This document summarizes current research on EEG neurofeedback applied to seven areas of brain health: attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), addictive disorders, anxiety, cognitive decline, depression, peak performance, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). For ADHD, two neurofeedback protocols have been shown effective based on meta-analyses and large randomized controlled trials. For addictive disorders, neurofeedback has been shown to reduce addiction severity and craving as an adjunctive treatment. Neurofeedback has also been shown as an efficacious treatment for anxiety disorders. Initial evidence suggests neurofeedback may be promising for improving cognitive function in conditions like mild cognitive impairment. Protocols targeting left-frontal brain asymmetry have shown effectiveness
O documento descreve o Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH), explicando que afeta 3-5% das crianças e se caracteriza por desatenção, hiperatividade e impulsividade. Detalha os possíveis sintomas de desatenção, como dificuldade de concentração, e de hiperatividade, como agitação excessiva. Também aborda as causas, que incluem fatores genéticos e neurológicos, e o diagnóstico e tratamento, que envolvem avaliação por
O documento discute o Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade (TDAH), definindo suas características diagnósticas de acordo com o DSM-IV, incluindo sintomas, subtipos e códigos. Também aborda a história, epidemiologia, etiologia, avaliação e tratamento do TDAH.
Recent advances in the management of asdPriyash Jain
The document summarizes recent advances in the management of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It discusses updates to diagnostic classifications in the ICD-11 that incorporate autism and Asperger's syndrome. It also describes several diagnostic tools and screening tests used to assess for ASD. Regarding treatment, it outlines pharmacological approaches targeting the opioid, mTOR, arginine vasopressin, and bumetanide pathways. Behavioral interventions discussed include naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions and early signs observed in infants who later receive an ASD diagnosis.
Riesgos a la salud producidos por el abuso de las TICmajogump1
Este documento discute los posibles riesgos para la salud del uso excesivo de la tecnología, incluida la adicción a los teléfonos celulares y los trastornos psicológicos como resultado. Señala que aunque la tecnología no es inherentemente mala, su abuso puede conducir a problemas como la depresión y la doble personalidad. Concluye que una regulación adecuada por parte de los padres y la concientización sobre un uso saludable de la tecnología pueden prevenir problemas futuros.
O documento discute o histórico do diagnóstico e conceito de TDAH, sintomas em crianças e adultos, causas genéticas e ambientais, regiões cerebrais afetadas e neurotransmissores envolvidos.
Vortioxetine is a novel antidepressant approved by the FDA in 2013 for the treatment of major depressive disorder. It is manufactured by Takeda Pharmaceuticals and works as a serotonin modulator. It has multiple mechanisms of action including inhibiting the serotonin transporter, acting as an agonist on 5HT1A/B receptors, antagonizing 5HT3 and 5HT7 receptors. Clinical studies showed it was effective in reducing depressive symptoms and had a lower risk of side effects like insomnia compared to SSRIs and SNRIs. Common side effects included nausea, diarrhea and sexual dysfunction. It has a favorable safety and tolerability profile. More long term studies are still needed but it shows promise as a treatment for MDD
ADHD is no more understood as a behavior disorder characterized by hyperactivity in children and excessive restlessness or impulsivity in adults.
We need to re-conceptualize ADHD as essentially a cognitive disorder, a developmental impairment of executive functions (EFs), the self management system of the brain.
ADHD is a neurobehavioral disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It is typically diagnosed in childhood and affects daily functioning. Males are more likely to be diagnosed due to differences in symptom presentation between males and females. ADHD is often accompanied by other learning disabilities or mental health issues. Treatment involves medication, therapy, and accommodations to help those with ADHD cope through establishing structure, minimizing distractions, and being understanding of their challenges.
O documento descreve o Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH), explicando que afeta 3-5% das crianças e se caracteriza por desatenção, hiperatividade e impulsividade. Detalha os possíveis sintomas de desatenção, como dificuldade de concentração, e de hiperatividade, como agitação excessiva. Também aborda as causas, que incluem fatores genéticos e neurológicos, e o diagnóstico e tratamento, que envolvem avaliação por
O documento discute o Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade (TDAH), definindo suas características diagnósticas de acordo com o DSM-IV, incluindo sintomas, subtipos e códigos. Também aborda a história, epidemiologia, etiologia, avaliação e tratamento do TDAH.
Recent advances in the management of asdPriyash Jain
The document summarizes recent advances in the management of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It discusses updates to diagnostic classifications in the ICD-11 that incorporate autism and Asperger's syndrome. It also describes several diagnostic tools and screening tests used to assess for ASD. Regarding treatment, it outlines pharmacological approaches targeting the opioid, mTOR, arginine vasopressin, and bumetanide pathways. Behavioral interventions discussed include naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions and early signs observed in infants who later receive an ASD diagnosis.
Riesgos a la salud producidos por el abuso de las TICmajogump1
Este documento discute los posibles riesgos para la salud del uso excesivo de la tecnología, incluida la adicción a los teléfonos celulares y los trastornos psicológicos como resultado. Señala que aunque la tecnología no es inherentemente mala, su abuso puede conducir a problemas como la depresión y la doble personalidad. Concluye que una regulación adecuada por parte de los padres y la concientización sobre un uso saludable de la tecnología pueden prevenir problemas futuros.
O documento discute o histórico do diagnóstico e conceito de TDAH, sintomas em crianças e adultos, causas genéticas e ambientais, regiões cerebrais afetadas e neurotransmissores envolvidos.
Vortioxetine is a novel antidepressant approved by the FDA in 2013 for the treatment of major depressive disorder. It is manufactured by Takeda Pharmaceuticals and works as a serotonin modulator. It has multiple mechanisms of action including inhibiting the serotonin transporter, acting as an agonist on 5HT1A/B receptors, antagonizing 5HT3 and 5HT7 receptors. Clinical studies showed it was effective in reducing depressive symptoms and had a lower risk of side effects like insomnia compared to SSRIs and SNRIs. Common side effects included nausea, diarrhea and sexual dysfunction. It has a favorable safety and tolerability profile. More long term studies are still needed but it shows promise as a treatment for MDD
ADHD is no more understood as a behavior disorder characterized by hyperactivity in children and excessive restlessness or impulsivity in adults.
We need to re-conceptualize ADHD as essentially a cognitive disorder, a developmental impairment of executive functions (EFs), the self management system of the brain.
ADHD is a neurobehavioral disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It is typically diagnosed in childhood and affects daily functioning. Males are more likely to be diagnosed due to differences in symptom presentation between males and females. ADHD is often accompanied by other learning disabilities or mental health issues. Treatment involves medication, therapy, and accommodations to help those with ADHD cope through establishing structure, minimizing distractions, and being understanding of their challenges.
This document discusses ADHD as a brain-based disorder. It explains that ADHD is caused by differences in neurotransmitter levels like dopamine and norepinephrine in key brain regions such as the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia. Brain imaging techniques reveal that these brain regions develop more slowly in individuals with ADHD compared to their peers. While the exact causes are still unclear, ADHD is understood to involve impaired regulation of attention, motor activity, and impulsivity due to neurotransmitter imbalances in specific brain circuits.
The document discusses the effects of trauma on child psychological development. It states that trauma from abuse, neglect, or other stressful experiences can harm brain development and negatively impact mental, social, and physical health later in life. Specifically, it discusses how trauma affects neurodevelopment and psychosocial development in ways that impair functions like memory, learning, emotional regulation, and interpersonal skills. The document also examines different types of trauma and their characteristic effects on children.
12 Tips for Teaching Children with AutismNneka Fabe
Autism is a neurological disorder characterized by severe deficits in communication, language, and social skills. The prevalence of autism has risen significantly worldwide and in the Philippines over the past few decades. Tips for teaching children with autism include using simple and concrete language, teaching specific social rules, giving fewer choices, providing clear structure and routines, warning of any changes, addressing children individually, avoiding overstimulation, allowing avoidance of difficult activities, and allowing some obsessive behaviors as rewards.
El Método de Evaluación de la Percepción Visual de Frostig (DTVP-2) es una batería de 8 pruebas que miden la integración visomotora y la percepción visual en niños de 4 a 10 años. Explora aspectos como la coordinación visomotriz, discriminación figura-fondo, constancia de formas, percepción de posiciones en el espacio y relaciones espaciales para identificar retrasos en la madurez perceptiva que puedan afectar el aprendizaje.
This document provides an overview of ADHD in children, including its history, diagnosis, symptoms, treatment, and resources. It discusses the inattentive and hyperactive types of ADHD, challenges children with ADHD may face, effective treatment options like medication and behavior modification, and myths versus facts about the disorder.
This document provides an update on antipsychotic medications from Prof. Hani Hamed Dessoki. It discusses oral and long-acting injectable second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) including two new products, Vraylar and Nuplazid. It also mentions guidelines for antipsychotic use in dementia and a new boxed warning for olanzapine regarding DRESS syndrome. Product and guideline updates are provided at the end.
The video for this presentation is available on our Youtube channel:
https://youtube.com/allceuseducation A continuing education course for this presentation can be found at https://www.allceus.com/member/cart/index/index?c=
Unlimited Counseling CEUs for $59 https://www.allceus.com/
Specialty Certificate tracks starting at $89 https://www.allceus.com/certificate-tracks/
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Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/CounselorToolbox
Pinterest: drsnipes
Provides a high-level overview of the main feel-good chemicals, practical and pharmacological ways to address chemical imbalances and how chemical imbalances can trigger a relapse.
The document summarizes changes to diagnostic criteria for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in the DSM-5, including removing the age of onset criterion of 7 years and including examples to help clinicians. It provides the diagnostic criteria for ADHD, including inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms. It discusses prevalence, gender differences, comorbidities, differential diagnosis, assessment methods, etiology, interventions including medications and behavioral therapies, and references.
What is positive psychology (summary) the happiness blogDr. Sandip Roy
Positive psychology is essentially the science of happiness and wellbeing, but also includes the study of the aspects of life, including suffering, that make it worth living. It examines the meaning of life, the welfare of society, and the methods of increasing life satisfaction.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in children that often persists into adulthood. The neurobiology of ADHD is complex and involves the neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine. Dopamine enhances attention, focus, and on-task behavior by acting in the striatal prefrontal pathway, while norepinephrine dampens noises and distractibility by acting in the prefrontal pathway. Neuroimaging research has found reduced prefrontal cortex volume and connectivity in individuals with ADHD.
This document summarizes research on neurofeedback efficacy for various brain disorders and conditions. It finds neurofeedback effective for ADHD, with over 60 studies showing large reductions in inattention and impulsivity. Over 30 studies show neurofeedback helps treat addictive disorders using alpha-theta protocols. Neurofeedback also helps anxiety disorders by rewarding relaxing frequencies. It is a promising new treatment for autism spectrum disorder and helps chronic fatigue syndrome, though more research is needed. Neurofeedback improves cognition in the elderly and enhances memory in healthy adults. Over 30 studies show it alleviates depression symptoms using frontal alpha asymmetry protocols.
REVIEWpublished 24 June 2015doi 10.3389fnhum.2015.003.docxmalbert5
REVIEW
published: 24 June 2015
doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00359
Pathophysiology of ADHD and
associated problems—starting points
for NF interventions?
Björn Albrecht*, Henrik Uebel-von Sandersleben, Holger Gevensleben and
Aribert Rothenberger
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
Edited by:
Martijn Arns,
Research Institute Brainclinics,
Netherlands
Reviewed by:
Roumen Kirov,
Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian
Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria
Leon Kenemans,
Utrecht University, Netherlands
*Correspondence:
Björn Albrecht,
Department of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry, University Medical Center
Göttingen, von Siebold Straße 5,
37075 Göttingen, Germany
[email protected]
Received: 06 October 2014
Accepted: 02 June 2015
Published: 24 June 2015
Citation:
Albrecht B, Uebel-von Sandersleben
H, Gevensleben H and Rothenberger
A (2015) Pathophysiology of ADHD
and associated problems—starting
points for NF interventions?
Front. Hum. Neurosci. 9:359.
doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00359
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by severe and
age-inappropriate levels of hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention. ADHD is a
heterogeneous disorder, and the majority of patients show comorbid or associated
problems from other psychiatric disorders. Also, ADHD is associated with cognitive and
motivational problems as well as resting-state abnormalities, associated with impaired
brain activity in distinct neuronal networks. This needs to be considered in a multimodal
treatment, of which neurofeedback (NF) may be a promising component. During NF,
specific brain activity is fed-back using visual or auditory signals, allowing the participants
to gain control over these otherwise unaware neuronal processes. NF may be used
to directly improve underlying neuronal deficits, and/or to establish more general self-
regulatory skills that may be used to compensate behavioral difficulties. The current
manuscript describes pathophysiological characteristics of ADHD, heterogeneity of
ADHD subtypes and gender differences, as well as frequently associated behavioral
problems such as oppositional defiant/conduct or tic disorder. It is discussed how NF
may be helpful as a treatment approach within these contexts.
Keywords: Neurofeedback (NF), ADHD, ODD/CD, tic disorder, comorbidity, children, neurobiology
Introduction
Difficulties with Inattention or Hyperactivity and Impulsivity as the core symptoms of Attention
deficit Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are a frequent psychosocial burden. With an early onset
during childhood, ADHD is often persisting throughout life. It is a heterogeneous disorder, and a
challenge to treat. In light of this heterogeneity, the most promising treatment approach should
be multimodal in nature (Taylor et al., 2004; Swanson et al., 2008). Pharmacological interventions
particularly with stimulants such as methylphenidate and amphetamine sulfate, as well as non-
s.
Neurofeedback is a type of biofeedback therapy that uses EEG to measure brain waves and teach patients to regulate their brain activity. Studies show neurofeedback can be an effective complementary treatment for addiction when combined with therapies like CBT. It works by training patients over multiple sessions to develop coping skills and process stressors in a calm manner by retraining dysfunctional brain patterns associated with their substance dependence. Research finds neurofeedback improves focus and reduces impulsive behaviors for over 85% of patients, and treatment programs using it have higher success rates and lower relapse.
Running head: STUDY PROPOSAL
1
STUDY PROPOSAL
3
Your Full Title of Your Paper
Learner's Full Name
Course Title
Assignment Title
Capella University
Month, Year
Research Problem
State the problem that underlies the topic for your research proposal and evaluate physiological connections based on knowledge of physiological mechanisms, neural transmission, and neurotransmitter function gained in this course.
Literature Review
Provide an effective literature review of other studies done on the same research problem. This section may include information obtained in your Unit 5 research methods paper. Use inline citations when appropriate.
Importance or Implications to Biological Psychology
Discuss the importance or implications of this research problem to biological psychology.
Hypothesis Verification
State the hypothesis your study plan is designed to test and/or state any questions that will guide your research plan.
Method
Briefly describe the method chosen for the study you are proposing based on the 4 methods covered I this course as suitable for research in biopsychology. Be sure to provide a rationale for choosing this method. (consider naturalistic observation, case study, survey, and experiment)s
Validity
Describe how the validity of the research will be ensured.
Ethical Criteria
Discuss the necessary criteria to ensure the study will be conducted safely and ethically.
Summary and Conclusion
Summarize your study plan and rationale for the chosen method and design. A summary and conclusion section, which can also be the discussion section of an APA Style paper, is the final opportunity for the author to make a lasting impression on the reader.
References
Running head: RESEARCH ARTICLES 1
RESEARCH ARTICLES 2
Research Articles
In every human’s life circle, there probably has come a time or a situation in which, they have experienced pain. This might consist of migraines, muscle aches, broken bone, post-surgical pain., and honestly, a slew of other medical reasons. Such pain can manifest as either acute or chronic. When the pain is mild, an over-the counter pain reliever can be prescribed (Skidmore-Roth, 2018). However, acute or chronic pains might be severe enough to prompt a physician to recommend and prescribe a stronger pain reliever known as opioids (Skidmore-Roth, 2018). Opioids are a class of medication known as narcotics and are both prescription and illicit in nature (Skidmore-Roth, 2018). Unfortunately, because the prescription strength is a controlled class II narcotic, they have the potential to become habit forming when misused, as noted by the ever-increasing crisis of opioid abuse and addiction (Skidmore-Roth, 2018). This paper, therefore, seeks to present investigative findings regarding whether or not the pharmacological maintenance treatment approach truly has the possibility of reducing the occurrence of addiction, but also in the ...
This document summarizes research on the potential adverse effects of the ADHD medication Adderall XR on neurocognitive brain health. It discusses that while Adderall is effective in treating ADHD symptoms, research is limited on long-term effects. The medication increases dopamine levels in the brain and can alter the autonomic nervous system. Some studies have found psychiatric issues and brain abnormalities in long-term Adderall users. However, more research is still needed to determine if Adderall causes permanent neurological damage or if symptoms are due to other factors like sleep deprivation. The document calls for more research using neurological imaging to properly diagnose ADHD and avoid inappropriate exposure to medications.
This document summarizes a meta-analysis of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for symptoms of schizophrenia. The meta-analysis included 34 studies examining overall symptoms, 33 examining positive symptoms, and 34 examining negative symptoms. It found small effect sizes favoring CBT across symptoms. However, effect sizes were larger in studies that masked outcome assessments, indicating masking reduced bias. The analysis also examined potential biases from randomization, incomplete data, and type of control group, but found little effect of these factors on results. While meta-analyses have found CBT effective for schizophrenia, biases like lack of masking in some studies may inflate apparent benefits.
This document summarizes the theoretical framework, instruments, and design of a study evaluating the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of long-term psychoanalytic treatment. The study uses a multiple cohort design to follow patients in four cohorts representing different phases of treatment: before treatment, one year into treatment, at the end of treatment, and two years post-treatment. Outcome measures assess symptomatic functioning and structural change, using both theory-based and a-theoretical instruments. The study aims to expand the evidence base for psychoanalytic treatment given difficulties with randomized controlled trials for long-term interventions.
Integrated Psychological Therapy (IPT) and Wellness Self-Management (WSM) are two multimodal workbook-based treatments for individuals with schizophrenia. IPT was developed in 1994 and focuses on remediating cognitive deficits through group exercises before building social skills. Research shows IPT improves neurocognition, symptoms, and functioning. WSM was developed in 2001 from Illness Management and Recovery and uses a personal workbook to build competencies like medication management. Over 80% of facilities using WSM continued ten months later. Both treatments aim to improve functioning through cognitive and social rehabilitation, though IPT has more extensive research support currently.
I need a response to this assignment2 references zero plagia.docxsamirapdcosden
I need a response to this assignment
2 references
zero plagiarism
Does psychotherapy have a biological basis?
In a word, yes. Psychotherapy has a solid basis in biological processes. Changes in thought processes can be linked to changes in the structure or function of neural activity (Stahl, 2013). Numerous imaging and functional scanning studies demonstrate that psychotherapy changes how the brain functions, and these changes can be demonstrated on a biological level. A few of these studies are highlighted here to illustrate the point.
A systematic review by Zantvoord, Diehle, & Lindauer (2013) identified 16 studies that examined brain imaging with PTSD patients receiving trauma-processing therapies including TF-CBT and EMDR. The studies reviewed showed various biological factors at play including increased activity in the mid-prefrontal cortex and decreased activity in the amygdala following TF-CBT (Zantvoord, Diehle, & Lindauer, 2013). Furthermore, Lindauer et al. (2008) showed that following TF-CBT, the neural circuitry of working memory in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex showed decreased activity. Disturbances in this brain region appears to play a part in the development and maintenance of PTSD (Lindauer et al, 2008).
Too many studies demonstrate the biological basis of therapy to give a solid accounting of this evidence. Thome et al (2016) compared the use of psychotherapy versus pharmacology to help reduce anxiety in reconsolidation phases of traumatic memories. The reality that both therapy and pharmacologic agents can produce similar results demonstrates that therapy has a biological component. Even (traditionally) less structured forms of therapy such as psychodynamic therapy has been shown through brain imaging to change the structure and function of neural pathways (Abbass, Nowoweiski, Bernier, Tarzwell, & Beutel, 2014).
The summation of evidence that psychotherapy can alter the chemistry, structure, and function of the brain makes it clear that psychotherapeutic interventions are an important aspect of effective treatment for mental disorders.
Explain how culture, religion, and socioeconomics might influence one’s perspective of the value of psychotherapy treatments.
Culture, religion, and socioeconomic status are active influences in people’s lives, so these factors will inherently have influence on the choices people are willing to consider. Some cultures may believe more in therapy than in pharmacology, as may certain religious groups. Some religious groups may shun all forms of mental health intervention believing that these illnesses reflect a lack of faith or misunderstanding of how to bring life into balance.
All three of these specific factors have systemic impacts that can influence a patient’s willingness to engage in psychotherapy, and this can limit the potential gains from therapy if the patient is hesitant to participate (.
Treating Insomnia in Depression Insomnia Related Factors Pred.docxturveycharlyn
Treating Insomnia in Depression: Insomnia Related Factors Predict
Long-Term Depression Trajectories
Bei Bei
Monash University and Royal Women’s Hospital, University of
Melbourne
Lauren D. Asarnow
Stanford University
Andrew Krystal
University of California, San Francisco
Jack D. Edinger
National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, and Duke University
Medical Center
Daniel J. Buysse
University of Pittsburgh
Rachel Manber
Stanford University
Objective: Insomnia and major depressive disorders (MDD) often co-occur, and such comorbidity has
been associated with poorer outcomes for both conditions. However, individual differences in depressive
symptom trajectories during and after treatment are poorly understood in comorbid insomnia and
depression. This study explored the heterogeneity in long-term depression change trajectories, and
examined their correlates, particularly insomnia-related characteristics. Method: Participants were 148
adults (age M � SD � 46.6 � 12.6, 73.0% female) with insomnia and MDD who received antidepressant
pharmacotherapy, and were randomized to 7-session Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia or
control conditions over 16 weeks with 2-year follow-ups. Depression and insomnia severity were
assessed at baseline, biweekly during treatment, and every 4 months thereafter. Sleep effort and beliefs
about sleep were also assessed. Results: Growth mixture modeling revealed three trajectories: (a)
Partial-Responders (68.9%) had moderate symptom reduction during early treatment (p value � .001)
and maintained mild depression during follow-ups. (b) Initial-Responders (17.6%) had marked symptom
reduction during treatment (p values � .001) and low depression severity at posttreatment, but increased
severity over follow-up (p value � .001). (c) Optimal-Responders (13.5%) achieved most gains during
early treatment (p value � .001), continued to improve (p value � .01) and maintained minimal
depression during follow-ups. The classes did not differ significantly on baseline measures or treatment
received, but differed on insomnia-related measures after treatment began (p values � .05): Optimal-
Responders consistently endorsed the lowest insomnia severity, sleep effort, and unhelpful beliefs about
sleep. Conclusions: Three depression symptom trajectories were observed among patients with comorbid
insomnia and MDD. These trajectories were associated with insomnia-related constructs after commenc-
ing treatment. Early changes in insomnia characteristics may predict long-term depression outcomes.
What is the public health significance of this article?
This study identified three distinct depression trajectories in patients with comorbid major depression
and insomnia disorders during treatment and 2-year follow-up. Those with the largest and most
sustained improvements in depression consistently scored the lowest on postbaseline insomnia and
insomnia-related cognitions. Early changes in insomnia symptoms and insomnia-related character ...
Culture, religion, and socioeconomic status can influence one's perspective on the value of psychotherapy in several ways. Some cultures or religious groups may favor therapy over medication or reject mental health treatment altogether. Socioeconomic factors are also closely tied to health literacy and willingness to engage in therapy. For treatment to be effective, therapists must account for how these systemic influences shape a client's lived experience and willingness to participate in the therapeutic process.
Assessing and Treating Adult Clients with Mood DisordersA mood d.docxgalerussel59292
Assessing and Treating Adult Clients with Mood Disorders
A mood disorder describes a psychological disorder which is characterized as a fluctuation of one’s mood, such as a major depressive or bipolar disorder. An estimated 20 million individuals in the United States have depression which comprises of symptoms such as a loss of pleasure in activities, sadness, weight changes, feelings of hopelessness, fatigue as well as suicidal ideation; all of which can significantly impact daily functioning (Mental Health.gov, 2017). According to Park and Zarate (2019) onset of depression in adulthood continues to flourish where an estimated 30 percent of adults have a lifetime risk of experiencing a major depressive episode with a median age of 32.5. The author further indicates screening for depression, a thorough evaluation, and monitoring is necessary to ensure safety and wellbeing (Park & Zarate, 2019). Pharmacotherapy, along with psychotherapy are first-line therapies for effective outcomes (Park & Zarate, 2019). The purpose of this paper is to review a case study, choose the appropriate selection utilizing research, and discuss ethical considerations.
Case Study
A 32-year-old Hispanic American client presents to the initial appointment with depression. Health history, along with medical workup, appears to be unremarkable except for the slight back and shoulder pain due to his occupation. The clinical interview reveals past feelings of being an “outsider” and has few friends (Laureate Education, 2016). There is a decline in daily activities, a weight increase of 15 pounds over two months, along with diminished sleep and the inability to fully concentrate (Laureate Education, 2016). The results of the depression screening administered by the psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner (PMHNP), indicates severe depression with a score of 51 (Montgomery & Asberg, 1979).
Decision Point One
The selections include Zoloft 25 mg orally daily, Effexor 37.5 XR mg orally daily, or Phenelzine 15 mg orally TID. As a healthcare professional treating a client, Zoloft (sertraline) 25 mg is the first choice at decision point one. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) impede the reabsorption of this neurotransmitter; thus, increasing the serotonin levels of the nerve cells in the brain to allow for improvement in mood (Stahl, 2013). SSRIs have been utilized as first-line therapy to treat major depressive disorder due to efficacy, fewer side effects, cost-effectiveness as well as a wider availability (Masuda et al., 2017). The therapeutic dosing range is typically 50 mg-200 mg (Stahl, 2017). However, beginning at 25 mg and gradually titrating the dose, depending on tolerability, is an appropriate health care decision (National Alliance on Mental Illness, 2018b). Therefore, a low dose of Zoloft appears to be the best option in caring for this client.
Effexor (venlafaxine) is classified as a selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) wh.
This document discusses ADHD as a brain-based disorder. It explains that ADHD is caused by differences in neurotransmitter levels like dopamine and norepinephrine in key brain regions such as the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia. Brain imaging techniques reveal that these brain regions develop more slowly in individuals with ADHD compared to their peers. While the exact causes are still unclear, ADHD is understood to involve impaired regulation of attention, motor activity, and impulsivity due to neurotransmitter imbalances in specific brain circuits.
The document discusses the effects of trauma on child psychological development. It states that trauma from abuse, neglect, or other stressful experiences can harm brain development and negatively impact mental, social, and physical health later in life. Specifically, it discusses how trauma affects neurodevelopment and psychosocial development in ways that impair functions like memory, learning, emotional regulation, and interpersonal skills. The document also examines different types of trauma and their characteristic effects on children.
12 Tips for Teaching Children with AutismNneka Fabe
Autism is a neurological disorder characterized by severe deficits in communication, language, and social skills. The prevalence of autism has risen significantly worldwide and in the Philippines over the past few decades. Tips for teaching children with autism include using simple and concrete language, teaching specific social rules, giving fewer choices, providing clear structure and routines, warning of any changes, addressing children individually, avoiding overstimulation, allowing avoidance of difficult activities, and allowing some obsessive behaviors as rewards.
El Método de Evaluación de la Percepción Visual de Frostig (DTVP-2) es una batería de 8 pruebas que miden la integración visomotora y la percepción visual en niños de 4 a 10 años. Explora aspectos como la coordinación visomotriz, discriminación figura-fondo, constancia de formas, percepción de posiciones en el espacio y relaciones espaciales para identificar retrasos en la madurez perceptiva que puedan afectar el aprendizaje.
This document provides an overview of ADHD in children, including its history, diagnosis, symptoms, treatment, and resources. It discusses the inattentive and hyperactive types of ADHD, challenges children with ADHD may face, effective treatment options like medication and behavior modification, and myths versus facts about the disorder.
This document provides an update on antipsychotic medications from Prof. Hani Hamed Dessoki. It discusses oral and long-acting injectable second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) including two new products, Vraylar and Nuplazid. It also mentions guidelines for antipsychotic use in dementia and a new boxed warning for olanzapine regarding DRESS syndrome. Product and guideline updates are provided at the end.
The video for this presentation is available on our Youtube channel:
https://youtube.com/allceuseducation A continuing education course for this presentation can be found at https://www.allceus.com/member/cart/index/index?c=
Unlimited Counseling CEUs for $59 https://www.allceus.com/
Specialty Certificate tracks starting at $89 https://www.allceus.com/certificate-tracks/
Live Webinars $5/hour https://www.allceus.com/live-interactive-webinars/
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/CounselorToolbox
Pinterest: drsnipes
Provides a high-level overview of the main feel-good chemicals, practical and pharmacological ways to address chemical imbalances and how chemical imbalances can trigger a relapse.
The document summarizes changes to diagnostic criteria for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in the DSM-5, including removing the age of onset criterion of 7 years and including examples to help clinicians. It provides the diagnostic criteria for ADHD, including inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms. It discusses prevalence, gender differences, comorbidities, differential diagnosis, assessment methods, etiology, interventions including medications and behavioral therapies, and references.
What is positive psychology (summary) the happiness blogDr. Sandip Roy
Positive psychology is essentially the science of happiness and wellbeing, but also includes the study of the aspects of life, including suffering, that make it worth living. It examines the meaning of life, the welfare of society, and the methods of increasing life satisfaction.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in children that often persists into adulthood. The neurobiology of ADHD is complex and involves the neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine. Dopamine enhances attention, focus, and on-task behavior by acting in the striatal prefrontal pathway, while norepinephrine dampens noises and distractibility by acting in the prefrontal pathway. Neuroimaging research has found reduced prefrontal cortex volume and connectivity in individuals with ADHD.
This document summarizes research on neurofeedback efficacy for various brain disorders and conditions. It finds neurofeedback effective for ADHD, with over 60 studies showing large reductions in inattention and impulsivity. Over 30 studies show neurofeedback helps treat addictive disorders using alpha-theta protocols. Neurofeedback also helps anxiety disorders by rewarding relaxing frequencies. It is a promising new treatment for autism spectrum disorder and helps chronic fatigue syndrome, though more research is needed. Neurofeedback improves cognition in the elderly and enhances memory in healthy adults. Over 30 studies show it alleviates depression symptoms using frontal alpha asymmetry protocols.
REVIEWpublished 24 June 2015doi 10.3389fnhum.2015.003.docxmalbert5
REVIEW
published: 24 June 2015
doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00359
Pathophysiology of ADHD and
associated problems—starting points
for NF interventions?
Björn Albrecht*, Henrik Uebel-von Sandersleben, Holger Gevensleben and
Aribert Rothenberger
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
Edited by:
Martijn Arns,
Research Institute Brainclinics,
Netherlands
Reviewed by:
Roumen Kirov,
Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian
Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria
Leon Kenemans,
Utrecht University, Netherlands
*Correspondence:
Björn Albrecht,
Department of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry, University Medical Center
Göttingen, von Siebold Straße 5,
37075 Göttingen, Germany
[email protected]
Received: 06 October 2014
Accepted: 02 June 2015
Published: 24 June 2015
Citation:
Albrecht B, Uebel-von Sandersleben
H, Gevensleben H and Rothenberger
A (2015) Pathophysiology of ADHD
and associated problems—starting
points for NF interventions?
Front. Hum. Neurosci. 9:359.
doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00359
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by severe and
age-inappropriate levels of hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention. ADHD is a
heterogeneous disorder, and the majority of patients show comorbid or associated
problems from other psychiatric disorders. Also, ADHD is associated with cognitive and
motivational problems as well as resting-state abnormalities, associated with impaired
brain activity in distinct neuronal networks. This needs to be considered in a multimodal
treatment, of which neurofeedback (NF) may be a promising component. During NF,
specific brain activity is fed-back using visual or auditory signals, allowing the participants
to gain control over these otherwise unaware neuronal processes. NF may be used
to directly improve underlying neuronal deficits, and/or to establish more general self-
regulatory skills that may be used to compensate behavioral difficulties. The current
manuscript describes pathophysiological characteristics of ADHD, heterogeneity of
ADHD subtypes and gender differences, as well as frequently associated behavioral
problems such as oppositional defiant/conduct or tic disorder. It is discussed how NF
may be helpful as a treatment approach within these contexts.
Keywords: Neurofeedback (NF), ADHD, ODD/CD, tic disorder, comorbidity, children, neurobiology
Introduction
Difficulties with Inattention or Hyperactivity and Impulsivity as the core symptoms of Attention
deficit Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are a frequent psychosocial burden. With an early onset
during childhood, ADHD is often persisting throughout life. It is a heterogeneous disorder, and a
challenge to treat. In light of this heterogeneity, the most promising treatment approach should
be multimodal in nature (Taylor et al., 2004; Swanson et al., 2008). Pharmacological interventions
particularly with stimulants such as methylphenidate and amphetamine sulfate, as well as non-
s.
Neurofeedback is a type of biofeedback therapy that uses EEG to measure brain waves and teach patients to regulate their brain activity. Studies show neurofeedback can be an effective complementary treatment for addiction when combined with therapies like CBT. It works by training patients over multiple sessions to develop coping skills and process stressors in a calm manner by retraining dysfunctional brain patterns associated with their substance dependence. Research finds neurofeedback improves focus and reduces impulsive behaviors for over 85% of patients, and treatment programs using it have higher success rates and lower relapse.
Running head: STUDY PROPOSAL
1
STUDY PROPOSAL
3
Your Full Title of Your Paper
Learner's Full Name
Course Title
Assignment Title
Capella University
Month, Year
Research Problem
State the problem that underlies the topic for your research proposal and evaluate physiological connections based on knowledge of physiological mechanisms, neural transmission, and neurotransmitter function gained in this course.
Literature Review
Provide an effective literature review of other studies done on the same research problem. This section may include information obtained in your Unit 5 research methods paper. Use inline citations when appropriate.
Importance or Implications to Biological Psychology
Discuss the importance or implications of this research problem to biological psychology.
Hypothesis Verification
State the hypothesis your study plan is designed to test and/or state any questions that will guide your research plan.
Method
Briefly describe the method chosen for the study you are proposing based on the 4 methods covered I this course as suitable for research in biopsychology. Be sure to provide a rationale for choosing this method. (consider naturalistic observation, case study, survey, and experiment)s
Validity
Describe how the validity of the research will be ensured.
Ethical Criteria
Discuss the necessary criteria to ensure the study will be conducted safely and ethically.
Summary and Conclusion
Summarize your study plan and rationale for the chosen method and design. A summary and conclusion section, which can also be the discussion section of an APA Style paper, is the final opportunity for the author to make a lasting impression on the reader.
References
Running head: RESEARCH ARTICLES 1
RESEARCH ARTICLES 2
Research Articles
In every human’s life circle, there probably has come a time or a situation in which, they have experienced pain. This might consist of migraines, muscle aches, broken bone, post-surgical pain., and honestly, a slew of other medical reasons. Such pain can manifest as either acute or chronic. When the pain is mild, an over-the counter pain reliever can be prescribed (Skidmore-Roth, 2018). However, acute or chronic pains might be severe enough to prompt a physician to recommend and prescribe a stronger pain reliever known as opioids (Skidmore-Roth, 2018). Opioids are a class of medication known as narcotics and are both prescription and illicit in nature (Skidmore-Roth, 2018). Unfortunately, because the prescription strength is a controlled class II narcotic, they have the potential to become habit forming when misused, as noted by the ever-increasing crisis of opioid abuse and addiction (Skidmore-Roth, 2018). This paper, therefore, seeks to present investigative findings regarding whether or not the pharmacological maintenance treatment approach truly has the possibility of reducing the occurrence of addiction, but also in the ...
This document summarizes research on the potential adverse effects of the ADHD medication Adderall XR on neurocognitive brain health. It discusses that while Adderall is effective in treating ADHD symptoms, research is limited on long-term effects. The medication increases dopamine levels in the brain and can alter the autonomic nervous system. Some studies have found psychiatric issues and brain abnormalities in long-term Adderall users. However, more research is still needed to determine if Adderall causes permanent neurological damage or if symptoms are due to other factors like sleep deprivation. The document calls for more research using neurological imaging to properly diagnose ADHD and avoid inappropriate exposure to medications.
This document summarizes a meta-analysis of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for symptoms of schizophrenia. The meta-analysis included 34 studies examining overall symptoms, 33 examining positive symptoms, and 34 examining negative symptoms. It found small effect sizes favoring CBT across symptoms. However, effect sizes were larger in studies that masked outcome assessments, indicating masking reduced bias. The analysis also examined potential biases from randomization, incomplete data, and type of control group, but found little effect of these factors on results. While meta-analyses have found CBT effective for schizophrenia, biases like lack of masking in some studies may inflate apparent benefits.
This document summarizes the theoretical framework, instruments, and design of a study evaluating the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of long-term psychoanalytic treatment. The study uses a multiple cohort design to follow patients in four cohorts representing different phases of treatment: before treatment, one year into treatment, at the end of treatment, and two years post-treatment. Outcome measures assess symptomatic functioning and structural change, using both theory-based and a-theoretical instruments. The study aims to expand the evidence base for psychoanalytic treatment given difficulties with randomized controlled trials for long-term interventions.
Integrated Psychological Therapy (IPT) and Wellness Self-Management (WSM) are two multimodal workbook-based treatments for individuals with schizophrenia. IPT was developed in 1994 and focuses on remediating cognitive deficits through group exercises before building social skills. Research shows IPT improves neurocognition, symptoms, and functioning. WSM was developed in 2001 from Illness Management and Recovery and uses a personal workbook to build competencies like medication management. Over 80% of facilities using WSM continued ten months later. Both treatments aim to improve functioning through cognitive and social rehabilitation, though IPT has more extensive research support currently.
I need a response to this assignment2 references zero plagia.docxsamirapdcosden
I need a response to this assignment
2 references
zero plagiarism
Does psychotherapy have a biological basis?
In a word, yes. Psychotherapy has a solid basis in biological processes. Changes in thought processes can be linked to changes in the structure or function of neural activity (Stahl, 2013). Numerous imaging and functional scanning studies demonstrate that psychotherapy changes how the brain functions, and these changes can be demonstrated on a biological level. A few of these studies are highlighted here to illustrate the point.
A systematic review by Zantvoord, Diehle, & Lindauer (2013) identified 16 studies that examined brain imaging with PTSD patients receiving trauma-processing therapies including TF-CBT and EMDR. The studies reviewed showed various biological factors at play including increased activity in the mid-prefrontal cortex and decreased activity in the amygdala following TF-CBT (Zantvoord, Diehle, & Lindauer, 2013). Furthermore, Lindauer et al. (2008) showed that following TF-CBT, the neural circuitry of working memory in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex showed decreased activity. Disturbances in this brain region appears to play a part in the development and maintenance of PTSD (Lindauer et al, 2008).
Too many studies demonstrate the biological basis of therapy to give a solid accounting of this evidence. Thome et al (2016) compared the use of psychotherapy versus pharmacology to help reduce anxiety in reconsolidation phases of traumatic memories. The reality that both therapy and pharmacologic agents can produce similar results demonstrates that therapy has a biological component. Even (traditionally) less structured forms of therapy such as psychodynamic therapy has been shown through brain imaging to change the structure and function of neural pathways (Abbass, Nowoweiski, Bernier, Tarzwell, & Beutel, 2014).
The summation of evidence that psychotherapy can alter the chemistry, structure, and function of the brain makes it clear that psychotherapeutic interventions are an important aspect of effective treatment for mental disorders.
Explain how culture, religion, and socioeconomics might influence one’s perspective of the value of psychotherapy treatments.
Culture, religion, and socioeconomic status are active influences in people’s lives, so these factors will inherently have influence on the choices people are willing to consider. Some cultures may believe more in therapy than in pharmacology, as may certain religious groups. Some religious groups may shun all forms of mental health intervention believing that these illnesses reflect a lack of faith or misunderstanding of how to bring life into balance.
All three of these specific factors have systemic impacts that can influence a patient’s willingness to engage in psychotherapy, and this can limit the potential gains from therapy if the patient is hesitant to participate (.
Treating Insomnia in Depression Insomnia Related Factors Pred.docxturveycharlyn
Treating Insomnia in Depression: Insomnia Related Factors Predict
Long-Term Depression Trajectories
Bei Bei
Monash University and Royal Women’s Hospital, University of
Melbourne
Lauren D. Asarnow
Stanford University
Andrew Krystal
University of California, San Francisco
Jack D. Edinger
National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, and Duke University
Medical Center
Daniel J. Buysse
University of Pittsburgh
Rachel Manber
Stanford University
Objective: Insomnia and major depressive disorders (MDD) often co-occur, and such comorbidity has
been associated with poorer outcomes for both conditions. However, individual differences in depressive
symptom trajectories during and after treatment are poorly understood in comorbid insomnia and
depression. This study explored the heterogeneity in long-term depression change trajectories, and
examined their correlates, particularly insomnia-related characteristics. Method: Participants were 148
adults (age M � SD � 46.6 � 12.6, 73.0% female) with insomnia and MDD who received antidepressant
pharmacotherapy, and were randomized to 7-session Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia or
control conditions over 16 weeks with 2-year follow-ups. Depression and insomnia severity were
assessed at baseline, biweekly during treatment, and every 4 months thereafter. Sleep effort and beliefs
about sleep were also assessed. Results: Growth mixture modeling revealed three trajectories: (a)
Partial-Responders (68.9%) had moderate symptom reduction during early treatment (p value � .001)
and maintained mild depression during follow-ups. (b) Initial-Responders (17.6%) had marked symptom
reduction during treatment (p values � .001) and low depression severity at posttreatment, but increased
severity over follow-up (p value � .001). (c) Optimal-Responders (13.5%) achieved most gains during
early treatment (p value � .001), continued to improve (p value � .01) and maintained minimal
depression during follow-ups. The classes did not differ significantly on baseline measures or treatment
received, but differed on insomnia-related measures after treatment began (p values � .05): Optimal-
Responders consistently endorsed the lowest insomnia severity, sleep effort, and unhelpful beliefs about
sleep. Conclusions: Three depression symptom trajectories were observed among patients with comorbid
insomnia and MDD. These trajectories were associated with insomnia-related constructs after commenc-
ing treatment. Early changes in insomnia characteristics may predict long-term depression outcomes.
What is the public health significance of this article?
This study identified three distinct depression trajectories in patients with comorbid major depression
and insomnia disorders during treatment and 2-year follow-up. Those with the largest and most
sustained improvements in depression consistently scored the lowest on postbaseline insomnia and
insomnia-related cognitions. Early changes in insomnia symptoms and insomnia-related character ...
Culture, religion, and socioeconomic status can influence one's perspective on the value of psychotherapy in several ways. Some cultures or religious groups may favor therapy over medication or reject mental health treatment altogether. Socioeconomic factors are also closely tied to health literacy and willingness to engage in therapy. For treatment to be effective, therapists must account for how these systemic influences shape a client's lived experience and willingness to participate in the therapeutic process.
Assessing and Treating Adult Clients with Mood DisordersA mood d.docxgalerussel59292
Assessing and Treating Adult Clients with Mood Disorders
A mood disorder describes a psychological disorder which is characterized as a fluctuation of one’s mood, such as a major depressive or bipolar disorder. An estimated 20 million individuals in the United States have depression which comprises of symptoms such as a loss of pleasure in activities, sadness, weight changes, feelings of hopelessness, fatigue as well as suicidal ideation; all of which can significantly impact daily functioning (Mental Health.gov, 2017). According to Park and Zarate (2019) onset of depression in adulthood continues to flourish where an estimated 30 percent of adults have a lifetime risk of experiencing a major depressive episode with a median age of 32.5. The author further indicates screening for depression, a thorough evaluation, and monitoring is necessary to ensure safety and wellbeing (Park & Zarate, 2019). Pharmacotherapy, along with psychotherapy are first-line therapies for effective outcomes (Park & Zarate, 2019). The purpose of this paper is to review a case study, choose the appropriate selection utilizing research, and discuss ethical considerations.
Case Study
A 32-year-old Hispanic American client presents to the initial appointment with depression. Health history, along with medical workup, appears to be unremarkable except for the slight back and shoulder pain due to his occupation. The clinical interview reveals past feelings of being an “outsider” and has few friends (Laureate Education, 2016). There is a decline in daily activities, a weight increase of 15 pounds over two months, along with diminished sleep and the inability to fully concentrate (Laureate Education, 2016). The results of the depression screening administered by the psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner (PMHNP), indicates severe depression with a score of 51 (Montgomery & Asberg, 1979).
Decision Point One
The selections include Zoloft 25 mg orally daily, Effexor 37.5 XR mg orally daily, or Phenelzine 15 mg orally TID. As a healthcare professional treating a client, Zoloft (sertraline) 25 mg is the first choice at decision point one. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) impede the reabsorption of this neurotransmitter; thus, increasing the serotonin levels of the nerve cells in the brain to allow for improvement in mood (Stahl, 2013). SSRIs have been utilized as first-line therapy to treat major depressive disorder due to efficacy, fewer side effects, cost-effectiveness as well as a wider availability (Masuda et al., 2017). The therapeutic dosing range is typically 50 mg-200 mg (Stahl, 2017). However, beginning at 25 mg and gradually titrating the dose, depending on tolerability, is an appropriate health care decision (National Alliance on Mental Illness, 2018b). Therefore, a low dose of Zoloft appears to be the best option in caring for this client.
Effexor (venlafaxine) is classified as a selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) wh.
Assessing and Treating Adult Clients with Mood DisordersA mood d.docxcargillfilberto
Assessing and Treating Adult Clients with Mood Disorders
A mood disorder describes a psychological disorder which is characterized as a fluctuation of one’s mood, such as a major depressive or bipolar disorder. An estimated 20 million individuals in the United States have depression which comprises of symptoms such as a loss of pleasure in activities, sadness, weight changes, feelings of hopelessness, fatigue as well as suicidal ideation; all of which can significantly impact daily functioning (Mental Health.gov, 2017). According to Park and Zarate (2019) onset of depression in adulthood continues to flourish where an estimated 30 percent of adults have a lifetime risk of experiencing a major depressive episode with a median age of 32.5. The author further indicates screening for depression, a thorough evaluation, and monitoring is necessary to ensure safety and wellbeing (Park & Zarate, 2019). Pharmacotherapy, along with psychotherapy are first-line therapies for effective outcomes (Park & Zarate, 2019). The purpose of this paper is to review a case study, choose the appropriate selection utilizing research, and discuss ethical considerations.
Case Study
A 32-year-old Hispanic American client presents to the initial appointment with depression. Health history, along with medical workup, appears to be unremarkable except for the slight back and shoulder pain due to his occupation. The clinical interview reveals past feelings of being an “outsider” and has few friends (Laureate Education, 2016). There is a decline in daily activities, a weight increase of 15 pounds over two months, along with diminished sleep and the inability to fully concentrate (Laureate Education, 2016). The results of the depression screening administered by the psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner (PMHNP), indicates severe depression with a score of 51 (Montgomery & Asberg, 1979).
Decision Point One
The selections include Zoloft 25 mg orally daily, Effexor 37.5 XR mg orally daily, or Phenelzine 15 mg orally TID. As a healthcare professional treating a client, Zoloft (sertraline) 25 mg is the first choice at decision point one. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) impede the reabsorption of this neurotransmitter; thus, increasing the serotonin levels of the nerve cells in the brain to allow for improvement in mood (Stahl, 2013). SSRIs have been utilized as first-line therapy to treat major depressive disorder due to efficacy, fewer side effects, cost-effectiveness as well as a wider availability (Masuda et al., 2017). The therapeutic dosing range is typically 50 mg-200 mg (Stahl, 2017). However, beginning at 25 mg and gradually titrating the dose, depending on tolerability, is an appropriate health care decision (National Alliance on Mental Illness, 2018b). Therefore, a low dose of Zoloft appears to be the best option in caring for this client.
Effexor (venlafaxine) is classified as a selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) wh.
Assessing and Treating Adult Clients with Mood DisordersA mood d.docxfestockton
Assessing and Treating Adult Clients with Mood Disorders
A mood disorder describes a psychological disorder which is characterized as a fluctuation of one’s mood, such as a major depressive or bipolar disorder. An estimated 20 million individuals in the United States have depression which comprises of symptoms such as a loss of pleasure in activities, sadness, weight changes, feelings of hopelessness, fatigue as well as suicidal ideation; all of which can significantly impact daily functioning (Mental Health.gov, 2017). According to Park and Zarate (2019) onset of depression in adulthood continues to flourish where an estimated 30 percent of adults have a lifetime risk of experiencing a major depressive episode with a median age of 32.5. The author further indicates screening for depression, a thorough evaluation, and monitoring is necessary to ensure safety and wellbeing (Park & Zarate, 2019). Pharmacotherapy, along with psychotherapy are first-line therapies for effective outcomes (Park & Zarate, 2019). The purpose of this paper is to review a case study, choose the appropriate selection utilizing research, and discuss ethical considerations.
Case Study
A 32-year-old Hispanic American client presents to the initial appointment with depression. Health history, along with medical workup, appears to be unremarkable except for the slight back and shoulder pain due to his occupation. The clinical interview reveals past feelings of being an “outsider” and has few friends (Laureate Education, 2016). There is a decline in daily activities, a weight increase of 15 pounds over two months, along with diminished sleep and the inability to fully concentrate (Laureate Education, 2016). The results of the depression screening administered by the psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner (PMHNP), indicates severe depression with a score of 51 (Montgomery & Asberg, 1979).
Decision Point One
The selections include Zoloft 25 mg orally daily, Effexor 37.5 XR mg orally daily, or Phenelzine 15 mg orally TID. As a healthcare professional treating a client, Zoloft (sertraline) 25 mg is the first choice at decision point one. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) impede the reabsorption of this neurotransmitter; thus, increasing the serotonin levels of the nerve cells in the brain to allow for improvement in mood (Stahl, 2013). SSRIs have been utilized as first-line therapy to treat major depressive disorder due to efficacy, fewer side effects, cost-effectiveness as well as a wider availability (Masuda et al., 2017). The therapeutic dosing range is typically 50 mg-200 mg (Stahl, 2017). However, beginning at 25 mg and gradually titrating the dose, depending on tolerability, is an appropriate health care decision (National Alliance on Mental Illness, 2018b). Therefore, a low dose of Zoloft appears to be the best option in caring for this client.
Effexor (venlafaxine) is classified as a selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) wh ...
Assessing and Treating Adult Clients with Mood DisordersA mood dmurgatroydcrista
This document discusses assessing and treating adult clients with mood disorders such as depression. It presents a case study of a 32-year-old Hispanic American man with severe depression who is prescribed sertraline initially, with bupropion later added to address sexual side effects. Over three decision points, the best treatment options are determined based on efficacy, safety, and the client's progress and reported symptoms. The goal is full remission of his mood disorder while providing culturally-sensitive care in an ethical manner.
Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor increases during recovery from psychologica...inventionjournals
Objective: To study the levels of plasma BDNF during recovering from psychological stress. Methods: Blood samples from thirty eight participants in a stress treatment project were analyzed for BDNF in plasma before and after 3 months treatment. Symptom levels were assessed by SCL92, work ability index and a question on stress. Physiological and behavioral measures were collected, all at baseline and after treatment. Results: BDNF increased significantly during the follow up, but the levels of BDNF were not correlated to blood pressure, se-cholesterol, HbA1C, se-fibrinogen or salivary cortisol even if the two latter decreased significantly. BDNF increase was inversely associated with improvement in depression symptoms contrary to the expected. Conclusion: Plasma BDNF increased during treatment for psychological stress, but was not associated with physiological stressmarkers or improvement of stress symptoms
Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor increases during recovery from psychologica...inventionjournals
Objective: To study the levels of plasma BDNF during recovering from psychological stress. Methods: Blood samples from thirty eight participants in a stress treatment project were analyzed for BDNF in plasma before and after 3 months treatment. Symptom levels were assessed by SCL92, work ability index and a question on stress. Physiological and behavioral measures were collected, all at baseline and after treatment. Results: BDNF increased significantly during the follow up, but the levels of BDNF were not correlated to blood pressure, se-cholesterol, HbA1C, se-fibrinogen or salivary cortisol even if the two latter decreased significantly. BDNF increase was inversely associated with improvement in depression symptoms contrary to the expected. Conclusion: Plasma BDNF increased during treatment for psychological stress, but was not associated with physiological stressmarkers or improvement of stress symptoms.
Assessing and Treating Adult Clients with Mood DisordersA mood dVinaOconner450
Assessing and Treating Adult Clients with Mood Disorders
A mood disorder describes a psychological disorder which is characterized as a fluctuation of one’s mood, such as a major depressive or bipolar disorder. An estimated 20 million individuals in the United States have depression which comprises of symptoms such as a loss of pleasure in activities, sadness, weight changes, feelings of hopelessness, fatigue as well as suicidal ideation; all of which can significantly impact daily functioning (Mental Health.gov, 2017). According to Park and Zarate (2019) onset of depression in adulthood continues to flourish where an estimated 30 percent of adults have a lifetime risk of experiencing a major depressive episode with a median age of 32.5. The author further indicates screening for depression, a thorough evaluation, and monitoring is necessary to ensure safety and wellbeing (Park & Zarate, 2019). Pharmacotherapy, along with psychotherapy are first-line therapies for effective outcomes (Park & Zarate, 2019). The purpose of this paper is to review a case study, choose the appropriate selection utilizing research, and discuss ethical considerations.
Case Study
A 32-year-old Hispanic American client presents to the initial appointment with depression. Health history, along with medical workup, appears to be unremarkable except for the slight back and shoulder pain due to his occupation. The clinical interview reveals past feelings of being an “outsider” and has few friends (Laureate Education, 2016). There is a decline in daily activities, a weight increase of 15 pounds over two months, along with diminished sleep and the inability to fully concentrate (Laureate Education, 2016). The results of the depression screening administered by the psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner (PMHNP), indicates severe depression with a score of 51 (Montgomery & Asberg, 1979).
Decision Point One
The selections include Zoloft 25 mg orally daily, Effexor 37.5 XR mg orally daily, or Phenelzine 15 mg orally TID. As a healthcare professional treating a client, Zoloft (sertraline) 25 mg is the first choice at decision point one. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) impede the reabsorption of this neurotransmitter; thus, increasing the serotonin levels of the nerve cells in the brain to allow for improvement in mood (Stahl, 2013). SSRIs have been utilized as first-line therapy to treat major depressive disorder due to efficacy, fewer side effects, cost-effectiveness as well as a wider availability (Masuda et al., 2017). The therapeutic dosing range is typically 50 mg-200 mg (Stahl, 2017). However, beginning at 25 mg and gradually titrating the dose, depending on tolerability, is an appropriate health care decision (National Alliance on Mental Illness, 2018b). Therefore, a low dose of Zoloft appears to be the best option in caring for this client.
Effexor (venlafaxine) is classified as a selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) wh ...
Assessing and Treating Adult Clients with Mood DisordersA mood ddirkrplav
Assessing and Treating Adult Clients with Mood Disorders
A mood disorder describes a psychological disorder which is characterized as a fluctuation of one’s mood, such as a major depressive or bipolar disorder. An estimated 20 million individuals in the United States have depression which comprises of symptoms such as a loss of pleasure in activities, sadness, weight changes, feelings of hopelessness, fatigue as well as suicidal ideation; all of which can significantly impact daily functioning (Mental Health.gov, 2017). According to Park and Zarate (2019) onset of depression in adulthood continues to flourish where an estimated 30 percent of adults have a lifetime risk of experiencing a major depressive episode with a median age of 32.5. The author further indicates screening for depression, a thorough evaluation, and monitoring is necessary to ensure safety and wellbeing (Park & Zarate, 2019). Pharmacotherapy, along with psychotherapy are first-line therapies for effective outcomes (Park & Zarate, 2019). The purpose of this paper is to review a case study, choose the appropriate selection utilizing research, and discuss ethical considerations.
Case Study
A 32-year-old Hispanic American client presents to the initial appointment with depression. Health history, along with medical workup, appears to be unremarkable except for the slight back and shoulder pain due to his occupation. The clinical interview reveals past feelings of being an “outsider” and has few friends (Laureate Education, 2016). There is a decline in daily activities, a weight increase of 15 pounds over two months, along with diminished sleep and the inability to fully concentrate (Laureate Education, 2016). The results of the depression screening administered by the psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner (PMHNP), indicates severe depression with a score of 51 (Montgomery & Asberg, 1979).
Decision Point One
The selections include Zoloft 25 mg orally daily, Effexor 37.5 XR mg orally daily, or Phenelzine 15 mg orally TID. As a healthcare professional treating a client, Zoloft (sertraline) 25 mg is the first choice at decision point one. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) impede the reabsorption of this neurotransmitter; thus, increasing the serotonin levels of the nerve cells in the brain to allow for improvement in mood (Stahl, 2013). SSRIs have been utilized as first-line therapy to treat major depressive disorder due to efficacy, fewer side effects, cost-effectiveness as well as a wider availability (Masuda et al., 2017). The therapeutic dosing range is typically 50 mg-200 mg (Stahl, 2017). However, beginning at 25 mg and gradually titrating the dose, depending on tolerability, is an appropriate health care decision (National Alliance on Mental Illness, 2018b). Therefore, a low dose of Zoloft appears to be the best option in caring for this client.
Effexor (venlafaxine) is classified as a selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) wh ...
The place-of-antipsychotics-in-the-therapy-of-anxiety-disorders-and-obsessive...Paul Coelho, MD
This document summarizes a research article about the use of antipsychotic drugs in the treatment of anxiety disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorders. The review finds evidence that certain second-generation antipsychotics (SGAPs), like quetiapine, risperidone, and aripiprazole, can be effective for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Quetiapine in particular receives a recommendation as a first-line treatment for GAD. However, the review finds insufficient evidence for SGAPs in the treatment of social anxiety disorder and panic disorder. First-generation antipsychotics are not recommended for any anxiety disorders based on their side effect profiles
Similar to Neurofeedback Research Overview (V2) (20)
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
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4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
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6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
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9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
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12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
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14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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REGULATION FOR COMBINATION PRODUCTS AND MEDICAL DEVICES.pptx
Neurofeedback Research Overview (V2)
1. Overview of Neurofeedback Research
This document contains summaries of the current research related to EEG neurofeedback as
applied in seven major areas of brain health: attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),
addictive disorders, anxiety, cognitive decline, depression, peak performance, and
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This is followed by lists of academic references for
studies reporting on neurofeedback research in a wide range of brain health applications, as
well as references on conceptual and methodological considerations, and a list of references
that include guidelines for clinicians and researchers. Each reference list is subdivided into
studies, case reports, and reviews.
Research Summaries
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
ADHD is the most well-studied condition in neurofeedback research. Based on
meta-analyses and large multicenter randomized controlled trials (RCTs), two frequency
neurofeedback protocols researched for more than 40 years have been shown efficacious and
specific for ADHD: theta-beta ratio (TBR) and sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) (AAPB Guidelines; La
Vaque et al., 2002). Frequency neurofeedback for ADHD received a grade 1 (‘‘best support’’)
rating from the American Academy of Pediatrics in 2013.
TBR aims to decrease theta (4–7 Hz) and/or increase beta (12–21 Hz) power in central
and frontal locations to reduce the high theta-beta ratios, high theta power, and/or low beta
power characteristic of children and adults with ADHD. Recent RCTs suggest that 30–40
sessions of TBR neurofeedback were as effective as methylphenidate in ameliorating inattentive
and hyperactivity symptoms and were even associated with superior post-treatment academic
performance (Duric et al., 2012; Meisel et al., 2013). SMR over the sensorimotor strip
(predominantly right-central) is based on the functional association of the sensorimotor rhythm
with behavioral inhibition in ADHD. In seminal studies (Lubar & Shouse, 1976; Shouse & Lubar,
1979), it was demonstrated that the beneficial hyperactivity-reducing effects of combined
SMR/theta training were maintained even after psychostimulants were withdrawn in hyperactive
children. Studies suggest that TBR and SMR reduce inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive
symptoms to a similar extent and after a comparable number of training sessions.
A series of meta-analyses have shown that the standard TBR and SMR protocols
improve ADHD symptoms, especially inattention (Arns et al., 2009; Micolaud-Franchi et al.,
2014; Bussalb et al., 2019; Riesco-Matías et al., 2019). Efficacy is clear for parentally-rated
1
2. symptoms and less certain for teacher-rated symptoms (Micolaud-Franchi et al., 2014; Cortese
et al., 2016; Razoki, 2018; Bussalb et al. 2019). However, parent ratings are associated with
candidate gene pathways (Bralten et al., 2013), and teachers may be less sensitive to change
(Cortese et al., 2016; Bussalb et al., 2019). Using objective cognitive outcomes, a recent
meta-analysis found neurofeedback to be more efficacious than cognitive training in
ameliorating symptoms of inhibition (Lambez et al., 2020). Critically, a meta-analysis focusing
on long-term maintenance found that after an average 6 months from completion of
neurofeedback, the beneficial effects of neurofeedback were superior to semi-active control
groups and methylphenidate (Van Doren et al., 2019). These findings demonstrate that whereas
medication efficacy diminishes over time, neurofeedback efficacy increases. The best evidence
for efficacy comes from double-blind placebo-controlled RCTs, though it is challenging to devise
a placebo condition that properly controls for psychosocial factors like perceptibility and
motivation (Gaume et al., 2016). One of the largest and most comprehensive such trials is
currently being carried out (International Collaborative ADHD Neurofeedback; ICAN; Arnold et
al., 2013; 2018; 2019), with conclusive results anticipated soon.
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Addictive Disorders
EEG neurofeedback has been applied to addictive disorders for over 30 years,
demonstrating promising results in well-controlled intervention studies, good adherence,
reduced addiction severity, and psychosocial benefits even in patients with severe substance
abuse. Consequently, EEG neurofeedback has been classified as “probably efficacious” as an
adjunctive treatment for substance abuse (AAPB Guidelines; La Vaque et al., 2002; Sokhadze
et al., 2008).
Known as the Peniston protocol (or alpha-theta training), the classical neurofeedback
protocol for addictive disorders was originally applied in the treatment of alcoholism (Peniston &
Kulkosky, 1989; Peniston & Kulkosky, 1990). The Peniston protocol assesses EEG activity in an
eyes-closed resting condition while clients aim to increase parietal alpha (8-12 Hz) and theta
(4-7 Hz) associated with a relaxed state, reducing EEG hyperarousal and augmenting coping
skills (Gruzelier, 2009). Due to commonalities between substance use and ADHD, the Peniston
protocol was later supplemented with initial sessions that aim to enhance central sensorimotor
rhythm (SMR; 12-15 Hz) as is done for ADHD. Called the Scott-Kaiser modification, this
composite protocol has been efficacious in individuals with polydrug abuse and high levels of
impulsivity (Scott et al., 1998; Scott et al., 2005); other ADHD-based protocols (e.g., enhance
SMR, inhibit theta and high-beta; Fielenbach et al., 2019) have also been applied. Given
variation in type, duration, and severity of substance use, a neurofeedback protocol
personalized for the observed brain activity has been advocated (Sokhadze et al., 2008).
2
3. A recent review (Schmidt et al., 2017) identified 7 EEG neurofeedback clinical
intervention trials in substance use since 2010, including 4 randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
Disorders included misuse of: opiates (2 studies; Dehghani-Arani et al., 2010; Dehghani-Arani
et al., 2013), stimulants like cocaine and methamphetamine (3 studies; Hashemian et al., 2015;
Horrell et al., 2010; Rostami & Dehghani-Arani, 2015), alcohol (1 study; Lackner et al., 2015),
and mixed substance and polydrugs (1 study; Keith et al., 2015). Sample sizes ranged from
10-100, and the number of neurofeedback sessions varied from 10-30. Neurofeedback
protocols were mainly the Peniston protocol (some with adjustments; see also Dalkner et al.,
2017) and Scott-Kaiser modification. In all studies, neurofeedback supplemented other
interventions (e.g., pharmacotherapy, psychosocial like cognitive behavioral therapy [CBT]).
Except for the alcohol dependence study, all studies reported positive addiction-related
outcomes, especially reductions of addiction severity and craving. There were also global
psychological and health improvements in most studies. Two studies reported objective
measures, showing substance use abstinence in a urine test (Horrell et al., 2010) and improved
scores on neuropsychological tests of attention and impulsivity (Keith et al., 2015). Changes in
baseline alpha and theta activity were found in alcohol dependence, as well as changes in the
overall EEG, SMR and (reduced) gamma in opiate dependence. The one sham-controlled study
revealed superiority of alpha-theta neurofeedback in clients with methamphetamine misuse
compared with sham (Hashemian, 2015). Critically, one study showed the superiority of
neurofeedback to psychotherapy, with equivalent efficacy for clinician- and computer-guided
neurofeedback (Keith et al., 2015). In sum, recent studies show promising short-term effects of
EEG neurofeedback in reducing craving and modifying dysfunctional brain activity. Additional
RCTs are needed that aim to control for nonspecific effects by comparison with other
psychophysiological treatments (e.g., electrodermal/HRV biofeedback); RCTs with long-term
follow-up are needed to evaluate the occurrence of relapse.
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Anxiety
Alpha-theta (alpha, theta, alpha-theta enhancement) neurofeedback training, which
reduces arousal, has been applied to reduce anxiety (as well as addiction) and create a
generally relaxed state of well-being (Moore, 2000; Gruzelier, 2009). EEG neurofeedback offers
an attractive option, as medication is only mildly more effective than placebo in treating anxiety
disorders. Training is typically administered with eyes closed while listening to auditory feedback
for a total of 7-12 hours of training.
As applied to generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), 9 of 10 neurofeedback studies
reviewed by Moore (2000) and Hammond (2005a,b) produced positive changes in clinical
outcome, with evidence for an anxiety reduction that endures even after 18 months (Watson et
3
4. al., 1978). Indeed, for anxiety disorders, neurofeedback qualifies for the evidence-based
designation of an efficacious treatment (Hammond, 2005a,b), with GAD and phobic anxiety
disorder (as well as PTSD, summarized separately), demonstrating effects beyond placebo and
meeting criteria for “probably efficacious” on the basis of American Psychological Association
Clinical Psychology Division (Chambless & Hollon, 1998) and biofeedback specialty criteria (La
Vaque et al., 2002). A recent systematic review of biofeedback in anxiety disorders (Tolin et al.,
2020) reported a large advantage for EEG neurofeedback over wait list control groups, with
higher quality studies showing superior effects; there was no clear benefit relative to active
control groups, though few such studies were available to be included.
In a GAD study of high-talent musicians performing under stressful conditions, only
musicians who received alpha-theta (enhancement) training yielded enhanced musical
performance under stress (Egner & Gruzelier, 2003). In one RCT of test anxiety, neurofeedback
participants generated 33% more alpha and showed a significant reduction in anxiety; by
comparison, untreated participants and those receiving relaxation training experienced no
significant symptom reduction (Garrett & Silver, 1976). A recent study in adolescents with
self-reported attention and anxiety (e.g., thoughts of worry) symptoms found enhanced alpha
and sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) along with improved symptoms (by visual analogue scales)
after neurofeedback training of alpha, theta, and SMR twice a week for five weeks (Tsatali et al.,
2019).
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Cognitive Decline
Neurofeedback has been applied to improve cognitive function in a variety of conditions,
most prominently attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), associated with impaired
attention and executive function (see separate research summary). There is now an emerging
body of research on neurofeedback for improving cognitive function in such conditions as stroke
(Kober et al., 2015; 2017) and multiple sclerosis (Kober et al., 2019; Keune et al., 2019), with a
particular focus on Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, as well as
mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a pre-dementia condition (Petersen et al., 2004; Albert et al.,
2011), in the hopes of delaying the insidious cognitive decline and dementia onset.
Memory impairment is the hallmark of early AD and its precursor amnestic MCI (aMCI);
other cognitive domains may also be impaired. In the EEG, MCI and AD are generally
characterized by an increase in slow frequencies (delta: 2-4 Hz; theta: 4-8 Hz) and a decrease
in faster frequencies (alpha: 8-12 Hz; beta: 13-20 Hz) (Vigil & Tataryn, 2017). These EEG
features have been linked to poor cognitive performance (Klimesch, 1999), atrophy of thalamus,
hippocampus and basal ganglia (Moretti et al., 2012; Wolf et al., 2004), and the formation of
amyloid-beta plaques (Sharma & Nadkarni, 2020). Notably, a smaller change in alpha between
4
5. eyes-open and eyes-closed states has been tied to psychomotor and cognitive slowing, as well
as memory impairment in MCI (Van der Hiele et al., 2007) and AD (Pritchard et al., 1991).
Neurofeedback protocols in healthy and mildly impaired older adults have mainly targeted
enhancing alpha, inhibiting theta, or increasing the alpha-theta ratio at posterior sites (e.g.,
Chapin & Russel-Chapin, 2014). Some have used attention training to enhance sensorimotor
rhythm (SMR; low beta) (SMR) or reduce theta-beta ratio (TBR) at central sites (Jiang et al.,
2017; Jang et al., 2019), given that enhancing attention improves encoding, maintenance and
retrieval of items held in working memory.
Several recent studies have reported better memory performance in MCI following
neurofeedback. Lavy and colleagues (2019) found improved verbal memory after ten 30-minute
sessions in which MCI participants enhanced individual central-parietal upper-alpha;
improvement was maintained at 30-day follow-up. Jirayucharoensak and colleagues (2019)
used alpha- and beta-enhancement neurofeedback (twenty 30-minute sessions) as an add-on
to usual care in healthy or aMCI women and found improved rapid visual processing and spatial
working memory. A small MCI study that enhanced beta over dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
found improved memory, cognitive flexibility, complex attention, reaction time, and executive
function (Jang et al., 2019). In AD, studies using individualized neurofeedback protocols have
reported improved cognitive screener performance (Surmeli et al., 2016) and memory/executive
function as compared with wait list control (Berman & Frederick, 2009).
To summarize, initial evidence suggests that EEG neurofeedback is a promising
methodology for timely, effective intervention for cognitive decline. Large-scale controlled trials
with follow-up are needed to identify/validate the optimal protocols to delay MCI onset and
conversion to dementia, as well as elucidate the relationship between neurofeedback and
particular cognitive functions.
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Depression
Neurofeedback for depression is based on well-established EEG research indicating that
the left frontal area is more associated with positive affect, while the right frontal area is more
involved with negative emotion (see, e.g., Davidson, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B, 2004). A
biologic predisposition for depression exists when there is an asymmetry in brain wave activity,
such that there is excessive left frontal alpha (8-12 Hz) reflecting less activation and failure to
suppress the subcortical structures that mediate depression (Walker et al., 2007). Indeed
research has shown that when the left frontal region is “stuck” in an alpha idling rhythm, there is
both reduced positive affect and more withdrawal behavior. Conversely, when there is increased
left frontal beta (15-18 Hz), there is more activation and a greater sense of wellbeing.
5
6. One neurofeedback protocol for modifying this suboptimal brain state involves modifying
the left-right alpha balance at electrodes F3 and F4 (with a Cz reference). Research supports
the efficacy of this ALAY (“alpha asymmetry”) protocol (Choi et al., 2011; Peeters et al., 2014),
including evidence indicating changes in the asymmetry and depressive symptoms endure 1
and 5 years after the end of treatment (Baehr et al., 2001). In a recent study, major depressive
disorder (MDD) most participants who received 1-hour/week ALAY intervention for 6 weeks
regulated their asymmetry and showed improvement in depressive symptoms, though 43%
were non-responders (Wang et al., 2016). Notably, although pharmacologic intervention yields
remission of depression, it does not affect the frontal alpha asymmetry, suggesting that
individuals who receive such intervention continue to have this biomarker for future depression.
Another neurofeedback protocol directly targets reducing left frontal alpha rather than
modifying the left-right alpha balance (Walker et al., 2007). This protocol involves enhancing
left-frontal beta (typically 15-18 Hz) and inhibiting left-frontal theta or alpha to yield greater
activation, which, in turn, generally triggers improved mood. Studies have shown that enhancing
beta and inhibiting theta or alpha at C3 reduced depressive symptoms in most patients (Walker
et al., 2007). In a recent controlled trial, Liu (2017) applied an enhance beta/inhibit alpha
protocol at F3 in 32 college students with MDD. In addition to regulating brainwaves, the
neurofeedback intervention was protective, significantly reducing recurrence and intensity of
depressive symptoms for 3 weeks post-intervention; in contrast, depressive symptoms
increased in active control participants.
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Peak Performance
EEG neurofeedback for ‘peak’ or ‘optimal’ performance focuses on facilitating brain
performance in healthy individuals to achieve maximal brain functioning. Specifically, peak
performance protocols aim to control level of arousal, attention and motivation, optimizing level
of autonomic control and ability to shift states. A concrete goal of peak performance training is
the completion of a specific function or task with fewer errors and greater efficiency, resulting in
a more positive outcome (Vernon, 2005). Twenty-three controlled studies have reported
neurofeedback learning indices along with beneficial outcomes, including gains in: sustained
attention, orienting and executive attention, the P300b event-related potential, memory, spatial
rotation, reaction time, complex psychomotor skills, implicit procedural memory, recognition
memory, perceptual binding, intelligence, mood and well-being (Gruzelier et al., 2014). Gains
have been achieved by a variety of neurofeedback protocols, including: sensorimotor rhythm
(SMR), beta and gamma, theta, and alpha power. Indeed peak performance surpasses other
neurofeedback domains in that the majority of studies demonstrate evidence of learning.
6
7. Neurofeedback may optimize cognitive processing and learning by modifying white
matter pathways and gray matter volume resulting in faster conduction velocity in neural
networks. With regard to alpha power training, it has been suggested that engaging in a
well-practiced task is associated with elevated alpha power, reflecting decreased cortical
information processing and a more automatic stage of skill acquisition (Mirifar et al., 2017). In
one study, increased SMR power improved accuracy and speed of surgery skills (Ros et al.,
2009). In another study, inhibition of theta power reduced radar detection errors (Beatty et al.,
1974). Egner and Gruzelier (2004) reported faster reaction time in an attention task following an
inhibit theta/enhance mid-beta protocol, and memory improvement has been reported following
upper-alpha training (Escolano et al., 2011; Zoefel et al., 2011). A recent review found that 12 of
14 full studies reported positive effects in athletes, with 7 of 10 showing positive effects on
performance, 3 of 6 studies reporting improved affective outcomes, and 3 of 3 reporting better
cognitive outcomes (Mirifar et al., 2017). Though the evidence is overwhelmingly encouraging,
sample sizes are small, and little is known about how methodological characteristics (e.g.,
number of training sessions, particular neurofeedback protocol) impact outcomes (Vernon et al.,
2009; Mirifar et al., 2017). Thus larger, controlled studies are needed to address these issues
and provide a clear understanding of the specific effects of neurofeedback on peak
performance.
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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Evidence-based practice guidelines for PTSD recommend trauma-focused cognitive
behavioral therapy (CBT) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) as
effective treatment modalities. However, the dropout rate for these therapies is high (Bisson et
al., 2013; National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE), 2005). Pharmacological treatment
(e.g., selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; SSRIs) may also be effective, but the evidence is
weaker. Further, treatment with pharmacological and psychotherapy-based therapies may last
several years and are ineffectual for ~40% of patients (Bradley et al., 2005; NICE, 2005; Stein et
al., 2006).
EEG neurofeedback is a non-pharmacologic alternative that meets “probably efficacious”
criteria for PTSD (Hammond, 2005a,b; Reiter et al., 2016) on the basis of American
Psychological Association Clinical Psychology Division (Chambless & Hollon, 1998) and
biofeedback specialty criteria (La Vaque et al., 2002). A recent systematic review and
meta-analysis pooled data across four randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in PTSD (n=123)
and revealed a very large effect size (standard mean difference of -2.30; 95% CI: -4.37 to -0.24)
for improvement in PTSD symptoms that exceeded effect sizes for internet-based cognitive
therapy and meditation-related exercises (Steingrimsson et al., 2020). The studies consistently
7
8. favored neurofeedback in terms of symptom severity and number of patients achieving
remission. Specifically, PTSD symptoms were reduced by 34-66% in the neurofeedback group,
but ranged from a reduction of 15% to an increase of 13% in the control groups (3 passive, 1
active). The one study with follow-up (van der Kolk et al., 2016) reported 46% symptom
reduction posttreatment and 51% symptom reduction at 1-month follow-up (compared with
reductions of 13% posttreatment and 14% at 1-month follow-up in controls). At 1-month
follow-up, 58% (11/19) of neurofeedback patients achieved remission as compared with 11%
(2/19) of controls. In one study (Noohi et al., 2017), neurofeedback significantly improved
performance on cognitive tests of executive function. In another (Peniston & Kulkosky, 1991), all
neurofeedback patients (14/14) reduced psychotropic medication use as compared with one
patient (1/13) in the control group.
Though the extant evidence is encouraging (see also reviews by Reiter et al. 2016;
Panisch & Hai, 2018), additional controlled studies are desirable for greater confidence and
clarity regarding the efficacy of neurofeedback in PTSD. Indeed small, heterogeneous samples
and different study designs preclude specific recommendations for the optimal neurofeedback
protocol. Enhance alpha/inhibit theta protocols are often used for PTSD (e.g., Pensiston &
Kulkosky, 1991; Noohi et al., 2017), but there is considerable variation in the frequency bands
trained (e.g., Pop-Jordanova & Zorcec, 2004 used SMR enhancement), session duration (e.g.,
Kluetsch et al., 2013: single session; Peniston & Kulkosky, 1991: 30 sessions), inter-session
interval and duration of treatment. Also, only one RCT included an active control group (van der
Kolk et al., 2016; standard treatment), and no studies have incorporated a sham control.
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8
10. REVIEWS 48
Medical Conditions 48
STUDIES 48
CASE REPORTS 50
REVIEWS 50
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder 51
STUDIES 51
REVIEWS 51
Pain and Headache 52
STUDIES 52
CASE REPORTS 53
REVIEWS 53
Peak Performance 53
STUDIES 53
CASE REPORTS 55
REVIEWS 55
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) 56
STUDIES 56
CASE REPORTS 58
REVIEWS 58
Schizophrenia 59
STUDIES 59
CASE REPORTS 60
REVIEWS 60
Sleep 60
STUDIES 60
CASE REPORTS 61
REVIEWS 61
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), Stroke, Coma, & Cerebral Palsy 62
STUDIES 62
CASE REPORTS 64
REVIEWS 65
Conceptual/Theoretical 67
STUDIES 67
REVIEWS 68
Methodology & Mechanisms 71
STUDIES 71
REVIEWS 74
Guidelines for Research & Clinical Practice 77
10
11. Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
STUDIES
Arnold, L. E., DeBeus, R., Kerson, C., Monastra, V. J., Rice, R. R., Barterian, J. A., and Pan, X.
(2019). One-year follow-up of double-blind RCT of neurofeedback for ADHD. Journal of
the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 58, S316–S317.
doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2019.07.733.
Arnold, L. E., Kerson, C., Monastra, V., Pan, J., Kraemer, H., Rice, R., Barterian, J. A.,
Schrader, C., and Rhodes, R. (2018). Outcomes of double-blind RCT of neurofeedback
for ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 57, S283.
doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.07.666.
Arnold, L. E., Lofthouse, N., Hersch, S., Pan, X., Hurt, E., Bates, B., Kassouf, K., Moone, S.,
and Grantier, C. (2013). EEG neurofeedback for ADHD: Double-blind sham-controlled
randomized pilot feasibility trial. J. Atten. Disord. 17, 410–419.
doi:10.1177/1087054712446173.
Arns, M., Feddema, I., and Kenemans, J. L. (2014). Differential effects of theta/beta and SMR
neurofeedback in ADHD on sleep onset latency. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 8, 1019.
doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.01019.
Arns, M., Kleinnijenhuis, M., Fallahpour, K., and Breteler, R. (2008). Golf performance
enhancement and real-life neurofeedback training using personalized event-locked EEG
profiles. J. Neurother. 11, 11–18. doi:10.1080/10874200802149656.
Bhayee, S., Tomaszewski, P., Lee, D. H., Moffat, G., Pino, L., Moreno, S., and Farb, N. A. S.
(2016). Attentional and affective consequences of technology supported mindfulness
training: A randomised, active control, efficacy trial. BMC Psychol. 4, 60.
doi:10.1186/s40359-016-0168-6.
Bink, M., Bongers, I. L., Popma, A., Janssen, T. W. P., & van Nieuwenhuizen, C. (2016). 1-year
follow-up of neurofeedback treatment in adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity
disorder: Randomised controlled trial. BJPsych Open, 2(2), 107–115.
https://doi.org/10.1192/bjpo.bp.115.000166
Bink, M., van Nieuwenhuizen, C., Popma, A., Bongers, I. L., & van Boxtel, G. J. M. (2015).
Behavioral effects of neurofeedback in adolescents with ADHD: A randomized controlled
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12. trial. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 24(9), 1035–1048.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-014-0655-3
Bioulac, S., Purper-Ouakil, D., Ros, T., Blasco-Fontecilla, H., Prats, M., Mayaud, L., and
Brandeis, D. (2019). Personalized at-home neurofeedback compared with long-acting
methylphenidate in an European non-inferiority randomized trial in children with ADHD.
BMC Psychiatry 19, 237. doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2218-0.
Bluschke, A., Friedrich, J., Schreiter, M. L., Roessner, V., and Beste, C. (2018). A comparative
study on the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying effects of methylphenidate and
neurofeedback on inhibitory control in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Neuroimage Clin. 20, 1191–1203. doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2018.10.027.
Boyd, W. D., and Campbell, S. E. (1998). EEG biofeedback in the schools: The use of EEG
biofeedback to treat ADHD in a school setting. J. Neurother. 2, 65–71.
doi:10.1300/J184v02n04_05.
Boynton, T. (2001). Applied research using alpha/theta training for enhancing creativity and
well-being. J. Neurother. 5, 5–18. doi:10.1300/J184v05n01_02.
Breteler, R., Pesch, W., Nadorp, M., Best, N., and Tomasoa, X. (2012). Neurofeedback in
residential children and adolescents with mild mental retardation and ADHD behavior. J.
Neurother. 16, 172–182. doi:10.1080/10874208.2012.705742.
Carmody, D. P., Radvanski, D. C., Wadhwani, S., Sabo, M. J., and Vergara, L. (2000). EEG
biofeedback training and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in an elementary school
setting. J. Neurother. 4, 5–27. doi:10.1300/J184v04n03_02.
Cho, B.-H., Kim, S., Shin, D. I., Lee, J. H., Lee, S. M., Kim, I. Y., and Kim, S. I. (2004).
Neurofeedback training with virtual reality for inattention and impulsiveness.
Cyberpsychol. Behav. 7, 519–526. doi:10.1089/cpb.2004.7.519.
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REVIEWS
Coben, R. (2013). “Neurofeedback for autistic disorders: Emerging empirical evidence,” in
Imaging the Brain in Autism, eds. M. F. Casanova, A. S. El-Baz, and J. S. Suri (New
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Frye, R. E., Rossignol, D., Casanova, M. F., Brown, G. L., Martin, V., Edelson, S., Coben, R.,
Lewine, J., Slattery, J. C., Lau, C., et al. (2013). A review of traditional and novel
treatments for seizures in autism spectrum disorder: Findings from a systematic review
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Micoulaud-Franchi, J. A., McGonigal, A., Lopez, R., Daudet, C., Kotwas, I., and Bartolomei, F.
(2015). Electroencephalographic neurofeedback: Level of evidence in mental and brain
disorders and suggestions for good clinical practice. Neurophysiol. Clin. 45, 423–433.
doi:10.1016/j.neucli.2015.10.077.
33
34. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Fibromyalgia
STUDIES
Billiot, K. M., Budzynski, T. H., and Andrasik, F. (1997). EEG patterns and chronic fatigue
syndrome. J. Neurother. 2, 20–30. doi:10.1300/J184v02n02_04.
CASE REPORTS
Hammond, D. C. (2001). Treatment of chronic fatigue with neurofeedback and self-hypnosis.
NeuroRehabilitation 16, 295–300.
James, L. C., and Folen, R. A. (1996). EEG biofeedback as a treatment for chronic fatigue
syndrome: a controlled case report. Behav. Med. 22, 77–81.
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Kayiran, S., Dursun, E., Ermutlu, N., Dursun, N., and Karamürsel, S. (2007). Neurofeedback in
fibromyalgia syndrome. Agri 19, 47–53.
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Tansey, M. (1993). EEG neurofeedback and chronic fatigue syndrome: New findings with
respect to diagnosis and treatment. The CFIDS Chronicle, 30 32.
34
35. Cognitive Decline
Note: These references include studies relevant to individuals identified as having cognitive
decline or studies in healthy adults with direct implications for adults with cognitive decline.
For studies relevant to enhancing cognitive function in healthy individuals, see the separate
Peak Performance bibliography.
STUDIES
Berman, M. H., and Frederick, J. A. (2009). Efficacy of neurofeedback for executive and
memory function in dementia. Alzheimers Dement 5, e8. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2009.07.046.
Bielas, J., and Michalczyk, Ł. (2020). Beta neurofeedback training improves attentional control
in the elderly. Psychol. Rep., 33294119900348. doi:10.1177/0033294119900348.
Bobori, C., and Plerou, A. (2019). Memory enhancement with the use of neurofeedback and
CVLT repetition techniques in the case of anterograde amnesia. J Neurosci Neurosurg
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Budzynski, H., and Tang, H.-Y. (2007). “Brain brightening: Restoring the aging mind,” in
Handbook of Neurofeedback: Dynamics and Clinical Applications, ed. J. Evans (CRC
Press), 231–265. doi:10.1201/b14658-15.
Campos da Paz, V. K., Garcia, A., Campos da Paz Neto, A., and Tomaz, C. (2018). SMR
neurofeedback training facilitates working memory performance in healthy older adults:
A behavioral and EEG study. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 12, 321.
doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00321.
Fotuhi, M., Lubinski, B., Trullinger, M., Hausterman, N., Riloff, T., Hadadi, M., and Raji, C. A.
(2016). A personalized 12-week “Brain Fitness Program” for improving cognitive function
and increasing the volume of hippocampus in elderly with mild cognitive impairment. J
Prev Alzheimers Dis 3, 133–137. doi:10.14283/jpad.2016.92.
Geladé, K., Janssen, T. W. P., Bink, M., Twisk, J. W. R., van Mourik, R., Maras, A., and
Oosterlaan, J. (2018). A 6-month follow-up of an RCT on behavioral and neurocognitive
effects of neurofeedback in children with ADHD. Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 27,
581–593. doi:10.1007/s00787-017-1072-1.
Gomez-Pilar, J., Corralejo, R., Nicolas-Alonso, L. F., Álvarez, D., and Hornero, R. (2016).
Neurofeedback training with a motor imagery-based BCI: Neurocognitive improvements
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36. and EEG changes in the elderly. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 54, 1655–1666.
doi:10.1007/s11517-016-1454-4.
Jang, J.-H., Kim, J., Park, G., Kim, H., Jung, E.-S., Cha, J.-Y., Kim, C.-Y., Kim, S., Lee, J.-H.,
and Yoo, H. (2019). Beta wave enhancement neurofeedback improves cognitive
functions in patients with mild cognitive impairment: A preliminary pilot study. Medicine
(Baltimore) 98, e18357. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000018357.
Jirayucharoensak, S., Israsena, P., Pan-Ngum, S., Hemrungrojn, S., and Maes, M. (2019). A
game-based neurofeedback training system to enhance cognitive performance in
healthy elderly subjects and in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Clin.
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Keune, P. M., Hansen, S., Sauder, T., Jaruszowic, S., Kehm, C., Keune, J., Weber, E.,
Schönenberg, M., and Oschmann, P. (2019). Frontal brain activity and cognitive
processing speed in multiple sclerosis: An exploration of EEG neurofeedback training.
Neuroimage Clin. 22, 101716. doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101716.
Kober, S. E., Pinter, D., Enzinger, C., Damulina, A., Duckstein, H., Fuchs, S., Neuper, C., and
Wood, G. (2019). Self-regulation of brain activity and its effect on cognitive function in
patients with multiple sclerosis - First insights from an interventional study using
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Kober, S. E., Schweiger, D., Reichert, J. L., Neuper, C., and Wood, G. (2017). Upper alpha
based neurofeedback training in chronic stroke: Brain plasticity processes and cognitive
effects. Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback 42, 69–83. doi:10.1007/s10484-017-9353-5.
Kober, S. E., Schweiger, D., Witte, M., Reichert, J. L., Grieshofer, P., Neuper, C., and Wood, G.
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Lavy, Y., Dwolatzky, T., Kaplan, Z., Guez, J., and Todder, D. (2019). Neurofeedback improves
memory and peak alpha frequency in individuals with mild cognitive impairment. Appl.
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Luijmes, R. E., Pouwels, S., and Boonman, J. (2016). The effectiveness of neurofeedback on
cognitive functioning in patients with Alzheimer’s disease: Preliminary results.
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(2019). Comparison of effects between SMR/delta-ratio and beta1/theta-ratio
36
37. neurofeedback training for older adults with mild cognitive impairment: A protocol for a
randomized controlled trial. Trials 20, 88. doi:10.1186/s13063-018-3170-x.
McReynolds, C., Villalpando, L., and Britt, C. (2018). Using neurofeedback to improve ADHD
symptoms in school-aged children. NR 5, 109–128. doi:10.15540/nr.5.4.109.
Morales-Quezada, L., Martinez, D., El-Hagrassy, M. M., Kaptchuk, T. J., Sterman, M. B., and
Yeh, G. Y. (2019). Neurofeedback impacts cognition and quality of life in pediatric focal
epilepsy: An exploratory randomized double-blinded sham-controlled trial. Epilepsy
Behav. 101, 106570. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106570.
Nan, W., Rodrigues, J. P., Ma, J., Qu, X., Wan, F., Mak, P.-I., Mak, P. U., Vai, M. I., and Rosa,
A. (2012). Individual alpha neurofeedback training effect on short term memory. Int. J.
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Sarvghadi, P., Ghaffari, A., and Rostami, H. R. (2019). The effects of neurofeedback training on
short-term memory and quality of life in women with breast cancer. Int. J. Ther. Rehabil.
26, 1–8. doi:10.12968/ijtr.2018.0088.
Shereena, E. A., Gupta, R. K., Bennett, C. N., Sagar, K. J. V., and Rajeswaran, J. (2019). EEG
neurofeedback training in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A cognitive
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Wang, Z. (2017). Neurofeedback training intervention for enhancing working memory function in
attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Chinese students. Neuroquantology
15, 277–283. doi:10.14704/nq.2017.15.2.1073.
CASE REPORTS
Askovic, M., Watters, A. J., Aroche, J., and Harris, A. W. F. (2017). Neurofeedback as an
adjunct therapy for treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder related to refugee
trauma and torture experiences: Two case studies. Australas. Psychiatry 25, 358–363.
doi:10.1177/1039856217715988.
Riaño Garzón, M. E. (2018). Neurofeedback training to increase of cognitive skills in patient with
traumatic brain injury (TBI). JNSK 8. doi:10.15406/jnsk.2018.08.00270.
Surmeli, T., Eralp, E., Mustafazade, I., Kos, H., Özer, G. E., and Surmeli, O. H. (2016).
Quantitative EEG neurometric analysis-guided neurofeedback treatment in dementia: 20
37
38. cases. How neurometric analysis is important for the treatment of dementia and as a
biomarker? Clin. EEG Neurosci. 47, 118–133. doi:10.1177/1550059415590750.
REVIEWS
Angelakis, E., Stathopoulou, S., Frymiare, J. L., Green, D. L., Lubar, J. F., and Kounios, J.
(2007). EEG neurofeedback: A brief overview and an example of peak alpha frequency
training for cognitive enhancement in the elderly. Clin. Neuropsychol. 21, 110–129.
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Foster, P. P., Baldwin, C. L., Thompson, J. C., Espeseth, T., Jiang, X., and Greenwood, P. M.
(2019). Editorial: Cognitive and brain aging: Interventions to promote well-being in old
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Jiang, Y., Abiri, R., and Zhao, X. (2017). Tuning up the old brain with new tricks: Attention
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Kouzak Campos da Paz, V., and Tomaz, C. (2020). “Neurofeedback training on aging:
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Depression
STUDIES
Baehr, E., Rosenfeld, J. P., and Baehr, R. (2001). Clinical use of an alpha asymmetry
neurofeedback protocol in the treatment of mood disorders. J. Neurother. 4, 11–18.
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Choi, S. W., Chi, S. E., Chung, S. Y., Kim, J. W., Ahn, C. Y., and Kim, H. T. (2011). Is alpha
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38
39. Liu, H. (2017). Neurofeedback training intervention for persons with major depression disorder:
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CASE REPORTS
Askovic, M., Watters, A. J., Aroche, J., and Harris, A. W. F. (2017). Neurofeedback as an
adjunct therapy for treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder related to refugee
trauma and torture experiences: Two case studies. Australas. Psychiatry 25, 358–363.
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Gruzelier, J. (2009). A theory of alpha/theta neurofeedback, creative performance
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Eating Disorders
STUDIES
Fattahi, S., Naderi, F., Asgari, P., and Ahadi, H. (2017). Neuro-feedback training for overweight
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40
41. Imperatori, C., Valenti, E. M., Della Marca, G., Amoroso, N., Massullo, C., Carbone, G. A.,
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CASE REPORTS
Legarda, S. B., McMahon, D., Othmer, S., and Othmer, S. (2011). Clinical neurofeedback: Case
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44. REVIEWS
Egner, T., and Sterman, M. B. (2006). Neurofeedback treatment of epilepsy: From basic
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44