This document discusses various cost reduction, cost containment, and cost avoidance strategies for businesses. It defines key terms like cost reduction, cost, cost saving, and defines approaches like cost containment, cost avoidance, value enhancement. It then provides details on techniques for cost reduction like standardization of materials and components, product reduction, and reducing labor costs. It also discusses cost control, value analysis, and the five steps of value analysis as important approaches for cost management.

1. Atty. Prackie Jay T. Acaylar, CPA, JD, MPA, PhD-BM, FRILL, PD-TQM

2. Cost Reduction
 Cost Reduction:
Cost reduction is the reduction
in unit cost of goods or
services without impairing
suitability for the use
intended, i.e. without reducing
value to the customer.
 Cost:
the monetary value of
expenditures for supplies,
services, labor, products,
equipment and other items
purchased for use by a
business or other accounting
entity.

3. COST
CONTAINMENT
COST
AVOIDANCE
COST SAVING VALUE
ENHANCEMENT

4. Cost Saving
 Cost saving methods will help
businesses save money by
evaluating current
expenditures and finding
ways to cut internal costs.
When businesses incorporate
cost saving methods into their
organizational strategies, they
can gain a financial advantage
and reach their bottom line.

5. Cost
Avoidance
Cost avoidance has to do
with any action that avoids
having to incur costs in the
future. In a business setting,
the cost avoidance is a
measure that lowers
potential increased
expenses as a way of
decreasing a company's
future costs.

6. Cost
Containment
 It is a process of maintaining
organizational costs within a
specified budget restraining
expenditures to meet
organizational or project financial
targets. It also refers as an action
when an organization keeps costs
low, or within a limit that has been
planned.

7. Value
Enhancement
For any service or offering to have
financial value, the organization
must have been willing to pay for it
out of pocket or must have already
been paying for it in a way that can
be measured on the organization’s
income statement. This
understanding is required for any
discussion of legitimate cost
avoidance.

8. Cost control
Cost control essentially involves the setting of targets for
cost centre managers and then monitoring performance
against those targets.
Impotant note:
• Effective delegation of authority and assignment of responsibility for
costs.
• An agreed plan that sets up clearly defined and agreed goals.
• Motivation to encourage individuals to reach the goals established and
agreed.
• Timely reporting with alternative suggestions how to reduce costs.
• Recommendations and action which must be followed.
• Effective follow-up system to ensure that corrective measures are being
effectively implemented.

9. Techniques that are widely used for cost
reduction
STANDARD
ZATION OF
MATERIALS
AND
COMPONE
NTS
STANDARDIZATIO
OF PRODUCT REDUCIN
LABOR
COST

10. Standardization of materials and
components
This relates to a policy of reducing the variety and range of materials and
components purchased by the manufacturer and of components produced.

11. This refers to the production of articles to the same standard, or
a range of products each of which is standardized, e.g. a
particular model of a car may be available in different colours
but apart from this, the cars are identical

12. Work study is a means of raising the
productivity/efficiency of an operating unit by the
reorganization of work.

15. Value analysis implies analyzing existing products
and evaluating them to improve their functioning or
reduce cost. A step-by-step plan helps assess
different aspects of a product, such as functions,
alternative components, design, and costs.
Three value analysis Techniques
1. Be specific
2. Obtain data from authentic sources
3. Use creativity

16. Five steps of
value analysis
Present Present improvements
Evaluate Evaluate these ideas and develop them
Generate Generate new ideas for improvement
Determine and
analyze
Determine and analyze the function of a project
Gather Gather information

17. 4 types of
Value
 Cost Value
 Exhange Value
 Use Value
 Esteem Value