This study examined changes in behaviors related to sensory modulation and problem behaviors in children who received Berard auditory integration training (AIT). The study reviewed charts of 54 children ages 3-10 with various diagnoses including autism who received two 30-minute sessions of Berard AIT per day for 10 consecutive days. Parents completed the Short Sensory Profile (SSP) and Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) before and one, three, and six months after AIT. Analysis of variance testing found that SSP total and factor scores and ABC factor scores improved significantly from pre- to post-test. Most changes occurred within one month and were maintained at three and six months, supporting the hypotheses that AIT is associated with
Autism challenges the individual, their family, the community and the practitioner. The complexity and variety of symptoms that define Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) require service providers to constantly update their knowledge and skills to best serve these individuals. Sensorimotor synchronization training with Interactive Metronome (IM), as part of a comprehensive treatment plan, has the potential to directly and positively influence the person’s ability to learn and engage with the world around him. This course will introduce practitioners to new advances in our understanding of ASD, including the pivotal role of timing & rhythm for speech, language, pragmatic, cognitive, motor and sensory processing skills. Participants will learn strategies to evaluate the unique strengths and needs of each individual with ASD as well as how to develop and implement effective IM training with consideration for communication, sensory, motor & behavioral challenges. The expert presenter will incorporate several videos and real examples to illustrate techniques. Take the course at https://secure.interactivemetronome.com/NetSite/IM/CEU/SimpleRegistration.aspx?course_id=2778
The UCSF Autism and Neurodevelopment Program (ANP) has had a productive year with growth in their clinical programs and successful research studies. Key accomplishments include launching a new collaborative autism and genetics clinic, expanding research on autism, dyslexia, and related disorders through new facilities and studies, and ongoing clinical trials of computer-based trainings and supplements. The newsletter provides updates on recent research findings from several ANP labs studying topics like brain activity processing in autism, genetic mutations, and outcomes from early behavioral interventions. It also lists current enrollment opportunities for autism-related studies.
The Relationship Between Obligatory CAEPs and Functional Measures in Young In...Alison Rolfe
This study examined the relationship between cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEPs) recorded in response to speech stimuli and outcomes on a parental questionnaire, in young infants fitted with hearing aids. The presence or absence of CAEP responses was determined by an experienced examiner and through statistical analysis. A statistically significant correlation was found between CAEP responses and questionnaire scores, whether determined by the examiner or statistical analysis. This suggests CAEPs may be a valid tool for evaluating the fitting of hearing aids in young infants.
DSM proposal for Sensory Processing Disorder. Of interest to those who want to know more in general, or know more about SPD as it compares to ASD or Misophonia.
Nonverbal Communication and Autism April PriestApril Priest
This study aims to examine how nonverbal communication in the form of comforting touches by therapists affects stress levels in nonverbal autistic children, as measured by cortisol levels. The hypothesis is that nonverbal behaviors will be more effective at calming upset autistic children than verbal communication alone, due to their limited verbal abilities. The study will involve autistic children and their ABA therapists. Saliva samples will be collected when children are upset to measure cortisol levels after verbal-only versus touch-based comforting. It is predicted touch will be superior in lowering cortisol.
Articles bonuck-sleep disordered-breathing-1 (1)Claire Ferrari
This study examined the relationship between sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in early childhood and behavioral outcomes later in childhood using data from a large UK cohort study. SDB symptoms were assessed via parent reports at multiple time points between ages 6 months and 7 years. Cluster analysis identified distinct trajectories of SDB symptoms. Higher SDB symptom clusters predicted increased odds of problematic behavior, such as hyperactivity and conduct problems, at ages 4 and 7 years, even after controlling for potential confounding factors. Early SDB symptoms appeared to have long-lasting effects on behavior into middle childhood. The findings suggest that SDB symptoms in infancy and early childhood may warrant clinical attention and intervention.
This is a paper I wrote for school on brain impairments in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, with a focus on neuroanatomical differences and connectivity patterns. I reviewed findings from various studies, considered their limitations, and proposed directions for future research.
This research report summarizes a study examining the neural effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). The study involved 21 adults with GAD and 11 healthy controls. Participants underwent functional MRI while viewing facial emotions before and after CBT (or a comparable waiting period for controls). Results showed that before treatment, those with GAD had blunted responses in brain regions involved in emotion processing when viewing happy faces, and greater connectivity between the amygdala and insula. After CBT, individuals with GAD showed attenuated activation in the amygdala and anterior cingulate in response to threat-related faces, as well as heightened insular responses to happy faces. The findings provide evidence
Autism challenges the individual, their family, the community and the practitioner. The complexity and variety of symptoms that define Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) require service providers to constantly update their knowledge and skills to best serve these individuals. Sensorimotor synchronization training with Interactive Metronome (IM), as part of a comprehensive treatment plan, has the potential to directly and positively influence the person’s ability to learn and engage with the world around him. This course will introduce practitioners to new advances in our understanding of ASD, including the pivotal role of timing & rhythm for speech, language, pragmatic, cognitive, motor and sensory processing skills. Participants will learn strategies to evaluate the unique strengths and needs of each individual with ASD as well as how to develop and implement effective IM training with consideration for communication, sensory, motor & behavioral challenges. The expert presenter will incorporate several videos and real examples to illustrate techniques. Take the course at https://secure.interactivemetronome.com/NetSite/IM/CEU/SimpleRegistration.aspx?course_id=2778
The UCSF Autism and Neurodevelopment Program (ANP) has had a productive year with growth in their clinical programs and successful research studies. Key accomplishments include launching a new collaborative autism and genetics clinic, expanding research on autism, dyslexia, and related disorders through new facilities and studies, and ongoing clinical trials of computer-based trainings and supplements. The newsletter provides updates on recent research findings from several ANP labs studying topics like brain activity processing in autism, genetic mutations, and outcomes from early behavioral interventions. It also lists current enrollment opportunities for autism-related studies.
The Relationship Between Obligatory CAEPs and Functional Measures in Young In...Alison Rolfe
This study examined the relationship between cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEPs) recorded in response to speech stimuli and outcomes on a parental questionnaire, in young infants fitted with hearing aids. The presence or absence of CAEP responses was determined by an experienced examiner and through statistical analysis. A statistically significant correlation was found between CAEP responses and questionnaire scores, whether determined by the examiner or statistical analysis. This suggests CAEPs may be a valid tool for evaluating the fitting of hearing aids in young infants.
DSM proposal for Sensory Processing Disorder. Of interest to those who want to know more in general, or know more about SPD as it compares to ASD or Misophonia.
Nonverbal Communication and Autism April PriestApril Priest
This study aims to examine how nonverbal communication in the form of comforting touches by therapists affects stress levels in nonverbal autistic children, as measured by cortisol levels. The hypothesis is that nonverbal behaviors will be more effective at calming upset autistic children than verbal communication alone, due to their limited verbal abilities. The study will involve autistic children and their ABA therapists. Saliva samples will be collected when children are upset to measure cortisol levels after verbal-only versus touch-based comforting. It is predicted touch will be superior in lowering cortisol.
Articles bonuck-sleep disordered-breathing-1 (1)Claire Ferrari
This study examined the relationship between sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in early childhood and behavioral outcomes later in childhood using data from a large UK cohort study. SDB symptoms were assessed via parent reports at multiple time points between ages 6 months and 7 years. Cluster analysis identified distinct trajectories of SDB symptoms. Higher SDB symptom clusters predicted increased odds of problematic behavior, such as hyperactivity and conduct problems, at ages 4 and 7 years, even after controlling for potential confounding factors. Early SDB symptoms appeared to have long-lasting effects on behavior into middle childhood. The findings suggest that SDB symptoms in infancy and early childhood may warrant clinical attention and intervention.
This is a paper I wrote for school on brain impairments in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, with a focus on neuroanatomical differences and connectivity patterns. I reviewed findings from various studies, considered their limitations, and proposed directions for future research.
This research report summarizes a study examining the neural effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). The study involved 21 adults with GAD and 11 healthy controls. Participants underwent functional MRI while viewing facial emotions before and after CBT (or a comparable waiting period for controls). Results showed that before treatment, those with GAD had blunted responses in brain regions involved in emotion processing when viewing happy faces, and greater connectivity between the amygdala and insula. After CBT, individuals with GAD showed attenuated activation in the amygdala and anterior cingulate in response to threat-related faces, as well as heightened insular responses to happy faces. The findings provide evidence
- The document discusses a retrospective study of 27 children referred for suspected sleep-disordered breathing who were found to have non-syndromic short lingual frenulums.
- The children showed anatomical changes associated with enlarged tonsils and abnormal orofacial growth. Treatment including tonsillectomy, frenectomy, and orthodontics improved but did not fully resolve abnormal breathing.
- Short lingual frenulums can impair orofacial development early in life by altering tongue position, leading to increased risk of sleep disordered breathing. Early recognition and treatment of short frenulums may improve normal development.
This document provides an overview and update on autism spectrum disorder (ASD) research. It summarizes several studies on various topics:
- Genetic factors are strongly implicated in ASD risk, though hundreds of genes may be involved.
- Early intensive behavioral intervention shows benefits for social/communication skills but evidence is limited.
- Some treatments like risperidone and melatonin show benefits for specific symptoms but evidence is still limited overall.
- Joint attention interventions effectively improve joint attention skills in children with ASD.
- Ongoing research is exploring new drug treatments and personalized approaches.
The prefrontal cortex is located at the front of the brain in the frontal lobes. It is responsible for executive functions like decision making, problem solving, and social behavior. Studies have shown that the prefrontal cortex is activated when associating symbols with quantities, and that damage to this area affects moral reasoning and risk assessment. The prefrontal cortex becomes less active during creative improvisation compared to well-practiced tasks. Dysfunction in this region is linked to issues with social behavior, decision making, and conditions like schizophrenia.
IRJET- Psychiatric Diseases Diagnosis: Anxiety and Depression in Young Childr...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used machine learning and wearable sensors to diagnose anxiety and depression in young children. Specifically:
1. Researchers had children complete a 90-second fear induction task while wearing sensors that tracked their motion.
2. A k-nearest neighbors classifier was trained on the sensor data from the task to predict whether children had internalizing disorders like anxiety or depression.
3. The best performing features for the classifier were angle data from the sensors. Using angle data alone achieved 75% accuracy, and combining it with acceleration or gyroscope data did not further improve accuracy.
This document summarizes current research on EEG neurofeedback applied to seven areas of brain health: attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), addictive disorders, anxiety, cognitive decline, depression, peak performance, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). For ADHD, two neurofeedback protocols have been shown effective based on meta-analyses and large randomized controlled trials. For addictive disorders, neurofeedback has been shown to reduce addiction severity and craving as an adjunctive treatment. Neurofeedback has also been shown as an efficacious treatment for anxiety disorders. Initial evidence suggests neurofeedback may be promising for improving cognitive function in conditions like mild cognitive impairment. Protocols targeting left-frontal brain asymmetry have shown effectiveness
This document summarizes research on neurofeedback efficacy for various brain disorders and conditions. It finds neurofeedback effective for ADHD, with over 60 studies showing large reductions in inattention and impulsivity. Over 30 studies show neurofeedback helps treat addictive disorders using alpha-theta protocols. Neurofeedback also helps anxiety disorders by rewarding relaxing frequencies. It is a promising new treatment for autism spectrum disorder and helps chronic fatigue syndrome, though more research is needed. Neurofeedback improves cognition in the elderly and enhances memory in healthy adults. Over 30 studies show it alleviates depression symptoms using frontal alpha asymmetry protocols.
Effects of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy on Brain Perfusion, Cognition and Behavi...BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
Abstract
A 15-year-old girl diagnosed with FASD underwent 100 courses of hyperbasic oxygen therapy (HBOT). Prior to HBOT, single motion emission compute tomographic begin imaging (SPECT)
revealed areas of hypo-perfusion bilaterally in the orbitofrontal region, temporal lobes and right dorsolateral—frontal, as well the medial aspect of the left cerebellum. Following two sets of HBOT treatments (60 plus 40), over 6 months, there was improvement in perfusion to the left cerebellum as well as the right frontal lobe. This was paralleled by improvement in immediate cognitive tests and an increase in functional brain volume. A follow-up 18 months after HBOT showed sustained
improvement in attention with no need for methylphenidate, as well as in math skills and writing.
Returning genetic research results in neurodevelopmental disorders: report an...KBHN KT
This report originated from discussions at the Annual Brain Development Conference in
late 2013 between researchers in the Neuroethics Core and Autism Spectrum Disorders
Project of NeuroDevNet. Discussants felt that return of research results is a pertinent
issue but that researchers are missing a comprehensive picture of the recommendations,
approaches and empirical data related to the return of research results in genetics studies
in children, in neurodevelopmental disorders, and specifically in autism.
This report provides an overview of recent genetic studies of autism spectrum disorder
(ASD), and reviews the ethical guidance (policies and peer-reviewed literature) and
best practices on the return of individual research results in adult and pediatric genetic
research. We focus on this case because of the wealth of genetic research being
carried out in families and cohorts to explain the etiology of ASD and because there is a
burgeoning literature on parental perspectives on the return of results in this case. The
empirical perspectives are collected and summarized and provide context with regard to
researcher and parent perspectives on the return of genetic results in ASD studies.
We conclude by making recommendations about the return of both incidental and
ASD-related findings and highlight issues that merit further discussion, including the
role of the child or adolescent with developmental disability in decision-making, and
the importance of risk communication. We believe that the report will be of use not only
for those working in the area of ASD but more broadly in the field of pediatric genetic
research and neurodevelopmental disorder research. For example, the publication of new
evidence showing that genetic alterations play an important role in the etiology of cerebral
palsy in some children means that genetic research may becoming increasingly common
in other areas of the study of neurodevelopmental disorders.
Hippocampus and amygdala morphology in attention deficitElsa von Licy
The study used magnetic resonance imaging to examine hippocampus and amygdala morphology in 51 children with ADHD and 63 healthy controls aged 6 to 18 years. The main findings were:
1. The hippocampus was larger bilaterally in the ADHD group compared to controls. Surface analyses localized this enlargement to the head of the hippocampus in the ADHD group.
2. Conventional measures did not detect significant differences in amygdala volumes, but surface analyses indicated reduced size bilaterally over the basolateral complex area in the ADHD group.
3. Correlations with prefrontal measures suggested abnormal connectivity between the amygdala and prefrontal cortex in the ADHD group.
Patients with PKU are susceptible to neurocognitive and psychiatric issues even if following dietary restrictions. Assessment of patients is the first step in management, which may include strategies to improve functioning and control blood phenylalanine levels, as well as addressing any comorbid conditions. Healthcare professionals should recognize potential issues, empower patients, and refer to psychologists or psychiatrists for ongoing monitoring and intervention.
Patients with PKU are susceptible to neurocognitive and psychiatric issues even if following dietary restrictions. Assessment of patients is the first step in management, which may include strategies to improve functioning and control blood phenylalanine levels, as well as addressing any comorbid conditions. Healthcare professionals should recognize potential issues, empower patients, and refer to psychologists or psychiatrists for ongoing monitoring and intervention.
Week 5 Data Types and Gottesman and Shields 1961Jamie Davies
This document contains learning objectives and materials for lessons on schizophrenia and research methods in psychology. It includes an application task analyzing a case study of a person named Jack who has schizophrenia. It also provides information on primary and secondary data in research and examples of questions to answer about these topics. Finally, it outlines objectives and materials on the use of twin studies in examining the role of nature and nurture in schizophrenia, including objectives for understanding Gottesman and Shields' twin study on the disorder.
International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology.docxnormanibarber20063
This document summarizes a study that used longitudinal analysis to identify predictors of outcomes for children with autism undergoing intensive behavioral intervention (IBI). Twenty-four children received on average two years of IBI and were assessed every six months using standardized tests. Multilevel modeling found that total intervention time, pre-intervention functioning, and age best predicted improvement in language, daily living skills, cognitive, and motor abilities over time. The results suggest that longitudinal analysis is a promising method for identifying reliable predictors of IBI outcomes.
Running head Background and Significance2Background and Sig.docxsusanschei
Running head: Background and Significance 2
Background and Significance 2
Effects of ADHD and Executive Functioning on Brain Development
#7
PSY625: Biological Bases of Behavior
Jennifer Weniger
July 30, 2018
Background
Techniques for maintaining and enhancing executive function in children with ADHD is great potential benefit to children and to society. Improved executive function improves daily performance in children and adults suffering from ADHD. There is more and more research for brain deficits associated with ADHD. ADHD symptoms can include inattention and/or hyperactivity and acting impulsively. This disorder affects more than one in 20 under the age of 18, and two-thirds of those diagnosed continue to deal with symptoms as adults. Further research on the effects of ADHD and executive functioning would be beneficial for those suffering from the disorder. Symptoms of ADHD create significate impairment in social, academic, occupational functioning, and relationships (Bressert, 2018). Higher executive functioning would lead to the ability to perform task of daily living and the improvement of quality of life.
There are more and more studies of normal and abnormal brain development in children and adolescents. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to study ADHD. The ones who will be helped by further studies and an increased understanding of ADHD and executive function deficit are the children and their families. Students who have these challenges need coaching from professionals who specialize in executive functioning problems. Students need to be taught the skills necessary to overcome their deficits. Executive function skills are not a guarantee to school success but without these skills the child will have difficulty at a certain point, which can be followed by a loss of self-esteem. Further knowledge will help children suffering from ADHD and executive disorder succeed in school and in life (Eckerd, Ruden, 2011).
There are seven skills associated with executive function, 1) self-awareness, 2) inhibition, 3) non-verbal working memory, 4) verbal working memory, 5) emotional self- regulation, 6) self-motivation, 7) planning and problem solving. Anyone exhibiting ADHD symptoms will have problems with all or most of these seven executive functions. These seven functions develop over time in chronological order. Starting with self-awareness at age 2 and ending with planning and problem-solving at age 30 in a neurotypical individual. An individual with ADHD id generally 30 to 40 percent behind in transitioning from one executive function to the next (Barkley, 2018).
There is need for more research in the significance of executive functioning deficits on ADHD. In the article, Interventions to improve executive functioning and working memory in school-aged children with AD(HD): a randomized controlled trail and stepped-care approach, the researchers investigated one executive function, working memory which pl ...
Running head Advanced behavioral analysis and its successful use .docxjoellemurphey
Running head: Advanced behavioral analysis and its successful use in the treatment of autism 1
Advanced behavioral analysis and its successful use in the treatment of autism 2Advance Behavioral Analysis And Its Successful Use In The Treatment Of Autism
Darin Bullock
Columbia Southern University
Advance Behavioral Analysis and its Successful use in the Treatment of Autism
Fryling, M. J., Wallace, M. D., & Yassine, J. N. (2012). Impact of Treatment Integrity on Intervention Effectiveness. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 449-53.
In this article, Fryling et al. proposes that by using Advanced Behavioral Analysis (ABA) in the proper way, the integrity will be maintained and will be more effective. They state “treatment integrity has cogent implications for intervention effectiveness.” They propose that by proper training and understanding of ABA, the integrity can be maintained. Proper use of reinforcements with appropriate behavior showed signs of improvement. They point out that DiGennaro et al. “demonstrated a relation between improved integrity and intervention effectiveness when they compared procedures aimed at improving special educators’ integrity in classrooms.” They proposed that by having effective intervention and integrity, problem behaviors decreased in a classroom setting.
Layne, C. M. (2007). Early Identification of Autism: Impications for Counselors. Journal of Counseling and Development , 110-114.
Layne discusses screening tools and diagnostic assessments used to identify autism in children around the age of 2. Layne also discusses the impact this diagnosis can have on families as well as counselors. She states autism “impairs language, social interactions, and play skills, as well as cognitive and adaptive functioning.” She proposes that 1 out of 166 children will be diagnosed with autism. She proposes and commends the diligence in early diagnosis stating it is more than likely due to the diligence of parents, clinicians, and teachers. Public awareness has helped as well and the fact that either autism is increasing, or clinicians are more apt to diagnose children with autism rather than another developmental disability.
Pulse International. (2012, Aug 14). Early Intervention has considerable impact on reducing symptoms and increasing child's ability to learn new skills.
An article by Pulse International quotes Prof. Mohamed Chetouani at a press conference on Monday, 23 July 2012. The article speaks of warning signs of autism characterized by social symptoms, communications deficits, and repetitive behaviors. The child should then be evaluated by specialized professionals so appropriate treatment can be initialized. The articles states, “Early intervention has considerable impact on reducing symptoms and increasing a child’s ability to learn new skills.” It was proposed that there are items in place to diagnose children with autism after the age of two, but “information on autism in the first two years of life i ...
This document provides an update on new peer-reviewed publications supporting the inclusion of Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD) in the DSM. It summarizes recent research in the areas of neuropathology, signs and symptoms, developmental trajectory, etiology, and treatment effectiveness for SPD based on Pennington's model of syndrome validation. Key findings include evidence of differences in brain function and sensory processing in individuals with SPD, validation of assessments for diagnosing SPD subtypes, studies demonstrating functional challenges associated with SPD, evidence for SPD from studies of non-human primates, and preliminary evidence that occupational therapy can effectively treat symptoms of SPD. The research advances the empirical validation of SPD as a diagnostic entity.
This document summarizes research on the effects of physical activity on attention in school-aged children. Several studies found that physical activity breaks during the school day improved children's time spent focused and on-task, as well as decreasing disruptive behaviors. One study found improved cognitive performance and attention on days when children had physical education class compared to sedentary days. The research suggests physical activity can positively impact attention, behavior, and academic performance in children.
EVALUATION OF PHYSICAL INDEPENDENCE OF CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES AND ITS COR...Shabana2428
The document discusses several research studies related to physical independence and participation in physical activities for children with disabilities:
1. One study examined the gap between independence and frequency of participation in daily activities for children with disabilities in Taiwan. It found that restrictions in frequency of participation were greater than restrictions in independence, especially in neighborhood settings.
2. Another study identified important quality of life domains for children with cerebral palsy and intellectual disabilities through parent interviews, such as physical health, social connections, and access to services.
3. A third study explored perceptions of post-traumatic growth in spinal cord injured athletes participating in parasports and found benefits like improved physical functioning and identity.
4. The document discusses several
Effect of White Noise on Off-Task BehaviorsErin Bosman
This study examined the effects of white noise and instrumental music on off-task behavior in two students with ADHD - one taking stimulant medication and one not. The dependent variable was off-task behavior such as talking off-topic or looking away from assignments. Researchers observed the students during independent work and recorded off-task behavior over 15-minute sessions under different conditions: baseline, white noise, and instrumental music. Preliminary results suggested white noise and music may reduce off-task behavior for both students compared to baseline. Further research is needed to better understand how auditory stimuli impact students with ADHD, both with and without medication.
Genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd)Joy Maria Mitchell
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a developmental disorder. ADHD is the commonly studied and
diagnosed as psychiatric disorder. Here we shall see the relation between extraversion and ADHD, neuroticism,
biological relation, Environmental factors and with diagnosis of ADHD. It is known that Genetics is one of the factors
that may contribute to, or exacerbate ADHD. Recent research probing towards the environmental and Genetic factors
causing ADHD differences is the main source for investigation
1) Children with ADHD who also have sensory processing disorder performed worse on tests of visual perception than children with ADHD but without sensory processing disorder.
2) Visual perception scores were moderately correlated with overall sensory processing abilities. Specifically, visual perception was related to abilities involving movement sensitivity and low energy levels.
3) The findings suggest that sensory processing issues, particularly with vestibular and proprioceptive input, may negatively impact the visual perception of children who have both ADHD and sensory processing disorder.
- The document discusses a retrospective study of 27 children referred for suspected sleep-disordered breathing who were found to have non-syndromic short lingual frenulums.
- The children showed anatomical changes associated with enlarged tonsils and abnormal orofacial growth. Treatment including tonsillectomy, frenectomy, and orthodontics improved but did not fully resolve abnormal breathing.
- Short lingual frenulums can impair orofacial development early in life by altering tongue position, leading to increased risk of sleep disordered breathing. Early recognition and treatment of short frenulums may improve normal development.
This document provides an overview and update on autism spectrum disorder (ASD) research. It summarizes several studies on various topics:
- Genetic factors are strongly implicated in ASD risk, though hundreds of genes may be involved.
- Early intensive behavioral intervention shows benefits for social/communication skills but evidence is limited.
- Some treatments like risperidone and melatonin show benefits for specific symptoms but evidence is still limited overall.
- Joint attention interventions effectively improve joint attention skills in children with ASD.
- Ongoing research is exploring new drug treatments and personalized approaches.
The prefrontal cortex is located at the front of the brain in the frontal lobes. It is responsible for executive functions like decision making, problem solving, and social behavior. Studies have shown that the prefrontal cortex is activated when associating symbols with quantities, and that damage to this area affects moral reasoning and risk assessment. The prefrontal cortex becomes less active during creative improvisation compared to well-practiced tasks. Dysfunction in this region is linked to issues with social behavior, decision making, and conditions like schizophrenia.
IRJET- Psychiatric Diseases Diagnosis: Anxiety and Depression in Young Childr...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used machine learning and wearable sensors to diagnose anxiety and depression in young children. Specifically:
1. Researchers had children complete a 90-second fear induction task while wearing sensors that tracked their motion.
2. A k-nearest neighbors classifier was trained on the sensor data from the task to predict whether children had internalizing disorders like anxiety or depression.
3. The best performing features for the classifier were angle data from the sensors. Using angle data alone achieved 75% accuracy, and combining it with acceleration or gyroscope data did not further improve accuracy.
This document summarizes current research on EEG neurofeedback applied to seven areas of brain health: attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), addictive disorders, anxiety, cognitive decline, depression, peak performance, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). For ADHD, two neurofeedback protocols have been shown effective based on meta-analyses and large randomized controlled trials. For addictive disorders, neurofeedback has been shown to reduce addiction severity and craving as an adjunctive treatment. Neurofeedback has also been shown as an efficacious treatment for anxiety disorders. Initial evidence suggests neurofeedback may be promising for improving cognitive function in conditions like mild cognitive impairment. Protocols targeting left-frontal brain asymmetry have shown effectiveness
This document summarizes research on neurofeedback efficacy for various brain disorders and conditions. It finds neurofeedback effective for ADHD, with over 60 studies showing large reductions in inattention and impulsivity. Over 30 studies show neurofeedback helps treat addictive disorders using alpha-theta protocols. Neurofeedback also helps anxiety disorders by rewarding relaxing frequencies. It is a promising new treatment for autism spectrum disorder and helps chronic fatigue syndrome, though more research is needed. Neurofeedback improves cognition in the elderly and enhances memory in healthy adults. Over 30 studies show it alleviates depression symptoms using frontal alpha asymmetry protocols.
Effects of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy on Brain Perfusion, Cognition and Behavi...BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
Abstract
A 15-year-old girl diagnosed with FASD underwent 100 courses of hyperbasic oxygen therapy (HBOT). Prior to HBOT, single motion emission compute tomographic begin imaging (SPECT)
revealed areas of hypo-perfusion bilaterally in the orbitofrontal region, temporal lobes and right dorsolateral—frontal, as well the medial aspect of the left cerebellum. Following two sets of HBOT treatments (60 plus 40), over 6 months, there was improvement in perfusion to the left cerebellum as well as the right frontal lobe. This was paralleled by improvement in immediate cognitive tests and an increase in functional brain volume. A follow-up 18 months after HBOT showed sustained
improvement in attention with no need for methylphenidate, as well as in math skills and writing.
Returning genetic research results in neurodevelopmental disorders: report an...KBHN KT
This report originated from discussions at the Annual Brain Development Conference in
late 2013 between researchers in the Neuroethics Core and Autism Spectrum Disorders
Project of NeuroDevNet. Discussants felt that return of research results is a pertinent
issue but that researchers are missing a comprehensive picture of the recommendations,
approaches and empirical data related to the return of research results in genetics studies
in children, in neurodevelopmental disorders, and specifically in autism.
This report provides an overview of recent genetic studies of autism spectrum disorder
(ASD), and reviews the ethical guidance (policies and peer-reviewed literature) and
best practices on the return of individual research results in adult and pediatric genetic
research. We focus on this case because of the wealth of genetic research being
carried out in families and cohorts to explain the etiology of ASD and because there is a
burgeoning literature on parental perspectives on the return of results in this case. The
empirical perspectives are collected and summarized and provide context with regard to
researcher and parent perspectives on the return of genetic results in ASD studies.
We conclude by making recommendations about the return of both incidental and
ASD-related findings and highlight issues that merit further discussion, including the
role of the child or adolescent with developmental disability in decision-making, and
the importance of risk communication. We believe that the report will be of use not only
for those working in the area of ASD but more broadly in the field of pediatric genetic
research and neurodevelopmental disorder research. For example, the publication of new
evidence showing that genetic alterations play an important role in the etiology of cerebral
palsy in some children means that genetic research may becoming increasingly common
in other areas of the study of neurodevelopmental disorders.
Hippocampus and amygdala morphology in attention deficitElsa von Licy
The study used magnetic resonance imaging to examine hippocampus and amygdala morphology in 51 children with ADHD and 63 healthy controls aged 6 to 18 years. The main findings were:
1. The hippocampus was larger bilaterally in the ADHD group compared to controls. Surface analyses localized this enlargement to the head of the hippocampus in the ADHD group.
2. Conventional measures did not detect significant differences in amygdala volumes, but surface analyses indicated reduced size bilaterally over the basolateral complex area in the ADHD group.
3. Correlations with prefrontal measures suggested abnormal connectivity between the amygdala and prefrontal cortex in the ADHD group.
Patients with PKU are susceptible to neurocognitive and psychiatric issues even if following dietary restrictions. Assessment of patients is the first step in management, which may include strategies to improve functioning and control blood phenylalanine levels, as well as addressing any comorbid conditions. Healthcare professionals should recognize potential issues, empower patients, and refer to psychologists or psychiatrists for ongoing monitoring and intervention.
Patients with PKU are susceptible to neurocognitive and psychiatric issues even if following dietary restrictions. Assessment of patients is the first step in management, which may include strategies to improve functioning and control blood phenylalanine levels, as well as addressing any comorbid conditions. Healthcare professionals should recognize potential issues, empower patients, and refer to psychologists or psychiatrists for ongoing monitoring and intervention.
Week 5 Data Types and Gottesman and Shields 1961Jamie Davies
This document contains learning objectives and materials for lessons on schizophrenia and research methods in psychology. It includes an application task analyzing a case study of a person named Jack who has schizophrenia. It also provides information on primary and secondary data in research and examples of questions to answer about these topics. Finally, it outlines objectives and materials on the use of twin studies in examining the role of nature and nurture in schizophrenia, including objectives for understanding Gottesman and Shields' twin study on the disorder.
International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology.docxnormanibarber20063
This document summarizes a study that used longitudinal analysis to identify predictors of outcomes for children with autism undergoing intensive behavioral intervention (IBI). Twenty-four children received on average two years of IBI and were assessed every six months using standardized tests. Multilevel modeling found that total intervention time, pre-intervention functioning, and age best predicted improvement in language, daily living skills, cognitive, and motor abilities over time. The results suggest that longitudinal analysis is a promising method for identifying reliable predictors of IBI outcomes.
Running head Background and Significance2Background and Sig.docxsusanschei
Running head: Background and Significance 2
Background and Significance 2
Effects of ADHD and Executive Functioning on Brain Development
#7
PSY625: Biological Bases of Behavior
Jennifer Weniger
July 30, 2018
Background
Techniques for maintaining and enhancing executive function in children with ADHD is great potential benefit to children and to society. Improved executive function improves daily performance in children and adults suffering from ADHD. There is more and more research for brain deficits associated with ADHD. ADHD symptoms can include inattention and/or hyperactivity and acting impulsively. This disorder affects more than one in 20 under the age of 18, and two-thirds of those diagnosed continue to deal with symptoms as adults. Further research on the effects of ADHD and executive functioning would be beneficial for those suffering from the disorder. Symptoms of ADHD create significate impairment in social, academic, occupational functioning, and relationships (Bressert, 2018). Higher executive functioning would lead to the ability to perform task of daily living and the improvement of quality of life.
There are more and more studies of normal and abnormal brain development in children and adolescents. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to study ADHD. The ones who will be helped by further studies and an increased understanding of ADHD and executive function deficit are the children and their families. Students who have these challenges need coaching from professionals who specialize in executive functioning problems. Students need to be taught the skills necessary to overcome their deficits. Executive function skills are not a guarantee to school success but without these skills the child will have difficulty at a certain point, which can be followed by a loss of self-esteem. Further knowledge will help children suffering from ADHD and executive disorder succeed in school and in life (Eckerd, Ruden, 2011).
There are seven skills associated with executive function, 1) self-awareness, 2) inhibition, 3) non-verbal working memory, 4) verbal working memory, 5) emotional self- regulation, 6) self-motivation, 7) planning and problem solving. Anyone exhibiting ADHD symptoms will have problems with all or most of these seven executive functions. These seven functions develop over time in chronological order. Starting with self-awareness at age 2 and ending with planning and problem-solving at age 30 in a neurotypical individual. An individual with ADHD id generally 30 to 40 percent behind in transitioning from one executive function to the next (Barkley, 2018).
There is need for more research in the significance of executive functioning deficits on ADHD. In the article, Interventions to improve executive functioning and working memory in school-aged children with AD(HD): a randomized controlled trail and stepped-care approach, the researchers investigated one executive function, working memory which pl ...
Running head Advanced behavioral analysis and its successful use .docxjoellemurphey
Running head: Advanced behavioral analysis and its successful use in the treatment of autism 1
Advanced behavioral analysis and its successful use in the treatment of autism 2Advance Behavioral Analysis And Its Successful Use In The Treatment Of Autism
Darin Bullock
Columbia Southern University
Advance Behavioral Analysis and its Successful use in the Treatment of Autism
Fryling, M. J., Wallace, M. D., & Yassine, J. N. (2012). Impact of Treatment Integrity on Intervention Effectiveness. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 449-53.
In this article, Fryling et al. proposes that by using Advanced Behavioral Analysis (ABA) in the proper way, the integrity will be maintained and will be more effective. They state “treatment integrity has cogent implications for intervention effectiveness.” They propose that by proper training and understanding of ABA, the integrity can be maintained. Proper use of reinforcements with appropriate behavior showed signs of improvement. They point out that DiGennaro et al. “demonstrated a relation between improved integrity and intervention effectiveness when they compared procedures aimed at improving special educators’ integrity in classrooms.” They proposed that by having effective intervention and integrity, problem behaviors decreased in a classroom setting.
Layne, C. M. (2007). Early Identification of Autism: Impications for Counselors. Journal of Counseling and Development , 110-114.
Layne discusses screening tools and diagnostic assessments used to identify autism in children around the age of 2. Layne also discusses the impact this diagnosis can have on families as well as counselors. She states autism “impairs language, social interactions, and play skills, as well as cognitive and adaptive functioning.” She proposes that 1 out of 166 children will be diagnosed with autism. She proposes and commends the diligence in early diagnosis stating it is more than likely due to the diligence of parents, clinicians, and teachers. Public awareness has helped as well and the fact that either autism is increasing, or clinicians are more apt to diagnose children with autism rather than another developmental disability.
Pulse International. (2012, Aug 14). Early Intervention has considerable impact on reducing symptoms and increasing child's ability to learn new skills.
An article by Pulse International quotes Prof. Mohamed Chetouani at a press conference on Monday, 23 July 2012. The article speaks of warning signs of autism characterized by social symptoms, communications deficits, and repetitive behaviors. The child should then be evaluated by specialized professionals so appropriate treatment can be initialized. The articles states, “Early intervention has considerable impact on reducing symptoms and increasing a child’s ability to learn new skills.” It was proposed that there are items in place to diagnose children with autism after the age of two, but “information on autism in the first two years of life i ...
This document provides an update on new peer-reviewed publications supporting the inclusion of Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD) in the DSM. It summarizes recent research in the areas of neuropathology, signs and symptoms, developmental trajectory, etiology, and treatment effectiveness for SPD based on Pennington's model of syndrome validation. Key findings include evidence of differences in brain function and sensory processing in individuals with SPD, validation of assessments for diagnosing SPD subtypes, studies demonstrating functional challenges associated with SPD, evidence for SPD from studies of non-human primates, and preliminary evidence that occupational therapy can effectively treat symptoms of SPD. The research advances the empirical validation of SPD as a diagnostic entity.
This document summarizes research on the effects of physical activity on attention in school-aged children. Several studies found that physical activity breaks during the school day improved children's time spent focused and on-task, as well as decreasing disruptive behaviors. One study found improved cognitive performance and attention on days when children had physical education class compared to sedentary days. The research suggests physical activity can positively impact attention, behavior, and academic performance in children.
EVALUATION OF PHYSICAL INDEPENDENCE OF CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES AND ITS COR...Shabana2428
The document discusses several research studies related to physical independence and participation in physical activities for children with disabilities:
1. One study examined the gap between independence and frequency of participation in daily activities for children with disabilities in Taiwan. It found that restrictions in frequency of participation were greater than restrictions in independence, especially in neighborhood settings.
2. Another study identified important quality of life domains for children with cerebral palsy and intellectual disabilities through parent interviews, such as physical health, social connections, and access to services.
3. A third study explored perceptions of post-traumatic growth in spinal cord injured athletes participating in parasports and found benefits like improved physical functioning and identity.
4. The document discusses several
Effect of White Noise on Off-Task BehaviorsErin Bosman
This study examined the effects of white noise and instrumental music on off-task behavior in two students with ADHD - one taking stimulant medication and one not. The dependent variable was off-task behavior such as talking off-topic or looking away from assignments. Researchers observed the students during independent work and recorded off-task behavior over 15-minute sessions under different conditions: baseline, white noise, and instrumental music. Preliminary results suggested white noise and music may reduce off-task behavior for both students compared to baseline. Further research is needed to better understand how auditory stimuli impact students with ADHD, both with and without medication.
Genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd)Joy Maria Mitchell
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a developmental disorder. ADHD is the commonly studied and
diagnosed as psychiatric disorder. Here we shall see the relation between extraversion and ADHD, neuroticism,
biological relation, Environmental factors and with diagnosis of ADHD. It is known that Genetics is one of the factors
that may contribute to, or exacerbate ADHD. Recent research probing towards the environmental and Genetic factors
causing ADHD differences is the main source for investigation
1) Children with ADHD who also have sensory processing disorder performed worse on tests of visual perception than children with ADHD but without sensory processing disorder.
2) Visual perception scores were moderately correlated with overall sensory processing abilities. Specifically, visual perception was related to abilities involving movement sensitivity and low energy levels.
3) The findings suggest that sensory processing issues, particularly with vestibular and proprioceptive input, may negatively impact the visual perception of children who have both ADHD and sensory processing disorder.
I apologize, upon reviewing the document and video you provided, I do not see enough context to accurately summarize or analyze them. Could you please provide more details about what you would like me to focus on? Summarizing without full context runs the risk of missing important details or perspectives.
This study examined patterns of cortical activity using four different EEG testing protocols: an extended 8-minute baseline with alternating eyes open and closed, viewing a 10-minute dyadic social interaction video, and completing a personality survey. The protocols elicited different levels of activity in the alpha band and theta/beta ratio. Specifically, all protocols differed significantly in alpha activity, and the three eyes-open conditions still differed when just compared to each other. This suggests protocol design impacts EEG results and more representative real-world designs should be explored.
Autistic Learning & Behavioural Difficulties Inventory: Validation of the Scr...iosrjce
The triad of impairments in communication, social interaction, and imagination is often used in
autism screening tools. In this paper, the authors have proposed an alternative by examining autistic learning
and behavioural challenges in cognitive, conative, affective and sensory processes. The alternative pinpoints the
specific needs and strengths for informing decisions on selecting appropriate autism treatment strategies to
follow up. They trialled the use of the Autistic Learning and Behavioural Difficulties Inventory (ALBDI) on 53
participants and validated it on the Gilliam Autism Rating Scale-Second Edition (GARS-2). Findings of their
study suggested that ALBDI is a useful measure where its total autistic learning and behavioural difficulties
scores correlated significantly with the GARS-2 total standard scores of its subtests and its Autism Index with
Pearson correlation coefficients r = .800 (p<.01)><.01) respectively. ALBDI is included in the
Appendix.
Biomedical Autism Treatment - Yes, it Could Help Your Autistic Child!NP Karthikeyen
DOAST (Doctrine Oriented Art of Symbiotic Treatment), an integrated therapy centre for autism, Chennai is one of the best autism treatment centre in India, provides best solution for autistic children by improving their behaviour and cognition through integrated therapy. For more details,visit: http://www.autism-ent-specialist-chennai.com
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD in DSM 5 A Trial for Cultural A...ijtsrd
The aim of this study was to adapt Attention deficiency hyperactivity disorder criteria in DSM 5 for measuring ADHD level of children of Bangladesh. Data were collected from 238 students ages between 5 to 17 years of three different schools of Dhaka city. Psychometric properties were measured through Cronbachs alpha 0.748 , split half 0.785 , test retest 0.793 , which were satisfactory, respectively at 0.05, 0.05 and 0.01 level of significance. The demonstration of construct validity with Conners Parent Rating Scale CPRS R was 0.659 also satisfactory. Thus psychometric results support that ADHD criteria in Bangla is suitable for use in Bangladeshi context. Mental health professionals can use Bangla adapted ADHD criteria as a useful tool to assess childrens attention deficiency and hyperactivity. Shaheen Akhter | Sajani Akter | Mir Ayesha Akter | Sadia Afrin | Tanmi Akhter ""Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in DSM-5: A Trial for Cultural Adaptation in Bangladesh"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21675.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/psychology/21675/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd-in-dsm-5-a-trial-for-cultural-adaptation-in-bangladesh/shaheen-akhter
Running head MEDIA DEVICES USE AND SLEEP QUALITY1MEDIA DE.docxjeanettehully
Running head: MEDIA DEVICES USE AND SLEEP QUALITY
1
MEDIA DEVICES USE AND SLEEP QUALITY
5
The Effects of Electronic Media Devices on the Quality of Sleep
LS 3010 Foundations for Undergraduate
Torri Sims
Northcentral University
Torri-overall this was a nicely executed assignment. You will find my specific comments below. My comments along with your corrections should be listed on your next Week’s assignment. You earned an A.
The Effects of Electronic Media Devices on the Quality of Sleep
Today, the world sees a shift due to the existing communication technologies that have resulted in a trend where young and old are continually using their devices for various purposes such as communication and browsing. Browsing probably would benefit from a definition or description. Young users are continually using the devices even during their sleep time leading to a question whether the trend has a notable effect on their quality of sleep. This implies that adults are responsible users. There are various researchers that have attempted to evaluate the relationship between the continued use of the devices and the quality of sleep. There is a notable impact that is not necessarily strong where young and adolescent of the devices showed low quality sleep and more frequent sleeping problems. This sentence would benefit from being reworded.
A study carried out in 2014 that involved 1287 learners aged between 12 and 18 years indicated that children who are frequent media users reported more sleeping problems than children who are not (King, Delfabbro, Zwaans & Kaptsis, 2014). The study showed that the problems may vary from one child to the other depending on age and the frequency of media use. The study did not point out the exact reasons behind the findings, but the results resonate with a study carried out in 2015 that reported that adolescents and preadolescents using the devices past 9 pm experienced sleeping problems. The continued use of the media devices past 9 pm impacted the sleep quality among young adolescents (Bruni, Settee, Fontanesi, Baiocco, Laghi & Baumgartner, 2015). This can be cited as Bruni et al. The participants did not have enough sleep, which is one of the primary reasons why the quality of sleep was affected. The two studies noted that there is a need for younger individuals to have enough sleep, thus all distractions must be eliminated.
Further, a 2017 study showed that children who do not use media and communication devices had better sleep quality and duration of sleep than who continually used the devices (Dube, Khan, Loehr, Chu & Veugelers, 2017). The quality of sleep is dependent on the duration of sleep and children without the devices are likely to sleep for the recommended time. Is this information derived from the cited study? If so, that needs to be clearer.The study also raised the sleep duration issue where the devices prevent the young learners from having enough sleep. Additionally, some of the users suffer ...
This document summarizes a review of published literature on the effects of high school start times on sleep and other outcomes. The review identified 18 relevant studies, including 10 cross-sectional studies and 8 prospective cohort studies. Meta-analyses found that later school start times, particularly over 60 minutes later, were associated with longer sleep durations on school nights, reduced daytime sleepiness, and smaller differences between school night and weekend night sleep. The evidence for effects on academic performance is less conclusive. Overall, the review found some benefits of delayed school start times but noted limitations in the quality of evidence.
This study examined auditory and visual response control in neuropsychiatric patients by comparing visual and auditory P300 event-related potentials with performance on an integrated visual and auditory continuous performance test. Patients were categorized based on differences between their auditory and visual P300 amplitudes. Patients with similar amplitudes in both modalities performed better on measures of response control than patients with a preference for one modality. The results suggest that utilizing both sensory modalities may recruit broader neural networks involved in response inhibition compared to relying primarily on one modality.
Similar to F 4089 aui-berard-auditory-integration-training-behavior-changes-related-to-sens.pdf-5486 (1) (20)
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2. Brockett et al
2 Autism Insights 2014:6
language development.4
Various theories emerged to explain
howAITproducedobservedchanges.Thesetheorieswerepub-
lished in The Sound Connection, the quarterly newsletter pub-
lished by The Society for Auditory Intervention Techniques.5–9
One theory directly associated changes occurring from Berard
AIT with the effect of intense auditory vibrational stimula-
tion. This potentially could impact auditory and vestibular–
cerebellar connections, which could result in improvements in
functions regulated by these structures.1,3,10–12
Anatomically, the inner ear receives information from
sound vibrations, which has potential to impact vestibular and
auditory perceptions and processes. The vestibulocochlear sys-
tem is known to impact brainstem integration,13
which has
been of primary interest in sensory integration theory and
treatment.3
Specific facilitation of auditory/vestibular pro-
cessing has been associated with changes in sensory process-
ing and modulation, arousal, attention and focus, postural
control, social emotional development, auditory filtering, and
visual motor performance.3,14,15
Numerous investigators have attempted to evaluate the
benefits of AIT since its introduction in 1991 in the United
States. Rimland and Edelson published a review in The Sound
Connection16
of 28 completed efficacy studies on AIT, 11 pre-
sented papers and 17 published research papers, and reported
their strengths and limitations. These studies evaluated physi-
ological, behavioral, and cognitive changes in subjects com-
pleting AIT. Three studies stated that their data found no
efficacy, and two reported contradictory results. However,
23 of these studies concluded that the resulting data supported
the efficacy of AIT. A total of 16 studies reported benefits in
one or more of the following areas: sound sensitivity, hyperac-
tivity, language development, behavior, and attention.
Results from three related studies provide evidence that
in children with autism, AIT is associated with improvements
in sound sensitivity, hyperactivity, language development, and
behavior.12,17,18
A placebo-controlled pilot study by Rimland
and Edelson18
involving 19 children with autism, ages 4–21,
found statistically significant improvements in sound sensitiv-
ity, behaviors, and hyperactivity following AIT. An expanded
study involving 445 children with autism corroborated the
results of the pilot study.12
A third placebo-controlled study
involving 19 children with autism investigated electro-
physiological and audiometric effects of AIT. Behavioral
changes were consistent with the previous two studies, and
the auditory P300 event related potential (ERP) showed nor-
malization of brain wave activity.17
Brockett conducted a pilot study on the effect of Berard
AIT on behaviors related to sensory modulation with 14 chil-
dren, 3–13 years, with varied diagnoses, which was published
in The Sound Connection newsletter.19
Using a sensory check-
list, parents identified the occurrence of behaviors commonly
related to sensory modulation before and six months after
AIT. The results indicated statistically significant decreases in
challenging behaviors (low tolerance for movement activities
and postural changes, craving movement, lack of or delayed
response to touch, ability to maintain a level of alertness
appropriate to the activity, and ability to play and interact
appropriately with others) with reductions ranging from 42 to
100%. The median overall improvement was a 79% decrease in
behaviors related to sensory modulation. Following this study,
a standardized measure of sensory modulation was introduced
for use with all clients at Brockett’s clinic.
Most research before the Brockett study19
involved the
efficacy of Berard AIT in children diagnosed with autism or
attention deficit disorder (ADD), targeting the behavioral
outcomes of the technique, but not the sensory modula-
tion outcomes. As sensory modulation issues have long been
observed in individuals with autism, these are important out-
comes to study.20–23
To date, there is no peer-reviewed, pub-
lished research studying the impact of Berard AIT on specific
aspects of sensory modulation. This chart review study fills an
important void in the literature because it evaluates changes
in behaviors specifically related to sensory modulation fol-
lowing the 10 days of AIT. In addition, a correlational analy-
sis between the Sensory Profile and the Aberrant Behavior
Checklist (ABC) was included to identify if sensory modula-
tion was a significant contributor to the behavioral factors.
For the purposes of this study, sensory modulation is
identified as a neurophysiological process reflected in the
individual’s ability to regulate and organize behavioral,
motor, emotional, and anticipatory reactions to sensory inf
ormation and events. It reflects the individual’s ability to
process and adjust behavioral and emotional responses to
the “intensity, frequency, duration, complexity, and novelty”
of the sensory information or experience happening in the
environment or daily tasks.24
Behaviors related to difficul-
ties with sensory modulation have been categorized into the
following according to Miller24
and Dunn25
: (1) sensitivity
to sensory stimuli (example, crying when loud noises occur),
(2) poor registration (example, shutting down, not orienting
to or responding to loud noises occurring), and (3) sensation
seeking (example, actively seeking high intensity movement
without regard to safety) and sensation avoiding (example,
resistant to change).
Evaluation tools such as the Sensory Profile, the Short
Sensory Profile (SSP), and the research editions of the Sensory
Processing Inventory26
use observations of behaviors that are
related to sensory aspects of daily living tasks in attempts to
evaluate sensory processing and sensory modulation. Sensory
modulation is critical to a child’s ability to interact with the envi-
ronment and master skills.3,14,24
When a technique appears to
be influencing behaviors reflective of sensory modulation issues,
research on the efficacy of this technique becomes important.
Special interest newsletters have published clinical
reports of behavioral changes related to sensory modulation
as a result of Berard AIT.9,19,27
Based on these reports, the
impact of Berard AIT on behaviors related to sensory modula-
tion was targeted for this study.
3. Berard auditory integration training
3Autism Insights 2014:6
The following hypotheses were examined:
Hypothesis 1: At one, three, and six months after AIT,
children with developmental differences who also have
sensory modulation issues and problem behaviors, such
as irritability, hyperactivity, lethargy, repetitive actions,
aggression, etc., will show improved scores on the SSP as
reported by parents.
Hypothesis 2: At one, three, and six months after AIT,
children with development differences who also have
sensory modulation issues and problem behaviors, such
as Irritability, Hyperactivity, Lethargy, Stereotypy, and
Inappropriate Speech, will show improved scores on the
ABC as reported by parents.
Hypothesis 3: Children with developmental differences
who also have sensory modulation issues and problem
behaviors, such as irritability, hyperactivity, lethargy,
repetitive actions, aggression, etc., will maintain improve-
ments in scores on the SSP and the ABC at three and
six months after completion of AIT as reported by parents.
Hypothesis 4: The child’s age is not related to response
to AIT.
Method
Participants. This study was a retrospective chart review
conducted on charts of children who participated in a stan-
dard program of Berard AIT at one clinic. This study relied
on preexisting data and therefore is exempt under the Office
of Human Research Protection Policy at 45 CFR 46.101(b)(4).
It is a standard procedure at this clinic for parents or caregiv-
ers to be requested to sign a written consent for their chil-
dren’s de-identified data to be used for chart review research
(if needed). Signing the consent is totally voluntary and not a
condition of receiving treatment. As Berard AIT has been in
use for decades and has been provided to thousands of indi-
viduals, the program is not viewed as experimental.
This chart review was done on a diverse population of
children who had completed Berard AIT and whose care-
givers had completed statistically sound questionnaires that
measured behaviors related to challenges in sensory modula-
tion. Among those included were children with the follow-
ing diagnoses: autism, pervasive developmental disorder, not
otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), speech/language delay,
and ADD. In addition to these children, there were others
included who were reported to have sensory processing dis-
order (SPD), including sound sensitivities. Although SPD
has not been recognized formally as a diagnosis, it is emerg-
ing in the literature as a promising area for research.26,28
The purpose of this chart review was to determine if Berard
AIT (provided twice each day for 10 consecutive days) pro-
duced statistically significant changes on two assessments,
the SSP and ABC.
A sample of records of 54 children (34 with autism) was
selected from the files of a clinic specializing in AIT. Parents
had sought out the program of Berard AIT because of a
variety of behavior and learning challenges experienced by
their children. Inclusion criteria were based on the age range
for the SSP, ages 3–10. Children not within this age range
were excluded. The SSP and ABC questionnaires had to have
been completed before the start of Berard AIT and one, three,
and six months post-AIT. Only the de-identified scores of
those children whose same parent/caregiver had completed all
of the SSP and ABC forms for the pre-test and for one, three,
and six-month post-AIT, and who had given permission to
have their data used, were included in the chart review. There
was no other exclusion criterion.
The median age of the participants was six years. There
were 45 males (83%) and 9 females (17%). Diagnoses, iden-
tified by medical professionals, and reported by parents,
included participants with autism/PDD-NOS (35), speech/
language disorders (7), sound sensitivity/auditory processing
disorders (6), ADD (5), SPD (4), and no diagnostic label (5).
The remaining participants had a variety of developmen-
tal challenges that could not be delineated because of de-
identification.
Measures.
SSP. The SSP is a 38-item checklist completed by the
primary caregiver designed to measure a child’s behavioral
response to specific sensory stimuli that occur during daily life
activities.25
Items on this checklist were selected because they
measured behaviors that supported the theoretical construct
of sensory modulation. The SSP quickly identifies children
with sensory modulation difficulties and has been recom-
mended for use in research protocols.25
Seven factor groupings emerge out of the SSP scoring.
They are (1) Tactile Sensitivity, (2) Taste/Smell Sensitivity,
(3) Movement Sensitivity, (4) Under-Responsive/Seeks Sen-
sation, which reflects the child’s level of response to sensation
that will drive avoiding and/or seeking behaviors to sensory
events in daily life, (5) Auditory Filtering, (6) Low Energy/
Weak, which reflects the child’s ability to use muscles to
move, and (7) Visual/Auditory Sensitivity. Internal reliabili-
ties range from 0.70 to 0.95. Internal and construct validities
are established.25
The SSP scores discriminate between Typical Perfor-
mance in sensory processing (child scores within normal
limits), Probable Difference in sensory processing (child scores
greater than 1 and less than 2 standard deviations below the
mean), and Definite Difference in sensory processing (child
scores 2 or more standard deviations below the mean).
ABC. The ABC is a 58-item behavior rating scale used
for children and adults with mental and/or learning and
behavioral problems, including but not limited to autism
spectrum disorders. The ABC has high internal consistency
for all subscales (Irritability 0.92, Stereotypic 0.90, Lethargy
0.91, Hyperactivity 0.95, Inappropriate Speech 0.86). The
ABC also has high test–retest reliability (0.98), and a high
congruence coefficient ranging between 0.87 and 0.96.29
4. Brockett et al
4 Autism Insights 2014:6
The primary caregiver completes the scale that measures
behavioral outcomes resulting from treatment interventions.29
The ABC has been used to measure behavioral outcomes of
AIT in studies looking at response to treatment for children
with a diagnosis of autism or ADD.12,17
Behaviors assessed by
the ABC (such as irritability, lethargy, stereotypy, and hyper-
activity) have also been identified as behavioral reflections of
poor sensory modulation.14,25,30
The items on the ABC are divided into five factor group-
ings or subscales designated as (I) Irritability, (II) Lethargy,
(III) Stereotypic Behavior, (IV) Hyperactivity, and (V) Inap-
propriate Speech.29
See Table 1 for examples of behaviors in
each of the factor groupings.
Procedures. All children at the center participate in a
standard protocol of Berard AIT following exactly the same
procedure provided by the same Berard practitioner. The
Berard practitioner holds a master’s degree in special education
and more than 30 years’ experience working directly with chil-
dren with developmental delays and learning disorders. She
was personally trained by Dr. Berard in 1991, and had 15 years’
experience providing the AIT program before the study.
The standard protocol consists of two 30-minute sessions
of listening each day for 10 consecutive days. The listening
sessions were separated by a three-hour interval to allow a
break from the auditory stimulation. Children leave the center
and can participate in activities chosen by the families. These
activities included but were not limited to excursions to the
park/playground, beach, indoor play center, mall, etc. Some
children return home in this interval. It is recommended that
stressful activities be avoided.
Music for Berard AIT is generally a variety of light
rock, reggae, and jazz, selected specifically to assure that it
contains a wide range of frequencies from 20 Hz to 20 kHz.
The Earducator™/6F (Hollagen Designs CC, Western Cape,
South Africa), the Berard AIT device used for this standard
program, processes the music, and does not exceed an average
output of 85 dB. The Earducator/6F intermittently empha-
sizes low and high sound frequencies in the music (called
gating or modulation). Children listen to the music through
closed headphones (Beyerdynamic DT250-80) recommended
by Hollagen Designs CC.
The protocol for Berard AIT recommends quiet listening
without engagement in cognitive activities. Most children are
able to listen quietly, and frequently choose to lie or sit on a
beanbag chair. Some require small, passive sensory fidget toys
to keep their hands away from the headphone cord. Reading,
writing, assembling puzzles, and other cognitively stimulating
activities are not provided.
An audiologist tests the child’s hearing profile before AIT
begins and after five days of intervention. In some cases, the
child is not able to cooperate with the test procedure, or behav-
iors interfere with the testing. In these cases, the audiologist
reports that the test could not be completed, or that the data
obtained may not be highly accurate or reliable. When a reliable
audiogram is obtained, it is analyzed using a computer program
available to all Berard practitioners to determine if specific
sound frequencies should be filtered from the child’s music
program.31
Based on the analysis, specific Earducator filters
are activated to reduce the stimulation of selected frequencies.
When no reliable audiogram is obtained or when the analysis
indicated none was needed, no Earducator filters are activated.
No additional sensory support activities are given to the
clients during this listening process and no changes are made
in sensory support activities for home programs. If the chil-
dren already participate in home program activities before
participating in the AIT, they continue with those recom-
mendations to avoid additional changes in behavior that may
occur with changes in home program.
Data analysis. The MicrOsiris Statistical Analysis and
Data Management System 9.43 software was used for statisti-
cal analysis.
The scores for each factor on the SSP and the ABC
were analyzed separately using two-way analysis of variance
Table 1. ABC—examples of behaviors for each factor grouping.
FACTOR EXAMPLES OF BEHAVIORS FOR EACH
FACTOR GROUPING
Irritability Aggressive to others
Temper tantrums
Irritable, grizzly, whiny
Cries over minor annoyances and hurts
Mood changes quickly
Lethargy Seeks isolation from others
Preoccupied, stares into space
Fixed facial expressions, lacks emo-
tional reactivity
Resists any form of physical contact
Is difficult to reach or contact
Stereotypy Meaningless, reoccurring body
movements
Odd, bizarre in behavior
Repetitive hand, body, or head
movements
Rocks body back and forth
Waves or shakes extremities repeatedly
Hyperactivity Impulsive (acts without thinking)
Restless, unable to sit still
Disobedient, difficult to control
Does not pay attention to directions
Boisterous (inappropriately noisy and
rough)
Inappropriate speech Talks excessively
Repetitive speech
Talks to self loudly
Repeats a word or phrase over and over
5. Berard auditory integration training
5Autism Insights 2014:6
(ANOVA) with repeated measures on time.32
This was to
determine if there were significant changes attributed to length
of time after AIT. The two variables (the means of the subjects’
pre- and post-data, and data from one, three, and six months
post-treatment) were tested together and were considered to be
independent. The averages of one, three, and six months each
obtained the same number of data points from the same group
of subjects, and thus, are not affected by possible differences
from subject to subject. Also, the averages of months for each
subject are not affected by any possible difference in the month
to month data. The significance level for the ANOVAs was set
at P 0.01 because of the number of analyses (Bonferroni cor-
rection). Post hoc comparisons consisted of ANOVAs to test
the influence of age on each of the variables.
Additionally, a one-way ANOVA was performed to ana-
lyze the final hypothesis to determine if age had a significant
effect on the subjects’ response to Berard AIT. Scores were
averaged over all three post-test time periods (one, three, and
six months) for this analysis.
Correlations were used to analyze relationships between
all factors of the SSP and ABC.
Results
SSP. Table 2 shows the baseline and one-, three-, and
six-month data reported by parents for the SSP. Table 3 shows
the comparison of baseline with the averages of the three post-
AIT assessments, percentage change, and significance.
The ANOVAs of the SSP showed that there were
changes reported by parents in response to Berard AIT at
statistically significant levels for all individual factors of the
SSP. The factor of Under-responsive approached significance
at P 0.03. All other factors (Tactile Sensitivity, Taste/
Smell Sensitivity, Movement Sensitivity, Auditory Filtering,
Low Energy/Weak, and Visual/Auditory Sensitivity) were
significant at P 0.01 (Table 3). All sensory factors showed
improvement at one month following AIT. These sensory
changes continued to improve at three and six months follow-
ing AIT in five areas and total. Visual/auditory sensitivity and
low energy/weak decreased only slightly over time but were
still significant (P 0.01). Subject age did not have an effect
on response. Although all factors on the SSP showed statisti-
cal significance based on parent observations, the highest per-
centage changes from baseline in score were found on factors
of auditory filtering and visual/auditory sensitivity.
Figure 1 shows the percentage of the 54 subjects in each
range on the SSP before the Berard AIT program and then
at one, three, and six months post-AIT. Before the training
program, 70% of the subjects scored in the Definite Difference
range and only 6% were in the Typical Performance range based
on parent reports. Six months after AIT was completed, only
33% of the subjects were still in the Definite Difference range
and 44% were functioning in the Typical Performance range.
ABC. Table 4 shows the baseline and one, three, and
six months data for the ABC. Table 5 shows the comparison
of baseline with the averages of the three post-AIT assess-
ments, percentage change, and significance.
The ANOVAs were performed on the ABC data using
pretest and post-AIT data reported by the parents for each
of the five factors and the totals for the 54 subjects. Improve-
ment on each behavior factor was reported for each post-test
Table 2. Sensory processing changes—SSP mean scores at baseline and at one, three, and six months after AIT.
FACTOR BASELINE POST-AIT
ONE MONTH THREE MONTHS SIX MONTHS
Tactile sensitivity Mean 26.9 29.4 29.9 30.5
Std. dev. 5.0 4.8 4.4 4.1
Taste/smell sensitivity Mean 12.8 13.6 14.1 14.2
Std. dev. 5.7 5.0 5.0 5.2
Movement sensitivity Mean 12.6 13.3 13.5 13.8
Std. dev. 3.0 2.6 2.5 2.1
Under-responsivity Mean 21.8 24.9 25.1 25.5
Std. dev. 6.1 6.7 6.8 6.4
Auditory filtering Mean 16.4 19.7 20.6 20.7
Std. dev. 4.4 4.1 4.4 4.7
Low energy/weak Mean 22.3 24.6 25.2 25.0
Std. dev. 7.0 5.7 5.7 6.0
Visual/auditory sensitivity Mean 16.9 19.9 20.9 20.6
Std. dev. 4.8 3.9 4.0 3.9
Total Mean 129.6 145.0 149.4 149.8
Std. dev. 20.6 19.6 20.4 21.7
6. Brockett et al
6 Autism Insights 2014:6
Table 3. Sensory processing changes—SSP mean scores at baseline and after AIT.
FACTOR BASELINE POST-AIT
AVERAGE
PERCENTAGE
CHANGE
SIGNIFICANCE
Tactile sensitivity Mean 26.9 29.9
11.5 P 0.01Std. dev. 5.0 4.0
Taste/smell sensitivity Mean 12.8 13.9
8.5 P 0.01Std. dev. 5.7 4.7
Movement sensitivity Mean 12.6 13.5
7.7 P 0.01Std. dev. 3.0 2.2
Under-responsivity Mean 21.8 25.2
15.4 P 0.03Std. dev. 6.1 6.1
Auditory filtering Mean 16.4 20.4
24.2 P 0.01Std. dev. 4.4 4.7
Low energy/weak Mean 22.3 25.0
12 P 0.01Std. dev. 7.0 5.5
Visual/auditory sensitivity Mean 16.9 25.5
21.2 P 0.01Std. dev. 4.8 3.5
Total Mean 129.6 148.1
14.2 P 0.01Std. dev. 20.6 19.1
Figure 1. SSP—short form, change during six months after AIT.
at one, three, and six months (P 0.01) (Table 5). All ABC
factors showed significant improvements at one month
post-AIT. At three and six months post-AIT, Irritability
and Hyperactivity continued to improve over time signifi-
cantly. All the other behavioral factors showed improvement
one month after AIT, but their continuing changes slowed or
plateaued. ANOVAs for subject age was only significant for
Lethargy (P 0.01) with greatest improvement shown for the
ages 3 and 10. Age had little effect on the other ABC factors.
Figure 2 shows the median change in each of the factors
over six months based on the 54 subjects whose parents pro-
vided data for pretest, one, three, and six months post-AIT.
A decrease in negative behaviors was measured at one month
for all factors. After month 1, the negative behaviors were fur-
ther reduced and were relatively stable at months 3 and 6, with
the exception of Inappropriate Speech.
Table 6 shows the effect sizes for the pre/post-SSP and
ABC ANOVAs. It is interesting to note that the effect sizes
for the SSP are considered higher than those for the ABC.
Correlational analysis showed that the intercorrelations
between scores in the SSP factors for the 54 subjects closely
followed those of the standardization sample (see Table 7).
7. Berard auditory integration training
7Autism Insights 2014:6
Figure 2. ABC—median change from baseline to six months post-Berard AIT.
Table 4. Behavior changes—ABC mean scores at baseline and one, three, and six months after AIT.
BEHAVIOR BASELINE POST-AIT
ONE MONTH THREE MONTHS SIX MONTHS
Irritability Mean 9.3 7.7 6.4 5.6
Std. dev. 6.5 6.3 5.4 5.2
Lethargy Mean 5.4 3.8 3.6 3.3
Std. dev. 5.9 5 5.3 4.7
Stereotypy Mean 3.9 2.5 2.2 2.3
Std. dev. 3.9 2.6 2.6 2.7
Hyperactivity Mean 15.5 11.9 10.9 10.2
Std. dev. 9.8 8.2 8 8.3
Inappropriate speech Mean 3 2.4 2.1 2.1
Std. dev. 2.8 2.5 2.8 2.6
Table 5. Behavior changes—ABC mean scores at baseline and after AIT.
BEHAVIOR BASELINE POST-AIT
AVERAGE
PERCENTAGE
CHANGE
SIGNIFICANCE
Irritability Mean 9.3 6.6
29 P 0.01Std. dev. 6.5 5.0
Lethargy Mean 5.4 3.6
34 P 0.01Std. dev. 5.9 4.8
Stereotypy Mean 3.9 2.3
40 P 0.01Std. dev. 3.9 2.4
Hyperactivity Mean 15.5 11.0
29 P 0.01Std. dev. 9.8 7.5
Inappropriate speech Mean 3.0 2.2
27 P 0.01Std. dev. 2.8 2.3
8. Brockett et al
8 Autism Insights 2014:6
Table 6. Size effect—Cohen’s d-index.
FACTOR COHEN’S d-INDEX
(EFFECT SIZE)
SSP
Tactile sensitivity (0.66)
Taste/smell sensitivity (0.21)
Movement sensitivity (0.34)
Under-responsivity (0.56)
Auditory filtering (0.88)
Low energy/weak (0.43)
Visual/auditory se nsitivity (0.86)
Total (0.93)
ABC
Irritability 0.47
Lethargy 0.33
Stereotypy 0.49
Hyperactivity 0.52
Inappropriate speech 0.31
( ) indicates a negative value for Cohen’s d-index, yellow shading indicates
small effect size, green shading indicates moderate effect size, and red
shading indicates high effect size.
Correlations between the SSP total score and the ABC
factors were significant for four of the five factors (at the
0.05 level or higher): Irritability (-0.531, P 0.01), Stereo-
typy (-0.410, P 0.01), Hyperactivity (-0.399, P 0.01),
Inappropriate Speech (-0.288, P 0.05). Individual sen-
sory modulation factors that account for these correlations
can be found in Table 8. As changes in behavior related
to sensory modulation are the major focus of this study, it
is important to investigate the commonalities between the
SSP and ABC. Many of the behaviors seem to have a sen-
sory modulation component, and the correlation in Table 8
helps to clarify this.
Discussion
Because there was no control group, it cannot be determined
whether all the changes found were indeed because of the AIT
alone. Placebo effect, parent expectations, and veracity of par-
ent reports were not controlled by this study design. However,
the compact length of the AIT program (30 minutes twice
a day for 10 consecutive days) provides a treatment intensity
that one could argue would be unusual to be matched by any
uncontrolled variables.
The results of the analysis of the SSP and the ABC data
indicate confirmation of hypothesis 1, which stated that chil-
dren participating in Berard AIT would show improved scores
on the SSP as reported by parents, and hypothesis 2, which
stated that children participating in Berard AIT would show
improved scores on the ABC as reported by parents. These
changes were maintained over time (hypothesis 3) and were
not affected by the child’s age (hypothesis 4).
Table 7. Comparison of intercorrelations of SSP factor scores:
normative sample and present study.
SSP FACTORS NORMATIVE
SAMPLE
PRESENT
STUDY
Tactile sensitivity 0.80 0.74
Taste/smell sensitivity 0.54 0.44
Movement sensitivity 0.48 0.43
Under-responsivity 0.73 0.65
Auditory filtering 0.76 0.61
Low energy/weak 0.62 0.52
Visual auditory sensitivity 0.78 0.66
The SSP targets measurement of behaviors observed by
parents reflecting sensory modulation during daily life activi-
ties. The assessment targeted measurable behaviors reflective
of sensory defensiveness, vestibular processing, and behavior
outcomes of sensory modulation. As the SSP was designed to
measure the components of sensory modulation, the statisti-
cal results appear to support clinical observations that Berard
AIT can result in improved abilities in these sensory modula-
tion components, and these changes were maintained through
the one, three, and six months post-testing.
Parents reported improvements in the ability to use and
screen out sounds, and to modulate responses to auditory and
visual information in daily activity. Improved awareness of
sensory events in daily life as measured by the SSP was also
reported by parents. To a lesser degree but still significant,
subjects were able to modulate their response to touch taste/
smell, and movement, and demonstrated improved ability to
use their muscles to move efficiently in daily activities.
The Berard AIT had a statistically significant impact on
problem behaviors observed by parents as measured by the
ABC. Parents reported a significant improvement in each of
the five behavioral factors (see Fig. 2): Irritability, Lethargy,
Stereotypy, Hyperactivity, and Inappropriate Speech follow-
ing Berard AIT. The changes in these scores also occurred in
a very short period of time (one month) and were generally
maintained or improved through the three- and six-month
post-testing (hypothesis 3) (see Fig. 1).
Limitations and Recommendations
The limited number of standardized evaluation tools available,
which objectively measure sensory modulation, and the wide
range of abilities of the children attending the clinic, limited
what pre- and post-testing tools could be used. A study using
additional objective standardized evaluations or physiological
measures is recommended.
Directions for Future Research
In light of the positive results of this chart review, future
research using a control group or AIT sham treatment group is
needed. Additionally, expanding the research to include more
9. Berard auditory integration training
9Autism Insights 2014:6
extensive standardized testing tools that assess sensory modu-
lation as well as other areas of sensory motor performance is
recommended. Additional objective measures of behavioral
changes that are related to sensory modulation would provide
further documentation of the improvements observed by par-
ents in this study.
Further study is needed to identify what specific types
of sensory and motor issues are more likely to respond well to
Berard AIT. There are clinical reports of changes not only in
the sensory modulation but also in eye/hand control, praxis,
and attention and focus. Further investigation and study of
these areas is warranted.
Conclusions
This chart review of the cases of 54 children ages 3–10 with
disabilities indicates an association between the Berard pro-
tocol and parent report of improvement in behaviors as mea-
sured by the ABC and in sensory modulation as measured by
the SSP. The results are strong enough to encourage further
study with additional control. Because the program was only
10 days long, results suggest that Berard AIT may be a time-
efficient and cost-effective program. Additional research is
needed to further identify and/or confirm which sensory and
behavioral domains are affected by Berard AIT to expand
understanding of this technique’s effectiveness and use as an
intervention. Relationships among SSP and ABC factors also
should be further investigated.
Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledge the editorial support given by
Rhoda Erhardt and Julia Wilbarger. We would like to give
special thanks to Drew Auth for his work as a statistician.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: SSB. Analyzed the
data: JGK, NLS. Wrote the first draft of the manuscript: SSB,
NLS. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: SSB,
NLS, JGK. Agree with manuscript results and conclusions:
SSB, NLS, JGK. Jointly developed the structure and argu-
ments for the paper: SSB, NLS, JGK. Made critical revisions
and approved final version: SSB, NLS, JGK. All authors
reviewed and approved of the final manuscript.
DISCLOSURES AND ETHICS
As a requirement of publication the authors have provided signed confirmation of their
compliance with ethical and legal obligations including but not limited to compliance
with ICMJE authorship and competing interests guidelines, that the article is neither
under consideration for publication nor published elsewhere, of their compliance with
legal and ethical guidelines concerning human and animal research participants (if
applicable), and that permission has been obtained for reproduction of any copy-
righted material. This article was subject to blind, independent, expert peer review.
The reviewers reported no competing interests.
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non-significant
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