The document describes a study on the photocatalytic degradation of meta-chlorophenol using TiO2 photocatalyst and solar or artificial UV irradiation. The effects of various parameters like initial meta-chlorophenol concentration, photocatalyst loading, pH, and presence of ions were investigated. It was found that degradation rate decreased with increasing meta-chlorophenol concentration but increased with increasing photocatalyst loading up to 1 g/L. Maximum degradation occurred at pH 9. The presence of ions like sodium carbonate decreased the degradation rate compared to experiments without added salts. Kinetic studies showed the degradation followed pseudo-first order kinetics. Solar irradiation produced faster degradation rates than artificial UV light.
The radiolytic mineralization of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, an emerging contami...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:The ability of high-energy ionizing radiation has been demonstrated for environmental remediation processing. γ-rayswere applied to treat a solution of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (2-MBT). 2-MBT (125 µM) was decomposed and mineralized by the γ-radiation. The absorbed doses for 50 and 90% 2-MBT degradation were 0.170 and 0.650 kGy, respectively. Organic by-products were almost fully mineralized when high-absorbed doses in the range of 5-60 kGy were applied. Sulfate radicals (SO4 ●– ) produced through the rapid reaction of persulfate ions (S2O8 2– ) with hydrated electrons(eaq − ; keaq − /S2O8 2– = 1.1 × 1010 M −1 .s−1 ) had a significant effect on the 2-MBT mineralization yield. Because of 2-MBT decomposition,sulfate ions (SO4 2− ) were formed, and thepH and dissolved oxygen concentration were decreased. The degradation efficiency decreased when HCO3 –was added to the 2- MBT solution. No significant effects of NO3 – and Cl– ions on 2-MBT radiolytic eliminationwere observed
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Study of abiotic factors across the brahmaputra belt in relation to its suita...eSAT Journals
Abstract
A healthy ecosystem is a result of balanced interaction between biotic and abiotic factors. Water temperature, pH, DO, FCO2, TA, TH etc are the most important abiotic factors influencing the physico-chemical and biological events of water body (Rahman et al., 2008). All species have their own optimal range for these abiotic parameters. In relation to aquatic life, there maturation time is also dependent on these parameters. These factors have great influence on aquatic life (DuttaMunshi and DuttaMunshi, 1995). This paper deals with the observation of fluctuation of these abiotic factors across the Brahmaputra Belt and its relation with aquatic life, mostly fishes.
Keywords: Water temperature, pH, DO, FCO2, TA, TH etc…
The radiolytic mineralization of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, an emerging contami...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:The ability of high-energy ionizing radiation has been demonstrated for environmental remediation processing. γ-rayswere applied to treat a solution of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (2-MBT). 2-MBT (125 µM) was decomposed and mineralized by the γ-radiation. The absorbed doses for 50 and 90% 2-MBT degradation were 0.170 and 0.650 kGy, respectively. Organic by-products were almost fully mineralized when high-absorbed doses in the range of 5-60 kGy were applied. Sulfate radicals (SO4 ●– ) produced through the rapid reaction of persulfate ions (S2O8 2– ) with hydrated electrons(eaq − ; keaq − /S2O8 2– = 1.1 × 1010 M −1 .s−1 ) had a significant effect on the 2-MBT mineralization yield. Because of 2-MBT decomposition,sulfate ions (SO4 2− ) were formed, and thepH and dissolved oxygen concentration were decreased. The degradation efficiency decreased when HCO3 –was added to the 2- MBT solution. No significant effects of NO3 – and Cl– ions on 2-MBT radiolytic eliminationwere observed
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Study of abiotic factors across the brahmaputra belt in relation to its suita...eSAT Journals
Abstract
A healthy ecosystem is a result of balanced interaction between biotic and abiotic factors. Water temperature, pH, DO, FCO2, TA, TH etc are the most important abiotic factors influencing the physico-chemical and biological events of water body (Rahman et al., 2008). All species have their own optimal range for these abiotic parameters. In relation to aquatic life, there maturation time is also dependent on these parameters. These factors have great influence on aquatic life (DuttaMunshi and DuttaMunshi, 1995). This paper deals with the observation of fluctuation of these abiotic factors across the Brahmaputra Belt and its relation with aquatic life, mostly fishes.
Keywords: Water temperature, pH, DO, FCO2, TA, TH etc…
Studies on Nitration of Phenol over Solid Acid Catalyst by Lipika Das, Koushi...crimsonpublisherspps
Phenol was selectively nitrated in liquid phase to produce ortho-nitrophenol using dilute nitric acid (30%) at room temperature in presence of hydrochloric acid treated γ-alumina. Initially Al (NO3) and NH4HCO3 were reacted to prepare Al (OH)3 which on successive calcinations at 550 0C for 5h produce γ-alumina. The γ-alumina was characterized by BET, XRD, SEM and NH3-TPD analysis. The XRD profile confirmed the crystalline structure of the solid acid catalyst γ-alumina. The NH3-TPD analysis showed the development of lewis acidity on the surface of hydrochloric acid treated γ-alumina. The effects of various parameters such as concentration of reactants, types of catalyst, weight of the catalyst, solvent, temperature and time of reaction have been studied. The kinetics of the reaction was also investigated
https://crimsonpublishers.com/pps/fulltext/PPS.000505.php
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers
Please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
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Studies on Nitration of Phenol over Solid Acid Catalyst | Crimson PublishersDanesBlake
Phenol was selectively nitrated in liquid phase to produce ortho-nitrophenol using dilute nitric acid (30%) at room temperature in presence of hydrochloric acid treated γ-alumina. Initially Al(NO3) and NH4HCO3 were reacted to prepare Al (OH)3 which on successive calcinations at 550 ᴼC for 5h produce γ-alumina. The γ-alumina was characterized by BET, XRD, SEM and NH3-TPD analysis. The XRD profile confirmed the crystalline structure of the solid acid catalyst γ-alumina. The NH3-TPD analysis showed the development of lewis acidity on the surface of hydrochloric acid treated γ-alumina. The effects of various parameters such as concentration of reactants, types of catalyst, weight of the catalyst, solvent, temperature and time of reaction have been studied. The kinetics of the reaction was also investigated.
Equilibrium and Kinetics Adsorption of Cadmium and Lead Ions from Aqueous Sol...theijes
Sourcing cheap adsorbents for the treatment of waste water is imperative for local environments. The adsorption of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) from aqueous solution onto bamboo activated carbon prepared by chemical activation with ZnCl2 was investigated. The unwashed chemical activated bamboo carbon (UCABC) achieved up to 87.81% and 96.45% removal of Cd and Pb at pH-5 and 11, respectively. Removal equilibrium was attained within 1hr and 2.5hrs for Cd and Pb, respectively. The Cd and Pb adsorption increased with adsorbent dosage decrease while removal rate (%) increased with Cd and Pb concentration. Adsorption isotherm of Cd and Pb onto UCABC was determined and correlated with four isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Hills). The equilibrium data fitted into Freundlich Cd (R2 = 0.9873, SSE = 0.045), Pb (R2 =0.9903, SSE = 0.051); Temkin Cd (R2 =0.9730, SSE = 0.052), Pb (R2 = 0.9079, SSE = 0.056); Hills Cd (R2 = 0.9961, SSE = 0.048), Pb (R2.= 0.9183, SSE = 0.053) and Langmuir Cd (R2 = 0.9653, SSE = 0.302), Pb (R2 = 0.9899, SSE = 0.136) isotherms. The Freundlich fitting showed isotherm adsorption capacity constants Kf = 7.843 and 5.098 (mg/g) for Cd and Pb, respectively. Furthermore, their adsorption kinetics correlated with the Pseudo-first order, Pseudo-second order and Intra-particle diffusion models and could be best described by the Pseudo-second order equation, suggesting chemisorptions as the limiting process. This study demonstrated that the UCABC can remove Cd2+ and Pb+ ions from aqueous solution to avert expensive commercial adsorbents
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
Batch adsorption experiments were carried out for
the adsorption of cationic dye from aqueous solution onto
composite activated carbon. The composite activated carbon was
prepared from brewer’s spent grain and sea bean shell at a ratio
of 1:1. The equilibrium studies were done at different
concentrations and temperatures. The equilibrium data were
fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and
Temkin isotherm models. The results showed that both Lagmuir
and Freundlich isotherm model fitted the data reasonably well
but Freundlich isotherm fitted better in the temperature range
studied. This confirmed that the adsorption is heterogeneous,
non-specific and non-uniform in nature. Kinetic studies were also
undertaken in terms of first order, second order, pseudo first
order, pseudo second order, Elovich, Boyd, and intra-particle
diffusion models. The results indicated that the data followed
pseudo second order model with surface adsorption and intraparticle
diffusion concurrently operating during the adsorbateadsorbent
interaction. The values of the thermodynamic
parameters computed from Van’t Hoff plot confirmed the
process to be endothermic and spontaneous in nature.
SYNTHESIS, SPECTRAL AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF MIXED LIGAND COMPLEXES OFCo(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) WITH 4-AMINOANTIPYRINE AND TRIBUTYLPHOSPHINE
Reaction of aniline with ammonium persulphate and concentrated hydrochloric a...Maciej Przybyłek
In this paper, the reaction of aniline with ammonium persulphate and concentrated HCl was studied. As a result of our experimental studies, 2,4,6-trichlorophenylamine was identified as the main product. This shows that a high concentration of HCl does not favour oxidative polymerisation of phenylamine, even though the ammonium persulphate/HCl system is widely used in polyaniline synthesis. On the basis of the experimental data and density functional theory for reaction path modelling, we proposed a mechanism for oxidative chlorination of aniline. We assumed that this reaction proceeded in three cyclically repeated steps; protonation of aniline, formation of singlet ground state phenylnitrenium cation, and nucleophilic substitution. In order to confirm this mechanism, kinetic, thermochemical, and natural bond orbital population analyses were performed.
Isolation and Growth Kinetic Studies Of Bacillus Methylotrophicus P10 & P11 ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
onstraints on labour productivity-a case studytheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Constraints on labour productivity-a case studytheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Exposure to Ionizing Radiation and Radiological Implications: a review of ICR...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Studies on Nitration of Phenol over Solid Acid Catalyst by Lipika Das, Koushi...crimsonpublisherspps
Phenol was selectively nitrated in liquid phase to produce ortho-nitrophenol using dilute nitric acid (30%) at room temperature in presence of hydrochloric acid treated γ-alumina. Initially Al (NO3) and NH4HCO3 were reacted to prepare Al (OH)3 which on successive calcinations at 550 0C for 5h produce γ-alumina. The γ-alumina was characterized by BET, XRD, SEM and NH3-TPD analysis. The XRD profile confirmed the crystalline structure of the solid acid catalyst γ-alumina. The NH3-TPD analysis showed the development of lewis acidity on the surface of hydrochloric acid treated γ-alumina. The effects of various parameters such as concentration of reactants, types of catalyst, weight of the catalyst, solvent, temperature and time of reaction have been studied. The kinetics of the reaction was also investigated
https://crimsonpublishers.com/pps/fulltext/PPS.000505.php
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers
Please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
For More Articles on Prime research material
Please click on: https://crimsonpublishers.com/pps/
Studies on Nitration of Phenol over Solid Acid Catalyst | Crimson PublishersDanesBlake
Phenol was selectively nitrated in liquid phase to produce ortho-nitrophenol using dilute nitric acid (30%) at room temperature in presence of hydrochloric acid treated γ-alumina. Initially Al(NO3) and NH4HCO3 were reacted to prepare Al (OH)3 which on successive calcinations at 550 ᴼC for 5h produce γ-alumina. The γ-alumina was characterized by BET, XRD, SEM and NH3-TPD analysis. The XRD profile confirmed the crystalline structure of the solid acid catalyst γ-alumina. The NH3-TPD analysis showed the development of lewis acidity on the surface of hydrochloric acid treated γ-alumina. The effects of various parameters such as concentration of reactants, types of catalyst, weight of the catalyst, solvent, temperature and time of reaction have been studied. The kinetics of the reaction was also investigated.
Equilibrium and Kinetics Adsorption of Cadmium and Lead Ions from Aqueous Sol...theijes
Sourcing cheap adsorbents for the treatment of waste water is imperative for local environments. The adsorption of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) from aqueous solution onto bamboo activated carbon prepared by chemical activation with ZnCl2 was investigated. The unwashed chemical activated bamboo carbon (UCABC) achieved up to 87.81% and 96.45% removal of Cd and Pb at pH-5 and 11, respectively. Removal equilibrium was attained within 1hr and 2.5hrs for Cd and Pb, respectively. The Cd and Pb adsorption increased with adsorbent dosage decrease while removal rate (%) increased with Cd and Pb concentration. Adsorption isotherm of Cd and Pb onto UCABC was determined and correlated with four isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Hills). The equilibrium data fitted into Freundlich Cd (R2 = 0.9873, SSE = 0.045), Pb (R2 =0.9903, SSE = 0.051); Temkin Cd (R2 =0.9730, SSE = 0.052), Pb (R2 = 0.9079, SSE = 0.056); Hills Cd (R2 = 0.9961, SSE = 0.048), Pb (R2.= 0.9183, SSE = 0.053) and Langmuir Cd (R2 = 0.9653, SSE = 0.302), Pb (R2 = 0.9899, SSE = 0.136) isotherms. The Freundlich fitting showed isotherm adsorption capacity constants Kf = 7.843 and 5.098 (mg/g) for Cd and Pb, respectively. Furthermore, their adsorption kinetics correlated with the Pseudo-first order, Pseudo-second order and Intra-particle diffusion models and could be best described by the Pseudo-second order equation, suggesting chemisorptions as the limiting process. This study demonstrated that the UCABC can remove Cd2+ and Pb+ ions from aqueous solution to avert expensive commercial adsorbents
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
Batch adsorption experiments were carried out for
the adsorption of cationic dye from aqueous solution onto
composite activated carbon. The composite activated carbon was
prepared from brewer’s spent grain and sea bean shell at a ratio
of 1:1. The equilibrium studies were done at different
concentrations and temperatures. The equilibrium data were
fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and
Temkin isotherm models. The results showed that both Lagmuir
and Freundlich isotherm model fitted the data reasonably well
but Freundlich isotherm fitted better in the temperature range
studied. This confirmed that the adsorption is heterogeneous,
non-specific and non-uniform in nature. Kinetic studies were also
undertaken in terms of first order, second order, pseudo first
order, pseudo second order, Elovich, Boyd, and intra-particle
diffusion models. The results indicated that the data followed
pseudo second order model with surface adsorption and intraparticle
diffusion concurrently operating during the adsorbateadsorbent
interaction. The values of the thermodynamic
parameters computed from Van’t Hoff plot confirmed the
process to be endothermic and spontaneous in nature.
SYNTHESIS, SPECTRAL AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF MIXED LIGAND COMPLEXES OFCo(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) WITH 4-AMINOANTIPYRINE AND TRIBUTYLPHOSPHINE
Reaction of aniline with ammonium persulphate and concentrated hydrochloric a...Maciej Przybyłek
In this paper, the reaction of aniline with ammonium persulphate and concentrated HCl was studied. As a result of our experimental studies, 2,4,6-trichlorophenylamine was identified as the main product. This shows that a high concentration of HCl does not favour oxidative polymerisation of phenylamine, even though the ammonium persulphate/HCl system is widely used in polyaniline synthesis. On the basis of the experimental data and density functional theory for reaction path modelling, we proposed a mechanism for oxidative chlorination of aniline. We assumed that this reaction proceeded in three cyclically repeated steps; protonation of aniline, formation of singlet ground state phenylnitrenium cation, and nucleophilic substitution. In order to confirm this mechanism, kinetic, thermochemical, and natural bond orbital population analyses were performed.
Isolation and Growth Kinetic Studies Of Bacillus Methylotrophicus P10 & P11 ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
onstraints on labour productivity-a case studytheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Constraints on labour productivity-a case studytheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Exposure to Ionizing Radiation and Radiological Implications: a review of ICR...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
A Probabilistic Approach Using Poisson Process for Detecting the Existence of...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Efficient Use of Rain Water by Altering Channel Systemtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Wind Power Density Analysis for Micro-Scale Wind Turbinestheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Enterprise Architecture – A Tool for Business Innovation Realization in the E...theijes
Enterprises globally are undergoing business transformation. Organisations and corporate world have been
searching for ways to enhance their businesses in order to be agile and how development in information
technology (IT) can help them achieve this in today’s unstable economic climate. Large-scale changes in the
business affect operations, which in turn impact business systems. Changes in the underlying technology
infrastructure are often needed to enable business transformation. The study carried out shows that architecture
is the key to managing complexity and scale of change in the business. The method used is the integration of the
processes for strategic, business, operations, systems and technology planning in a way that also integrates with
other business and technology governance processes. Enterprise Architecture provides a framework to
describe, manage and align the various elements of an organisation such as business processes, information,
applications and technology and enables to understand the relationships between these elements and their
environment to better facilitate change. This article proposes enterprise architecture (EA) as an effective Tool
to Business Innovation Realization in the Enterprise.
An Overview of FACTS Controllers for Power Quality Improvementtheijes
Large penetration of non-conventional sources of energy (such as wind and solar) into the utility grid usually leads to power quality deterioration of the net system due to the intermittency nature associated with such energy sources. Power quality parameters that may likely be disturbed by such interconnection include voltage profile, frequency waveform, power factor, as well as active and reactive power of the power system. However, grid operators and consumers at all level of usage requires a perfectly balanced three phase a.c power of constant frequency and magnitude with smooth sinusoidal wave shape. In order to compensate for such disturbances, Flexible A.C Transmission System (FACTS) controllers were developed. This paper presents a technological review of different types of FACTS controllers and their application for power quality improvement in a grid network composing of conventional and non-conventional energy sources.
when a coil is rotated or turned under a magnetic field, there occurs a force...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Analysis of C-C Short Cylindrical Shells under Internal Pressure using Polyno...theijes
The traditional approach in the analysis of axisymmetrically loaded short cylindrical shells has been to solve the fourth order differential equation using the Krylov's equation. This involved a transition from exponential functions to krylov's functions using Euler's expressions. This approach is grossly limited by the difficulty in the transition from exponential functions to Krylov's functions. A new approach to static analysis of C-C short cylindrical shell subject to internal liquid pressure is presented in this paper. This involves substituting a polynomial series shape function into the Pasternak's differential equation, by satisfying the boundary conditions for C-C short cylindrical shell, a particular shape function was obtained. This shape function was substituted into the total potential energy functional of the Ritz method and minimized to obtain the unknown coefficient. Stresses and deflections at various points of the shell were determined for different cases of aspect ratio with range 1 ≤ L/r ≥ 4. For case 1, maximum values of deflection, rotation, bending moment and shear force were 9.856*10-3metres, -3.23*10-3radians, -1366.64KNm and -9566.4639KN respectively. It was observed that as the aspect ratio increases from 1 to 4, the deflections and stresses decreases, and the shell tends to behave like long cylindrical shell.
Study Analysis & Application of Bio-Composite Smart Materialtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Energy Proficient and Security Protocol for WSN: A Reviewtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Contribution of Competence Teacher (Pedagogical, Personality, Professional Co...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Natural Image Based Visual Secret Sharing Schemetheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Modeling of LDO-fired Rotary Furnace Parameters using Adaptive Network-based ...theijes
In this paper a novel approach i.e. neuro-fuzzy technique is used for the first time in modeling rotary furnace parameters to predict the melting rate of the molten metal required to produce homogenous castings. The relationship between the process variables (input) viz. flame temperature, preheat air temperature, rotational speed of the furnace, excess air, melting time, and fuel consumption and melting rate (output) is very complex and is agreeable to neuro-fuzzy approach. The neuro-fuzzy model has been created out of training data obtained from the series of experimentation carried out on rotary furnace. The results provided by neuro-fuzzy model compares well with the experimental data. This work has considerable implications in selection and control of process variables in real time and ability to achieve energy and material savings, quality improvement and development of homogeneous properties throughout the casting and is a step towards agile manufacturing.
Photocatalytic Degradation of Ciprofloxacin using TiO2 in a Slurry Photocatal...ijtsrd
A slurry photocatalytic reactor assessed for the degradation of ciprofloxacin CFX . The effect of operating parameters like initial ciprofloxacin concentration, catalyst dosage and pH on ciprofloxacin degradation was analysed in this study. Batch study was conducted and it showed 90 degradation of the CFX. It was observed the optimum concentration of CFX was 1500 µg l, catalyst dosage was 1 g l at the pH of 9 for the duration of 3 hours. The photocatalytic degradation of CFX followed the pseudo first order kinetics. Karthika. V | Vedavalli. S | Afreen Begum. M "Photocatalytic Degradation of Ciprofloxacin using TiO2 in a Slurry Photocatalytic Reactor: Optimization" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31224.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/environment-engineering/31224/photocatalytic-degradation-of-ciprofloxacin-using-tio2-in-a-slurry-photocatalytic-reactor-optimization/karthika-v
RAPID IODINATION OF THE ISOMERS OF AMINOBENZOIC ACID IN AQUEOUS MEDIUM BY IOD...EDITOR IJCRCPS
The rapid kinetics of the iodination of para-aminobenzoic acid and meta-aminobenzoic acid by iodine monochloride at 4.5 pH has
been studied by employing hydrodynamic voltammetry. The reactions were found to be of the second order and the specific
reaction rates for the two reactions were found to be 25 M-1s-1 and 10 M-1s-1 at 25.00C respectively. These data were
complemented with those for the iodination of ortho-aminobenzoic acid by ICl obtained earlier to quantitatively assess the relative
reactivity of the three isomers stemming from substituent regiospecificity.
Keywords: Iodine monochloride, hydrodynamic voltammetry, aminobenzoic acid isomers.
Sunlight induced removal of Rhodamine B from water through Semiconductor Pho...Hariprasad Narayanan
Application of Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) for the removal of toxic pollutants from water has been receiving increasing
attention in recent times. Photocatalysis using semiconductor oxides is one such AOP which is being investigated extensively for
the degradation of dyes in effluent water. This paper reports our findings on the sunlight induced photocatalytic removal of the
hazardous xanthene dye Rhodamine B from water, mediated by TiO2 and ‘platinum deposited TiO2’ (Pt/TiO2).Unlike in the case of
photocatalytic degradation of many organic pollutants which are driven by UV light, Rhodamine B can be removed in presence of
TiO2 even by visible light. Pt/TiO2 is ~5 times more active than TiO2 alone for the solar photocatalytic degradation of the dye,
which is attributed to extension of the absorption of light to the visible range and retardation of the recombination of
photogenerated electrons and holes. The dye itself can absorb visible light and act as a photo sensitizer to activate TiO2. The
effects of various parameters such as catalyst loading, concentration of the dye, pH, Pt concentration in Pt/TiO2, externallyadded
H2O2 etc on the adsorption and /or degradation of the dye are evaluated. The degradation of the dye proceeds through
intermediates and complete removal of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) is achieved many hours after the decolorisation of the dye.
The rate of degradation decreases beyond a critical concentration of the dye, possibly due to reduction in the path length of
photons in deeply colored solution. The higher degradation in alkaline pH is explained in terms of the ionization state of the
catalyst surface and the enhanced adsorption facilitated by the electrostatic attraction between the negatively charged catalyst
surface and the zwitter ionic form of the dye. H2O2, upto a critical concentration, accelerates the degradation. The observations are
critically analysed and suitable mechanism for the photocatalytic mineralisation of RhB is proposed.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Nitrogen-doped graphene-supported copper complex: a novel photocatalyst for C...Pawan Kumar
A copper(II) complex grafted to nitrogen-doped graphene (GrN700–CuC) was synthesized and then
demonstrated as an efficient photocatalyst for CO2 reduction into methanol under visible light irradiation
using a DMF/water mixture. The chemical and microstructural features of GrN700–CuC nanosheets were
studied by FTIR, XPS, XRD and HRTEM analyses. Owing to its truly heterogeneous nature, GrN700–CuC
could be easily recovered after the photocatalytic reaction and showed efficient recyclability for
subsequent runs.
Photocatalysed degradation of a fungicide, thiram in aqueous suspension of ti...
F031101038043
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
|| Volume || 3 || Issue || 11 || Pages || 38-43 || 2014 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 38
Photocatalytic Degradation of Meta-chlorophenol using Solar and
Artificial Radiation
1,
Shilpa S. Patil , 2,
Prof. S. T. Patil and Dr. Sanjay P. Kamble.
Tatyasaheb Kore Institute Of Engineering and Technology
Warananagar
-----------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT-----------------------------------------------------
The objective of present article is to study the photocatalytic degradation (PCD) of m-chlorophenol present in
pharmaceutical wastewater and to avoid the future accumulation of m-chlorophenol in aquatic environment.
The degradation of m-chlorophenol of was investigated in presence of commercially available Degussa P-
25TiO2photocatalyst and solar radiation as well as artificial UV irradiation. The effect of different operating
parameters like initial concentration of m-chlorophenolcatalytic loading, pH of solution, effect of anion and
cations on PCD of cipro have been investigated in detail. It was observed that as initial concentration of m-
chlorophenol increase rate of PCD decreases. Optimum catalytic loading was observed at 1 g/L for m-
chlorophenol concentration 0.1gm/l. The influence of pH on the PCD of m-chlorophenol was studied at pH
ranging from 3 to 11 and it was found that maximum degradation rate was observed at 9 pH. From kinetic
studies, it was found that the PCD obeys pseudo-first order kinetics with reaction rate constant
Kapp = 0.02315 min-1
. Pseudo first order rate expression of Langmuir–Hinshelwood as follows.
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Date of Submission: 06 September 2014 Date of Accepted: 10 November 2014
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I. INTRODUCTION
The rapid growth of the world’s population has created an increase in the demand for the Earth’s
limited supply of freshwater. Thus, protecting the supply of water and addressing concerns such as toxicity and
the presence of chemicals that may have potential long term adverse human and ecological effects has become
an important issue. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products enter the environment at low concentrations
primarily as metabolites excreted by humans and animals or in effluents that are disposed into wastewater from
hospitals, pharmacies, and chemical manufacturing facilities. Once these compounds reach wastewater
treatment plants, they are not completely removed and presence m-chlorophenolof in aquatic environments may
cause serious threats to the ecosystem and human health [3, 4].Therefore there is a need to develop eco-friendly,
cost effective technique for the treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater. The studies have shown that advanced
oxidation processes (AOP) and adsorption are viable treatment methods for completely removing m-
chlorophenolfrom water and wastewater. Recently, extensive studies have been performed on the degradation of
toxic organic compounds in waste water via modified semiconductor photocatalyst [5].The purpose of this
article is to investigate the photocatalytic degradation (PCD) of m-chlorophenol using Degussa P-25
TiO2photocatalyst and using solar and artificial radiation. The effect of various operating parameters such as
initial concentration of m-chlorophenol ,photocatalyst loading, pH of solution and effect of presence of co-
exiting ions on photocatalytic oxidation of m-chlorophenol have been studied in order to establish the optimum
process parameters. The kinetics of photocatalytic oxidation has been also studied
II. MATERIAL AND METHODS
Reagent : Aroxide Degussa P-25 TiO2 (70:30% w/w anatase to rutile) with an average particle size of 30 nm
and BET surface area about 55 m2
g-1
was used as the photocatalyst. . Acetic acid (CH3COOH), Acetonitrile,
Na2CO3, NaCl and (NH4)2SO4 were purchased from Merck India Pvt. Ltd, Mumbai, India. The different
concentration aqueous solution ciprofloxacin HCl was prepared in de-ionized water (DI Water) was used as
pollutant.
Equipment : A parabolic reflector with surface area of 1.5 m2
was used for concentration of solar radiation.The
pH of aqueous solution of ciprofloxacin HCl was monitored by using pH meter of Thermo scientific Orion star
model. Plain solar radiation intensity was measured in W m-2
by ‘daystar meter’ (daystar Inc, Las Cruces, NM,
USA) working on the photocell principle. Solar radiation intensity at ground level is referred to as plain
2. Photocatalytic Degradation Of Meta-Chlorophenol…
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intensity henceforth. Average solar intensity of solar irradiation was found approximately 800 watts/m2
.
Experimental setup is as shown in Fig no.1. Deionized water (Millipore Milli-Q system) was used to prepare
aqueous solutions of ciprofloxacin HCl. Cooling media (water) was circulated by chiller (Julabo).
PCD Experimentm : An annular borosilicate glass reactor as shown in Figure 1 was used as photocatalytic for
performing the photocatalytic oxidation reaction. The de-ionized water (Millipore Milli-Q system) was used to
prepare aqueous solutions of m-chlorophenol. The temperature of reaction mixture was kept constant by
circulated the chilled water through the annular space between the lamp via JULABO chiller FP-50 MA. In each
experiment 500 ml of solution was charged in the reactor. An air at rate of 1 L min-1
required for oxidation
reaction and to keep all the TiO2 in suspension was supplied via ring sparger located at the bottom of the reactor.
In the photocatalytic experiments Degussa P-25 TiO2 was used as the photocatalyst. The solution was
equilibrated by stirring for 15 minutes in the dark before exposing the reactor assembly to the solar radiation.
The liquid samples were taken periodically from the reactor for analysis and stored in amber colored bottle.
During the PCD experiments the pH of the solution was not controlled. Same experimental procedure was
carried out by using artificial radiations. A visible tungsten lamp with power input 400 watts was used as the
source of artificial radiations.
Figure 1: Schematic diagram of experimental setup of photocatalytic degradation of meta-
chlorophenolusing solar radiations.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Initial concentration effect : Initial concentration of pollutant is the important parameter that affects the rate of
PCD of pollutant. The experiments on PCD of meta-chlorophenolwere conducted for solutions with range of
0.1gm/l – 1 gm/l concentrations. It was found thatmeta-chlorophenolof initial concentration50 mg/l was
completely degraded within2 hr by using solar radiations. The PCD time increased with increase in meta-
chlorophenolconcentration. In this particular study catalyst concentration was kept constant 1 gm/l. The
concentration ofmeta-chlorophenolhas a significant effect on the PCD. The rate was higher when the initial
concentration meta-chlorophenolwas less. This can be explained as for a certain TiO2 concentration, the amount
of active centers on the photocatalyst was finite, so PCD rate was fast with low concentration ofmeta-
chlorophenol. The PCD rate decreases when the concentration of increases, possibly because the molecules
ofmeta-chlorophenol was excessive in comparison with the amount of active centers on the photocatalyst.
Figure shows the effect of initial concentration ofmeta-chlorophenol on rate of PCD. The photocatalytic process
was influenced by the initial concentration ofmeta-chlorophenolA linear relationship was observed between
meta-chlorophenolconcentration and irradiation time, as shown in Figure 2.
3. Photocatalytic Degradation Of Meta-Chlorophenol…
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Figure 2: Effect of initial concentrations of meta-chlorophenol under solar radiation.
Effect of catalyst concentration on rate of degradation :The concentration of TiO2 is a critical parameter in
photocatalytic oxidation. It affects on the reaction rate and consequently on the cost of treatment. The effect of
catalyst loading of photocatalyst was studied on 0.1 gm/l of aqueous solution of ciprofloxacin HCl. The range of
catalyst loading was 0 to 2 gm/l. It was observed that the pH of solution was 5.8 during this particu
Figure 3: Effect of catalytic TiO2 on meta-chlorophenol degradation using solar radiation.
Effect of pH of solution on degradation of meta-chlorophenol : Waste water from different industries
contains different pH so it is an important parameter that affects the rate of degradation. The PCD of m-
chlorophenol does not depend only on TiO2 concentration but also on pH value of m-chlorophenol solution,
since it determines the surface charge properties of the photocatalyst and therefore the adsorption behavior of
the organic substrate. In the present work, the influence of pH on the degradation of m-chlorophenol in aqueous
suspensions of TiO2was studied at pH ranging from 3 to 11. Figure shows the degradation of m-chlorophenol at
different pH with respect to time. The pH values were adjusted by adding aqueous solutions of 0.1N HCl and
0.1 N NaOH to get a desired pH value. Initial concentration of m-chlorophenol was 0.1 gm/l and catalyst
loading was 1 g/l in these experiments.It was observed that PCD of m-chlorophenol was faster in weak basic
(pH 9) than those in weak acidic (pH 5) or strong alkaline (pH 11) conditions [6]. It shows that the rate PCD of
4. Photocatalytic Degradation Of Meta-Chlorophenol…
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m-chlorophenol is strongly influenced by the reaction pH. The TiO2 surface will remain positively charged in
acidic medium (pH < 6.25) and negatively charged in alkaline medium (pH > 6.25) because of that reason under
acidic condition (3 pH), m-chlorophenol is positively charged which is same as TiO2 surface resulting in
repulsion between them. Cl−
may compete with water molecules for the adsorption on TiO2 surface this blocks
the active sites of TiO2 and hence production of hydroxyl radical decreases. Both TiO2 and m-chlorophenol are
negatively charged under strongly basic conditions (pH 11) which causes repulsion between them and lowers
the PCD. Effect of pH on rate of degradation is as shown in Figure5. It was observed that at pH 9 rate of
degradation was maximum.
Figure 4: Effect of pH on Rate of degradation of m-chlorophenol using solar radiation.
Effect of co-existing ions : The presence of certain inorganic ions in the reaction medium has a significant
effect on degradation of pollutants. The effect of sodium carbonate, sodium chloride and ammonium sulphate on
degradation m-chlorophenol was studied. During this experiment salt concentration was 0.5 gm/l. m-
chlorophenol concentration was 0.1 gm/l. and 2 gm/l of TiO2 was suspended for 120 min of radiation sodium
carbonate show less degradation as compared to other salts. For 120 min run of salt addition experiment shows
lower PCD rate of m-chlorophenol than that of solution without salt as shown in Figure 6.
For SO4
2−
ions, they are adsorbed in the surface of TiO2 and consequently react with photo-induced
holes (h+)
h+
+ SO4
2−
→ SO−•
As ‘S’ is the strong oxidizing agent, the sulfate radical can accelerate the reaction and participate in the
degradation.
For NaCl it reacts with m-chlorophenol to form other side product or it improves the adsorption of m-
chlorophenol on surface of TiO2. Na2CO3 has hindrance effect which reduces the m-chlorophenol adsorption
onto the catalyst surface which results into the decreased PCD of m-chlorophenol.
Figure 5: Effect of Salt Addition on Rate of degradation of ciprofloxacin HCl using solar radiation.
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IV. KINETIC MODELS OF PHOTOCATALYTIC OXIDATION OF
M-CHLOROPHENOL
Langmuir–Hinshelwood rate expression has been successfully used for heterogeneous photocatalytic
degradation to determine the relationship between the initial degradation rate and the initial concentration of the
organic substrate. The Langmuir–Hinshelwood model was developed to describe gas–liquid reaction it is widely
used for liquid–solid reactions. Reaction kinetics gives information about the reaction rates and the mechanisms
by which the reactants are converted to the products.
PCD proceed on the surface of semiconductor via several steps. In this model, the reaction rate (r) is considered
to be proportional to the surface fraction covered by the substrate (θ).
Where, Co is initial concentration of m-chlorophenol. A plot of against and slope of linear
regression analysis is equal to the value of .
A plot of versus for all the experiments with different initial concentration of m-chlorophenol is shown
in Figure and Figure. The values of were obtained directly from the regression analysis of the linear curve
in the plot. The results showed that decreased from 0.102 to 0.01 min-1
and 0.144 to 0.017 min-1
when m-
chlorophenol initial concentration increased for artificial radiation and solar radiation respectively. Regression
coefficients are more than 0.96, it shows good fitting of data.
Fig.6.Effect of initial concentration of ciprofloxacin HCl under artificial radiation with respect to time.
Table 1: Regression coefficients (R2
) and for initial concentration of m-chlorophenol under artificial
radiation and solar radiation.
Initial Conc. Of
Ciprofloxacin HCl
Solar radiation Artificial radiation
(1/min) R2 (1/min) R2
100 mg/l 0.027 0.92 - -
300 mg/l 0.026 0.95 - -
500 mg/l 0.022 0.90 - -
1000 mg/l 0.037 0.956 0.022 0.86
The effect of initial concentration of m-chlorophenol on PCD rate was studied by using solar and artificial
radiation Table 1 shows the R2
and Kapp for artificial and solar radiation, from this Table it was found that
Kapp decreases as concentration of m-chlorophenol increases, but rate constant for solar radiation is much
higher as compare to artificial radiation.
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Figure 7: Effect of initial concentration of m-chlorophenol under solar radiation with respect to time.
V. CONCLUSIONS
PCD of m-chlorophenol using solar and artificial radiation in the presence of TiO2photocatalyst was
successfully accomplished. In this investigation it was found that in the presence solar radiation is much
higher than that of artificial radiation. This indicates that solar radiations are much more effective as compared
to artificial radiations. Effect of various operating parameters on PCD of m-chlorophenol was studied and it was
observed that PCD rate was maximum at pH 9. The effect of sodium carbonate, sodium chloride and ammonium
sulfate on PCD of m-chlorophenol was studied and it was found that all three salts (NaOH, NaCl, (NH4)2SO4)
has no significant effect on the rate of PCD as compared without salts. The optimum catalytic loading was
observed for 1 gm/l. From this article it can be concluded that solar radiations are significantly effective than
artificial radiations for PCD of m-chlorophenol
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