Towards the Future Generation of Adaptive Glazing Facades Adaptive Façade Conference 2014 European Façade Network Conference – 28th November 2014

1. Towards the future generation of adaptive glazing facades
Adaptive Façade Conference 2014 European Façade Network Conference – 28th November 2014
PhD student: Fabio Favoino
Supervisor: Dr Mauro Overend

2. Contents
2
Fabio Favoino, EFN Adaptive Façade Conference, Luzern, Nov 2014
1.State-Of-The-Art of adaptive glazing
2.Future generation of adaptive glazing
3.Description of the method and the tool designed
4.Energy saving potentials
5.Optimal thermo-optical properties
SOTA
Method -Tool
Objectives
Results

3. Energy in office buildings: building envelope design
3
N
S
E
W
Helsinki, FI HDD 3902
London, UK HDD 1828
Rome, IT HDD 1415
Ref: Jin et al. (2014), Sensitivity of façade performance to early-stage design variables, Energy and Buildings 77, 457-466
Transparent Building Envelope properties [U-value, g-value, Tvis] have the highest impact on energy consumption of a building in different climates (office buildings)
SOTA
Method -Tool
Objectives
Case study
Fabio Favoino, EFN Adaptive Façade Conference, Luzern, Nov 2014

4. Glazing Technologies: State-of-the-art
4
SOTA
Method -Tool
Objectives
Case study
Fabio Favoino, EFN Adaptive Façade Conference, Luzern, Nov 2014

5. Glazing Adaptive Technologies: State-of-the-art
5
SOTA
Method -Tool
Objectives
Case study
Fabio Favoino, EFN Adaptive Façade Conference, Luzern, Nov 2014

6. Glazing Adaptive Technologies: the future?
6
SOTA
Method -Tool
Objectives
Case study
Define the characteristics of future generation adaptive glazing :
- Energy saving potential (overall and break up in heating, cooling and lighting, climate and orientation)
- Thermo-optical properties (modulation ranges, relationships, control) Definition of a method and design of BS tool - Method to define an optimal adaptive glazing based on its performance
- Tool overcoming the limitations of current energy simulation software (variable properties, receding horizon control, state update and integration with lighting system);
- Application of the method to a representative case study (cellular office in different climates and orientations)
Fabio Favoino, EFN Adaptive Façade Conference, Luzern, Nov 2014

7. Inverse model for adaptive facades
7
SOTA Objectives Method -Tool Case study
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
T vis [-]
SHGC [-]
Static products
t vis
g-value
COMFORT
Desired ouput (comfort, energy
consumption)
Occupation
Input (External
Climate)
Façade properties at time t
Time
Fabio Favoino, EFN Adaptive Façade Conference,
Luzern, Nov 2014

8. Inverse model for adaptive facades
8
SOTA Objectives Method -Tool Case study
• Ye et al. (2012): theoretically derived for two climate extremes (glazing)
• Zeng et al. (2012): SQL applied to RC model – modelling limitations and optimisation of just one
property at the time (themal mass)
• Kasinalis et al. (2014): long term adaptiveness only (general, any property)
• Erikson (thermal mass) (2013), De Forest (IR glazing properties) (2013), Martinez (opaque
envelope properties) and Goia (WWR) (2014): simulation of static material properties and post-processing
to approximate adaptive material
• Loonen et al. (2014): approach of Kasinalis extended to shorter adaptiveness (general, any property).
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
T vis [-]
SHGC [-]
Static products
t vis
g-value
COMFORT
Desired ouput (comfort, energy
consumption)
Occupation
Input (External
Climate)
Façade properties at time t
Time
Fabio Favoino, EFN Adaptive Façade Conference,
Luzern, Nov 2014

9. Architecture of the tool
9
SOTA
Method -Tool
Objectives
Case study
Fabio Favoino, EFN Adaptive Façade Conference, Luzern, Nov 2014

10. What can we simulate?
10
SOTA
Method -Tool
Objectives
Case study
1
2
1
1
3
4
5
4
5
4
6
6
Building envelope (Active/Passive) and RES:
1.Construction state
2.Surface Heat Transfer Coefficient
3.Material Surface properties
4.Schedules
5.Airflow Network Opening
6. RES Generation and Storage
Fabio Favoino, EFN Adaptive Façade Conference, Luzern, Nov 2014

11. What can we simulate?
11
SOTA
Method -Tool
Objectives
Case study
1
2
1
1
3
4
5
4
5
4
6
6
Building envelope (Active/Passive) and RES:
1.Construction state
2.Surface Heat Transfer Coefficient
3.Material Surface properties
4.Schedules
5.Airflow Network Opening
6. RES Generation and Storage
Objective functions:
a)Total Primary Energy
b)Net Primary Energy (N-ZEB)
c)Thermal Comfort
d)Visual Comfort
e)IEQ
Fabio Favoino, EFN Adaptive Façade Conference, Luzern, Nov 2014

12. 2
1
1
3
4
5
4
5
4
6
7
Potential applications
12
SOTA
Method -Tool
Objectives
Case study
Concept design
System design and control
Material design
and optimisation
Fabio Favoino, EFN Adaptive Façade Conference, Luzern, Nov 2014

13. 2
1
1
3
4
5
4
5
4
6
7
U-value [0.20-5.14] 1. g-value [0.00-0.84] Tvis [0.00-0.98]
g-value [-]
Case study: future generation adaptive glazing
13
SOTA
Method -Tool
Objectives
Case study
Aim: pinpoint ideal adaptive glazing properties in order to evaluate the energy saving potential of future generation adaptive glazing facades
Tvis [-]
U-value [W/m2K]
Fabio Favoino, EFN Adaptive Façade Conference, Luzern, Nov 2014

14. Optimal adaptive glazing - Variable properties limits
14
SOTA
Method -Tool
Objectives
Case study
Fabio Favoino, EFN Adaptive Façade Conference, Luzern, Nov 2014
1
2
3
4
OUT
IN
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
OUT
OUT
IN
IN
DGU
SGU
TGU
1. Possible technologies

15. 15
1. Possible technologies
2. Variable surface properties
SOTA
Method -Tool
Objectives
Case study
Fabio Favoino, EFN Adaptive Façade Conference, Luzern, Nov 2014
Optimal adaptive glazing - Variable properties limits
1
2
3
4
OUT
IN
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
OUT
OUT
IN
IN
DGU
SGU
TGU

16. 16
2. Variable surface properties
3. Variable surface and cavity properties
g-value [-]
Uglazing [W/m2K]
tvis = g-value/0.423
tvis [-]
SOTA
Method -Tool
Objectives
Case study
Fabio Favoino, EFN Adaptive Façade Conference, Luzern, Nov 2014
Optimal adaptive glazing - Variable properties limits
1
2
3
4
OUT
IN
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
OUT
OUT
IN
IN
DGU
SGU
TGU
1. Possible technologies

17. Representative case study and optimisation problem
17
SOTA
Method -Tool
Objectives
Case study
3 m
5 m
3.5 m
WWR = 40%
T heating = 20° C [12 ° C setback] T cooling = 26° C [40 ° C setback] Ventilation = 1.4 l/sm2 Equipment PD = 13.46 W/m2 (Office profile) Lighting PD = 12.00 W/m2 (Office profile) Lighting control = 5 step dimming [500 lux on working plane threshold] h Heating = 0.85 SEER Cooling = 3.50 Fuel factors according to national context
Typical Office Room
Climate and
Orientation
Helsinki
London
Rome
Environmental conditions and HVAC
N
E
S
W
Optimisation: Global (PSO) + Local (GPSHJ) algorithm
Fabio Favoino, EFN Adaptive Façade Conference, Luzern, Nov 2014

18. Results – Climate comparison (South)
18
R
Y
M
D
R
Y
M
D
R
Y
M
D
5%
11%
21%
12%
22%
36%
34%
47%
57%
Helsinki
London
Rome
SOTA
Method -Tool
Objectives
Case study
Fabio Favoino, EFN Adaptive Façade Conference, Luzern, Nov 2014

19. Results – Sub-hourly ideal glazing adaptive properties
19
SOTA
Method -Tool
Objectives
Case study
Dimension of the problem
50 possible states ^ 40 variables = 50^40 possible states
Climate – Rome South Oriented – 19 Jul Wed to 22 Jul Sat
Control
Energy
Performance
Up to 60% energy saving compared to reference, 45% to best static and 15% compared to daily adaptive for the same days
3.5 hrs * 4days = 14 hrs = 25000 evaluations* 4days
Issues
Complexity of solution
Speed
Fabio Favoino, EFN Adaptive Façade Conference, Luzern, Nov 2014

20. Results – Ideal glazing adaptive properties
20
SOTA
Method -Tool
Objectives
Case study
Y - Ideal static glazing properties
M – Monthly ideal adaptive glazing properties
D – Daily ideal adaptive glazing properties
Fabio Favoino, EFN Adaptive Façade Conference, Luzern, Nov 2014

21. Results – Ideal glazing adaptive properties
21
SOTA
Method -Tool
Objectives
Case study
Cumulative time frequency
Ideal performance (energy saved) compared to optimized static
Which thermo-optical properties values are the most frequent?
Which thermo-optical properties values are the most effective?
Fabio Favoino, EFN Adaptive Façade Conference, Luzern, Nov 2014

22. Results – Ideal glazing adaptive properties - Orientation
22
SOTA
Method -Tool
Objectives
Case study
Cumulative time frequency
Ideal performance (energy saved) compared to optimized static
Fabio Favoino, EFN Adaptive Façade Conference, Luzern, Nov 2014
Tvis Rome Climate
Tvis/g-value Rome Climate

23. Conclusions: Future Adaptive glazing
23
SOTA
Method -Tool
Objectives
Case study
•Seasonal adaptive glazing: in general 10-12% energy saving for ESW orientations for all climates compared to best static performance (more for hotter climates);
•Daily adaptive glazing: additional 10-15% energy saving for NEWS for all climates compared to best static performance (more for colder climates);
•Hourly adaptive glazing: additional 15% compared to daily adaptive (40% compared to best static) for one scenario (week in July in London, South Oriented);
•Cooling demand nearly eliminated (80-97% less), the higher the adaptiveness the lower the energy for cooling and heating;
•Modulation of U-value important only in hotter climates
•Increasing the modulation range of g-value e Tvis important in colder climates
•NIR and visible spectrum need to be independently tunable (achievable with a combination of technologies or with new synthetyzed material)
•Same technology could be used for different climates and orientations
•Complexity of the solution could be reduced to fewer descrete points (less complex technological solution, easier to control)
Fabio Favoino, EFN Adaptive Façade Conference, Luzern, Nov 2014

24. Objective: Design a tool that can be used to assist the design and the optimisation of new adaptive façade concepts and technologies:
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SOTA
Method -Tool
Objectives
Case study
Adaptive Façade Opt tool
Rely on validated Energy Simulation Tool
General formulation of adaptive building envelope (timescale, active/passive, physical properties)
Integrated with optimisation algorithms for design and control optimisation
Multi-domain: considers all physical domain involved (energy, comfort)
Modular and User friendly
Computationally efficient and scalable
Accurate and reliable modelling of adaptiveness
Method for design optimisation for adaptive building envelope
Conclusions: Tool
Fabio Favoino, EFN Adaptive Façade Conference, Luzern, Nov 2014

25. Towards the future generation of adaptive glazing facades: any case study???
email: ff279@cam.ac.uk
Fabio Favoino, Mauro Overend