American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
11.[49 58]an experimental investigation on interference of piled rafts in sof...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes an experimental investigation on the interference effects of piled rafts in soft soil. Small-scale model tests were conducted with rigid rafts and piled rafts placed in artificially consolidated soft clay at various center-to-center spacings. The tests measured the effects on load-settlement behavior and time-dependent settlement. The results showed that bearing capacity decreases and settlement increases with decreasing spacing between foundations. Interference effects were more prominent for piled raft foundations compared to individual rafts. Numerical modeling using PLAXIS software showed similar trends. The experimental data provides insight into minimum required spacing between raft or piled raft foundations for optimal performance in soft clay soils.
Bearing Capacity of High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Reinforced Sand Using Pl...IJERA Editor
The work presented here is a study to examine the improvement in bearing capacity of coastal sand of Trivandrum, Kerala, India using high density polyethylene (HDPE) /woven fabric as reinforcement in discrete layers. The bearing capacity was evaluated using plate load test. The effect of reinforcement configurations like sheet reinforcement (sanded with adhesive, with adhesive and sheet alone) and strip reinforcement (single and grid pattern) are investigated. The test parameters chosen for the present study are, depth of topmost layer of reinforcement layer below footing, compacted density and number of layers of reinforcement etc. From the tests, it has been observed that sheet reinforcement is more effective than sheet sanded with adhesive and strip reinforcements. It is found that the synthetic adhesive gives no binding action at the interface of the reinforcement and soil. But it is to be noted that the sheet with adhesive dried has a marked influence on the bearing capacity especially at lower densities. The strip reinforcements in single pattern is considered to be a favorable choice for minimum reinforcement. The strip reinforcement in single or grid pattern gives sufficient improvement in strength.
This document summarizes a research study on the effect of consolidation stress on the strength of lime-stabilized soil. Laboratory tests including vane shear tests, unconfined compression tests, and triaxial tests were conducted on natural soil stabilized with 3-9% lime and cured for 7-28 days. The following key findings were reported:
1) Undrained cohesion and UCC strength increased with higher lime content and longer curing periods. However, under a given lime content and curing, undrained cohesion increased but angle of internal friction decreased with higher consolidation stress.
2) Triaxial tests showed the undrained strength of stabilized soil, like natural soil, is dependent on the consolidation stress. Und
Strength and Durability Aspects of Crushed Stone Sand A Reviewijtsrd
As a result of ban on natural sand obtained from river there is deficiency of fine aggregate used in construction industry. As a replacement for the river sand the crushed stone sand is used nowadays. In this paper a effort is made to summaries the findings done by various researches and conclusive statement is made about till date study carried in regards of crushed stone sand. Prof. Dr. M. B. Chougule | Mr. A. L. Mulla "Strength and Durability Aspects of Crushed Stone Sand: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31052.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/31052/strength-and-durability-aspects-of-crushed-stone-sand-a-review/prof-dr-m-b-chougule
IRJET- Behaviour of Reinforced Soil using GeogridIRJET Journal
This document investigates the behavior of reinforced soil using geogrid. Laboratory tests were conducted including liquid limit, plastic limit, proctor compaction, and unconfined compression tests. The optimum moisture content of the soil was determined to be used in testing. Unreinforced soil samples were tested to establish a baseline shear strength of 1.03 N/mm2. Reinforced soil samples with geogrid placed at different depths were then tested, finding the highest shear strength of 1.43 N/mm2 when the geogrid was placed at a depth of 1/3 from the top of the sample. The results indicate that geogrid reinforcement can significantly increase the shear strength of soil.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
1. The document presents the shear strength characteristics of a low-lime Class F fly ash modified with lime alone or in combination with gypsum through unconfined compression and triaxial tests.
2. Addition of small amounts of gypsum (0.5-1%) along with lime (4-10%) enhanced the shear strength of the modified fly ash within short curing periods of 7-28 days.
3. The cohesion of the Class F fly ash increased up to 3,150% with addition of 10% lime and 1% gypsum after 28 days of curing.
IRJET - Study on the Engineering Properties of Fibre-Reinforced Low Plast...IRJET Journal
This study investigated the engineering properties of low plasticity clay reinforced with glass fibers. A series of tests were conducted including compaction tests and unconfined compressive strength tests with varying fiber contents from 0-1.25%. The results showed that the optimum moisture content increased and maximum dry density decreased slightly with the addition of fibers. The unconfined compressive strength significantly improved with the addition of fibers up to a content of 0.75%, showing a 194% increase over the unreinforced soil strength. Above 0.75% fiber content, the strength began to decrease. Therefore, glass fiber reinforcement was found to be an effective method to improve the strength of low plasticity clay soils.
11.[49 58]an experimental investigation on interference of piled rafts in sof...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes an experimental investigation on the interference effects of piled rafts in soft soil. Small-scale model tests were conducted with rigid rafts and piled rafts placed in artificially consolidated soft clay at various center-to-center spacings. The tests measured the effects on load-settlement behavior and time-dependent settlement. The results showed that bearing capacity decreases and settlement increases with decreasing spacing between foundations. Interference effects were more prominent for piled raft foundations compared to individual rafts. Numerical modeling using PLAXIS software showed similar trends. The experimental data provides insight into minimum required spacing between raft or piled raft foundations for optimal performance in soft clay soils.
Bearing Capacity of High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Reinforced Sand Using Pl...IJERA Editor
The work presented here is a study to examine the improvement in bearing capacity of coastal sand of Trivandrum, Kerala, India using high density polyethylene (HDPE) /woven fabric as reinforcement in discrete layers. The bearing capacity was evaluated using plate load test. The effect of reinforcement configurations like sheet reinforcement (sanded with adhesive, with adhesive and sheet alone) and strip reinforcement (single and grid pattern) are investigated. The test parameters chosen for the present study are, depth of topmost layer of reinforcement layer below footing, compacted density and number of layers of reinforcement etc. From the tests, it has been observed that sheet reinforcement is more effective than sheet sanded with adhesive and strip reinforcements. It is found that the synthetic adhesive gives no binding action at the interface of the reinforcement and soil. But it is to be noted that the sheet with adhesive dried has a marked influence on the bearing capacity especially at lower densities. The strip reinforcements in single pattern is considered to be a favorable choice for minimum reinforcement. The strip reinforcement in single or grid pattern gives sufficient improvement in strength.
This document summarizes a research study on the effect of consolidation stress on the strength of lime-stabilized soil. Laboratory tests including vane shear tests, unconfined compression tests, and triaxial tests were conducted on natural soil stabilized with 3-9% lime and cured for 7-28 days. The following key findings were reported:
1) Undrained cohesion and UCC strength increased with higher lime content and longer curing periods. However, under a given lime content and curing, undrained cohesion increased but angle of internal friction decreased with higher consolidation stress.
2) Triaxial tests showed the undrained strength of stabilized soil, like natural soil, is dependent on the consolidation stress. Und
Strength and Durability Aspects of Crushed Stone Sand A Reviewijtsrd
As a result of ban on natural sand obtained from river there is deficiency of fine aggregate used in construction industry. As a replacement for the river sand the crushed stone sand is used nowadays. In this paper a effort is made to summaries the findings done by various researches and conclusive statement is made about till date study carried in regards of crushed stone sand. Prof. Dr. M. B. Chougule | Mr. A. L. Mulla "Strength and Durability Aspects of Crushed Stone Sand: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31052.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/31052/strength-and-durability-aspects-of-crushed-stone-sand-a-review/prof-dr-m-b-chougule
IRJET- Behaviour of Reinforced Soil using GeogridIRJET Journal
This document investigates the behavior of reinforced soil using geogrid. Laboratory tests were conducted including liquid limit, plastic limit, proctor compaction, and unconfined compression tests. The optimum moisture content of the soil was determined to be used in testing. Unreinforced soil samples were tested to establish a baseline shear strength of 1.03 N/mm2. Reinforced soil samples with geogrid placed at different depths were then tested, finding the highest shear strength of 1.43 N/mm2 when the geogrid was placed at a depth of 1/3 from the top of the sample. The results indicate that geogrid reinforcement can significantly increase the shear strength of soil.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
1. The document presents the shear strength characteristics of a low-lime Class F fly ash modified with lime alone or in combination with gypsum through unconfined compression and triaxial tests.
2. Addition of small amounts of gypsum (0.5-1%) along with lime (4-10%) enhanced the shear strength of the modified fly ash within short curing periods of 7-28 days.
3. The cohesion of the Class F fly ash increased up to 3,150% with addition of 10% lime and 1% gypsum after 28 days of curing.
IRJET - Study on the Engineering Properties of Fibre-Reinforced Low Plast...IRJET Journal
This study investigated the engineering properties of low plasticity clay reinforced with glass fibers. A series of tests were conducted including compaction tests and unconfined compressive strength tests with varying fiber contents from 0-1.25%. The results showed that the optimum moisture content increased and maximum dry density decreased slightly with the addition of fibers. The unconfined compressive strength significantly improved with the addition of fibers up to a content of 0.75%, showing a 194% increase over the unreinforced soil strength. Above 0.75% fiber content, the strength began to decrease. Therefore, glass fiber reinforcement was found to be an effective method to improve the strength of low plasticity clay soils.
GGBS are added from 0% to 40% by dry weight of soil, first of all check the all
soil property at 0 % (no GGBS) and then compare after addition of GGBS from 10% to 40%. On
the basis of Standard Proctor test & Unconfined Compressive Strength test the optimum
percentage of GGBS is 10%. Investigations showed that generally the engineering properties
which improved with the addition of GGBS. The California bearing ratio of soil increases as the
percentage of GGBS replaced in increase.
IRJET - A Study on Shear Strength of Sand Reinforced with Glass FibersIRJET Journal
1) The study investigates the shear strength of sand reinforced with glass fibers through a series of direct shear tests.
2) The tests showed that the shear strength of sand increased with the addition of glass fibers, up to a fiber content of 2%. Higher fiber contents reduced dilation and increased shear strength.
3) Both the shear strength and stiffness of reinforced sand increased with higher relative density (compaction). Reinforced sand has potential applications in embankments and subgrades.
Soil Stabilization Using Waste Materials in Sri Lankaijtsrd
The uses of automobiles are increasing day by day because of that the waste of tyres increases in Sri Lanka. Safer disposal of rubber tyre waste has become a challenging job in Sri Lanka. As a result of the improper way of disposal, there is a great damage to eco system like air pollution and aesthetic pollution. So that use of their basic properties in engineering applications are become prominent. This investigation has focused on the CBR of soil reinforced with randomly mixed shredded rubber tyre chips and the results will be compared with unreinforced samples. The optimal percentage value of shredded rubber tyre content in soil will be determined using the Standard proctor compaction test and CBR test. Increases in CBR value significantly reduce the total thickness of the pavement and hence the total cost involved in the road projects. H. L. S Sathik | D. De S. Udakara ""Soil Stabilization Using Waste Materials in Sri Lanka"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25147.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/geological-engineering/25147/soil-stabilization-using-waste-materials-in-sri-lanka/h-l-s-sathik
Soil Stabilization using Fly Ash and Cotton Fiberijtsrd
Mixing of fiber for ground improvement has been practiced for recent years. Many researches has shown the expected results. This paper mainly deals with the ground improvement technique using both Fly Ash and cotton fiber. The combination of them gives a satisfactory value of its practical application. Both Fly Ash and Cotton fiber are treated as waste materials in our country in spite of having its engineering significances. Here all the tests were performed accepting the Fly Ash percent is 10 for maximum bearing capacity of soil. Three types of sample were prepared as per 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.7% of cotton fiber. For instances, it deliberately increases the Dry Density of soil up to 48.05 KN/m3 where as normal unreinforced soil sample gives about 22 KN/m3. The Ultimate bearing capacity increases up to 80.65 Kpa whereas the unreinforced soil sample gives for 35 Kpa. The result of California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test gives desired value (23%) than unreinforced soil (17%). The CBR test is performed only for 0.7% of cotton fiber where maximum stress is found. The most significant part in this study is to show the variation on cotton fiber for ground improvement technique at different ratio. This paper shows the gradual increase in Deviator stress for UCS tests for the increase in the percent of cotton fiber mixing with Fly Ash. This research may meet the need of ground having low strength at important sites. Tonmoy Kumar Brahmachary "Soil Stabilization using Fly Ash and Cotton Fiber " Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2493.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/2493/soil-stabilization-using-fly-ash-and-cotton-fiber-/tonmoy-kumar-brahmachary-
Influence of material variability on the seismic response of pile foundationAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study on the influence of different pile materials on the seismic response of pile foundations. Three types of materials were used for model pile construction: concrete, wood, and bamboo. Shake table tests were conducted by subjecting the pile foundations to sinusoidal earthquake accelerations. Various response parameters like pile displacement, acceleration, strain, and earth pressure were measured. The results showed that displacement was highest for bamboo piles and lowest for concrete piles at all frequencies. Displacement also increased with increasing frequency for all pile types. Thus, pile material influences the seismic response of pile foundations under earthquake loading.
Literature study on Ferro-Geopolymer Flat PanelsSuhail Shaikh
Hardened cementations paste made from fly ash and alkaline solution.
Combines waste products into useful product.
Setting mechanism depends on polymerization.
Curing temp is between 60-90oC.
Flat panels are being used in floor construction for low cost housing due to it’s low cost and good structural performance and are suitable for low cost roofing, pre-cast units and man-hole covers.
Pre cast panels are also used for the construction of domes , vaults, grid surface and folded plates
This document discusses a project to study the use of fly ash for soil stabilization. The objectives are to identify the local soil type, analyze its properties, determine the optimum moisture content, and compare the properties with and without fly ash addition. The methodology involves collecting soil samples, conducting tests like proctor compaction and CBR to establish baseline properties, adding varying amounts of fly ash, and re-testing after curing to find the optimum fly ash dosage. The literature review covers previous studies analyzing improvements to soil strength and compressibility from fly ash addition. The expected outcomes are a better understanding of soil stabilization methods and identification of additional materials to further boost soil strength.
Effect of discrete_fiber_reinforcement_on_soil_tenShuhaib Mohammed
This document describes a study that investigated the effect of discrete fiber reinforcement on soil tensile strength. An innovative tensile testing apparatus was developed to directly measure the tensile strength of fiber-reinforced soil specimens. A series of direct tensile tests were performed on specimens with varying fiber content, dry density, and water content. The results showed that the inclusion of discrete fibers significantly increased the tensile strength and ductility of soil. Specifically, tensile strength increased with higher fiber content, dry density, and lower water content. The mechanism by which fibers improve tensile strength is through fiber pull-out resistance due to interfacial mechanical interaction between the fiber surface and soil matrix.
Soil stabilization can be done in many ways. But the stabilization using waste plastic fibers is an economic method since the stabilizer used here is waste plastic materials, which are easily available. A plastic material is any of a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic solids that are moldable.
soil stabilizers for sale
soil stabilizer products
spray on soil stabilizer
soil stabilizer equipment
liquid soil stabilizer
soil binder and stabilizer
soil stabilizer polymer
enzyme soil stabilizers
Plastic as a soil stabilizer ppt
interesting civil engineering topics
seminar topics pdf
civil engineering topics for presentation
civil seminar topics ppt
best seminar topics for civil engineering
seminar topics for mechanical engineers
civil engineering ppt
latest civil engineering seminar topics
Experimental Study on Concrete with Waste Granite Powder as an AdmixtureIJERA Editor
Granite fines which are the byproduct produced in granite factories while cutting huge granite rocks to the desired shapes. Granite fines are used as a filler material in the concrete, replacing the fine aggregate which will help in filling up the pores in the concrete. Filling up of the pores by granite fines increase the strength of the concrete and also a material which is abundantly to investigate the strength behavior of concrete with use of granite fines as an additive. Concrete is prepared with granite fines as a replacement of fine concrete in 4 different propositions namely 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% and various tests such as compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength are investigated and these values are compared with the conventional concrete without the granite fines. It was observed that substitution of 7.5% of cement by weight with Granite fines in concrete resulted in an increase in compressive strength for both 7 & 28 days to 33.14 & 43.40 N/mm2 compared to 23.26 & 39.41 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. Tensile strength too followed a similar pattern with a 7.5% substitution with granite fines increasing the tensile strength for 7 & 28 days to 2.87 &4.19 N/mm2 compared with a 2.4 & 3.4 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. However flexure strength of 7.5% granite fine replacement exhibited a good improvement of flexural strength for 28 days to 6.34 N/mm2compared to a 3.35 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. Further investigations revealed that to attain the same strength of conventional concrete a 10% substitution with granite fines is effective. So it can be concluded that when locally available granite is a good partial substitute to concrete and improves compressive, tensile and flexure characteristics of concrete, while simultaneously offsetting the overall cost of concrete substantially.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on the effects of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) on the geotechnical properties of black cotton soil. The presentation covers the introduction of black cotton soil and GGBS, the aim and objectives of determining their index properties and strength characteristics when mixed together, an overview of the relevant literature, description of the materials used, tests conducted, results obtained, and conclusions. The tests show that adding GGBS to black cotton soil can improve its engineering properties like reducing swelling potential, compressibility, and increasing strength parameters like CBR and compressive stress. The optimum amounts of GGBS addition were found to be 4-8% based on the tests.
This document presents a student project on using waste plastic bottles to improve soil. The objectives are to provide an alternative solution for plastic waste disposal, use plastic waste to economically stabilize soil, and determine the optimum plastic content. The literature review discusses previous research on plastic improving soil bearing capacity and strength. The research methodology involves triaxial and direct shear tests to measure shear strength and determine the effect of increasing plastic content on bearing and shear capacities. The expected outcome is that bearing capacity will initially increase with plastic content up to an optimum level, above which it will decrease.
Review Paper on Soil Stabilization by TerrazymeIJERA Editor
During construction work soil stability is one of the major problems. Due to lack of strength possessed by soil, it fails to bear the loads imposed on it during or after the construction. The process involved in soil stabilization must be eco-friendly, cost effective and efficient. Terrazyme proves to be the best solution for this problem. It is natural, non-toxic, biodegradable liquid which significantly improves the strength of soil by reducing the voids. It increases the compaction of soil with minimal compactive efforts and its effect is permanent. This paper deals with all the information about terrazyme including its working mechanism and effects on different properties of soil. Advantages and disadvantages of using terrazyme are also mentioned in the paper.
Behaviour of interfaces between carbon fibre reinforced polymer and gravel soilseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
soil stabilization using waste finber by RAJ S PYARArajkumar pyara
The document summarizes an experimental study on using waste plastic to stabilize soil. Key points:
- Tests were conducted on soil and plastic samples to determine properties like specific gravity, particle size distribution, Atterberg limits, and CBR value.
- Samples with varying percentages of mixed plastic (0-2%) were tested to find the optimum mix.
- Results showed that a 1.5% plastic mix achieved the highest CBR value of 5.98, improving strength over the natural soil CBR of 2.87.
- The study concluded that plastic can enhance soil stability up to a certain content but adding more plastic past the optimum amount has detrimental effects.
Stabilization of soft soil with granulated blast furnace slag and fly asheSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the potential to stabilize soft soil using granulated blast furnace slag (GBS) and fly ash. Soft soil samples were collected and mixed with different combinations of GBS ranging from 3-9% and fly ash ranging from 3-12%. Compaction and CBR tests were performed to evaluate the mixtures. Results showed that optimum moisture content increased and maximum dry density decreased with higher fly ash-GBS content. Both soaked and unsoaked CBR values initially increased with fly ash-GBS content up to 3% fly ash and 6% GBS, then decreased, indicating this combination provided the best stabilization. The study concluded that soft soil can be effectively stabilized using fly ash-
THE EFFECT OF IMPROVEMENT SURROUNDING SOIL ON BORED PILE FRICTION CAPACITY IAEME Publication
There is very close relation between the pile capacity and surrounding soil conditions. In cohesionless soil the bored pile effected on surround soil byloosen , deposits through a combination of pile volume replacement and exist of pile case used for installation of bored pile. .the pile foundation usually designed to exceed the weak soil to the firm deposit .in this study improvement of the weak soil surround the pile and observing the effect of improvement on pile capacity for bored pile. The improvement soil surround pile model was design to be as one block and kept this block will effect noticeably on pile load capacity results. the improvement suggested in this study is compacting and replacement for surrounding soil .
IRJET- Study of Self Compacting Concrete - A ReviewIRJET Journal
The document reviews research on self-compacting concrete, which can be placed and compacted under its own weight without vibration. It summarizes various studies that have investigated the fresh and mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete made with different admixtures like fly ash and slag, finding that these can provide satisfactory strength when used to partially replace cement. The review also examines the effects of factors like water-cement ratio, paste content, and viscosity modifiers on the workability and durability of self-compacting concrete.
This document discusses research on using Recron 3S fiber to improve the strength properties of silty subgrade soil in Kurukshetra, India. Laboratory experiments were conducted that included index tests, modified Proctor compaction tests, CBR tests, and UCS tests on the silty soil alone and mixed with 0.15%, 0.30%, 0.45%, and 0.60% Recron 3S fiber by dry weight of soil. The results showed that the addition of Recron 3S fiber increased the maximum dry density, CBR values, and UCS of the silty soil. The greatest improvements were seen at the lowest fiber content of 0.15%. Therefore, Recron 3S fiber has potential
Soil Stabilization using Natural Fiber CoirIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on using coir fiber to stabilize soils. Two soil samples were collected and tested to determine their engineering properties before and after stabilization. Proctor compaction tests were conducted to determine optimum moisture content and maximum dry density for the soils with different percentages of added coir fiber. Direct shear tests and unconfined compression tests were performed to evaluate the effect of coir fiber on shear strength parameters. The results showed that coir fiber significantly improved the shear strength and unconfined compressive strength of the weaker soil sample, indicating coir fiber reinforcement is an effective stabilization method for that type of soil.
A Study on Load Carrying Capacity of Stone Column’s Embedded in Compacted Pon...ijtsrd
The document presents the results of a study investigating the use of stone columns to improve the load-carrying capacity of compacted pond ash deposits. Laboratory tests were conducted on pond ash samples with and without reinforcement by stone columns of varying area ratios and lengths. Index properties, compaction characteristics, shear strength parameters and unconfined and triaxial compressive strengths were evaluated for the pond ash at different compactive efforts and saturation levels. The results show that reinforcing the pond ash with stone columns increases its dry density, shear strength and compressive strength, indicating improved load-carrying capacity. This reinforcement technique could make abandoned ash pond sites suitable for development.
The literature review summarizes 12 papers on the use of olivine sand in concrete. The papers showed that:
1) Olivine sand has good refractory properties and concrete with olivine sand has better fire resistance up to certain temperatures than normal concrete.
2) Replacing silica sand partially with olivine sand in a mix ratio of 70% M-sand and 30% olivine sand resulted in higher compressive strength than other mix ratios.
3) Reducing the particle size of olivine sand can improve the strength and hydraulic properties of weak soils and soils prone to cracking when used in soil stabilization.
GGBS are added from 0% to 40% by dry weight of soil, first of all check the all
soil property at 0 % (no GGBS) and then compare after addition of GGBS from 10% to 40%. On
the basis of Standard Proctor test & Unconfined Compressive Strength test the optimum
percentage of GGBS is 10%. Investigations showed that generally the engineering properties
which improved with the addition of GGBS. The California bearing ratio of soil increases as the
percentage of GGBS replaced in increase.
IRJET - A Study on Shear Strength of Sand Reinforced with Glass FibersIRJET Journal
1) The study investigates the shear strength of sand reinforced with glass fibers through a series of direct shear tests.
2) The tests showed that the shear strength of sand increased with the addition of glass fibers, up to a fiber content of 2%. Higher fiber contents reduced dilation and increased shear strength.
3) Both the shear strength and stiffness of reinforced sand increased with higher relative density (compaction). Reinforced sand has potential applications in embankments and subgrades.
Soil Stabilization Using Waste Materials in Sri Lankaijtsrd
The uses of automobiles are increasing day by day because of that the waste of tyres increases in Sri Lanka. Safer disposal of rubber tyre waste has become a challenging job in Sri Lanka. As a result of the improper way of disposal, there is a great damage to eco system like air pollution and aesthetic pollution. So that use of their basic properties in engineering applications are become prominent. This investigation has focused on the CBR of soil reinforced with randomly mixed shredded rubber tyre chips and the results will be compared with unreinforced samples. The optimal percentage value of shredded rubber tyre content in soil will be determined using the Standard proctor compaction test and CBR test. Increases in CBR value significantly reduce the total thickness of the pavement and hence the total cost involved in the road projects. H. L. S Sathik | D. De S. Udakara ""Soil Stabilization Using Waste Materials in Sri Lanka"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25147.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/geological-engineering/25147/soil-stabilization-using-waste-materials-in-sri-lanka/h-l-s-sathik
Soil Stabilization using Fly Ash and Cotton Fiberijtsrd
Mixing of fiber for ground improvement has been practiced for recent years. Many researches has shown the expected results. This paper mainly deals with the ground improvement technique using both Fly Ash and cotton fiber. The combination of them gives a satisfactory value of its practical application. Both Fly Ash and Cotton fiber are treated as waste materials in our country in spite of having its engineering significances. Here all the tests were performed accepting the Fly Ash percent is 10 for maximum bearing capacity of soil. Three types of sample were prepared as per 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.7% of cotton fiber. For instances, it deliberately increases the Dry Density of soil up to 48.05 KN/m3 where as normal unreinforced soil sample gives about 22 KN/m3. The Ultimate bearing capacity increases up to 80.65 Kpa whereas the unreinforced soil sample gives for 35 Kpa. The result of California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test gives desired value (23%) than unreinforced soil (17%). The CBR test is performed only for 0.7% of cotton fiber where maximum stress is found. The most significant part in this study is to show the variation on cotton fiber for ground improvement technique at different ratio. This paper shows the gradual increase in Deviator stress for UCS tests for the increase in the percent of cotton fiber mixing with Fly Ash. This research may meet the need of ground having low strength at important sites. Tonmoy Kumar Brahmachary "Soil Stabilization using Fly Ash and Cotton Fiber " Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2493.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/2493/soil-stabilization-using-fly-ash-and-cotton-fiber-/tonmoy-kumar-brahmachary-
Influence of material variability on the seismic response of pile foundationAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study on the influence of different pile materials on the seismic response of pile foundations. Three types of materials were used for model pile construction: concrete, wood, and bamboo. Shake table tests were conducted by subjecting the pile foundations to sinusoidal earthquake accelerations. Various response parameters like pile displacement, acceleration, strain, and earth pressure were measured. The results showed that displacement was highest for bamboo piles and lowest for concrete piles at all frequencies. Displacement also increased with increasing frequency for all pile types. Thus, pile material influences the seismic response of pile foundations under earthquake loading.
Literature study on Ferro-Geopolymer Flat PanelsSuhail Shaikh
Hardened cementations paste made from fly ash and alkaline solution.
Combines waste products into useful product.
Setting mechanism depends on polymerization.
Curing temp is between 60-90oC.
Flat panels are being used in floor construction for low cost housing due to it’s low cost and good structural performance and are suitable for low cost roofing, pre-cast units and man-hole covers.
Pre cast panels are also used for the construction of domes , vaults, grid surface and folded plates
This document discusses a project to study the use of fly ash for soil stabilization. The objectives are to identify the local soil type, analyze its properties, determine the optimum moisture content, and compare the properties with and without fly ash addition. The methodology involves collecting soil samples, conducting tests like proctor compaction and CBR to establish baseline properties, adding varying amounts of fly ash, and re-testing after curing to find the optimum fly ash dosage. The literature review covers previous studies analyzing improvements to soil strength and compressibility from fly ash addition. The expected outcomes are a better understanding of soil stabilization methods and identification of additional materials to further boost soil strength.
Effect of discrete_fiber_reinforcement_on_soil_tenShuhaib Mohammed
This document describes a study that investigated the effect of discrete fiber reinforcement on soil tensile strength. An innovative tensile testing apparatus was developed to directly measure the tensile strength of fiber-reinforced soil specimens. A series of direct tensile tests were performed on specimens with varying fiber content, dry density, and water content. The results showed that the inclusion of discrete fibers significantly increased the tensile strength and ductility of soil. Specifically, tensile strength increased with higher fiber content, dry density, and lower water content. The mechanism by which fibers improve tensile strength is through fiber pull-out resistance due to interfacial mechanical interaction between the fiber surface and soil matrix.
Soil stabilization can be done in many ways. But the stabilization using waste plastic fibers is an economic method since the stabilizer used here is waste plastic materials, which are easily available. A plastic material is any of a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic solids that are moldable.
soil stabilizers for sale
soil stabilizer products
spray on soil stabilizer
soil stabilizer equipment
liquid soil stabilizer
soil binder and stabilizer
soil stabilizer polymer
enzyme soil stabilizers
Plastic as a soil stabilizer ppt
interesting civil engineering topics
seminar topics pdf
civil engineering topics for presentation
civil seminar topics ppt
best seminar topics for civil engineering
seminar topics for mechanical engineers
civil engineering ppt
latest civil engineering seminar topics
Experimental Study on Concrete with Waste Granite Powder as an AdmixtureIJERA Editor
Granite fines which are the byproduct produced in granite factories while cutting huge granite rocks to the desired shapes. Granite fines are used as a filler material in the concrete, replacing the fine aggregate which will help in filling up the pores in the concrete. Filling up of the pores by granite fines increase the strength of the concrete and also a material which is abundantly to investigate the strength behavior of concrete with use of granite fines as an additive. Concrete is prepared with granite fines as a replacement of fine concrete in 4 different propositions namely 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% and various tests such as compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength are investigated and these values are compared with the conventional concrete without the granite fines. It was observed that substitution of 7.5% of cement by weight with Granite fines in concrete resulted in an increase in compressive strength for both 7 & 28 days to 33.14 & 43.40 N/mm2 compared to 23.26 & 39.41 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. Tensile strength too followed a similar pattern with a 7.5% substitution with granite fines increasing the tensile strength for 7 & 28 days to 2.87 &4.19 N/mm2 compared with a 2.4 & 3.4 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. However flexure strength of 7.5% granite fine replacement exhibited a good improvement of flexural strength for 28 days to 6.34 N/mm2compared to a 3.35 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. Further investigations revealed that to attain the same strength of conventional concrete a 10% substitution with granite fines is effective. So it can be concluded that when locally available granite is a good partial substitute to concrete and improves compressive, tensile and flexure characteristics of concrete, while simultaneously offsetting the overall cost of concrete substantially.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on the effects of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) on the geotechnical properties of black cotton soil. The presentation covers the introduction of black cotton soil and GGBS, the aim and objectives of determining their index properties and strength characteristics when mixed together, an overview of the relevant literature, description of the materials used, tests conducted, results obtained, and conclusions. The tests show that adding GGBS to black cotton soil can improve its engineering properties like reducing swelling potential, compressibility, and increasing strength parameters like CBR and compressive stress. The optimum amounts of GGBS addition were found to be 4-8% based on the tests.
This document presents a student project on using waste plastic bottles to improve soil. The objectives are to provide an alternative solution for plastic waste disposal, use plastic waste to economically stabilize soil, and determine the optimum plastic content. The literature review discusses previous research on plastic improving soil bearing capacity and strength. The research methodology involves triaxial and direct shear tests to measure shear strength and determine the effect of increasing plastic content on bearing and shear capacities. The expected outcome is that bearing capacity will initially increase with plastic content up to an optimum level, above which it will decrease.
Review Paper on Soil Stabilization by TerrazymeIJERA Editor
During construction work soil stability is one of the major problems. Due to lack of strength possessed by soil, it fails to bear the loads imposed on it during or after the construction. The process involved in soil stabilization must be eco-friendly, cost effective and efficient. Terrazyme proves to be the best solution for this problem. It is natural, non-toxic, biodegradable liquid which significantly improves the strength of soil by reducing the voids. It increases the compaction of soil with minimal compactive efforts and its effect is permanent. This paper deals with all the information about terrazyme including its working mechanism and effects on different properties of soil. Advantages and disadvantages of using terrazyme are also mentioned in the paper.
Behaviour of interfaces between carbon fibre reinforced polymer and gravel soilseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
soil stabilization using waste finber by RAJ S PYARArajkumar pyara
The document summarizes an experimental study on using waste plastic to stabilize soil. Key points:
- Tests were conducted on soil and plastic samples to determine properties like specific gravity, particle size distribution, Atterberg limits, and CBR value.
- Samples with varying percentages of mixed plastic (0-2%) were tested to find the optimum mix.
- Results showed that a 1.5% plastic mix achieved the highest CBR value of 5.98, improving strength over the natural soil CBR of 2.87.
- The study concluded that plastic can enhance soil stability up to a certain content but adding more plastic past the optimum amount has detrimental effects.
Stabilization of soft soil with granulated blast furnace slag and fly asheSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the potential to stabilize soft soil using granulated blast furnace slag (GBS) and fly ash. Soft soil samples were collected and mixed with different combinations of GBS ranging from 3-9% and fly ash ranging from 3-12%. Compaction and CBR tests were performed to evaluate the mixtures. Results showed that optimum moisture content increased and maximum dry density decreased with higher fly ash-GBS content. Both soaked and unsoaked CBR values initially increased with fly ash-GBS content up to 3% fly ash and 6% GBS, then decreased, indicating this combination provided the best stabilization. The study concluded that soft soil can be effectively stabilized using fly ash-
THE EFFECT OF IMPROVEMENT SURROUNDING SOIL ON BORED PILE FRICTION CAPACITY IAEME Publication
There is very close relation between the pile capacity and surrounding soil conditions. In cohesionless soil the bored pile effected on surround soil byloosen , deposits through a combination of pile volume replacement and exist of pile case used for installation of bored pile. .the pile foundation usually designed to exceed the weak soil to the firm deposit .in this study improvement of the weak soil surround the pile and observing the effect of improvement on pile capacity for bored pile. The improvement soil surround pile model was design to be as one block and kept this block will effect noticeably on pile load capacity results. the improvement suggested in this study is compacting and replacement for surrounding soil .
IRJET- Study of Self Compacting Concrete - A ReviewIRJET Journal
The document reviews research on self-compacting concrete, which can be placed and compacted under its own weight without vibration. It summarizes various studies that have investigated the fresh and mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete made with different admixtures like fly ash and slag, finding that these can provide satisfactory strength when used to partially replace cement. The review also examines the effects of factors like water-cement ratio, paste content, and viscosity modifiers on the workability and durability of self-compacting concrete.
This document discusses research on using Recron 3S fiber to improve the strength properties of silty subgrade soil in Kurukshetra, India. Laboratory experiments were conducted that included index tests, modified Proctor compaction tests, CBR tests, and UCS tests on the silty soil alone and mixed with 0.15%, 0.30%, 0.45%, and 0.60% Recron 3S fiber by dry weight of soil. The results showed that the addition of Recron 3S fiber increased the maximum dry density, CBR values, and UCS of the silty soil. The greatest improvements were seen at the lowest fiber content of 0.15%. Therefore, Recron 3S fiber has potential
Soil Stabilization using Natural Fiber CoirIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on using coir fiber to stabilize soils. Two soil samples were collected and tested to determine their engineering properties before and after stabilization. Proctor compaction tests were conducted to determine optimum moisture content and maximum dry density for the soils with different percentages of added coir fiber. Direct shear tests and unconfined compression tests were performed to evaluate the effect of coir fiber on shear strength parameters. The results showed that coir fiber significantly improved the shear strength and unconfined compressive strength of the weaker soil sample, indicating coir fiber reinforcement is an effective stabilization method for that type of soil.
A Study on Load Carrying Capacity of Stone Column’s Embedded in Compacted Pon...ijtsrd
The document presents the results of a study investigating the use of stone columns to improve the load-carrying capacity of compacted pond ash deposits. Laboratory tests were conducted on pond ash samples with and without reinforcement by stone columns of varying area ratios and lengths. Index properties, compaction characteristics, shear strength parameters and unconfined and triaxial compressive strengths were evaluated for the pond ash at different compactive efforts and saturation levels. The results show that reinforcing the pond ash with stone columns increases its dry density, shear strength and compressive strength, indicating improved load-carrying capacity. This reinforcement technique could make abandoned ash pond sites suitable for development.
The literature review summarizes 12 papers on the use of olivine sand in concrete. The papers showed that:
1) Olivine sand has good refractory properties and concrete with olivine sand has better fire resistance up to certain temperatures than normal concrete.
2) Replacing silica sand partially with olivine sand in a mix ratio of 70% M-sand and 30% olivine sand resulted in higher compressive strength than other mix ratios.
3) Reducing the particle size of olivine sand can improve the strength and hydraulic properties of weak soils and soils prone to cracking when used in soil stabilization.
The document discusses various mechanical properties of rocks including uniaxial compressive strength, elastic moduli, point load index, shear box testing, rebound hammer testing, sonic velocities, shear durability index, Brazilian tensile strength testing, rock density, porosity, permeability, specific gravity, unit weight, void ratio, moisture content, and degree of saturation. It provides details on methods to measure these properties and factors that influence the measurements.
Framework for assessment of shear strength parameters ofIAEME Publication
This document discusses a framework for assessing the shear strength parameters of residual tropical soils. It begins by providing background on shear strength and how it is typically measured through laboratory tests like direct shear tests and triaxial tests. However, these tests have limitations in simulating field conditions. The objective of the paper is then presented - to develop a phenomenological model to predict shear strength parameters from index properties that are easier to measure, like liquid limit and maximum dry density. This could provide a way to rapidly estimate shear strength when traditional testing methods are not available or feasible. The paper reviews previous studies on correlating index properties with shear strength and predicting unsaturated soil strength. It then discusses soil state and volumetric strain, and defines bulk modulus as
This document presents research on modeling the pulling resistance of dominant plant species found in limestone mining spoil areas in South Taiwan. Three dominant plant species were selected for testing: Boehmeria densiflora, Rhus javonica, and Pluchea carolinensis. Pulling resistance tests were conducted on samples of these plants to measure the relationship between resistance and various plant and soil characteristics. Statistical regression analysis was used to develop models relating pulling resistance to factors like plant diameter, height, weight, soil weight, and age. The models produced for each plant species showed good correlation. Additional non-destructive test models were also evaluated.
Understanding Permeability of Hydraulic Fracture Networks A Sandbox Analog Mo...Renee Heldman
1) The document discusses an analog sandbox model that was created to better understand how permeability is affected by hydraulic fracturing networks. Fine-grained silica powder was used to represent low-permeability shale and injected with a similar fluid to those used in fracking to create fracture networks.
2) Cross sections showed the development of fractures and permeability was quantified. Permeability increased from 2.7 x 10-9 cm2 originally to up to 0.032 cm2 after fracturing, demonstrating the significant impact fractures can have. Fracture development depended on confining pressure and fluid viscosity.
3) The document reviews scaling relationships for modeling fracturing and discusses using silica flour as an analogue for
20. Evaluation of static and dynamic properties of sand–fines mixtures.pdfPinakRay2
This document evaluates the static and dynamic properties of sand-fines mixtures through state and equivalent state parameters. Laboratory tests were conducted on sand-fines mixtures with fines contents ranging from 0% to 60% under drained and undrained conditions. Key findings include:
1) A unique critical state line was obtained for each fines content from the triaxial tests.
2) Normalized peak undrained shear stress, cyclic resistance ratio, and compression index correlated well with the state parameter Ψ and equivalent state parameter Ψ*.
3) As the state parameter increased, normalized peak undrained shear stress and cyclic resistance ratio decreased while compression index increased.
Stress-Strain Behaviours Of Two Stage Lime-Cement Treated Expansive SoilsIJMER
The document discusses a study that examined the stress-strain behaviors of expansive soil stabilized using a two-stage lime-cement treatment process. Unconfined compression tests were performed on soil samples stabilized with lime, cement, and a combination of lime and cement with a resting period between treatments. The results showed that untreated soil exhibited ductile behavior while lime-treated soil was brittle, but the two-stage lime-cement treatment produced more ductile behavior. This change from brittle to ductile is linked to how the two-stage treatment impacts deformation properties of the treated soils.
Investigate the Potential of Hypo Sludge and Steel Fiber, Which Can Be Partia...ijtsrd
Concrete and steel are the two main construction materials used in reinforced concrete structures around the world. The material that is utilised the most frequently is concrete, aside from this. These materials manufacturing procedures result in the production of greenhouse gas GHG emissions. GHG emissions can be decreased by lessening the environmental impact and improving the sustainability of cement replacement while maintaining the physical and mechanical characteristics of concrete. These materials disposal seriously pollutes the environment. Hypo Sludge HS , a waste product from the paper industry, is dumped in significant quantities as slurry. Therefore, using HS as a partial replacement for cement in the production of concrete can aid in reducing the problem of environmental pollution. With the aim of determining an acceptable optimum replacement of HS without noticeably reducing physical and mechanical properties compared to regular concrete of the same grade, the current study, which is based on prior research, uses HS as a partial replacement of cement varying up to 40 for concrete manufacturing in combination with the addition of Steel Fibre SF up to 4 with super plasticizer. Naina Dangi | Rajesh Misra "Investigate the Potential of Hypo Sludge and Steel Fiber, Which Can Be Partially Mixed Into the Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52740.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/52740/investigate-the-potential-of-hypo-sludge-and-steel-fiber-which-can-be-partially-mixed-into-the-concrete/naina-dangi
This document discusses a study on stabilizing red soil in the Tirupur district of Tamil Nadu, India using fly ash. Laboratory tests were conducted on soil samples with varying percentages of fly ash addition (0-9%). Test results showed that 6% fly ash addition produced the highest improvements in engineering properties like CBR, UCS and bearing capacity. Specifically, CBR increased from 3.1 to 4.82 and bearing capacity increased from 10 kg/mm2 to 35 kg/mm2 with 6% fly ash. This allows for a reduction in required pavement thickness from 12 inches to 8.5 inches for an 'A' type traffic classification, saving on construction costs. The study concludes that fly ash is effective
Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC), also called Strain Hardening Cement-based Composites (SHCC) or more popularly as bendable concrete, is an easily molded mortar-based composite reinforced with specially selected short random fibers, usually polymer fibers. Unlike regular concrete, ECC has a strain capacity in the range of 3–7%, compared to 0.01% for ordinary portland cement (OPC ...
bendable concrete pdf
bendable concrete ppt
flexible bendable material
flexible concrete mix
engineered cementitious composites
bendable concrete form material
flexible concrete
bendable construction materials
interesting civil engineering topics
seminar topics pdf
civil engineering topics for presentation
civil seminar topics ppt
best seminar topics for civil engineering
seminar topics for mechanical engineers
civil engineering ppt
latest civil engineering seminar topics
IRJET- Study of the Strength Characteristics of the Soil Processed with F...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an ongoing study on the strength characteristics of soil processed with fly ash and Recron 3S fibers. The study aims to improve the strength of clayey soil, which has issues like high shrinkage, swelling, and low bearing capacity. Fly ash acts as a cementing material while Recron 3S fibers act as reinforcement. Tests were performed to determine the optimum moisture content, maximum dry density, unconfined compression strength, and shear strength of mixtures with varying proportions of fly ash (10-50%) and Recron 3S fibers (0.2-1.0%). Previous research found that addition of fibers increases the failure load of soil. The current study aims to determine the optimum mix proportions to maximize
This document describes a numerical modeling study to predict the strength of St. Peter Sandstone pillars used in underground mining. Finite difference models were created of pillars with dimensions of 12.192 m x 12.192 m x 9.144 m and a room width of 10.3632 m, based on dimensions used successfully in an abandoned Iowa mine. The models applied varying overburden loads to the pillars to determine stress-strain behavior and peak stress. An empirical pillar strength formula was developed and used to establish a relationship between pillar stress, safety factor, and maximum stable overburden depth for factors of safety of 1.5 and 2.
The corrosion in reinforcing steel is the most detrimental effect on endangering the structural behaviour of steel in
concrete. This present study focuses on predicting the corrosion behaviour of concrete in which Manufactured Sand (MSand)
is used as a partial replacement for natural sand. To retain the natural resource such as natural sand an attempt is
made in this research by partially replacing the natural sand with M-Sand. Experimental and numerical investigation has
been carried out for three different levels of corrosion 5%, 10% and 25% to define mild, medium and severe exposure
condition. National Bureau of Standard (NBS) beams have been casted and analysed for thecorrosion performances of steel
that is embedded in concrete by accelerated corrosion technique for concrete of grade M40 replaced with 60%
manufactured sand for river sand which is found optimum. From the experimental investigation, it has been observed that
there is adecline in the load carrying capacity of NBS RC beams due to reinforcement corrosion. Numerical investigation
was made with concrete modelled as solid 65 element and reinforcement modelled as Link 8 elements by ANSYS software
using finite element method.
Performance of square footing resting on laterally confined sandeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Influence of Dense Granular Columns on the Performance of Level and Gently Sl...Mahir Badanagki, Ph.D.
Dense granular columns are often used as a liquefaction mitigation measure to (1) enhance drainage; (2) provide shear reinforcement; and (3) densify and increase lateral stresses in the surrounding soil during installation. However, the independent influence and contribution of these mitigation mechanisms on the excess pore pressures, accelerations (or shear stresses), and lateral and vertical deformations are not sufficiently understood to facilitate a reliable design. This paper presents the results of a series of dynamic centrifuge tests to fundamentally evaluate the influence of dense granular columns on the seismic performance of level and gently sloped sites, including a liquefiable layer of clean sand. Specific consideration was given to the relative importance of enhanced drainage and shear reinforcement. Granular columns with greater area replacement ratios (Ar), for example Ar greater than about 20%, were shown to be highly effective in reducing the seismic settlement and lateral deformations in gentle slopes, owing primarily to the expedited dissipation of excess pore water pressures. The influence of granular columns on accelerations (and therefore, the shear stress demand) in the surrounding soil depended on the column’s Ar and drainage capacity. Increasing Ar from 0 to 10% was shown to reduce the accelerations across a range of frequencies in the surrounding soil due to the shear reinforcement effect alone. However, enhanced drainage simultaneously increased the rate of excess pore pressure dissipation, helping the surrounding soil regain more quickly its shear strength and stiffness. At short drainage distances or higher Ar values (for example, 20%), this could notably amplify the acceleration and shear stress demand on soil, particularly at greater frequencies that influence PGA. The experimental insight presented in this paper aims to improve our understanding of the mechanics of liquefaction and lateral spreading mitigation with granular columns, and it may be used to validate the numerical models used in their design.
This document discusses engineering properties of rocks that are important for engineering planning, design, and construction. It describes factors that influence rock deformation and failure, such as mineral composition, texture, planes of weakness, and pore water content. It also summarizes common index properties used to quantitatively describe rocks, including porosity, density, sonic velocity, permeability, durability, and strength. Classification systems for rock masses are also briefly outlined.
Effects of surcharge loads on liquefaction parameters of pond ash improved wIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the effects of surcharge loads on liquefaction parameters of pond ash improved with stone-sand columns. Laboratory tests were conducted on a shake table to measure pore water pressure development in pond ash samples with and without stone-sand column reinforcement under varying levels of surcharge loads. It was found that inclusion of stone-sand columns and application of surcharge loads increased the liquefaction resistance of pond ash, as indicated by a reduction in maximum excess pore water pressure ratios. Higher surcharge loads provided greater improvement to liquefaction resistance.
LABORATORY STUDY OF STRONG, MODERATE AND WEAK SANDSTONES | J4RV4I1012Journal For Research
Sandstones from seven different hydroelectric projects have been assessed to compare their water-related properties and engineering parameters and the comprehensive analysis has been presented. The study has been done by categorizing the sandstones in to three categories i.e. weak, moderate & strong sandstones. The study leads to four broad inferences: (1), there could be very large variation between two sandstones; e.g., here, sandstone S2, S4 & S5, vis-à-vis other two strong sandstones, is superior in all respects. (2), the four weak sandstones differ in respect of some – not all – properties and parameters. (3), none of the four weak sandstones is better than the other two in respect of all properties and parameters. (4), moderate sandstone shows higher values of shear strength parameters in comparison to all the sandstones (including stronger sandstones also) except S3 strong sandstone. In respect of individual properties, the grain density of all sandstones is similar, though their bulk densities, apparent porosity and water content show great variation. The weak, moderate and strong sandstones show qualitative difference in their uniaxial compressive strength and wave velocity (compression and shear, both); and the two are directly proportional. The study clearly demonstrates that there is no one-to-one correspondence between any two properties and parameters, but there is a diffused and/ or qualitative relationship between different sandstones, or certain properties and parameters of a particular variant.
Effect of Compaction Moisture Content on Strength Parameters of Unsaturated C...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of compaction moisture content on the shear strength parameters of unsaturated clay soils using triaxial and direct shear tests. Six different clay soil samples from various locations in India were tested at moisture contents of 0.95, 1.00, and 1.05 times the optimum moisture content as determined from standard Proctor tests. Both triaxial and direct shear tests were performed under unconsolidated undrained conditions at strain rates of 0.625 mm/min and 1.25 mm/min. The results showed that cohesion decreases with increasing moisture content while the angle of internal friction is higher at lower strain rates and from triaxial tests compared to direct shear tests. Among the soil samples
The document summarizes a textbook called "Rural Property Valuation" published by the Appraisal Institute. It discusses how the textbook provides essential guidance for appraising rural properties, covering topics unique to valuing agricultural land, ranches, timberland, and other rural uses. The textbook is said to be an important resource for students and practitioners to understand rural markets and issues. It contains 19 chapters covering key appraisal topics from a rural perspective, and provides up-to-date information on valuation of rural properties in the United States.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
The Ultimate Guide in Setting Up Market Research System in Health-TechGokul Rangarajan
How to effectively start market research in the health tech industry by defining objectives, crafting problem statements, selecting methods, identifying data collection sources, and setting clear timelines. This guide covers all the preliminary steps needed to lay a strong foundation for your research.
"Market Research it too text-booky, I am in the market for a decade, I am living research book" this is what the founder I met on the event claimed, few of my colleagues rolled their eyes. Its true that one cannot over look the real life experience, but one cannot out beat structured gold mine of market research.
Many 0 to 1 startup founders often overlook market research, but this critical step can make or break a venture, especially in health tech.
But Why do they skip it?
Limited resources—time, money, and manpower—are common culprits.
"In fact, a survey by CB Insights found that 42% of startups fail due to no market need, which is like building a spaceship to Mars only to realise you forgot the fuel."
Sudharsan Srinivasan
Operational Partner Pitchworks VC Studio
Overconfidence in their product’s success leads founders to assume it will naturally find its market, especially in health tech where patient needs, entire system issues and regulatory requirements are as complex as trying to perform brain surgery with a butter knife. Additionally, the pressure to launch quickly and the belief in their own intuition further contribute to this oversight. Yet, thorough market research in health tech could be the key to transforming a startup's vision into a life-saving reality, instead of a medical mishap waiting to happen.
Example of Market Research working
Innovaccer, founded by Abhinav Shashank in 2014, focuses on improving healthcare delivery through data-driven insights and interoperability solutions. Before launching their platform, Innovaccer conducted extensive market research to understand the challenges faced by healthcare organizations and the potential for innovation in healthcare IT.
Identifying Pain Points: Innovaccer surveyed healthcare providers to understand their difficulties with data integration, care coordination, and patient engagement. They found widespread frustration with siloed systems and inefficient workflows.
Competitive Analysis: Analyzed competitors offering similar solutions in healthcare analytics and interoperability. Identified gaps in comprehensive data aggregation, real-time analytics, and actionable insights.
Regulatory Compliance: Ensured their platform complied with HIPAA and other healthcare data privacy regulations. This compliance was crucial to gaining trust from healthcare providers wary of data security issues.
Customer Validation: Conducted pilot programs with several healthcare organizations to validate the platform's effectiveness in improving care outcomes and operational efficiency. Gathered feedback to refine features and user interface.
About CentiUP - Product Information Slide.pdfCentiUP
A heightened child formula, with the trio of Nano Calcium, HMO, and DHA mixed in the golden ratio, combined with NANO technology to help nourish the body deeply and comprehensively, helps children increase height, boost brain power, and improve the immune system and overall well-being.
Cyclothymia Test: Diagnosing, Symptoms, Treatment, and Impact | The Lifescien...The Lifesciences Magazine
The cyclothymia test is a pivotal tool in the diagnostic process. It helps clinicians assess the presence and severity of symptoms associated with cyclothymia.
Simple Steps to Make Her Choose You Every DayLucas Smith
Simple Steps to Make Her Choose You Every Day" and unlock the secrets to building a strong, lasting relationship. This comprehensive guide takes you on a journey to self-improvement, enhancing your communication and emotional skills, ensuring that your partner chooses you without hesitation. Forget about complications and start applying easy, straightforward steps that make her see you as the ideal person she can't live without. Gain the key to her heart and enjoy a relationship filled with love and mutual respect. This isn't just a book; it's an investment in your happiness and the happiness of your partner
About CentiUP - Introduction and Products.pdfCentiUP
A heightened child formula, with the trio of Nano Calcium, HMO, and DHA mixed in the golden ratio, combined with NANO technology to help nourish the body deeply and comprehensively, helps children increase height, boost brain power, and improve the immune system and overall well-being.
Cancer treatment has advanced significantly over the years, offering patients various options tailored to their specific type of cancer and stage of disease. Understanding the different types of cancer treatments can help patients make informed decisions about their care. In this ppt, we have listed most common forms of cancer treatment available today.
Malayali Kerala Spa in Ajman, one among the top rated massage centre in ajman, welcomes you to experience high quality massage services from massage staffs from all ove rthe world! Being the best spa massage service providers, we take pride in offering traditional massage services of different countries, like
Indian Massage, Kerala Massage, Thai Massage, Pakistani Massage, Russian Massage etc
If you are seeking relaxation, pain relief, or wellness experience, our ajman spa is here for your unique needs and concerns. The services of our experienced therapists, and personalized attention will ensure that each visit will be memorable for you.
Book your appointment today and let us take you to a world of serenity and self-care. Because you deserves the best.
Nursing management of the patient with Tonsillitis PPTblessyjannu21
Prepared by Prof. Blessy Thomas MSc Nursing, FNCON, SPN. The tonsils are two small glands that sit on either side of the throat.
In young children, they help to fight germs and act as a barrier against infection.
Tonsils act as filters, trapping germs that could otherwise enter the airways and cause infection.
They also make antibodies to fight infection.
But sometimes, they get overwhelmed by bacteria or viruses.
This can make them swollen and inflamed.
Tonsillitis is an infection of the tonsils, two masses of tissue at the back of the throat.
Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, two oval-shaped pads of tissue at the back of the throat — one tonsil on each side.
Tonsillitis is common, especially in children.
It can happen once in a while or come back again and again in a short period.Nursing management of Tonsillitis is important.
A comprehensive understanding of the operations for management of Tonsillitis and areas requiring special attention would be important.
Dr. Sherman Lai, MD — Guelph's Dedicated Medical ProfessionalSherman Lai Guelph
Guelph native Dr. Sherman Lai, MD, is a committed medical practitioner renowned for his thorough medical knowledge and caring patient care. Dr. Lai guarantees that every patient receives the best possible medical care and assistance that is customized to meet their specific needs. She has years of experience and is dedicated to providing individualized health solutions.
Solution manual for managerial accounting 18th edition by ray garrison eric n...rightmanforbloodline
Solution manual for managerial accounting 18th edition by ray garrison eric noreen and peter brewer_compressed
Solution manual for managerial accounting 18th edition by ray garrison eric noreen and peter brewer_compressed
Bashundhara Toiletries Logo Guideline 2024khabri85
It outlines the basic identity elements such as symbol, logotype, colors, and typefaces. It provides examples of applying the identity to materials like letterhead, business cards, reports, folders, and websites.
1. American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research & Development (AJMRD)
Volume 2, Issue 12 (December- 2020), PP 50-56
ISSN: 2360-821X
www.ajmrd.com
Multidisciplinary Journal www.ajmrd.com Page | 50
Research Paper Open Access
STRENGTH AND DILATANCY CHARACTERISTICS
OF POND ASH
K.V.S.B. Raju1
, Chidanand. G. Naik2
1
(Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, UVCE, Bangalore University, India)
2
(Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, UVCE, Bangalore University, India)
ABSTRACT: This paper focuses on the peak friction angle, dilation angle and critical state friction angle of the
pond ash. The pond ash sample collected from the ash pond of Udupi Thermal Power Plant, Nandikur, Udupi district,
was subjected to shearing at normal stress of 50,100, 200, 300 and 400 kPa at constant strain rate of 0.05 mm/min. The
different relative densities at which tests were conducted are 20%, 50%, and 80% respectively, with corresponding unit
weights are 6.25 kN/m3
, 6.79 kN/m3
and 7.43 kN/m3
respectively. Most of the shear tests were conducted to shear
strain in excess of 40% to achieve the critical state. The stress-strain response was observed and recorded. For each
relative density and normal stresses, shear strength and dilatancy parameters were obtained. Also in the present work, a
correlation between peak friction angle, dilatancy angle and critical state friction angle was obtained for pond ash. It
was observed that as the normal stress increases, both frictional angle and dilatancy angle was found to decrease. It
was also noted that increase in density increases friction and dilatancy angle. The present data were also compared
with those of established correlations by Bolton (1986) and Kumar et.al (2007) and found to compare well.
Keywords - Dilatancy, Relative density, Peak friction angle, Critical state, Pond ash
I. INTRODUCTION
In India thermal power is the one of the major source of energy and produces nearly 75 percent for total
energy production. The production of coal ash from all the existing thermal power plants is more than about 100
million tonnes per year. When the coal is burnt in thermal power plants to heat the water for preparing the steam, a
waste product from the boilers is obtained from the wet disposal of flyash. This fly ash gets mixed with bottom ash
and disposed off in large pond or dykes as slurry. It is also termed as ponded fly ash, which contains relatively
coarser particles.
The pond ash is actually a mixture of fly ash and bottom ash which is dark grey in color, granular and
porous material. The main difference between pond ash and fly ash is its particle size. The pond ash is coarser and
less pozzolonic and is therefore not accepted as pozzolona. The dissolvable alkalis present in the pond ash are
washed with water. Some of the main constituents of pond ash are metal oxides, Sulphur, silica and aluminum
materials with less pozzolonic properties than fly ash. These ashes produced can cause environmental risks, i.e. air
pollution, surface water and groundwater pollution, if disposed of unscientifically, and therefore its safe disposal is
essential.
The storage of pond ash requires a vast area of land and the disposal of ash is problematic and creates
environmental risks. In the low-lying areas, pond ash has been used as structural fills for the development of
residential and industrial sites to mitigate these problems. Soil mixed with pond ash canal is used in different
applications like for the construction of embankment, under foundation or as a fill material etc.
Major geotechnical aspects like stability - bearing capacity of shallow and deep foundations, slope
stability, the penetration resistance etc. depends on the soil strength. The strength characteristics of particularly,
granular particles are usually influenced by the peak friction angle (υp) and the critical state friction angle (υcv).
Dilation plays a key role in every soil-structure response under any loading conditions especially in soils denser
than critical state. Existing stress-dilatancy theories (Rowe, 1962; Bolton, 1986) include dilatancy as a gross
parameter without the explicit consideration of the grain geometry. Although, dilatancy influences almost all
aspects of the behaviour of granular materials, ranging from shear strength to stress- strain behaviour, there is no
practical method for estimating the dilatancy angle based on the in situ soil properties, although the variables that
influence dilatant behaviour are well-known.
The current paper presents an experimental study on the shear behaviour of granular Pond ash. The
experimental program consists of conducting a series of direct shear tests on the Pond ash sample of varying sizes
and inter-particle friction conditions, performed under three ranges of relative densities namely, loose, medium-
2. STRENGTH AND DILATANCY CHARACTERISTICS OF POND ASH
Multidisciplinary Journal www.ajmrd.com Page | 51
dense and dense. The variation in mobilized peak friction angle, peak shear strain, dilatancy angle, critical shear
strain, critical state angle are studied under increased normal stresses by changing the relative density of the Pond
ash. Test data are interpreted in terms of the stress- dilatancy relationship and shear strength parameters. The
purpose is to find a relation between the grain-size characteristics of Pond ash and the shearing resistance.
Experimental results are analysed in terms of the frictional and dilatant contributions to the strength of Pond ash as
a function of its relative density and are compared with dilatancy theories and empirical equations established in
literature.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Many researchers have studied the shear strength and dilatancy characteristics of various types of granular
materials. Their research findings are discussed below;
Zeng and Wang (2019) conducted a total of 48 direct shear tests were carried out to research the evolution
of shear and dilatancy of stored wheat in silos. It was revealed that strength of wheat in bulk attributes to the
combination of frictional and dilatant during shearing, in particular attributing to its elliptic shape. An increase in
relative density enhanced the peak friction angle as well as the dilation.The relationships between relative density,
peak friction angle, and dilatancy anglewere presented based on the tests data and Bolton’s theory. Then an
advanced model was developed to evaluate the peak shear behavior of wheat stored in silos considering the
dilatancy of the stored wheat.
Harehdasht et. al (2018) have examined the potential influence of particle size and grading on the shear
strength–dilation relation of granular materials from the results of 276 symmetrical direct shear tests. The
applicability of physical symmetrical direct shear tests to interpret the plane strain frictional shearing resistance of
granular materials was widely discussed using the DEM computer code SiGran. Sixteen different grain-size
distribution curves of three different materials namely, Peribonka sand, Eastmain sand, basalt beads and sands with
rounded particles were tested at different normal pressures (50, 200 and 400 kPa) and initial relative densities (
50% and 90 %). It is demonstrated that while the contribution of dilatancy to the shear strength is not influenced by
the variation in the coefficient of uniformity Cu in the investigated range, it is significantly decreases with
increasing mean particle size D50. The coefficients of Bolton’s equations have been, therefore, adjusted to account
for D50. A comparison of the predictions by the proposed empirical formulas with υps and ψ data from literatures
shows that accounting for the grain size yields more authentic results.
Kandasami et. al., (2017) studied the effect of particle morphology (grain shape) on the mechanical
response of granular materials. Two model systems with extreme differences in morphology were selected
(spherical glass ballotini and angular sand) for the experimental programme. A series of hollow cylinder torsion
tests were conducted under monotonic drained conditions on specimens reconstituted to the same relative density.
Tests were conducted under different intermediate principal stress ratio (b) on both the model materials. The glass
ballotini showed increased dilation at the outset of the test, however, at large strains, the particle rearrangement in
the sand and the increased interlocking leads to higher strength at the critical state. The effect of individual particle
morphology was manifested in both the increased friction angle and a larger sized failure locus in stress space with
increase in angularity. The stresses developed in these two model materials were also accompanied by intriguing
volume change behaviour. The glass ballotini despite a lower strength presented a predominantly dilative response
immaterial of the 'b' value, while the angular sand showed increased strength at large strains with contractive
response.
Fang- Wei et. al. (2016) performed several drained triaxial tests on Silica sand No.5 under 3 MPa
confining pressure to produce the pre-crushed sands in simulating the pressure shear process on soil to result in
particle breakage, and then the pre-crushed sands were re-sheared in series of drained triaxial test to investigate the
mobilized strengths of the pre-crushed sands in detecting the influence of particle breakage. It was found that, by
deteriorating strain-stress behaviour, partcile breakage resulted in change of stress- dilatancy behaviour in
translation and rotation of the relation of the dilatancy factor and the effective principal stress ratio. For a given
initial void ratio, particle breakage resulted in impairment of dilatancy behavior of soil to be more contractive in
deterioration of the mobilized dilatancy angle and reduction of void ratio. However, particle breakage resulted in
increase of the mobilized basic frictional angle especially before failure. In addition, the influence of the particle
breakage on the mobilized strengths was revealed to be influenced by the shear stress- strain state.
Mashiria et. al (2015) investigated the shear strength and dilatancy behaviour of Sand-tyre chip (STCh)
mixtures. A series of monotonic triaxial tests were carried out on sand mixed with various proportions of tyre chips.
It was found that tyre chips significantly influenced the shear strength and the dilatancy behaviour of STCh
mixtures. The effects of confinement and relative density on the shear strength, dilatancy and initial tangent
modulus of the STCh mixtures were also investigated. Moreover, a dilatancy model for STCh mixtures was
proposed and validated with the experimental results.
Raju and Khan (2014) have conducted a series of direct shear tests on dry sand having different relative
densities (i.e.,20%, 50%, & 80%) subjecting them to different constant values of vertical normal stress ranging
3. STRENGTH AND DILATANCY CHARACTERISTICS OF POND ASH
Multidisciplinary Journal www.ajmrd.com Page | 52
from 50kPa to 400kPa. It was found from the present results with an increase in effective normal stress the peak
frictional angle and dilation angle was found to decrease. Also, it was found that with an increase in density lead to
an increase in peak friction angle and dilation angle. Also, it was found that the as the grain size of sand decreases
from coarse to fine there is a substantial reduction in peak frictional angle, critical state friction angle, and dilation
angle. In the study, critical state friction angle was found out for the three different types of graded sand. It was
found that υcv for coarse sand was 35.34º, υcv for medium sand was 27.07º and υcv for fine sand was 24.08º.
Kumar et. al. (2007) have performed a number of direct shear tests on Bangalore (quartz) sand by varying the
magnitude of normal stress in between 50 kPa and 800 kPa. Four different relative densities (i.e 28.5 %, 55.6 %,
79.6 %, and 90.6 %) of sands were employed. All the tests were continued up to a substantial value of the
horizontal displacement so that the critical state was achieved in all the tests. The values of υp and ψp were
determined in all the tests for different combinations of σv and Rd (Relative Density). All the test results were
compared with the recommendations of Bolton (1986) and Salgado et al. (2000). The suggested expressions are
found to match well with the test results. The testing has clearly indicated that a decrease in σv leads to an increase
in the values of υp and ψp which necessitates the need of employing secant values of υp rather than using tangent
υp, with some small value of an apparent cohesion, as is normally followed in practice to avoid complications in
performing the analysis.
Salgado et. al. (2000) have extensively studied the properties of clean sands pertaining to shear strength
and stiffness. A series of laboratory tests were performed on samples of Ottawa sand with fines content in the range
of 5–20% by weight. Most of the triaxial tests were conducted to axial strains in excess of 30%. It was observed
that the small-strain stiffness at a given relative density and confining stress level decreases dramatically with the
addition of even small percentages of silt. It was observed that the addition of even small percentages of silt to
clean sand considerably increases both the peak friction angle at a given initial relative density and the critical-state
friction angle. This study suggested that silty sands with non-floating fabric in the 5–20% silt content range are
more dilatant than clean sands; dilatancy appears to peak at around 5% silt content, but even at 20% silt content it
remains above that of clean sand. It was observed that, although small-strain stiffness drops, peak and critical-state
strengths increase with increasing fines content.
Bolton (1986) reviewed a large number of triaxial and plane strain test results and proposed a much simpler
relationship among υp, υcv and ψp; where ψp is the angle of dilatancy which indirectly quantifies the rate of
dilation. Bolton provided the following simplified expressions:
υp=υcv+0.8ψp................................................(1)
υp=υcv+5 IR for plain strain condition..........(2)
υp=υcv+3 IR for triaxial condition.................(3)
The quantity IR is dilatancy index and its magnitude is related to the relative density (DR) and the effective stress
(σv) by the relationship
IR=DR(Q-ln (σv) )-R......................................(4)
σv expressed in kPa, DR in decimal and Q and R are constants. According to Bolton(1986) observations R=1 and
Q=10 was obtained. Later Salgado et al.(2000) took values as Q=9 and R=0.49 from their experiments. Kumar et
al. (2007) examined further the correlations between υp, υcv, ψp and IR by conducting series of direct shear tests
on Bangalore sand. Kumar et al. (2007) provided the following empirical relations
υp=υcv+0.932 ψp...........................................(5)
υp=υcv+3.5 IR for plain strain condition....(6)
Rowe (1962) proposed stress dilatancy theory, which is based on the energy principle and represented by granular
material with a regular packing of sphere or cylinders. The stress dilatancy model proposed by him does not take
into account the important behavioral features such as relative density and stress level.
Strength-Dilatancy relationships of almost 17 types of sands were extensively studied by Bolton and other
researchers.
In this present paper, an attempt has been made to establish correlation between strength and Dilatancy for the Pond
ash. The scarcity of natural building materials has necessitated the use of alternative materials. Pond ash is used in
most applications that require fine aggregate and is particularly suitable for structural light weight fills and
embankments, road base layers, hot mix asphalt and flowable fill.
III. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Pond ash used in this study was collected from the ash pond of Udupi Thermal Power Plant, Nandikur,
Udupi district. The samples were mixed thoroughly to bring homogeneity and dried at an oven temperature of 105–
110 0
C to avoid the presence of moisture. Then the ash was sieved through a 4.75 mm sieve to separate out foreign
and vegetative matter and was stored in airtight containers for subsequent use. The surface morphology of pond ash
was studied by using Scanning Electron Microscope equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray detector.
Micrographs were taken at accelerating voltages of 10 kV for the best possible resolution. Fig. 1(a) shows the
surface morphology of pond ash. The physical properties of the pond ash sample were determined and are
4. STRENGTH AND DILATANCY CHARACTERISTICS OF POND ASH
Multidisciplinary Journal www.ajmrd.com Page | 53
presented in Table 1. The grain size distribution curve of the pond ash used is given in Fig. 1(b).
(a) (b)
FIGURE 1.(a) Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of Pond ash (b) Grain size distribution curve of Pond ash.
TABLE 1. Properties of Pond ash
Parameter Pond Ash
D10 (mm) 0.3
D30 (mm) 0.9
D60 (mm) 2
Coefficient of Uniformity, Cu 6.67
Coefficient of Curvature, Cc 1.35
Specific gravity, G 1.96
% Uncompacted voids 69.13
Relative Density, Id%
20% 6.25 KN/m3
50% 6.79 KN/m3
80% 7.43 KN/m3
As per the Indian Standard for classification of soils (IS 1498-1970, reaffirmed 2002), Pond ash was found
to be well graded.
A number of direct shear tests were conducted on chosen dry Pond ash at three different values of unit
weight viz. 6.25 kN/m
3
, 6.79 kN/m
3
and 7.43 kN/m
3
; the corresponding relative densities of these samples were
found to be 20 %, 50 % and 80 % respectively. The size of the shear box was 60 mm x 60 mm and the sample
height was kept equal to 25 mm for all the tests. All the samples were sheared at a uniform relative horizontal
movement of 0.05 mm/minute between the upper and lower box. The vertical effective normal stress on all
specimens was varied in between 50 kPa and 400 kPa. The samples of a given density were prepared by either
raining the material from a constant height of fall (for loose to medium dense) or with the tamping technique using
a fixed number of blows (for dense to very dense). All the tests were continued up to u/H = 40%; where H is the
initial height of the sample and u is the horizontal displacement at any time.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
For all the tests, the variation of the horizontal (shear) force (Ph) and the corresponding change (v) in the vertical
height of the sample with an increase in the horizontal displacement (u) was continuously monitored at a regular
time interval; volumetric strain simply becomes equal to v/H. The corresponding test results are shown in Fig. 3-5
in terms of (i) the variation of Ph/Pv with u/H, and (ii) the variation of v/H with u/H; where Pv is the magnitude of
the vertical force. From these plots the values of friction angles (υ) and dilatancy angles (ψ) were determined using
the following expressions:
υ = tan−1 Ph
Pv
....................................................(7)
ψ = tan−1 δv
δu
....................................................(8)
υp and ψp are the peak values of υ and ψ respectively. A variation of υp and ψp with variations of normal stress
(σv) is illustrated in Fig. 7 for the Pond ash.
Following observations were drawn from Fig. 3-5 and Fig. 7:
1. It is found that the peak values of friction angle and dilation angle invariably occur almost at the same value of
the horizontal displacement.
2. The magnitude of the (u/H) corresponding to υp increases with increase in σv. Also the magnitude of shear
strain corresponding to ψp increases with increase in σv.
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.01 0.1 1 10
%Finer
Sieve Size (mm)
5. STRENGTH AND DILATANCY CHARACTERISTICS OF POND ASH
Multidisciplinary Journal www.ajmrd.com Page | 54
3. An increase in the relative density of the material causes a marginal decrease in the value of the shear strain
associated with υp and ψp.
4. For a given relative density of the material, the behavior of the material at low stress level always remains
typically that of a dense pond ash which indicates a well defined peak corresponding to υp and then followed
by a decrease in the shear stress which ultimately leads to the critical state of the material at very high values
of shear strain; in such cases the material initially shows a decrease in volume followed by an increase in
volume.
5. At low values of σv, the rate of dilation becomes maximum corresponding to υp and subsequently, the value of
dilatancy angle again decreases and finally becomes equal to zero in the critical state. On the contrary at very
high values of σv, the behavior of the material remains similar to that of loose pond ash where the shear stress
increases continuously to yield the critical state at very high values of horizontal displacement. In such cases,
the material experiences a continuous decrease in volume until reaching the critical state.
6. The values of υp and ψp decreases with an increase in the value of σv.
(a) (b)
FIGURE 3. For ϒ= 6.25kN/m3
Pond ash, the observed variation of (a) Ph/Pv with u/H, and (b) v/H with u/H
(a) (b)
FIGURE 4. For ϒ= 6.79 kN/m3
Pond ash, the observed variation of (a) Ph/Pv with u/H, and (b) v/H with u/H
(a) (b)
FIGURE 5. For ϒ= 7.43 kN/m3
Pond ash, the observed variation of (a) Ph/Pv with u/H, and (b) v/H with u/H
A linear relationship is established between peak friction angle and peak dilation angle as shown in Fig.6 the
critical state friction angle (υcv) is determined by the intercept made corresponding to zero dilation state. It is a
6. STRENGTH AND DILATANCY CHARACTERISTICS OF POND ASH
Multidisciplinary Journal www.ajmrd.com Page | 55
unique parameter, which remains independent of density, stress level and type of test conducted. It depends only on
the grain size and mineral comprising the granular material. For different chosen values of σv and relative density
(DR) of the material, the obtained values of υp were plotted against the corresponding values of ψp.
All the data points are indicated in Fig. 6, it can be noted that the relationship between υp and ψp can be best
described by the following expression:
υp = υcv + 0.869 ψp..............................................(9)
It is very well known from Fig. 7 that the value of υcv for the chosen Pond ash sample is found to be equal to
38.11o
.
As shown in Fig. 6, the strength-dilatancy equation can be well predicted by Eq. (9) with a coefficient of
correlation i.e. R2
=0.981 from the regression analysis. Hence, from the regression of υp on ψp, it is observed that
both the υp and ψp values are strongly positively correlated.
FIGURE 6. Established relationship between peak friction angle (υp) and maximum dilation angle (ψp)
It can be observed from Fig. 6. that, the value of υcv for the chosen Pond ash sample was found to be equal to
38.11o
(i.e., τ/σv=0.784). It can also be noticed from Fig. 3a, 4a, and 5a., that the value of τ/σv at a very large value
of u/H (35-40%) remains very close to 0.784 indicating the achievement of the same critical state in all tests.
FIGURE 7. The variation of υp and ψp with σv for Pond ash
As seen from Fig. 7 that the value of υp reduces with an increase in the value of σv. According to Bolton's
observations provided the following equation (10) for plane strain case and according to Kumar et. al. equation (11)
obtained, where IR (dilatancy index) is defined by Equation (12) with Q = 10 and R = 1.
υp = υcv + 5 IR .....................................................(10)
υp = υcv + 3.5 IR...................................................(11)
The quantity IR is dilatancy index and its magnitude is related to the relative density (DR) and the effective stress
(σv) by the relationship
IR = DR Q − ln σv − R........................................(12)
σv expressed in kPa, DR in decimal.
From the regression analysis, it is found that the following relationship holds quite good for the present data:
υp = υcv + 3.534 IR...............................................(13)
where,IR =DR(Q-ln(σv))-R
Experimentally measured values of υp were plotted against those estimated using (i) Bolton’s recommendation
(Equation 10), (ii) Kumar's recommendation (Equation 11), (iii) present correlation (Equation 13), and (iv) Salgado
et al. (2000) recommendation and the corresponding comparison from four different correlations is shown in Fig. 8
for all the data points.
7. STRENGTH AND DILATANCY CHARACTERISTICS OF POND ASH
Multidisciplinary Journal www.ajmrd.com Page | 56
FIGURE 8. The prediction of (υp-υcv) by different formulae against measured values of (υp-υcv) for all the tests
It can be noted that the estimated values of υp from the recommendations of Bolton (1986) and Salgado et
al. (2000) are found to be slightly higher than those actually measured. On the other hand, the estimation from
Equation (13) seems to be better. Additionally, from the regression analysis, it is found that the value of Coefficient
of correlation i.e R2
equal to 0.966. From this, it can be interpreted that there exists a strong positive correlation
between the estimated values (υp-υcv) and measured values of (υp-υcv) for the present data.
V. CONCLUSION
Based on a number of direct shear tests on Pond ash, at different density states and stress level, an empirical
relationship correlating υp, υcv and IR similar to that recommended by Bolton (1986), Kumar et al. (2007) and
Salgado (2000) has been suggested. Using this relationship from the knowledge of relative density (Dr) and critical
state friction angle (υcv), the value of peak friction angle (υp) can be determined for any required effective stress
level (σv). Further, an expression correlating ψp with υcv and υp has also been provided for Pond ash on the basis of
which the value of υp can also be predicted. The suggested expressions are found to match well with the test results.
Based on the test results, it can be concluded that decrease in σv leads to an increase in the values of υp and ψp. It
was also concluded from the test results that critical state friction angle (υcv) is independent of stress level and
density.
REFERENCES
[1] Changnv Zeng and, Yuke Wang (2019), "The Shear Strength and Dilatancy Behavior of Wheat Stored in
Silos", Complexity. 2019-07-22, journal-article. DOI: 10.1155/2019/1547616.
[2] Samaneh Amirpour Harehdasht (2018), "Influence of Particle Size and gradation on the Shear Strength-
Dilation Relation of Granular Materials", Canadian Geotechnical Journal 56(4), April 2018, DOI:
10.1139/cgj-2017-0468.
[3] Kandasami, R.K., Murthy, T.G. (2017), “Manifestation of Particle Morphology on the Mechanical behaviour
of Granular ensembles.” Granular Matter, 19:21, DOI 10.1007/s10035-017-0703-z.
[4] YU Fang-Wei and SU Li-Jun (2016), "Particle breakage and the Mobilized drained Shear strengths of Sand",
Journal of Mountain Science 13(8). DOI: 10.1007/s11629-016-3870-1.
[5] M.S. Mashiria, J.S. Vinoda, M., Neaz Sheikha Hing,-Ho Tsang, (2015), "Shear strength and Dilatancy
Behaviour of Sand–Tyre chip mixtures", Soils and Foundations, Volume 55, Issue 3, June 2015, Pages 517-
528.
[6] K.V.S.B. Raju and Mohamed Shoaib Khan (2014), "The Effect of Grading on Strength and Dilatancy
Parameters of Sands", Proceedings of Indian Geotechnical Conference IGC-2014, December 18-20, 2014,
Kakinada, India.
[7] Jyant Kumar, K. V. S. B. Raju and Arun Kumar, (2007), "Relationships between Rate of Dilation, Peak and
Critical State Friction Angles", Indian Geotechnical Journal, 37(1), 2007, 53-63.
[8] Salgado, R., Bandini, P., and Karim, A. (2000), “Shear strength and Stiffness of Silty Sand.” J. Geotech.
Geoenviron. Eng., ASCE) 451–462.
[9] Bolton, M.D. (1986), "The Strength and Dilatancy of Sands" Geotechnique., Vol. 36, No.1, pp. 65–78.
[10] Rowe, P. W. (1962), “The Stress-Dilatancy Relation for Static Equilibrium of an Assembly of Particles in
Contact.” Proc. R. Soc. London, 269, 500–527.