicals from Wood, Fiberboard, Fire Retardancy, Great Opportunity for Startup, Hardboard Manufacturing, How fiberboard is made, How to start a successful Wood processing business, How to Start a Wood processing industry?, How to Start a Wood Production Business, How to start wood Processing Industry in India, Manufactured wood, Manufacturing Process of Fiberboard, Materials Wood & its derivatives, Modern small and cottage scale industries, Molecular Forces, Most Profitable Wood Processing Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Wood processing industry, Nonconventional Bonding, Particle Board Manufacturing Process, Particleboard Manufacture and Processing, Particleboard Manufacturing, Particleboard Processing, Polymer Composites, Polyurethane Foams, Profitable small and cottage scale industries, Profitable Small Scale Wood Manufacturing, Project for startups, Pyrolysis and Combustion, Setting up and opening your wood Business, Setting up of Wood Processing Units, Small Scale Wood Processing Projects, Small scale wood production line, Small Start-up Business Project, Start Up India, Stand Up India, Starting a Wood Processing Business, Start-up Business Plan for Wood processing, Startup ideas, Startup Project for Wood processing, Startup project plan, Startup Project, Technology Book on Wood and Its Derivatives, Thermoplastic, Weathering and Protection, What are wood derivatives, Wood and Its Derivatives Technology Book, Wood and its derivatives, Wood and Wood Derivatives, Wood Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Wood Derivatives, Wood Fiberboard Manufacture, Wood manufacturing processes, Wood Processing & Wood Based Profitable Projects, Wood processing Business, Wood Processing Industry in India, Wood processing plant, Wood Processing Projects, Wood processing Small Business Manufacturing
Sustainable design for a low carbon footprint by Fabiano XimenesFWPA
Sustainable design for a low carbon footprint
Fabiano Ximenes, NSW Department of Primary Industries
Carbon positive wood and wood products are enabling architects and designers to create buildings with low or zero (negative is possible!) carbon footprints.
Carbon Storage & Low Energy Intensity in Harvested Wood ProductsBecky LaPlant
Presentation by Jim Bowyer, Dovetail Partners, at the Blandin Foundation sponsored Forest Values and Carbon Markets: Opportunities for Minnesota conference. February 25-26, 2009 at the Cloquet Forestry Center, Cloquet MN
This presents a new report published to coincide with the COP 21 Paris Climate Conference, outlining a scientifically validated process to assess the green credentials of products made from bamboo. It shows how items made from this versatile plant can be carbon neutral – or even carbon negative – over their lifecycle. It provides a tool that producers can use to certify their green credentials for the increasing number of bamboo products on the market. The presentation was delivered by the report's lead author, Dr. Pablo van der Lugt, of MOSO International.
Tessera Earthscape Karo Halı - Anıl Zemin MarketBurak Yıldız
Tessera Earthscape Karo Halı Neden Tercih Edilmeli?
Tessera Earthscape karo halı, tek başına veya diğer tessera karo halılarla birlikte kullanılmak üzere zengin dokulu organik desenli ilmek havlı karo halı tasarımları oluşturulabilir. 12 nötr ton ile doğal estetiği temsil eden desenleriyle, ofis benzeri zemin uygulamalarınız için ayrı bir estetik değer katmanıza olanak sağlar. Tessera Earthscape karo halı, her renk – desen seçeneği; değişen ve görünüşte sonsuz bir yüzey tasarımı oluşturmak için dokulu yapı ile birleştirilen 4 tamamlayıcı renk yolunun bir karışımıdır.
Tessera Earthscape Karo Halı Özellikleri
Zengin doku ve ayak altı konforu için 978gsm hav ağırlığı
Dayanıklılık ve renk haslığı için% 100 Invista Antron® Lumena çözeltisi boyalı poliamid 6.6 iplikten oluşmaktadır
% 57 oranında geri dönüştürülmüş malzeme
Can the Global Aluminium Industry Achieve Carbon NeutralitySubodh Das
This invited lecture presented on September 21,2010 at MetalBulletin International Aluminium Confernce in Bahrain discusses aluminium industry\'carbon footprint and suggests a strategy to achieve carbon neutrality
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
23. Acknowledgements This project was financially assisted by the NSW Government, through its Climate Action Program. The cooperation from all wood-processing facilities involved in the study was greatly appreciated.
There are many factors that determine the energy consumption patterns of wood processing plants. I’ve listed a few here Plant age – dynamic nature of forestry Level of integration: whether coupled with drying capacity and dressing Efficiency – linked to age Greater the degree of mechanization, the higher the energy consumed Softwoods vs hardwoods (type of saws, ease of cutting), size will determine drying times, moisture – the higher the moisture the less efficient the drying process
Sunlight on leaves generates chemical reducing power in the choroplasts, which then allows the CO2 to be reduced into carbohydrates. The simple sugars formed are transorted enormous distances from the crown into growing regions (stem, roots). More complex polymers are formed and icorporated into new wood by the vascular cambium. This process requires considerable energy – as much as 50% of the C absorbed by the tree canoy can be dissipated as respiratory CO2. Through the process of photosynthesis, trees take carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Part of this is spent on respiration for basic plant functional process, and the rest is transferred to stems, branches, leaves and roots.
Consumption – 7 million m3 of sawn wood and panel products 75% timber – used for residential purposes
This info for detached houses Wall frame: slight loss of market share for steel, from 11 to 9% Florboards – hardwood decreased from 18 to 6% According to the ABARE (2008), 1.2 million m3 of sawn hardwood and 4.04 million m3 of sawn softwood were consumed in Australia in 2006/07. The volume of sawn softwood and hardwood estimated by Bis-Shrapnel to be used in residential dwellings in Australia accounts for 71% and 60.7% of the total volume of sawn softwood and hardwood consumed in Australia.
As part of the CAP, we are developing a project on the..., that started in July. The basic aim of the project is to look at the basic role that the use of wood products play in climate change mitigation. Trees store carbon during their growth and that storage is continued physically in wood products in service (timber floor, house frame) and at least partially in landfills The use of residues as energy source in Australia typically replaces the use of fossil fuels, with further greenhouse gains There are also greenhouse benefits when the use of wood products displaces alternative products with higher greenhouse emissions associated with them.
In this project we aim to conduct a series of studies, or energy audits of three softwood mills, three hardwood mills, one MDF, one particleboard and wall and frame manufacturers. The studies will include… One aspect often missing in the few studies published is a breakdown in the renewable vs…. This is critical for the wood products industry as typically a large proportion of the energy is derived from residues. The use of waste to generate energy has increased dramatically over the years - use of mill wastes at sawmills increased from 16% in 1964 to 45% in 1974 in NZ. The ultimate aim is for the data to be used in LCAs and alos in building rating schemes – which would require a change of focus, as they currently target primarily operational energy, not so much upstream contributions
There are many factors that determine the energy consumption patterns of wood processing plants. I’ve listed a few here Plant age – dynamic nature of forestry Level of integration: whether coupled with drying capacity and dressing Efficiency – linked to age Greater the degree of mechanization, the higher the energy consumed Softwoods vs hardwoods (type of saws, ease of cutting), size will determine drying times, moisture – the higher the moisture the less efficient the drying process
Where possible all data was obtained on a monthly basis for between 6-12 months, and then extrapolated to obtain the yearly greenhouse emissions per ton of cubic meter of finished product In the studies, all greenhouse emissions were allocated to the main finished product when the finished product was obvious. In the case of the production of sawn hardwood and sawn softwood where an obvious main finished product was produced, neither by-products (e.g green packing material) nor residues (woodchips used for horticultural purposes) were assigned any of the greenhouse emissions produced. The main finished product carried all the greenhouse burden of production, as that product is the only reason for the existence of the facility. The carbon dioxide emissions due to the use of wood residues to produce energy were not included in the greenhouse footprint assessment, in accordance with international greenhouse reporting guidelines.
The aim of the selection of wood-processing facilities included in this study was to cover a wide range of sawmills, from small to very large production capacities. The number of softwood mills in NSW (26) is much smaller than the number of hardwood mills (186). The average log intake of softwood mills in NSW is approximately 95,000 m3. The volume of softwood logs processed in this study represents approximately 35% of the total volume of softwood logs processed in NSW. The structural grade sawn softwood is not immediately ready for use in framing applications – most house framing used in Australia is now pre-fabricated in dedicated truss and frame factories. Therefore, we included a truss and frame manufacturer in the study to cover the secondary processing of the sawn pine. According to Bis-Shrapnel (2008), softwood roof frames and trusses account for 90% and softwood wall frames account for 75% of the total market in Australia. - The vast majority of the hardwood mills (123 or 66%) process less than 3,000 m3 of sawlogs per year, accounting for 16% of the total volume of hardwood sawlogs processed in NSW. The average log intake of hardwood mills in NSW is approximately 6,000 m3. The volume of hardwood logs processed in this study represents approximately 12% of the total volume of hardwood logs processed in NSW (Table 1). The large hardwood sawmill included in this study produced primarily floorboards for the residential market. The floorboards produced leave the plant ready for installation, with no secondary processing required. According to Forests NSW (Seeing report 2009), floorboards account for 48% of the hardwood timber products manufactured from timber extracted from NSW state forests. The volume of plywood covered in this study is equivalent to approximately 25% of the national plywood production. - The information for particleboard and MDF was primarily derived from various national and international sources in the literature, combined with some site-specific data. It was not possible to conduct detailed studies on particleboard and MDF facilities in NSW due to commercial confidentiality issues (due to the very small number of companies currently producing those products in NSW).
The mean greenhouse intensity of all operations was low (Table 2) and in agreement with the vast majority of literature. None of the operations had a total greenhouse footprint higher than one tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent either on a volume or mass basis. Although on a volume basis the greenhouse footprint of softwood production was significantly lower than that of hardwoods (nearly 40 % lower), when compared on a mass basis the differences were minimal. However when the greenhouse footprint of truss and frame production is added to that of softwood mills, the trend is reversed (minimal differences in the total greenhouse footprint on a volume basis and approximately 35% higher for softwoods on a mass basis). The significant differences in the results when expressed on a volume or mass basis for softwoods is due to the low density of Radiata pine, especially compared to that of hardwoods. The mean greenhouse footprint of panel products manufacture was significantly higher than that of all sawmills (Table 2). Mill “3’ has a slightly reduced footprint compared to the other softwood mills due to the fact the emissions and energy intensity are expressed on a combined green and kiln-dried product basis (Table 2). The mill produces green and kiln-dried products in approximately equal proportion, hence both products are critical to the existence of the mill. The largest hardwood mill (Mill 4) had a comparatively high greenhouse and energy footprint, higher than almost all the softwood mills and higher than that of plywood on a volume basis (Table 2). The main reason for that was the significant footprint incurred by transport of products and residues. Smaller hardwood sawmills had their products transported over much shorter distances. The other main factor for the differences was that Mill 4 had a much higher degree of mechanization (powered with electricity). The energy intensity of the production is invariably significantly higher than the equivalent greenhouse intensity figure for al processing facilities. This is due to the fact that the energy released by the use of wood residues to produce energy is included in the energy intensity figure, but the associated emissions are not included in the total greenhouse intensity value as explained above. The energy required for drying is the most significant component of the energy intensity of the manufacture of wood products.
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As in CCX
As in CCX
Just to illustrate the point, let’s have a look at what happens to the biomass once the sawlogs reach the sawmill. Eg if we look at radiata pine sawlogs that are processed into wall frames – just about one of the most efficient operations in the industry. At our very high tech sawmill, 62% of the biomass in the sawlog is recovered in the green sawn timber, and 38% ends up as residue. Further losses happen during dressing of the sawn boards and in the manufactuire of the frames, and also in service, due to termite and fungal attack. Not including any potential loss in landfill, by the end of their service life only about 42% of the biomass in the original radiata pine sawlog will have been stored in the product.
Some context – Obviously climate change is a major concern as we all know, and in order to manage the level of greenhouse emissions countries develop national greenhouse inventories. In Australia, our latest inventory shows that … Mt was emited, bit about different sectors comment about unfortunate lumping together of land clearing with forestry in the reporting
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In mills where the timber is kiln-dried, the drying process accounts for most of the energy used. This table is from a 1991 study on a softwood mill. The energy required by cutting the timber is comparatively small compared to that of sawmilling.
In order to answer this question, we need to look at what is happening internationally As most of may know, the Kyoto Protocol doesn’t allow the inclusion of wood products in their first commitment period. There is a lot of debate about what approach to be used in accounting for the carbon, how exports/imports are handled in the accounting framework, which methods to use, and no resolution yet. However, countries are allowed to include WP in their NGGI if they wish to or whether they have the appropriate data. If you look at Australia’s NGGI you will see that wood products are included, and in fact, the AGO has just released a new model to account for the C in WP. At a C trading level, no schemes (nationally and internationally) have recognised continued carbon storage in WP – so in effect, the default assumption is that the C is emitted back into the atmosphere as soon as the trees are harvested.
Our group delves into a variety of research areas, and here I have a short list of some of the work we do. We have been looking at the effects of biosolids application of tree growth, soil C research and how it may be incorporated into ET –have been very active in research asociated with biochar more recently – There is also a major driver to determine how suitable low-rainfall areas potentially are for plantation establishment, and there are a number of long-term trials and experiments addressing this issue. We are also very interested in how trees might respond to change in climate, in the form of elevated CO2 levels in the atmosphere, increase in T, etc… We also do work on growth and yield modelling, with particular interest recently on biomass and C sequestration. We have a lot of experience in sampling and measuring biomass in the field, and have done considerable work in this area, both above-ground and below-ground. My main area of interest has been on determining C flows for wood products, from the logging dump to the rubbish dump, and more recently have been involved more and more in actual LCAs of the use of wood in buildings, which I will be talking about more later.
Our second excavation at the old Sydney Park tip
Now this graph shows what the current C storage in ….. According to the DCC, the C that is accumulated in WP in service is about the same as the C stored in all our plantations. The estimated C stored in our landfills is 55% greater than the C stored in the plantations and 45% greater than the C in WP in service. The combined amount of C stored in wood products in service and in landfills is equivalent to all of Australia’s GHG emissions for 1.5 years. Now if we consider that a high proportion of our sawn products are used for residential purposes, and that our houses last on average about 50 years. Now if we also consider that field-based research the majority of the C in our sawn FP in landfills is retained for at least 50 years, then… I’ll get back to this a bit later on in the pres.
Currently – 23 Mt
The environmental advantages are associated with the various aspects of the life cycle of wood products This diagram gives you an overview of the life cycle of C in WP. Each year in AUS about 25 million M3 of logs are harvested. The harvesting of trees generates residues, which can either be left in the forest to decay, burnt or utilised in some other way. The processing of the logs also generates a significant amount of residues (sawdust, shavings, offcuts) and depending on how they are utilised we may have very different greenhouse outcomes. For instance, if the residues are burnt without any energy recovery, the C will be emitted back to the atmosphere immediately. If the energy created is recovered, eg to help dry the timber in a kiln, then the greenhouse outcome will be much better as we will be most likely avoinding the use of fossil fuels. Following on the life cycle, the timber produced may then be further processed, say in a wall and frame factory (where more residues are generated), before being used in our houses. Once the house is demolished, the products will most likely end up in landfill, where the storing of the carbon may continue for many decades.