The document discusses traditional conflict resolution mechanisms in Africa. It notes that communities in Africa traditionally used local institutions and processes to peacefully resolve disputes and prevent escalation of conflicts. These local mechanisms included councils of elders, religious leaders, and other respected community members who would intervene, investigate issues, and facilitate agreement between disputing parties. The document asserts that revitalizing traditional conflict resolution systems could help address current conflict and justice challenges in Africa more effectively than foreign models alone.

1. i
Keso
kaara shaye
ZARATA .......................................................................................................................................................i
GALATA...................................................................................................................................................... ii
QOFISO....................................................................................................................................................... iii
MAATAAWATETHA ................................................................................................................................ iv
OORATHA QAALA.................................................................................................................................... v
Xuuntha kuusha ........................................................................................................................................... vi
SHEMPPO ISSO ..........................................................................................................................................1
1. GELO....................................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Metuwa Eso ..................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Metuwa Qoncciso .........................................................................................................................2
1.3 Pilggetha Qoppoba........................................................................................................................3
1.3.1 Afe Qoppoba.........................................................................................................................3
1.3.2 Sima Oppoba.........................................................................................................................3
1.4 Pilgetha Oysha ..............................................................................................................................4
1.5 Pilgetha Zawa................................................................................................................................4
1.6 Pilgetha Go7a................................................................................................................................4
1.7 Piligetha dhubeta...........................................................................................................................4
SHEMPPO NAM7A.....................................................................................................................................5
2. GAHETETHI DE7IYA XUUFE ..........................................................................................................5
2.1 Dom77e Birshshetha Aybatetha....................................................................................................5
2.2 Dere Asata Wogan Kacettida Asata Sigetho Hiilla.......................................................................5
2.3 Dere Asata Wogan Sigetho Hiilla Go7a .......................................................................................6
2.4 Dere Asa Wogan Sigetho Hiillas De7iya Daabura Bagga............................................................6
2.5 Tophphiya Gaden Dere Asata Wogan Sigetethi Medhdho Hiilla.................................................6
2.5.1 Cimatethi (Shimgilinna)........................................................................................................7
2.5.2 Gerchummaa.........................................................................................................................7
2.5.3 Yejoka...................................................................................................................................7

2. ii
2.5.4 Gaada Woga..........................................................................................................................7
2.5.6 Sagga.....................................................................................................................................7
2.5.7 Awcaca..................................................................................................................................8
2.5.8 Tuge (Maara).........................................................................................................................8
SHEMPPO HEEDZA ...................................................................................................................................9
3. PILGGETHA OGENNE HIILLA ........................................................................................................9
3.1 Pilggetha Medhuwa ......................................................................................................................9
3.2 Bessindo Dooro Hiilla...................................................................................................................9
3.3 Markkando Shiisho Miisha...........................................................................................................9
3.3.1 Xuufe Oysha .........................................................................................................................9
3.3.2 Qaala Oysha........................................................................................................................10
3.3.3 Cuga Tobba.........................................................................................................................10
3.3.4 Dokimentte..........................................................................................................................10
3.4 Markkando Paattetha Hiilla ........................................................................................................10
3.5 Pilggetha Ammanetethinne Suuretethi.......................................................................................10
3.6 Pilggetha Ooso Maara.................................................................................................................10
3.7 Pigetha Ooso Siraata...................................................................................................................11
SHEMPO OYDDA .........................................................................................................................................12
4. MARKKANDDO PAATETHA,BIRSHSHETHANNE DEMOTA...................................................12
4.1 MARKKANDDO PAATETHINNE BIRSHSHETHI................................................................12
4.1.1 Bessinddotape Shiiqida Gordda Xuufe Oysho Markkanddo ..............................................14
4.1.2 Qaala Oyshape Shiiqida Markkanddo.................................................................................20
4.1.3 Cuga Tobba.........................................................................................................................23
4.1.4 Dokumentte Paatethi...........................................................................................................25
4.2 DEMOTA ...................................................................................................................................25
SHEMPPO ICHCHASHA..........................................................................................................................28
5. KUUSHANNE OGE BESOTA..........................................................................................................28
5.1 KUUSHA....................................................................................................................................28
5.2 OGE BESOTA............................................................................................................................29
Markka Maxaafa.........................................................................................................................................30
GUJJA QONCCISO ...................................................................................................................................32

3. i
ZARATA
ZARA SHAYE
Zara 1 Buzo markkanddo paatethi________________________________12
Zara 2 Gorda xuufe oysha_________________________________________14

4. ii
GALATA
Ha pilggetha oosuwas dumma dumma asati gita maaddo immidoosona.Koyrora, ha pilggetha
oosuwaas kale gididi maaddida salo sa7a xoossas qanxin duuxona galati gido. Kaallada, tana
zore immon haggaza immida Woga Kaaleba gita galata shiishshays.Wurssethan,ha pilggetha
oothana mela markkanddo immon hashettida Zaala Gaytha qabalen de7iya ciire cimatakka
galatays. Gujjan, Ishetu Cholamo ha oosuwa oothana mela komppitere eratetha immida gisho
gita galata immays.

5. iii
QOFISO
Ha pilggetha oosowoy sinthapes ha pilggetha kaara bolla pilggethi oothiya pilgganchatas lo7o
nam7atho pultto gididi maaddanaas dandda7iya gisho maara naagidi koshiya sohon uttanaas
minthada qofissays. Gujjadakka ha pilgethay kaaliya yeletas aadhnaas bessiya pilgethi gidiya
gisho naagidi woso koshshees.

6. iv
MAATAAWATETHA
Pilggachay ha pilggetha bolla loythidi kiita aathees.Ikka ha pilggethay pilgganchas buzo cawa gidiya
gisho duuqo maatay naagetanaas bessees. Ha kaara bolla pilgethi oothiyaba gidikko plggacha pultto
oothidi go7etanasape attin kumethi duuqo koshenna. Markka maxaafa xaafo maara kaaloda kaalona
de7ishe siigi duuqiya gidiko duuqo maatan oyshshetees.

7. v
OORATHA QAALA
Awcaca: Goofa deretehay issi worandzo oothida asaa demanaas assay issipe gididi oothiya
woga.
Gacaca: Ruwanda wogan shemppo wodhida asata sigethiya Ruwanda dere asa woga.
Gaada woga: Oroomo deretehaa giddon kacettida asata sigethos maaddiya dere asaa woga
Gerchummaa: Gedio heeran kacettida asata dere asata wogan sigetho woga gididi erettees.
Gompetha : Goofa zoonen Zaala woradan Gaytha qabalen hayqqerettida asata sigethiya woga.
Qaalicha: Sagatethi de7iya zare.
Tuge : Gamo Kambba woradan hayqqerettida asata sigethoos maadiya woga.
Yejoka: Guraage deretetha giddon poletiya woga gididi deretetha giddon sarotethinne sarotetha
ogen gahetethi medhdhana mela minthiya woga.

8. vi
Xuuntha kuusha
Ha pilggetha oosoy kaaray: Goofa zoonen Zaala woradan Gaytha qabalen kacettida asata
giigisonne sigetho wogga xomooso bolla oosettis.Pilgganchay ha kaara bolla oothanada
denthida gaasoy deretethaa giddon sigetho wogay dhayishe biyaa gisho,ha7i yeletata giddon
daro meezetidi beettona gisho,dere asa wogan sigetho eqotati mallas:dubbushati, dere cimati,
gomppoti woykko baraanchchoti asay sigetethi medhdhana mela oothiya wogati dhayishe gaxa
gakkiya gisho,woga dhayishe biya gisho,dere cimati pantta sigetho aawatetha woga maata
aggidi buzo go7an gelidi biran meto birshshetha dethan de7iya gisho ha pilgetha oothiis.Ha
pilggethaas bertte qoppobay: Goofa zoonen Zaala woradan Gaytha qabalen kacettida asata
giigisonne sigetho wogga xomoos gidishin sima qoppobay: Goofa zoonen Zaala woradan
Gaytha qabalen kacettida asata sigethos maaddiya dere asa eqqotatanne entta giigiso hanota,
sigetho medhos maaddiya ogeta, sigetho wogay immiya go7a xomoosis.Pilgganchay ha
pilggetha oosuwas injjetana gidi walaka pilggetha hiilla go7ettis. Pilgganchay Goofa zoonen
Zaala woradan Gaytha qabalen de7iya asaape(6720) wuda deretethape qaada immona
bessinddo dooro hiilan qoppoba baaso udidi 54 ciire cimata bessinddo doori ekkidi markkanddo
shiisis .Pilgganchay markkanddo shiishos go7ettida miishati xuufe oysha, qaala oysha, cugga
tobbanne dokimentte gidoosona. Doorettida bessinddotappe 34ti xuufe oysha zaaranas
dandda7iya tamaarida asatas taman nam7u dooyane gorda oysha oychidaysa gidishin laappun
ciire cimata ekkon ichchashu qaala oyshon markkanddo shiishis; ichchashu yarata oykkiya
heedzu cuggan medhidi he cugga tobbape markkando shiishis; haray xaafetti uttida
dokimenttepe markkando shiishis. Ha shiisho miishatan shiiqida qaala oyshota, cugga tobbata,
dokimentte qaalaninne xuufe oyshota xuufen paatis.Wurssethan,bertte demotikka qonccen
wosettidoosona; hessatika, Goofa zoonen Zaala woradan Gaytha qabalen sigethos maaddiya
wogati dubbusha woga,gomppo woga woykko baaranchchi woginne cimatetha wogi de7ees;
hilethinne gomey sigethoos maaddiya oge; Dere asaa wogan sigethoy issipetetha duussa
minthana mela,daro laytha qasho keethan onggena mela oothees, oshay zaar zaari medhdhetena
mela oothees,eeson meto wode ekkenan birshshanaas go7ees.

9. i

10. 1
SHEMPPO ISSO
1. GELO
1.1 Metuwa Eso
Wordak, (2003)pa qofaa wothishe asay buzon,cugan,dabbo xanxxan,ammanoninne heeratho
qofan issoy issuwara panttas de7iya amo woykko koshshaa kunthanaas, kaappotetha
koshshas,shalota panttas buzo oothanaas koyidi wolira dom77etoosona; ha dom77iya deretethaa
woykko issipetethaa giddope polo dhayssanaas danda7ettennabaa gidikkoka dom77e birshshetha
woginne sigetethi medho wogi asa nayta issipetetha duussaa giddon de7ees.
Sigetho guussay moode woykko moode gidonna ogen nam7u woykko nam7upe dariya asata
giddon dumma gaasotan medhettida gaatha lancciya diggidi kase issipetethaakonnesarotethaako
zaaranaw poliya woga. Makfirlen, (2007) pa qofaa qonccisishe sigethoy moode woykko moode
giddona ogen poletees; ha qofaa paatishin moode ogen sigetethi guussay kawo baggara polettiya
pirdda imo hanota gidishin moode gidonaayssi deretethaa giddon de7iya dere asata woga gididi
dom7ettida asata sigethanaas alam yuushon ubba heeratan benippe doomidi de7iya meeze gis.
Macforlane, (2007); Mapora, (2009) ha eranchchati pantta qofaa wothishe alame yuushon de7iya
deretethay dom77ey medhettenna mela teqqanaasinne gaathan aqida qurcce billanaas dere asa
wogan daro laythape doomidi go7ettishe de7ees; ha dom77e sigetetha wogay dere asaa
meezetan, soo asaa bonchisosinne asay wolira sarotethan gahetethi medhdhana mela oothiya
ooso.
Chourd, (1999) pa qofaa wothishe Afirkka aygure giddon de7iya gadetan kacettida asata
giigisonne sigetho wogay daro laythape doomidi issipetetha duussa giddon asay wolira
maaretethaninne sigetethan issipetetha gahetethi minthana mela oothiyabaa. Ha ogeti, hiillatinne
maarati Afirkka aygure giddon xapho yeddidi de7iyabaa gididi kacettida asata zaaridi dabbotethi
medhdhanasinne ixetetha dhayssana mela oothiyaabaa. Tobikko,(2013)ba qofaa wothishe “ubbaa
Afirkka aygure giddon aylletethan haarettanaappe sinthe dere asata sigetho wogay de7ees”gis.
Tobikko gujjishe, “aylletethan haarettanaappe sinthan ubbabay deretethaa wogan aqees”gis.
Zalt man, (2000)ba qofaa wothishe aylletetha haaretethay benippe de7iya dere asa woga eqotaa
dhayssidi ha7i wode higge maaran kochees gis. Ha hanotay Afirkka gade giddon de7iya
sarotethinne sigetetha medho wogaa dhayissis. Ha hanotay de7iyabaa gidikkoka daro Afirkka
de7iya gadeta gaathan dere asa eqotay (dubbushay) hachi gaso shemppora gam7isinne oosettishe
beettes. Rwandan hayqos gathiya worandzota Rwanda gade wogan (Gacaca court) birshshees.
(kohlbagen,2008)nne Ajaweede dere asata wogan bilettiya worandzoti, kaysoti, bonqqeti, heera
kachati, dhassa kachati Afirkka ayguren de7iya gadeta wogan sarotethi medhettees woykko
sigettoosona (Ibrahm,2013:134).

11. 2
Haray qassi Tophphiyan daro dabbo xanxxa cugati de7osoona. Ha daro dabbo xanxxa cugata
giddon kacettida asata giigisonne sigetho wogi de7ees (Asafa,2005).
Daro pilgganchati Tophphiya gadeta giddon dumma dumma heeratan dom7ettida woykko
kacettida asata giigiso woykko sigetho oosota bolla daro oosota oothidosoona. Girma, (2009) pa
qofaa wothishe shalota paccetetha woykkodarotetha gaason Oroomo Ambo heeran dom77ey
medhettin ha medhettida worandzowaa sigethis gis. Tilahun,(2011:101)pa qofaa wothishe
caaqisoynne qanggethi dugeha Shawa Bocho Oroomon de7iya asay worandzo teqqanaas oothiya
wogaa.
Demissie, (2005:791) pa qofaa wothishe Derbba Oroomon dugeha Shewa heeran ikkonoomera
gahettidaaban (gadenne heera shalota go7etetha maata) gaasoninne issipetetha gahetetha (eko-
gelo gaathan lanccetethaa ) gaason dom77ey woykko kachi medhettees; ha gaason medhettida
lancceta dere cimaati duulatan uttidi sigetho ooso oothoosona. Dugeha Tophphiyan wolaytha
heeran wolqqantho ayso, ammanota gaathan de7iya entta gaatha ayso, deretethay dummatida
besse imo gaason dabbo xanxxa bolla dom77ey denddees. Ha dom7ettida dom7iyaa asata
giddope dere cimati duulatan sigethoosona.
Daro heeratan dumma dumma dere asa wogan sigetho hanotay de7eyssa mela nu Goofa
derenkka sigetho wogi de7ees. Ha sigetho wogay deretetha giddon kaseda xolqqi beettana mela,
deretethay pantta wogaa dalgisana ( beettana) mela, kaalliya yelettatas markkanddo gididi
maaddana mela koyidi pilganchay Goofa zoonen Zaala woradan Gaytha qabalen kacettida asata
giigisonne sigetho wogaa xomoosis. Ha pilggetha oosuwas suuretethi medhdhanaas pilgganchay
markkanddo pulttotappe koshiya hanotan markkando shiisho miisheta go7etti shiishidi Goofa
zonen Zaala woradankacettida asata giigisonne sigetho wogaa bolla oothis.
1.2 Metuwa Qoncciso
Kacettida asata giigisonne sigetho woga guussay dumma dumma gaasotan asay wolira
lanccettida lancciya woykko dom7ettida dom77iya dere cimati pantta dere wogan maarisidi
dabbotethi, siiqotethinne issippetethi medhdhanas oothiya woga gididi erettees. Gulliver, (1979)
ba qofa wothishe “Oona gida deretethay pantta dere wogan kacettida asata sigetho wogi de7ees”
gis.
Murith, (2008)ba qofaa wothishe kacettida asata giigisonne sigetho hiillay deretetha giddon
de7iya eqota gididi issippetetha duussa woganinne meezetetha hanotan polettiya dere asa wogaa.
Alwanne Getachew,(2008) pantta qofaa wothishe “Dere asata wogan sigetho medho hiillay
deretethaa giddon loythi meezetidabaa gididi alame yuushon pirdda immanaas aadhdhiya
siraata” gidosoona.

12. 3
Abera,(2003-839) ba qofaa wothishe dere asata wogan giigiso woykko sigetho hiillay kawo
higge kaalodan gidonnashin deretetha woganinne siraatan polettidi deretetha giddon issipetethaa
medhdhana mela gidi kawotethay enttas eretethatethi immis.
Daro pilgganchati dere asaa wogan kacettida asata giigisonne sigetho woga bolla pilggethi
oothidosoona. Ha pilggetha oosoy Goofa heeran de7iya woga bolla gidonnashin hara dumma
dumma heeratan oosettis.
Girshaw,(2003) pa pilggethaa bolla meto gidi ekkidabay dere asata yaran giigisonne sigethoy
dere asata wogan meezetona mela minthetho dhayoy meto gis. Dere asata meezetana mela
minthetho dhayuwaape denddidayssan asas wolira dosetethi baawa, deretetha giddon medhettida
qurcciya uba kawo higge maaran aconi yegganaas qoppoosona, kase aawatas de7iya wogay
dhayanaas gaxxa gakkis.
Qommon qonccisida eranchchata qofaada Goofa zoonen Zaala woradan Gaytha qabalen dere asa
wogan kacettida asata giigisonne sigetho wogay de7iyaba gidikkoka ha7i wode deretethaa
giddon sigetho wogay dhayishe biyaa gisho, ha7i yeletata giddon daro meezetidi beettona gisho,
dere asa wogan sigetho eqotati mallas: dubbushati, dere cimati, awucacati, shucha qoron woykko
maraacce be7on asay sigetethi medhdhana mela oothiya wogati dhayishe gaxa gakkiya gisho,
woga siraatay dhayishe biya gisho, dere cimati pantta sigetho aawatetha woga maata aggidi buzo
go7an gelidi biran meto birshshetha dethan de7iya gisho pilgganchay Goofa zoonen Zaala
woradan Gaytha qabalen kacettida asata giigisonne sigetho woga metota xomoosidi kaalliya
yeletas oge bessis, bila xuufeta giddon moodettidi uttana melanne dere asata woga dichchanaas
koyidi pilgganchchay pa gaatha amuwaappe dendidi pilgethan xomoosis.
1.3 Pilggetha Qoppoba
1.3.1 Afe Qoppoba
Goofa zoonen zaala woradan Gaytha qabalen kacettida asata giigisonne sigetho woga
xomoosanaa.
1.3.2 Sima Oppoba
 Goofa zoonen Zaala woradan Gaytha qabalen kacettida asata sigethos maaddiya dere asa
eqqotatanne entta giigiso hanota pilgidi xeelanaasa.
 Goofa zoonen Zaala woredan Gaytha qabalen kacettida asata giigisonne sigetho medhos
maaddiy ogetayiggi xeelanaasa.
 Goofa zoonen Zaala woradan Gaytha qabalen kacettida asata sigetho wogay immiya
go7a xomoosanaasa.

13. 4
1.4 Pilgetha Oysha
 Goofa zoonen Zaala woredanGaytha qabalen kacettida asata sigethos maaddiya dere asa
eqotati ayba aybee? enttas giigiso hanotay ay aazi?
 Goofa zoonen Zaala woradan Gaytha qabalen kacettida asata giigisonne sigetho medhos
maaddiya ogey aybee?
 Goofa zoonen Zaala woredan Gaytha qabalen kacettida asata sigetho wogay deretethaas ay
go7a immii?
1.5 Pilgetha Zawa
Pilgganchay pa pilggetha dugeha killilen Goofa zoonen kumethi oothiyako amoshin dalgga
wodenne miishe paceppe denddidayssan pilggethaa zawaa xunthidi Goofa zoonen Zaala woradan
Gaytha qabalen xalla kacettida asata giigisonne sigetho wogaa xomoosos pilggetha zawa udidi
ekkis.
1.6 Pilgetha Go7a
Ha pilgethay suure ogen polettiyabaa gidikko Goofa dere asaa, kaalliya yeletanne eqotata go7a
immana.
 Haraa misatiya kaaran pilgethi oothiyaasatas markkando pulttotethan maaddana.
 Kaalliya yeletatas xuufen xaafetti uttidi markkanddo pultto gididi maaddana.
 Goofa woganne turiizime biiros dokimentte gididi maaddana.
 Dere asa wogan kacettida asata giigisonne sigetho wogaa deretethaas kumetha eratethi
immana.
 Dere asaa wogay dhayonna mela maaddana.
 Dere asaa wogaa dichanaas baaso gididi maaddana.
1.7Piligetha dhubeta
Pilggancha pilggetha ooso oothiyade gakida dhubetti de7oosona. Hessatikka, wodiya harggiya
woykko koroona gaason markkanddo shiishanaas meto gidis, ubbaso woxxereti oothanaas wode
qanthatethay, koshiya markkanddo shiishanaas ikkonoome ziqatethay gakis. Gujjan, issi issi
bessenddoti kumetha markkanddo qosanaas koyidoosona.

14. 5
SHEMPPO NAM7A
2. GAHETETHI DE7IYA XUUFE
2.1 Dom77e Birshshetha Aybatetha
Sellomon,(2007) ba qofaa fokuloore maxaafa bolla xaafi wothishe deretethaa gaathan medhettiya
dom7eti suullid iita meton wodhdhanaappe sinthatidi teqe ooso oothanaas gidi deretethan erettidi
de7iyanne dere asay issipetethan doorida dere cimati dere asata wogan sigetho eqota gididi
erettees. Ha eqotay deretethaa gaathan medhettiya dumma dumma metota dere asata wogan
sigethidi sarotethi, issipetethi, dabbotethinne h.h.malatas maaddees. Deretethaa gaathan
medhettiya kaysotethay, shalota bonqqey, keethe xuusay, wodhoynne hara dumma dumma
worandzota oothiya asata deretethaa gaathape keson, seera imon, maarisoninne sigethon
medhettida metota qantha woden bilettana melanne deretethaa giddon polo sarotethi medhettana
mela dere asata wogan sigethoy keehidi maaddees.
Dom77e birshshethi guussay dumma dumma gaasotan medhettida dom77eta dendduwa shaakki
xeellidi issipetetha duussaa giddope dom77e esonne sarotethi medho hanota gididi erettees.
Wordak, (2003) pa qofaa wothishe asay buzon, cugan, dabbo xanxxan, ammanoninne heeratho
qofan issoy issuwara panttas de7iya amo woykko koshsha kunthanaas, kaappotetha koshshas,
shalota panttas buzo oothanaas koyidi wolira dom7ettoosona; sha dom77iya deretetha woykko
issippetetha giddope polo dhayssanaas dandda7ettennabaa gidikkoka dom77e birshshetha
woginne sigetethi medho wogi asa nayta issipetetha duussaa giddon de7ees.
Dom77e bilethi guussay moode woykko moode gidonna ogen asata giddon sarotethinne
dabbotethi medhdhanaasinne issipetethi medhdhana mela gidi oothiya siraata woykko woga.
Makifirlen, (2007) ba qofaa wothishe dom77e birshshethi woykko sigethoy moodenne moode
gidonna ogen poletees; hayssa guussay moode ogen sigetho woykko lance bilethi kawo baggara
polettiya pirdda imo hanota gidishin moode gidonnayssi qasi deretetha giddon de7iya dere asata
wogan, beni wode woganinne ammano siraatan gididi dom7ettida asata sigethanaas aleme
yuushon benippe doomidi de77iya dom77e biletha meeze.
2.2 Dere Asata Wogan Kacettida Asata Sigetho Hiilla
Dere asata wogan kacettida asata sigetho hiilla guussay deretethay kawo higge maaran
gidonnashin deretethay pantta woganinne siraatan kacettida asata sigethiya sigetho hiilla; ha
hiillay issipetetha woga bollanne cugati kessida mino higge bolla zempees (osi,c 2000).

15. 6
2.3 Dere Asata Wogan Sigetho Hiilla Go7a
Dere asata wogan kacettida asata sigetho hiillay kawo higge (moode gidida ogen) sigetho
siraatappe dummatees. Hessa gisho dere asata wogan sigetho hiillay wode ekkenna; daro miishe
koshshenna; issoy issuwara tobban sigetanaas maaddees; deretetha giddon de7iya manqqo asatas
loythidi maadiya woga (macfurlane,2008).
Assefa, (2001) ba qofaa wothishe dere asa wogan sigetho hiillay medhettiya dom7eti wode
ekkennan eesora dhayssana mela udees; daro miishshe koshshenna polettees; issoy issuwara
tobban dom77eta billana melanne mino dabbotethi medhdhana mela loythidi maaddees;
dom77ey zaaridi medhdhetena mela udees; oosettiya maariso siraatiya boro hanoti
medhettennaada oothiya gisho dere asata wogan sigetho hiillay go7ees gis.
Sellomon, (2007) ba qofaa wothishe soo asata yaran, buzon, dabbo xanxxaninne deretethaa
giddon medhettiya ixetethay dalggidi deretethaa giddon iita kachi medhettanaappe sinthatidi dere
cimati ha metuwa gakki oykkidi sarotethi de7ana mela dere asa sigetho wogay keehidi
maaddees. Haray qassi issi issi deretethaa giddon de7iya sarotethaanne lo7etethaa naagisanaw,
dere asay worandzo oosoppe haakkidi de7ana melanne didirxxan medhettiya metota sarotethan
billidi issipetethi medhdhana mela dere asa wogan sigethoy keehidi maaddees.
2.4 Dere Asa Wogan Sigetho Hiillas De7iya Daabura Bagga
Boege, (2006) ba qofaa wothishe dere asata wogan sigetho hiillas daabura baggati de7osoona.Ha
daabura baggati hayssape garssan qonccidosona.
 Dere asata wogan sigetho hiillay alame bolla asa nayttasimmetida maatara zokkotiya
hanoti de7ees.Mallas, macca asasinneguutha naytta maata bolla naaqo gathees.
 Dere asata wogan sigetho hiillay heerappe heeratan teqqetidi dummatiya hanoti de7ees.
 Dabbo maaddeyinne heeratetha maadde hanoti medhettees.
Osagahae, (2000) ba qofaa wothishe beni wode eqotati gubbo eko hanottay dalggana mela
oothees, mattumatetha tooshe hanotay de7iya gisho daabura bagga gidi eranchay wothees.
2.5 Tophphiya Gaden Dere Asata Wogan Sigetethi Medhdho Hiilla
Dere asata wogan kacettida asata sigetho hiillay dere asaa dosetethan sigetethi medhdhiya oge
gididi pirdda dhayoy tophphiya gade woga gidenna. Ha wogan cimati (bayrati) dom77e
birshshethasinne eqotatas daro go7a immoosona. Moode gidonna dom77e sigetho wogay beni
wode wogan, ammano aawatan, cimataninne bonchettida heera asatan polettiya woga. Ha
dom77e biletha wogay kawo higge maaran dom77e billiya hanotappe dummatees. Ha wogay
polettiya hanotay dubbusha utethan gididi miishe woykko gubbo eko hanotan gidonnashin isso
issuwara doona haasayan polettiyabaanne imettiya pirdda deretethay eriya wogan, maaraninne
asata ammanthiya hanotan polettiyaba gididi bala oothida asata dere asata wogan seera immiya
hanoti de7ees (Desalegn,2005).

16. 7
2.5.1 Cimatethi (Shimgilinna)
Ha sigetho wogay Amaara killilen bayratara woykko cimatara gididi kaccettida asata sigethiya
dere asata woga (Eshetunne Getu,2009).
2.5.2 Gerchummaa
Ha sigetho wogay dugeha killilen Gedio heeran kacettida asata dere asata wogan sigetho woga
gididi erettees. Ha sigetho wogay hara heerata mela cimati woykko bayrati kacettida asata
giigisanaas woykko sigethanaas gita go7a immiya woga (Jembere,1998).
2.5.3 Yejoka
Dere asata wogan kacettida asata sigetho hiillay Guraage deretetha giddon poletiya woga gididi
deretetha giddon sarotethinne sarotetha ogen gahetethi medhdhana mela minthiya woga. Gurage
heera cima asati kacettida asata sigetho ooso oothanaas bertte gididi erettoosona (Bahara,2005).
2.5.4 Gaada Woga
Gaada wogay Oroomo gaden de7iya dere asata wogan kacettida asata sigetho woga gididi
erettees.Boorenna gaada eqotati beni wode wogan kacettida asatas pirda immoosona. Ha pirda
hanotay gita mitha garssan uttidi bala oothida bitaney acana mela oothiya dere asata woga
(Taddesse ,2003).
2.5.5 Qaalicha
Mengistu,(2018) pa pilgethan paatethi immishe dugeha kililen sheko deretetha giddon qaalichi
kacettida asata sigethoos maaddiya eqota gis. Shako heeran de7iya asay aybabikka qaalichatappe
geemmonnayssa ammanettoosoona. Qaalichati kacettida asata maarisishin mooro woykko bala
oothida asati aybikka qosennan issoy issuwa qohida qohiya kumethi odoosona. Ha deretethay
qaalichas aadho wolqqi de7eyssa ammanettoosona. Hessa gidiya gisho qaalichati ayba kachata
birshshanaas dandda7oosona.
2.5.6 Sagga
ተመስጌን (2004) Gaamo zoonen Kamba woredan pa pilggethan qonccisishe saggi dere asata
woganne siraatata maaran kacettida asata sigethanaas maaddees gis. Ha wogay kawotethaa
giddon dere asati immidabaa gididi deretethaa giddon medhettiya worandzo oosota teqqees.
Saggati pirdda immiya wogay baadethi gidishin deretethay sagati baadida baadethay gakkees
gidi ammanettoosona.detetethay ha worandzuwa ekkeley oothnonna aggenna gidi sidhdhettida
asata sagga sinthi aadhdhana mela oothoosona. Sidhettida bitaney balaa oothidi ammanida
gidikko dere cimata wogan seerettees. Sidhettida bitaney worandzo oothidi ammanettonna
gidikko saggay baaddees. Saggay baadida baadethay laappuntho zerethaa gakkanaas wurissees.

17. 8
2.5.7 Awcaca
በላይኔ,(2002) Pa qofaa wothishe awcaci heeran dhuman geshettidi othiya worandzota heera asay
ekeley oothenna aggenna gidi sidhiya asata dere asaa sinthara kanthi aadhdhidi geeyana mela
oothiya Goofa dere asaa woga. Ha wogay dere cimati, derethaynne worandzo ooson sidhettida
asati shiiqana mela udoosona. Dere cimati panttawu ganne garsse gidi uttidi woranzo ooson
sidhetida asata dere asa sinthara hanno-hanno oothabiykee gashe aadha gidi
oychosoona.Woranzo oothenayssati deretethaa sinthara aadhdhishin woranzo oothas giya asati
panttana eriya gisho dere asa sinthara kanthidi aadhona attosona. Woranzo oothidi dere asata
sinthara kanthi aadhona asati pantta shemppo ashidoosona geetettes. Woranzo oothidi dere
sinthara aadhdhiya gidikko dere cimati qangoosona ha qanggethay iya/iyo gakkidi gomees.
Worandzo oothidi deretethaa sinthara awcaca kanthidi aadhethi gomiya gisho gidi asay awcaca
kanthidi aadhdhokonna. Worandzo ooson ammanettida asata dere cimati pantta wogan
seeridinne qohettida bitaniyaara dabbothoosona. Ha awcaca siraatey deretethay worandzo
oothenna mela oothiya Goofa dere asaa wogga gididi erettees(Ibid).
2.5.8 Tuge (Maara)
ተመስጌን,(2004) pa pilgethaa Gaamo zoonen Kambba woradan oothida pilggetha gaathan tuge
woga qonccisishin tuge(maarerkketi) ha wogay dom77ey medhettidaappe
guyekawoti,maaga(woga shuumati),daannatinne dom77e sigethanaas eqqida heezantho asati
tuge(maararkki) gishe woossiya woga.Doorettida asati maarerkketi gishe qohettiada
asata,yaratanne dabbota wula bidi woossosona.Tuge gidi woossiya wode qohettida asati eeno
nuni derey gidaysanin simmanna giiko NaadegallasaninnesLaame gallasan sigethana mela
oosettiya woga.
Dom77etishe asi hayqqidabaagidikko higgey seera immees. Higge seera onggidi deretetha
giddogelanaape sinthe dere wogan dooretida shuumati, daannatinne kawoti tuge (maarerkketi)
gishe hayqqidakeetha asata, dabbotannezareta woossoosona. Hayqqida keetha asati, dabboti,
zareti ero maaretana giikko sigetho wogay oosetees.
Sigetethi oothidappe guyen hayqqida bitaniya keetha asatinne wodhida keetha asati issipe maana
mela suuthaa magari de7ona mela nagara aathiya wogaasuthaninne paran oothoosona.Nagara
aathiya wogay oothiya bessay kasha (dubbusha)geetettees. Dubbushaa wodhida keetha asatinne
hayqqida bitaniya keetha asati ubbay shiiqoosona. He bessan shukkanaas shiishida korma
shukkidi suuthaa ekkidi paraas guuthara som7on ti7ishe haysape simmidi saroy gido, suuthi
keyoppo, gishe anjjidaappe guyen wodhida bitaney dereyaa gaathi gelees(Ibid).

18. 9
SHEMPPO HEEDZA
3. PILGGETHA OGENNE HIILLA
Ha pilggethaa kifiley pa gaathan pilggetha medhuwaa, bessindo dooro hiilla, markkando shiisho
miisheta, markkando paatetha hiilla, pilggetha ammanetethinne suuretethi pilggetha ooso
maaranne pilggetha ooso wogaa haphphidi oykkiya kumetha kifile.
3.1 Pilggetha Medhuwa
Pilgganchay doorida pilggetha kaaraa zawa gathanawu woykko qoppobata polanaas walaka
pilggetha hiilla go7ettis. Ha hiillay dumma dumma ogetan shiiqida markkandota paydoninne
qaalan paatanaw injje gidiya gisho go7ettis. Walaka pilggetha hiillay issi huuphe kaara bolla
payddoninne qaalan qoncciya hanotay de7ikko walaka pilgetha medhoy keehidi koshshees
(Creswell, Pilano Clark, 2011).
3.2 Bessindo Dooro Hiilla
ያለዉ፣ (2003) pa qofaa wothishe “Pilgganchay pilggetha oosuwa suure markkando imanaas
danda7isiya bessendota qaada immona bessindo dooro hiillan qoppoba baaso udidi dooriya
bessindo dooro hiilla”gis. Pilggachay Gaytha qabalen de7iya 6,720 gidiya asatape (wuda
deretethaape) qaada immona bessindo dooro hiillan qoppobaa baaso udidi 54 asata bessindo
udidi ekkidi pa pilggetha oothis. Ha dooretida bessindotape 34ti adde gidishin 20ti macca
gidoosona. Pilgganchay pa qoppoba zawa gathanaas dandda7isees gidi qaada immonna ogen
suure markkando immanaas dandda7isees giya qofan ciire gidida asata bessindo udidi ekkis.
3.3 Markkando Shiisho Miisha
Markkandoy koyro pulttopenne nam77atho pulttope shiiqis. Koyro pultto markkanddoy
pilggethas doorida bessindotappe qaala oyshaninne xuufe oyshan shiishoyssa gidishin
nam77atho pultto markkandoy xaafeti uttida xuufetappe shiishis. Pilgganchay pa qoppobaa zawa
gathanawunne pilgetha oysha zaaranaw dandda7isiya markkando shiisho miisha go7ettis.
Markkando shiisho miishati: xuufe oysha, qaala oysha, cuga tobbanne dokimentte xomooso.
3.3.1 Xuufe Oysha
Ha markkando shiisho miishey zaaranchati pantta gaathan de7iya qofa walotethan zaaranaadanne
de7iya wogaa paatti xaafanaada qaada medhdhiya gisho go7ettis. Giigetetha ogen xuufe oyshay
doorettida bessinddotas shiiqiyaba gidishin, tammanne nam77u dooyanne tammanne nam7u
gordda oyshata walakan shiishshis. Ha xuufe oyshota zaariday tamaarida 32 bessinddo gidida
ciire cimata.

19. 10
3.3.2 Qaala Oysha
Bogdoninne Bicklen (1998) pantta qofaa wothishe “qaala oyshota markkando shiishanaw
go7etehay pilgganchaasinne zaaranchatas som77o gahetethaas lo77o gidees. Hessika qaala
oyshay cimmon markkando demmana mela udees” gidosoona. Pilganchay kaalerethon (bagga
giigetetha) ogen ichashu oyshata kacettida asata giigisonne sigetho wogaa bolla de7iya hanota
tillayssana mela gidi laappun ciire cimata ekkon markkando immana mela go7ettis. Ha ogen
zaaranchay oyshata qonccisanawu qaada medhdhiyanne som77on xeellishe koshshiya
markkando demmanaw injjettiya gisho pilgganchay ha ogiyan markkando shiishshis.
3.3.3 Cuga Tobba
Pilgganchay suure gidida markkando demmanaas koydi heedzu guutha cuga medhidi kacettida
asata giigisonne sigetho wogaa bolla dumma dumma wodetan tobbana mela qaada immanaw
qoppees. Ha markkando shiisho ogey issi issi cugan ichashu yarata oykkis. Pilggachchay cugati
tobbiya wode enttara walaketethan cugatappe markkando go7ettethan shiishshis.
3.3.4 Dokimentte
Pilgganchay pa pilggethaa polo gathanaas koyidi xaafetti uttida xuufeta xomooson markkando
shiishshis.
3.4 Markkando Paattetha Hiilla
Walaka pilggetha hiillay shiiqida markkandota payddoninne qaalan paattanaaw keehidi
koshshiya hiilla (Creswell, Pilano Clark,2011).Pilggachay dumma dumma ogen shiiqida
markkandota paydoninne qaalan paattis. Ha markkanddo shiisho ogetappe qaala oyshota, cuga
oyshota nne dokkimentteta qaalan paattis; xuufe oyshota payddon (100% kusheppe) paattis.
3.5 Pilggetha Ammanetethinne Suuretethi
Ha pilgetha kaaras pilgganchay markkando shiiishanaas go7ettidi markkando shiisho miishati
qoppobaa kunthanaas pilggethaa hiillara gahetethi de7iyassape denddidayssan ammanetethan
go7ettis. Gujjan, doorettida markkandoti pilgetha kaara bolla suurenne qoncce gidida markkando
immanawu dandda7ees guussan dooridi go7ettis. Markkando shiisho miisheta suuretethinne
ammanetethi tillayoy issi pilggetha oosos geeshatethi naagisanaw dandda7eesgis (Yalewu,1998).
3.6 Pilggetha Ooso Maara
Pilgganchay pa pilgethaa kaalli de7iya ooso maaran ooso polis. koyro, wuda deretethaape
bessindo doori ekkida bessindotas oysha giigisis. Nam7anthora, koshshiya markkandota
bessinddotape shiishshis. Kaallidi, shiiqida markkandota paattis. Wursethan, beettida demote
dethan shiishi wothid oge bessis.

20. 11
3.7 Pigetha Ooso Siraata
Gray, (2009)n “Pilggachay oothanaw shiiqo kaaloda go7etethi koshees. Hessika zaaranchata
meeziyan iita gidonna woy iitabi yaana gidi qoppiya hanoti de7onaadan oothees” gis.
Pilgganchay qoppobaa woykko pilgethaa zawa gathanaas koydi markkando shiishishe lo7o
kanddo ma7ida ase gidanaas koshees. Lo7o kanddo ma7ida ase gidikko pilggethaa oosuwas
ammanettethi, suurettethinne geeshattethi de7ana mela oothiya gisho pilgethaa ooso oothishe
pilgganchay heera asaa daanidi shiishshi; gade donzatakko bonchon sarothishe shiiqis; qofaa
enttas qonccisishe markkanddo shiishshis; asaa waloyishenne kaasishe markkando shiishshis.
Haray wodey ehida hargiya gaason zaaranchchati haahotetha naagidi markkanddo immana mela
oothidi shiishis. Ha hanotan markkanddo shiiqiyaba gidiya gisho pilgetha oosuwas
suurettethinne ammaneteethi de7ees.

21. 12
SHEMPO OYDDA
4. MARKKANDDO PAATETHA,BIRSHSHETHANNE DEMOTA
Pilgganchay Goofa zoonen Zaala woradan Gaytha qabalen kacettida asata sigetho woga
xomoosos bessinddotape dumma dumma markkanddo shiisho miishan shiiqida markkanddota
paatethaa woykko birshshthaa; demida demote shiishi oykkis. Paatetanaas shiiqida markkandoti
xuufe oyshape, cuga tobbape, qaala oyshapenne dokmenttepe shiiqis.
4.1 MARKKANDDO PAATETHINNE BIRSHSHETHI
Bessindo Buzo Markkando
P.M
QONCCISO Moodetha
Bessinddo
darotethi
Xeetu
kushepe
Qooda %
1. Mattumatetha Adde 34 63%
Macca 20 37%
2. Laytha 20__30 laythi 0 0%
31___50 laythi 10 18.5%
50 laythape bolla 44 81.5%
3. Soyzo hanota Doomis 54 100%
Doomibenna 0 0%
4. Timirtte detha Tamaaribeyna 32 59%
1tho__4tho kifile 9 17%
5tho__8thokifile 13 24%
9tho__12tho 0 0%
12tho ppe bolla 0 0%
5. Ammano Kirsitanne 20 37%
Mishinne 25 46%
Isilaame 0 0%
Hara 9 17%
Zara1 pultto xuufe oysha
Qommon zara 1n oysha 1 bolla qonccida mela kumethan ekkettida bessendotape 63% adde
gidishin attida 37 % macca gidiyasa shiiqida markkando pulttoy qonccisees. pilgganchay
shiiqida markkandduwa xeelliya wode bessinddo gidi ekkida zaaranchatape dariya kushey adde
gidiyasa pa pilggethan xeelis.
Qommo zara 1n oysha 2 bolla qonccida mela laytha dethan xeelishin 31ppe duge bare laytha
giddon bessinddota qooday 0 gidishin kushen 0% gidees; 31ppe bidi 50 bare laytha giddon

22. 13
de7iya bessinddoti qooday 10 kushen 18.5% gidishin 50 ppe bolla bare laythati qooday 44
gidishin kushen 81.5% gidiyssa markkanddoy markkatees. Pilgganchay shiiqida markkandduwa
xeeliya wode daro kusheti 50 ppe bolla bare laythaa gidiyssa xomoosis.
Bollara qonccida markkandduwun zara 1 oysh3 bolla qonccanaw koyida mela kumetha qooday
woykko 100 kushey gelo ekko hantan polidayssata woykko soyzidaysata markkanddoy
qonccisees. Pilggancha ha bollara qonccida markkandduw xeeliyade wode soyzidayssati
bessinddo gididi ekkettiyasa xomoosis.
Qommo zara 1 oysha 4 bolla qonccida mela kumethan ekettida bessinddotape qoodan 32 kushen
59 % gidiyasatti tamaribeynassa gidishin qoodan 9ti kushen 17%ti 1tho __4tho kifile gaso
tamaaridosona. Attida bessinddoti qoodan 13ti kushen 24% 5tho _8tho kifile gaso tamaaridayssa
shiiqida markkanddoy markkattees. Pilggancha ha markkandduwa xeeliya wode xeetape 59%
tamaarena asaa gidishin 41 % kushey tamaaridayssa shiiqida markkandduwappe xomoosis.
Qonnon zara 1 oysha 5 bolla qonccida mela kumetha bessinddotape payddon 20ti kushen 37%
kiristtan, qoodan 25ti kushe 46% miishinenne qoodan 9ti kushen 17% hara gidishin Islaami
baawa. Ha markkanddaw xeelishin kiristanenne mishinne daro gidiyssa markkanddo pulttoy
qonccisi.

23. 14
4.1.1 Bessinddotape Shiiqida Gordda Xuufe Oysho Markkanddo
P.M
Oysho
zaaro Bessinddo
darotetha
Qooda %
1 Goofa deretethas sigethos maaddiya wogi de7ii? Ee 32 100%
Akkay 0 0%
GUJJETA 32 100%
2 Dere wogan sigethanaas cimata qooday koshshii? Ee 24 75%
Akkay 8 25%
Gujjeta 32 100%
3 Kacettida asata sigethanaas dere cimati deretethaa
giddon doorettidi de7ii?
Ee 26 81.25%
Akkay 6 18.75%
Gujjeta 32 100%
4 Gomey kacettida asaa sigethanaas oge gidii? Ee 20 62.5%
Akkay 12 37.5%
Gujjeta 32 100%
5 Deretetha giddon hilethi sigetho medhdhanaas oge gidii? Ee 24 75%
Akkay 8 25%
Gujjeta 32 100%
6 Dere cimata wogan sigetho medhdhiya wode dere cimati
immida pirdda ekkona ixxida bitaney hilettii?
Ee 20 62.5%
Akkay 12 37.5%
Gujjeta 32 100%
7 Dere cimata pirdda ixxida bitaney zaari sigetanaas
koyikko cimati zaaari sigethiyuna?
Ee 20 62.5%
Akkay 12 37.5%
Gujjeta 32 100%
8 Dere cimati kacettida asata dere wogan sigethanaas entti
eriya kaaldi de7ii?
Ee 24 75%
Akkay 8 25%
Gujjeta 32 100%
9 Dere wogan sigettenan attidi kawo higge maaran
seeretiko go7i de7ii?
Ee 26 81.25%
Akkay 6 18.75
Gujjeta 32 100%
10 Dere asaa wogan sigethos qohi de7ii? Ee 25 78.125%
Akkay 7 21.875%
Gujjeta 32 100%
11 Dere asa wogan sigethos go7i de7ii? Ee 28 87.5%
Akkay 4 12.5%
Gujeta 32 100%
12 Dubbushan sigethishin markka koshshii? Ee 20 62.5%
Akkay 12 37.5%
Gujjeta 32 100%
Zara 2
Zara 2 bolla paydo 1n qonccida mela Goofa zoonen Zaala woradan Gaytha qabalen kacettida
asaa sigethiya wogi de7ees gidi zaaridayssati 100% gidiyssa shiiqida markkanddoy qonccisees.

24. 15
Pilgganchay ha markkanduwa xeelishin Goofa zoonen Zaala woradan Gaytha qabalen sigethos
maaddiya wogi de7iyassa shiiqida markkanduwape xomoosis. Hessa gisho, Goofa zoonen Zaala
woradan Gaytha qabalen sigethos maaddiya wogi de7ees.
Dooya xuufe oysha markkanduwa xeelishin sigethos maaddiya wogay ayba aybee? giya oyshas
daroti zaarishe dubbusha woga, gompetha (baaranchi) woganne cimatetha wogay de7ees gidi
zaaridaysa markkanddoy tilllayees. Pilgganchay ha markkandduwa xeeliya wode Goofa zoonen
Zaala woradan Gaytha qabalen sigethos maadiya wogi de7iyssa xomoosidees. Ha woggatikka
dubbuasha woga, gompetha woykko baranchchi woganne cimatetha wogay de7iyssa shaaki
xomoosis. Hessa gisho, Goofa zoonen Zaala woradan Gaytha qabalen sigethos maaddiya
gompetha (baaranchi), dubbushanne cimatetha wogi de7ees.
Zara 2 oysha 2 bolla shiiqida markkanduwa xeelishin75% dere asaa wogan sigetho medhdhanaas
cimata qooday koshshees gishin attida 25% sigetho medhdhanaas cimata qooda koshshenna
gidoosona. Pilgganchay ha markkanduwa xeelishi daro kusheti sigetho medhdhanaas koshshees
gidayssa xomoosis. Hessa gisho, Goofa zoonen Zaala woradan Gaytha qabalen sigetho
medhdhanaas asaa qooday koshshees.
Dooya oysha markkanduwa xeeliya wode dere asaa wogan sigetho medhdhanas aappun cimata
koshshii? giya oyshas 75% gidiya bessinddoti laappun cimata koshshees gidi zaarishin attida
10% oyddu cimata gishin attida 15% heedzu cimata koshshees gidi zaaridoosona. Pilgganchay
dere asaa wogan sigetho medhdhanaas cimata qooday koshsheyssa ha shiiqida markkanduwape
xomoosis. Gujjidi, 75% bessinddoti dere asaa wogan sigethanaas laappun cimati koshshiyssa
shiiqida markkanddoy qonccisoyssa xomoosis. Hessa gisho, Goofa zoonen Zaala woradan
Gaytha qabalen sigetho medhdhanaas laappun cimata koshshees.
Zara 2 oysho 3 bolla shiiqida markkanduwa xeelishin 81.25% bessinddoti zaarishe kacettida
asata sigethanaas dere cimati deretetha giddon doorettidi de7okkona gidi zaaridoosona. Hankko
attidayssati zarishe giigisiya asati deretetha gidon erettidi de7oosona gidi zaaridoosona. Daro
kushe bessinddoti zarishe kacettida asata sigethanaas dere cimati deretetha giddon dooreti
de7onayssa pilganchay shaaki xomoosis. Hessa gisho, Goofa zoonen Zaala woradan Gaytha
qabalen sigetho medhdhanaas erettidi woykko dooretidi deenna.
Dooya xuufe oysha xeelishin 81.25% bessinddoti dere wogan sigethanaas cimata dooretehay
kacha mela dummatees. Guutha kachi gidikko nam7u cuggati cimata ekki ekki shiiqoosona.
Wolqqama kachi woyko hayqqos gakidaba gidikko deretetha giddon de7iya bitantteti, saggatinne
allaga cimati pantta denddetethan sigethanaas dendoosona. 18.75% bessinddoti saggati
bitanttetinne ubba wode sigethiya cimati deretetha giddon eretidi de7oosona. Pilgganchay ha
shiiqida markkanduwa xeelishin sigetho medhdhanaas cimati deretetha giddon dooreti
deennayssa xomoosis. Haray cimata dooretethay kacha mela dummatiyssa pilgganchay shiiqida

25. 16
markkanduwa xomoosis. Gutha kachi gidikko kacettida asati cimmati panttape ekki shiiqosona
giyssanne wolqqama kachi gidikko cimati patta denddetethan sigethanaas keyiyssa pilgganchay
shiiqida markkanduwa shaaki xomoosis. Hessa gisho, Goofa zoonen Zaala woradan Gaytha
qabalen cimata dooretethay kacha mela dummatees. Guutha kachi gidikko nam7u cugati cimata
ekki shiiqosona. Woliqqama kachi gidikko cimati, bitantteti, iraashati pantta dendetethan
matanaas keyoosona.
Zara 2 bolla oysha 4 bolla qonccida markkandduwa xeelish 62.5% gidiyssati gomey kaccetida
asata sigethanaas oge gidees gidoosona. Attida 37.5% gomey sigetho medhanaas oge gidena
gidoosona. Pilgganchay ha markkanduwa xeeliya wode daro kushey Goofa zoonen Gaytha
qabalen kacettida asata sigethanaas gomey oge gidiyssa shaaki xomoosis.
Dooya xuufe oysha markkandduwa xeelishin gomey waanidi kacettida asata sigethanaas oge
gidi? giya oyshas xeetape 70% bessinddoti gishe issi bitanney issi urara kacettidi he kacettida
bitanniyas dhuma geshe oothidi dano woykko worandzo oothin markki dhayba gidikko qohettida
bitanney siigidi xoossas immishe aggagidaba gidikko gam7idi dano oothida bitanniya gomey
gakkees; he bitanniyas de7iya shalloy dhayo; haaroy hayqqo; yeloy hayqqo oykkiko heeran
de7iya shucha qoriya bitaniyaso bidi shucha qorisees. Shucha qoriya bittanney shucha qoridi
nena ekkelera de7iyabay ongges baada iyara ongga gidi yedees. Qamma qosan dano oothida
bitanney cima woosi ekkidi kase qohettida bitanniyaso bees. Cimatti qohettida bitanniya woosidi
nam7a sigethana mela oothoosona. Pilgganchay ha markkandduwa xeeliya wode gome kacettida
asata siggethanaas oge gidiyssa pa pilggethan xomoosan dandda7is; Gujjidikka, kacettida
bitanniyappe issoy dhuman geshettidi worandzo woykko dano oothiyaba gidikko he bitanniya
gomey gakkees. Gomiya cima woosi ekkidi qohettida bitanniyaso bidi sigetti onggiya hanota
markkanddoy qonccisiyssa pilgganchay xomoossis.Ha qofas birshshethay Goofa zoonen Zaala
woradan Gaytha qabalen gomey sigetho medhdhanaas oge gidees; hayssi issi asi issi asara
kacettidi dhuman geshetidi dano oothiyaba gidikko dano oothida bitaniya gomey gakkees;
gomey gakkida bitaney shuchi qoriyaso woykko maracce xeeliyaso biidi shucha qorisin woykko
maraca xeelisin shuchay woykko maraccey ekkelera de7iyabi nena dhayssees gikko kase
dhuman dano oothida bitaney cima shiishshi ekkidi kase kacettida bitaniyara sigetiya wogi
de7ees.

26. 17
Zara nam7an payddo 5 bolla qonccida markkandduwa xeelishi 75% hilethi sigetho medhdhanaas
ee oge gidees gishin attida 25% hilethi sigetho medhdhanaas oge gidenna gidi zaaridasa shiqida
markkandoy qonccisees. Pilgganchay shiiqida markkandduwa xeelishin hilethi sigetho
medhdhaas oge gidees giya bessinddoti dariyassa xomoosis. Hayssa gisho, Goofa zoonen zaala
woradan Gaytha qabalen de7iya deretethaas hilethi sigetho medhdhanaas oge gidees.
Dooya xuufe oysha xeeliya wode hilethi sigetho medhdhanaas waanidi oge gidii? giya oyshas
75% bessinddoti zaarish dere wogan sigettona ixxikko, cimati immida pirda ekkona ixxikko,
dere asaa woganpe keyidi kawo higge maaran seerana gidi dere cimata yedhi kanthiko deretetha
gidope, wudiyape, tam7iyape, dagguwape, yehuwape hiloosona giyssa shiiqida markkandoy
tillayees. pilgganchay ha markkandduwa xeelishin cimata pirda ixxiko ha bitaniya wudiyape,
daguwape, tam7iyape yehuwape hiliyassa pilgganchay xomoosis. Ha qofay birshshethay Goofa
zoonen Zaala woradan Gaytha qabalen de7iya deretethaas hilethi sigetho medhdhanaas oge
gidees; sigetike gidi dereteha yedhi aadhiko dere cimati deretetha gidope, wudiyape, tam7iyape,
dagguwape, yehuwape hiloosona; hayssa gisho gidi oona gida asi dere cimati immida pirda
ekkike ixxas geenna.
Zara nam7an payddo 6 bolla shiiqida markkandduwa xeelishin 62.5% bessinddoti dere cimata
pirda ixxida bitanya hiletees gidi zaarishin attida 37.5%ti deriyape hiletena gidi
zaaridoosona.Pilgganchay ha markkanduwa xeelishin dariya baggati cimati pirdda immiko
ekkike giya gidikko deretetha giddope hiletiyassa xomoosis. Hayssa gisho, dere cimata pirda
ixxiyaba gidikko woykko cimata keela laaliyaba gidikko dereteha giddope hiliya wogi de7ees.
Dooya xuufe oysha xeeliya wode dere cimata yedhi aadhdhida bitaniy aybape hiletii? giya
oyshas 62.5% zaarish dere cimata yedhi aadhida bitaney wudiyape, tam7iyape, daguwape,
yeehuwape hiilosona gishe zaaridoosona. Pilgganchay ha shiiqida markkanduwa xeelishin daroti
wudiyape, tam7iyape yeehuwape, daguwape hiliyassa xomoosis. Hayssa gisho, cimati immida
pirda ixxiko woykko cimi gidabape kare keyidi ixxas giiko wudiyape, tam7iyape, daguwape,
yeehuwape hillettidi pa xalala attidi un7etteesinne waayettees.
Zara nam7a oysha 7 bolla shiiqida markkandduwa xeelishin 62.5% bessinddoti zaarishe cimata
yedhi aadhida bitaniya cimati zaari cimatokona gishin attida 37.5% zaarachati cimata yedhi
aadhida bitaniya cimatosona gidoosona.Pilgganchay ha markkandduwa xeelishin cimatin
cimatetha ixxida bitaniyas zaari cimatonaas xomoosis.Hayssape dendidayssan cimata pirda
ixxida asas zaaridi cimatokonna; zaari cimatanaas cimatas koshshay baynayssa wokko eenotethi
baawa.
Dooya oysha xeeliya wode dere keela laalida woykko cimata pirda ixxida bitaniyas cimatona
ixxikko bitaney waani? daroti zaarishe cimata keela laalida bitaney cimatas zoono zoono bidi
tani mooretas, tana yedhite, ta iitas gishe biita laaciko iyas zaari cimatana qaada medhoosona.
Pilgganchay ha markkanduwa xelishin daroti zaarishe dere keela laalida bitaney cimata zoono
zoono bidi biita laacishe woosiyassa pilgganchay xomoosis. Hayssa gisho, Goofa zoonen Zaala

27. 18
woradan Gaytha qabalen de7iya deretehaa woga ixxidi dere keela laalidi woykko cimata pirda
ixxiko dere cimati zaaridi he bitaniyaba cimatokonna. Dere cimati cimatana mela kase ixxida
cimataas zoono zoono biidi biita laacishe, zuumishe, tani iitaas, ta mooretas, tana yedhi aadhite
gishe cimata woosees.
Zara nam7an payddo 8 bolla shiiqida markkanduwa xeelishi 75% zaaranchati pantta qofaa
wothishe dere cimati kacettida asata dere wogan sigethanaas entti eriya kaalodi de7ees
gidoosona. Pilgganchayha shiiqida markkandduwa xeelishi dariya baggati kacettida asata
sigethanaas dere cimati kaaliya kaalodi de7iyassa xomoosis. Hessa gisho, Goofa zoonen Zaala
woradan Gaytha qabaln kacettida asata dere wogan sigethanaas dere cimati kaaliya kaalodi
de7ees.
Dooya xuufe oysha xeeliya wode dere cimati kacettida asata dere wogan sigethanaas ayi kaallodi
de7ii? giya oyshas 65% bessinddoti paatetha immishe koyrotidi waase xeesosona, kaallidi
num7u baggati kayan kayan odettana mela oothoosona, enttappe hanuwa ubba si7i aggidi nam7u
baggati woykko kacettia asati pantta heerappe haaki baana mela oothosona, pirda imanana mela
sinthatidi tobboosona iyan issoy issoy kayan kayan pirda imoosona. Wurssethan, issi bayrattiya
cimay kuusha oothees, hessape guyen kacettida asata panttako xeegosona, wursethan cimatappe
kuuyida pirda enttas odoosona giya kaallodi de7ees goosona.35% bessinddoti paatishe immishe
cimati kaalliya kaalodi baawa gidi pantta qofa wothidoosona. Pilgganchay shiiqida
markkandduwa xeelishin koyrope doomidi wurssethi gakkanaas kaallodi de7iyssa pilggethany
xomoosis. Kumethan, ha markkanduwas kaallodati hayssappe garssan de7ees. Hessatikka:
 Nam7u ooyettida asati waase xeesisees.
 Nam7u baggati woykko kacettida asati kayan kayan kachida woykko ooshida gaasuwa,
hanidabaata odana mela oothosona.
 Si7ida odas zorttidi pirdda immanas kacettida asata pantta mattape haaso.
 Cimati tobba woykko zoretethi medhoosona.
 Cimati kayan kayan pirda immosona wurssethan barattiya cimay kuusha pirda wothees.
 Kacettida asata panttako yaana mela oothosona.
 Kuuyida pirda kacettida asata sisosona.
 Wurssethan, maarisosona.
Zara nam7an oysha 9 shiiqida xuufe oysha xeelishin 77% bessinddoti dere wogan sigettenan
attidi kawo higge maaran seeretiko go7i baawa gishin attida 23% dere wogan seeretiyssape kawo
higgen seeretiyssas go7i dee7es gidoosona. Pilgganchay ha shiiqida markkanduwa xeelishin
dariya kushey kawo higge maaran seeretethas go7i baawa gidayssa shaaki xomoosis. Hessa
gisho, Goofa zoonen Zaala woradan Gaytha qabalen de7iya deretethaas higge maaran
seeretethape dere wogan seeretethi issipetetha duussa gita go7a immees.
Dooya oysha xeeliya wode dere wogan sigettenan attidi kawo higge maaran seeretiko ay go7ii?
giya oyshas 77% bessinddoti aynekka go7ena hessape dere wogan seeretethas go7i de7ees gidi

28. 19
zaaridoosona. Attida 23% bessinddoti paatetha immishe kawo higge maaran seeretiya gidikko
zaaridi woranzo oothena mela loythi seeretees gidoosona. Pilgganchay ha shiiqida markkanduwa
xeelishin kawo higge maarape dere wogan seeretiya seeretehay dereethas maaddiyssa pilggi
xomoosis. Hessa gisho, Goofa zoone Zaala woradan Gaytha qabalen de7iya deretethaas kawo
higge maaran seeretethape dere wogan sigetethas gita go7i de7ees.
Zara nam7an oysho 10 boila shiiqida markkanduwa xeelishin 66% gidiyssati dere asaa wogan
sigethos qohi baawa gidi zarishin attida 34% bessinddoti qohi de7ees gidi zaaridoosona.
Pilgganchay ha shiiqida markkanduw xeelishin dariya bessinddoti dere asaa wogan sigethoy
qohena gidi zaaridayssa shaaki xomoosis. Hessa gisho, Goofa deretehaas dere asa wogan
sigethoy go77esipe attin aybbaka qohenna.
Dooya xuufe oysha xeelishin shiiqida bessinddotape 66% bessinddoti panta qofa wothishe dere
asaa wogan sigethoos qohi baawa gidi immidoosona. Attida 34% bessinddoti pantta qofa
wothishe dere asaa wogan sigetiyaaba gidikko dabbo woykko lagge maaddey medhdhettidi
oosha polo dhayssanaas dandda7etena, iisoy issuwa toochees gidi zaaridosona. pilggancha ha
shiiqida markkanduwa xeelishin dariya baggati pantta qofa immishe dere asa wogan sigetethos
qohi baynayssa shaaki xomoosis. Hessa gisho, Goofa deretetha giddon dere asa wogan sigethoos
go7i deesipe attin qohi baawa.
Zara nam7a oysha 11 bolla shiiqida xuufe oyshas 80% bessinddoti dere asaa wogan sigethos
go7i de7ees gishin attida 20% bessinddoti dere asaa wogan go7i baawa gidi pantta qofaa
wothidoosona. Pilgganchay ha markkanduwa xeelishin daro keena bessinddoti dere asaa wogan
sigethos go7i de7iyssa shaaki xomoosis. Hessa gish, Goofa deretetha giddon dere asa wogan
sigethoy deretehaas go7ees.
Dooya xuufe oysha xeelishin dere asaa wogan sigethos go7i aybee? giya oyshas 80% gidiya
bessinddoti zaarowa immishe dom7ey dalggona mela udees; zaari zaari dom7ey medhetena mela
oothees; dabbotetha minthana mela maaddees; issipeteha duussas baaso gidees; daro laythas
qasho keethan pa bariy onggena mela oothees gidoosona. Hankko attidayssati go7i de7ees giya
paatetha zaaroy baawa. Pilgganchay ha markkandduwa xeelishe dariya baggati dere asaa wogan

29. 20
sigethos go7i de7iyssa xomoosis. Hessatika, dom7ey zaari zaari medhetena mela madinnisees;
issipetetha duussa minthees; dabbotetha minthees; daro laytha qasho keethan onggona mela
oothees giyassa shaaki xomoosis. Heyssa gisho, Goofa zoonen Zaala woradan Gaytha qabalen
de7iya deretethaas issipetetha minthana mela, dabbotethi medhdhana mela, daro laytha qasho
keethan ongidi deretehaas gido soo asas tooho gidena mela maaddees.
Zara nam7an oysha 12 bolla shiiqida markkanduwa 75% gidiya bessinddoti dere wogan
sigethishin markka koshshena gidi zaarishin attida 25% bessindoti zaarshshe markka koshshees
gidi zaaridoosona. Pilgganchay ha markkanduwa xeelishin dariya kusheti dere wogan sigethishin
markka koshshonayssa xomoosis. Hayssa gisho, Goofa zoonen zaala woradan Gaytha qabalen
de7iya drereteha giddon kacettida asata sigethishin markka koshshena. Cimati asay worddo
haasayona mela caaqethidi giigiso doomosona.
Dooya xuufe oysha xeelishin 75% bessinddoti cimati sigethanaas go7ettiya qaalatan
amanthoosona. Hessika, nam7u baggati odetethi doomanape kasettid cimati kiita athoosona ikka
“Tumaa tumaa odite! cimata sintha xeelidi odite! dubbusha xeelidi odite! wonttuwa xeelidi odite!
yelanaasa ayfanayssa xeelid odite” gishe kiita aathosona goosona. Hankko attidayssati markkan
kattid amantho koshshees gidoosona. Pilgganchay ha shiiqida markkanduwa xeelishin dere
wogan sigethishin markka koshshonayss akkekiis. Hessa gisho, Goofa zoonen Zaala woradan
Gaytha qabale kacettida asata sigethishe markka kosheena. He bessan camati tuma haasayana
mela odoosona. Cimati nam7u cugatakko gishe tuma xeelidi odite, wonttuwa, yeli ayfanayssa
xeelidi tuma haasayite yaagettees.
4.1.2 Qaala Oyshape Shiiqida Markkanddo
Intte heeran shempo wodhdhida keetha asara hayqqida keetha asara sigethiya wogi de7ii?
Zaarancha A,B, C, G zaarishe ee de7ees gidoosona.Ha woggay gomppo gidi zaaro
immidoosona.Gomppo wogay polettiyay nam7u yarata giddon hayqqetethi medhettiko dere asaa
woga gididi eretees godoosona.Ha wogay issi bitaney ase wodhidi higge seera ekkidi haa
simishin woykko hayqqida keetha assay kushe zaariko nam7u yarata giddon hayqqoy zaari zaari
medhettena mela dabbothi woykko sigethiya woga. Ha wogaa sigethiya iraashata, bitanttetanne
allagga cimata gidi zaaridoosona. Koyrora, hayqqida keetha assay kushe wodhi zaarikko dere
cimati, iraashati, bitantteti maata ekkidi num7u keetha asaa kare biidi enttes maata, enttes irxxa,

30. 21
woga ekkite, nubolara aadhite, palattopite, dhayopite,hayqoy hayqqo gakis, entte paxxati woli
wurssopite, suutha enttesa doshshisite gishe woososona. He wode asay cimata, bitanttetanne
iraashata si7oosona. He bessan cimati hayqqerettida keetha asaa mayzati dubbusha shiiqana mela
shiiqana qarayoka ekkoosona. Mayzati dubbusha shiiqiyaba gidikko bitanttey denddidi enttape
shiiqana qarayo shiiqiya bessa ekees. Shiiqiya bessay nam7u asata suuthay keyidaso gidees.He
galasan shiiqishe ekkidi yaanaba nam7u baggatas bitanttey odees. Hessika, ubba katha qommo,
dorsse, parsso nam7u cugati ekki shiiqana mela mayzatas kiita aathoosona. Mayzati pantta soo
asa, dabbota ubba ekkidi koyro hayqqida bessa shiiqosona. He bessan bitanttey entti ehida
dorssape issuwa ekkidi shukkidi nam7u cugata mayzata tocciyan essidi ashuwape duuthi
barssishe, katha ubba qommope xunqqi barsishe, parssuwa dagisishe anjjes goosona. Bitantey
nam7u baggatakko hayssape guyen hayqqoy doopo, hiza enttew bu7e gido, kachi ooshi di7ora bo,
mela gidopite aaca gido, hayqqoy hayqqo gakko, gomey enttena gakkopo gishe anijjoosona.
Hessape guyen nam7atho bitaniya suuthay keysso bidi he bessan koyrossa mela bittantey
nam7atho dorssa shukkidi tociya bola essidi ashuwape duuthi barssishe, katha ubb qommope
xunqqi barssishe, parssuwa daggisishe anjjoosona.
Zaarancha D,E,F wodhdhida bitanney kawo seera ekki haa simidi siigidi deretetha giddo Gelena.
Sigetenan de7ishe deretethara bu7ettiya gidikko hayqqida keetha assay suuthi zaarena mela gidi
dere cimati, bitantteti, iraashati pantta qaadan keyoosona. Ha cimati, bitanteti, iraashati hayqqida
keetha asaa kare bidi maaata oyqqidi gulbbatidi woososona. Hayqqida keetha asati cimati,
bitanteti, iraashati woosiyassa si7idi eeno entti giyaba si7ana giiko qaraya ekkidi dubbusha
shiiqana mela oosetees. Dubbushan bitanttey dendi eqqidi wodhida keetha asaa qaala gelisees.
Hayqqida ketha assay qaala gelishe “wodhdhoko” “suuthi zaaroko” ha qaa7ey dubbushay be7o
gishe caaqosona. Ta wodhdha zaariko biitay wothoppo! Haathay marze gido! aacopo! dalggopo!
guuxo! Gishe caaaqosona. Hessape guyen wodhida keetha asaynne hayqqia keetha asay issipe
suuthay keyda bessa shiiqoosona. He bessa shiiqishe wodhida keetha asay dorsse woykko deeshe
ekkidi, dumma dumma katha qommotape ekkidinne parsso ekkidi shiiqosona. Hankko Hayqqida
keetha asaykka dumma dumma katha qommopenne parsso ekkidi shiiqosona. He bessan dorssa
shukkidi ashuwape duuthi barssishe, katha qommope barsishe parssuwa daggisishe anjjees
goosona.Ha wogay gomppethe gettees.
Pilgganchay qaala oyshape demmida markkandduwa xeelishi Daro kushet pantta qofa wothishe
shemppo wodhida keetha asara hayqqida keetha asara sigethiya wogay gomppethe gidiyasa pa
pilggethan xomoosanas danda7is.Gomppetha wogay nam7u maaran sigetiyssa
xomoosis.koyroyssi wodhdhida keetha asape kushe zaarida gidikko gomppiya wogi de7iysssa
shaakis. Nam7athoy, kawo maaran higge seera onggidi haa simishin cimati, bitantetinne iraashati
sigethiya woga gidiyassa shaaki xeelis. Hessa gisho Goofa zoonen Zaala woradan Gaytha
qabalen shempo wodhida keetha asara hayqqida keetha asara sigethiya wogay gompethe woykko
baarancho geetettees.Ha wogay nam7u maaran sigetees.koyros shemp

31. 22
Dere asaa wogan sigethoy ay go7ii?
Zaarancha A,B,C zaarishe “dere asaa wogan sigethos go7i de7ees” gidi zaaridoosona. Ha
zaaranchati pantta qofaa wothishe “dere asaa wogan sigethoy issipetetha duussa minthana mela
maaddees;daro laytha qasho keethan onggena mela oothees;ooshay zaari zaari dendena mela
oothees;eeson meto birshees;wode qohenna” gidi zaaridoosona.
Zaaranch D,E pantta qofa wothish “dere asaa wogan sigethos go7i de7ees. Hessika; miishe
oychena,elle worandzo dhayssanaas maaddees”.
Pilgganchay qaala oyshon shiiqida markkanduwa xeelishin zaarancha A,B,C zaaroy qommon
zara 2 oysha 11 balla de7iya markkanduwara misatethi de7iyssa shiiqida markkanddo xomoosis.
Hessika, “dere asaa wogan sigethoy issipetetha duussaa minthana mela maaddeees; daro laytha
qasho keethan onggena mela oothees; ooshay zaari zaari medhdhetena mela oothees; eeson meto
birshees; wode qohennas” gidi zaaro markkanduwa pilgganchay xomoosis. Hessa gisho, dere
wogan sigethos daro go7i de7ees. Hessatikka, issipeteha duussa minthanaas maaddees, daro
laytha qasho keethan ongidi ikkonoome pacetethi ehona mela oothees, wode ekkenan eeson
sigetana mela oothees.
Kacettida asata sigethanaas deretethas wogi de7ii?ayba aybee?
Zaarancha A,B,C,D,E,F zaarish “kacettida asata sigethanaas deretetha giddon wogi de7ees gidi
zaaridoosona.Hessika,cimatetha woga,gomppetha woykko baaranchi woginne dubbusha woykko
buca wogi de7ees” gidi zaaridoosona.Pilggancha ha markkanduwa xeelishin zara 2 oysha 1 bolla
de7iya markkanddora misatethi de7iyssa xomoosis.Ha Goofa zoonen Zaala woradan Gaytha
qabalen sigethos maaddiya wogi de7ees. Hessatika, dubbusha wogi, cimatetha wogi, buca wogi,
gomppo wogi de7ees.
Deretetha giddon hilethi sigetho medhdhanaas oge gidii?
Zaarancha A,B zaarishe “hilethi sigetho medhdhanaas oge gidena” gidoosona.
Zaarancha C,D,E,F,G zaarishehilethi sigetho medhdhanaas oge gidees gidi
odidosona.Pilgganchay ha shiiqida markkanduwa xeelishin dariya baggati deretetha giddon
hilethi sigetho medhdhanaas oge gidiyssa shaaki xomoosis. Hessa gisho, Goofa deretetha giddon
hilethi sigetho medhdhanaas oge gidees.
Gomey sigetho medhdhanaas oge gidii?
Zaarancha A, C, D, F zaarishe gomey sigetho medhdhanaas oge gidees gidi odidoosona.Ha
zaaranchati patta qofa paati odishe issi bitaney markki de7onason issi uraa bolla woranzo oothin
mootanaas markki de7enayssape denddidaysan xoossa pude imishe gami7iyaba gidikko he
bitaniya gomey gakees. I haarida haaroy hayqqiethi,yelida nayti dicona ixxiko, iyawu de7iyabi
ubbi laaletethi oykiko heeran de7iya maraca wadhdhiya asaso woykko shuchi qoriya asaso bidi

32. 23
shucha woykko maraca xeelisi be7ishin kase markki de7onaason worandzo oothidayssa malikko
shucha qoriya bitaney woykko maraca xeeliya bitaney ekkelira de7iyabi nena onggees iyara
baada sigeta gees. He wode bidi cima woosi ekkidi sigetanaas he bitaniyas bees. Cimati panttas
de7iya woliqqan enttan sigetho medhdhoosona.
Pilgganchay ha shiiqida markkanduwa xeelishin gomey bana gakopo giya ogen assay sigetethi
medhiyssa shiiqida markkanddope xomoosis.
4.1.3 Cuga Tobba
Dere asaa woganni sigethos maaddiya eqqotanne iya giigiso hanota bolla tobbite.
Cugu 1: Pantta qofa wothishshe dere asaa wogan sigethos maaddiya eqqoti de7ees. Hessika,
dubbusha eqqota, gomppo woykko baaranchchi eqqqoti de7ees gidoosona. Pilgganchay ha cuga
tobbape markkanduwa xeelishin dubbusha eqqota, laapun cima eqqotinne gomppo woykko
baaranchchi eqqoti de7iyssa shaaki xomoosis.
 Dubbusha eqqota
Ha eqqotay dere asaa wogan sigetho medhana mela maaddiya besse gidishin bitanttetan
yarshetiya gita mitha woykko adibaare gidoosona. Ha dubbushas eeqiya woykko goynniya asi
de7iya gisho ha bessan sigethishin ayne markka koshenayssa qonccidoosona. cimati nam7u
cuggata sigethishe tuma odana mela woykko malttena mela gidi go7etiya qaalati de7iyssa
qonccisidooson. Hessatika, adibaariy xeelidi oditee, dubbusha xeelidi oditee, cimata deemutha
xeelidi odite gishe nam7u cugata kayan kayan oychoosona. Ha bessan kacettida asati aybba
wordo malttey baynashin tumaa kayan kayan odoosona. Cimati entti odida oduwan kattidi pirda
imoosona gees. Ha immida pirda ekkidi na7u asati dabbotethi medhdhooson gidi tobbidoosona.
 Gomppo woykko baaranchi eqqota
Cuggati bantta tobba qonccisishe ha eqqotay shemppo wodhoy woykko hayqqetethi medhetikko
sigethoos maadiya dere asaa woga gidiyssa pantta tobba bolla qonccisidoosona. Ha wogay issi
bitaney ase wodhidi higge seera ekkidi haa simishin woykko hayqqida keetha assay kushe
zaariko nam7u yarata giddon hayqqoy zaari zaari medhettena mela dabbothi woykko sigethiya
woga gidi tobbidoosona.Ha gomppo wykko baaranchi wogan sigethanaas shiiqiyay iraashata,
bitantte, laappun cimcata beetosona. Sigetatanaas shiiqishe nam7u cugati dorsse, parsso, ubba
katha qommope ekki suutha guko bessa shiiqoosona goosona.Gomppo woga nam7u baagara
xeelidoosona. Koyro baggay, wodhida bitaneey kawo higge seera ongidi siigi deretetha gido
gelenna. Siigi geliyba gidikko hayqqida keetha assay iya wodhanaas dandda7iya gisho wodhida
keetha mayzay cimata nuna ebbelontara sigetherketi gidi woosoosona. Cimati ,iraashati,

33. 24
bitantteti hayqqida keetha asaa zoono bidi nuna ekkerketi cimi giyaba si7eketi gishe gulbbatid
woykko bulkko hiixxidi woosoosona. Hayqqida keetha assay cimati giyaba si7ana giko nam7u
bagga mayzati sinthaatidi dubbush baana mela odetees. He bessan hayqqida ketha asaa mayza
denthidi caaqisees. Hessika, wodhi zaariko zaariko biitay wothoppo! Haathay marze
gido!aacopo!dalggopo! guuxo! Gishe caaaqosona hessape guyen qarayo ekkidi suuthay keyida
berssa shiiqoosona. He bessan bitantey denddidi hayqoyssas shemppo maaro, attidayssati daro,
hari hayqqopo gidi anjjishe dorssa shukkidi tuciya bolla essidi ashuwape muxxibarssishe,
parssuwa daggisishe, katha ubba qommope barssishe hayssape simin issino giditee, hayqqoy
ettena gakkopo, issipe mite issipe uyitte gishe nam7u bagata dabbothees. Nam7athoy qase issoy
issuwa wodhi kushe zaariko giigisya giigiso hanota. Cimati pantta denddetethape dendidi
hayqqeretida keetha asaa mayzata dubbusha xeegidi sigethana maara medhidi entte dabbuwa
dabbuw ekkidi koro suuthay keyidaso shiiqana mela qarayo ekkosona. He beesa shiiqishe
mayzati pantta dabbo ubba ekki shiiqosona. He bessan dorssa shukkidi tocciya bola essidi
ashuwape muxi barssishe, katha qommo ubbape barsishe nam7ata dagissi ushishe
dabbothoosona.
Cuga 2: dere asaa wogan sigethoy ay go7a immiyako tobbite.
Dere asaa wogan sigethooy issipetetha duussa minthana mela, daro laythata qasho keethan
ongena mela, ooshay zaari zaari medhetena mela, eeson wode ekkenan metota birshshanaas
loythidi go7ees gidi tobbidoosona.
Hessa gisho, Goofa zoonen Zaala woradan Gaytha qabalen de7iya deretethaas dere asaa wogan
sigetho 7ees. Hessatikka:
 Dere asaa wogan sigethoy issipetetha duussa minthana mela maaddeees.
 Daro laytha qasho keethan onggena mela oothees.
 Ooshshay zaari zaari medhdhetena mela oothees.
 Eeson meto birshees.
 wode qohenna.
Cuga 3: dere asaa wogan sigetho medhos oge gidiyabaata shaakite waani sigetho medhanaas oge
gidiyuna?
 Gome
Issi bitanney issi urara kacettidi he kacettida bitanniyas dhuma geshe oothidi dano woykko
worandzo oothin markki dhayba gidikko qohettida bitanney siigidi xoossas immishe aggagidaba

34. 25
gidikko gam7idi dano oothida bitanniya gomey gakkees. He bitanniyas de7iya shalloy dhayo;
haaroy hayqqo; yeloy hayqqo oykkiko heeran de7iya shucha qoriya bitaniyaso bidi shucha
qorsees. Shucha qoriya bittanney shucha qoridi nena ekkelera de7iyabay ongges baada iyara
ongga gidi yedees. Qamma qosan dano oothida bitanney cima woosi ekkidi kase qohettida
bitanniyaso bees. Cimatti qohettida bitaniya ” nuna ekka” ne tumay tuqqi keyis gishe
woosoosona gees gish tobbidosoona.
 Hilethi
Dere wogan sigettona ixxikko, cimati immida pirda ekkona ixxikko, dere asaa woganpe keyidi
kawo higge maaran seerana gidi dere cimata yedhi kanthiko deretetha gidope, wudiyape,
tam7iyape, dagguwape, yehuwape hilosona giyassa shiiqida markkandoy tillayees. Hessa gisho,
dere cimi giyaba ubba amin7i gidi ekketees yaagiyasa tobbidosona.
4.1.4 Dokumentte Paatethi
Esayas Awash,(2015:79_80) qonccisishe “gonppo wogi de7iyasa besees”. Qommo xuufe
oyshaninne qaala oyshan qonccida mela Goofa deretethaas gomppo wogi de7iyasa pilgganchay
shaaki xomoosis. Hessa gisho, Goofa deretethaa giddon asi ase wodhiyaba gidikko issoy
issuwara issipetetha giddon hirgishi de7ena dere asay sigethiya woga guussi.
Esayas Awash,(2015:67) qinccisishe “dubbushi,gomppoy woykkoy baarancha, dere
duulati,dubbushinne cima giya wogati Goofa deres eqqota gidiyasa qonccis” bessis. Hessa
gisho,Goofa zoonen Zaala woradan Gaytha qabalen sigethoos maaddiya wogati de7oosona.
Hessatikka, dubbusha woga, gompetha woykko baaranchi woga, cimatetha woga gidoosona.
4.2 DEMOTA
Ha kifiliy Goofa Zoonen Zaala woradan Gaytha qabalen kacettida asata giigisonne sigetho woga
bolla dumma dumma shiisho miishetan shiiqidi paatetida demote shiishi oykees. Hessatika:
 Goofa zoonen Zaala woradan Gaytha qabalen sigethos maaddiya wogati dubbusha
woga, gomppo woga woykko baaranchchi woginne cimatetha wogi de7ees.
Cimatetha Woga
Cimati cimatishe kaaliya kaaloda hayssaoe garssan shiiqis.
 Nam7u ooyettida asati waase xeesisees
 Nam7u baggati woykko kacettida asati kayan kayan kachida woykko ooshida gaasuwa,
hanidabaata odana mela oothoosona.
 Si7ida odas zorttidi pirdda immanas kacettida asata pantta mattape haaso.
 Cimati tobba woykko zoretethi medhoosona.
 Cimati kayan kayan pirdda immosona wurssethan barattiya cimay kuusha pirdda
wothees.

35. 26
 Kacettida asata panttako yaana mela oothosona.
 Kuuyida pirdda kacettida asata sisosona.
 Wurssethan, maarisoosona.
Dubbusha Woga
Ha eqqotay dere asaa wogan sigetho medhdhana mela maaddiya besse gidishin bitanttetan
yarshetiya gita mitha woykko adibaare. Ha dubbushas eeqiya woykko goynniya asi de7iya gisho
ha bessan sigethishin ayne markka koshenayssa qoncce. Cimati nam7u cuggata sigethishe tuma
odana mela woykko malttena mela gidi go7etiya qaalati de7EES. Hessatika, adibaariy xeelidi
oditee, dubbusha xeelidi oditee, cimata deemutha xeelidi odite gishe nam7u cugata kayan kayan
oychoosona. Ha bessan kacettida asati aybba wordo malttey baynashin tumaa kayan kayan
odoosona. Cimati entti odida oduwan kattidi pirda imoosona gees. Ha immida pirda ekkidi na7u
asati dabbotethi medhooson.
Gompethe Woykko Baarancho
Gomppo wogay polettiyay nam7u yarata giddon hayqqetethi medhettiko dere asaa woga gididi
eretees godosona. Koyrora, ha wogay issi bitaney ase wodhidi higge seera ekkidi haa simishin
woykko hayqqida keetha assay kushe zaariko nam7u yarata giddon hayqqoy zaari zaari
medhettena mela dabbothiy woykko sigethiya woga. Ha wogaa sigethiya iraashata, bitanttetanne
allagga cimata gidi zaaridoosona. Koyrora hayqqida keetha assay kushe wodhi zaarikko dere
cimati, iraashati, bitantteti maata ekkidi num7u keetha asaa kare biidi enttes maata, enttes irxxa,
woga ekkite, nubolara aadhite, palattopite, dhayopite, hayqoy hayqqo gakis, entte paxxati woli
wurssopite, suutha enttesa doshshisite gishe woososona. He wode asay cimata, bitanttetanne
iraashata si7osona. He bessan cimati hayqqerettida keetha asaa mayzati dubbusha shiiqana mela
shiiqana qarayoka ekkosona. Mayzati dubbusha shiiqiyaba gidikko bitanttey denddidi enttape
shiiqana qarayo shiiqiya bessa ekees. Shiiqiya bessay nam7u asata suuthay keyidaso gidees. He
galasan shiiqishe ekkidi yaanaba nam7u baggatas bitanttey odees. Hessika, ubba katha qommo,
dorsse, parsso nam7u cugati ekki shiiqana mela mayzatas kiita aathoosona. Mayzati pantta soo
asa, dabbota ubba ekkidi koyro hayqqida bessa shiiqosona. He bessan bitanttey entti ehida
dorssape issuwa ekkidi shukkidi nam7u cugata mayzata tocciyan essidi ashuwape duuthi
barssishe, katha ubba qommope xunqqi barsishe, parssuwa dagisishe anjjes goosona. Bitanttey
nam7u baggatakko hayssape guyen hayqqoy doopo, hiza enttew bu7e gido, kachi ooshi di7ora
bo, mela gidopite aaca gido, hayqqoy hayqqo gakko, gomey enttena gakkopogishe anijjosona.
Hessape guyen nam7atho bitaniya suuthay keyoso bidi he bessan koyrossa mela bittantey
nam7atho dorssa shukkidi tociya bola essidi ashuwape duuthi barssishe, katha ubb qommope
xunqqi barssishe, parssuwa daggisishe anjjees.

36. 27
Nam7athoy, asewodhdhida bitanney kawo seera ekki haa simidi siigidi deretetha giddo galena.
Sigetenan de7ishe deretethara bu7ettiya gidikko hayqqida keetha assay suuthi zaarena mela gidi
dere cimati, bitantteti, iraashati pantta qaadan keyoosona. Ha cimati, bitanteti, iraashati hayqqida
keetha asaa kare bidi maaata oyqqidi gulbbatidi woososona. Hayqqida keetha asati cimati,
bitanteti iraashati woosiyayssa si7idi eeno entti giyaba si7ana giiko qaraya ekkidi dubbusha
shiiqana mela oosetees. Dubbushan bitanttey dendi eqqidi wodhida keetha asaa qaala
gelisees.Hayqqida ketha assay qaala gelishe “wodhdhoko” “suuthi zaaroko” ha qaa7ey
dubbushay be7o gishe caaqosona.Ta wodhdha zaariko biitay wothoppo! Haathay marze gido!
aacopo! dalggopo! guuxo! Gishe caaaqosona. Hessape guyen wodhida keetha asaynne hayqqia
keetha asay issipe suuthay keyda bessa shiiqosona. He bessa shiiqishe wodhida keetha asay
dorsse woykko deeshe ekkidi, dumma dumma katha qommotape erkkidinne parsso ekkidi
shiiqosona. Hankko hayqqida keetha asaykka dumma dumma katha qommopenne parsso ekkidi
shiiqosona. He bessan dorssa shukkidi ashuwape duuthi barssishe, katha qommope barsishe
parssuwa daggisishe anjjees. He wode hayqqertida asta gompees. Ha wogay gomppethe gettees.
 Gomeynne hilethi sigetho medhana mela oge gididi maaddees.
 Dere asaa wogan sigethoy immiya ga7ay hayssape garssan beetees.
 Dere asaa wogan sigethoy issipetetha duutha minthana mela maaddeees.
 Daro laytha qasho keethan onggena mela oothees.
 Ooshay zaari zaari medhdhetena mela oothees.
 Eeson meto birshees.
 wode qohenna.

37. 28
SHEMPPO ICHCHASHA
5. KUUSHANNE OGE BESOTA
Ha shemppoy pilggethaas dumma dumma kifiletape beettida markkandota paatethinne
birshshethape demida demote (kuusha qofata), sinthape oosettanaw bessiya oge besota shiishi
oykiis.
5.1KUUSHA
Ha pilggetha oosoy Goofa zoonen Zaala woradan Gaytha qabalen kacettida asata giigisonne
sigetho wogga xomooso bolla oosettis. Pilgganchay ha kaara bolla oothanada denthida gaasoy
deretethaa giddon sigetho wogay dhayishe biyaa gisho, ha7i yeletata giddon daro meezetidi
beettona gisho, dere asa wogan sigetho eqotati mallas: dubbushati, dere cimati, gomppoti
woykko baraanchchoti asay sigetethi medhdhana mela oothiya wogati dhayishe gaxa gakkiya
gisho, woga siraatay dhayishe biya gisho, dere cimati pantta sigetho aawatetha woga maata
aggidi buzo go7an gelidi biran meto birshshetha dethan de7iya gisho oothanas qoppidi oothiis.
Ha denthida gaasota zempidi Goofa zoonen Zaala woradan Gaytha qabalen kacettida asata
sigethos maaddiya dere asa eqqotatanne entta giigisohanota, sigetho medhos maaddiya ogeta,
sigetho wogay immiya go7a xomoosis. Pilgganchay ha pilggetha oosuwas injjetana gidi walaka
pilggetha hiilla go7ettis. Pilgganchay Goofa zoonen Zaala woradan Gaytha qabalen de7iya
asaape(6720) wuda deretethape qaadaimmona bessinddo dooro hiilan qoppoba baaso udidi 54
ciire cimata bessinddo doori ekkidi markkanddo shiisis. Markkanddo shiishos go7ettida miishati
xuufe oysha, qaala oysha, cugga tobbanne dokimentte gidoosona. Doorettida bessinddotappe 34ti
xuufe oysha zaaranas dandda7iya tamaarida asata gidishin heedzu ciire laappun ekkon qaalan
markkanddo shiishis; ichchashu yarata oykkiya heedzu cuggan medhidi he cugga tobbape
markkando shiishis; haray xaafetti uttida dokimenttepe shiishis. Ha shiisho miishatan shiiqida
qaala oyshota, cugga tobbata, dokimentte qaalaninne xuufe oyshota xuufen paatis.
Kumethan, Goofa zoonen Zaala woradan Gaytha qabalen kacettida asata giigisonne sigetho
woga bolla shiiqida markkanddota paatethanne birshshetha xeeliya sigethos maaddiya dubbusha
wogay, gomppo woykko baaranchi wogay, cimatetha wogaynne dere asa eqqotatanne entta
giigiso hanota, sigetho medhos maaddiya ogeta, sigetho wogay immiya go7i de7iyssa demmas
dandda7is.

38. 29
5.2OGE BESOTA
Issi gaden de7iya wogaa naagi oykkid kaaliya yeletatas aathanaysi koshshiyaba. Issi gaden
de7iya woga dichanaas woykko dhayssanaas gita besse oykkiyay asa na7a gidees. Issi gadees
de7iya wogay deretetha oonatetha qonccisees. Nu Goofa deren asay asara siiqeti de7ana mela
sigetho wogay koshshees. Ha sigetho wogay deretethaa giddon xolqqi beetana mela kaali de7iya
maaran oge besis.
 Bayratiya asati, ciire cimati, aawati kaalidi yiya guye yeletatas dere wogaa tamarsson
hashetethan ashenan woga aathana mela zoretees.
 Woganne tuurizime biiron wogay xaafeti uttana mela maletees.
 Dere wogan sigethoy hanotay pilggethan buro doomethi gidiya gisho hara pilgetha
oothana mela tamaareta qofisayssi.
 Kawotethaykka nu gade wogga dumma dumma miidetan aathi bessishe dichana mela
ooso koshshees. Haray kooshetan duuqo ooso oothi wothanaas bessees.
 Dicciya nayti bayrata wogaba oyshon dhayona mela ooso koshshees.

39. 30
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ያለዉእ።(2009)።የምርምርመሠረታዊመርሆችናአተገባበር፡፡3ኛእትም (1998)ባህርዳር
ዩኒቨርሲቲንግድማተሚያቤት።

41. 32
GUJJA QONCCISO
BONCHCHETTIDA ZAARANCHATOO!
Ha pilggethaas bertte qoppobay Goofa zoonen zaala woradan Gaytha qabalen kacettida asata
giigisonne sigetho woga xomooso gidishin.Ha pilggethas sinthape hananaw bessiya oge
mallanaas dandda7iya gisho tumanne suure zaaro imon hinttes de7iya gaatha qofa qonccisanaada
bonchchora shoobayis.
QOFISO: Oyshota zaaro immiya wode :
 Suntha xaafo koshshena.
 Issi oyshas issi zaaro doorite.
 Hintte doorida zaaruwas sinthan de7iya saaxiniyan giddon malaata woson hintte
zaaruwa tillayite.
 Pacce bessan hintte qofa kanche xaafite.
BUZO DE7O TAARIKE
 Matttumatetha : Adde □ Macca □
 Laytha: 20____30 □ 31__50 □ 50pe bolla □
 SOYZO: DOOMIS □ DOOMIBEYNA □
 TIMIRTTE DETHA: TAMAARIBEYNA 1tho__4tho □ 5tho
9tho___12tho □ 12tho KIFILEPE BOLLA □
 AMMANO QOMMO: KIRSITANNE □ MISHINNE □ ISILAAMA □
HARA □
XUUFE OYSHA
1. GOOFA DERETEHAN SIGETHOS MAADDIYA WOGI DE7II? Ee □ Akkay □
Ee
2. Dere wogan sigethanaas cimata qooday koshshii? Ee □ Akkay □ Ee
3. Kacettida asata sigethanaas dere cimati deretetha giddon dooretidi de7ii? Ee □
Akkay □ Ee
4. Gomey kacettida aa sigethanaas oge gidii? Ee □ Akkay□ Ee
5. Deretetha giddon hilethi sigetho medhanaas oge gidii? Ee □ akkay□ Ee
Dere cimata wogan sigetho medhdhiya wode dere cimati immida pirda ekkona
ixxida bitaney hilettii? Ee □ Akkay □
6. Dere cimati kacettida asata dere wogan sigethanaas entti eriya kaalodi de7ii? Ee □
Akkay □ Ee giiko aybee

42. 33
7. Dere cimata pirda ixxida bitaney zaari sigetanaas koyikko cimati waaniyuna?
a. Zaari cimatokona □
b. Zaari cimatosona □
8. Dere cimati kacettida asata dere wogan sigethanaas entti eriya kaalodi de7ii? Ee □
Akkay □ Ee
9. Dere wogan sigettenan attidi kawo higge maaran seeretiko go7i de7ii? Ee □
Akkay □
10. Dere asa wogan sigethoos go7i de7ii? Ee □ Akkay □ Ee
11. Dere asaa wogan sigethos qohi de7ii? Ee □ Akkay □ Ee
12. Dubbushan sigethishin markka koshshii? Ee □ Akkay □ Akkay
DOOYA XUUFE OYSHA
1. Goofa wogan sigethos maadiy wogay ayba aybee?
2. dere asa wogan sigethanaas cimat qoday aapunee? Ayis koshshidee
3. kacetytida asaa sigethiyssati oonantte?
4. Gomey waanidi kaccetida asata sigethanaas oge gidii?
5. hilethi sigetho medhdhanaas waanid oge gidii?
6. dere cimata pirdda ekkona ixxiya bitaniya aybape hilii?
7. dere cimata pirdda ixxida bitaney zaari sigetana giiko waanii?
8. dere dere cimati sigethanaas ay kaaloda kaaliyuna?
9. kawo hige maaran seeretiko go7i de7ii?
10.dere asaa wogan sigethoy ay qohii?
11. dere asaa wogan wogan sigethoy ay go7ii?
12 dere asa wogan sigethiya wode ayba markkan ammanthiyuna?

43. 34
QAALA OYSHA
Kaali de7iya oyshota qaalara zaarana mela gita bonchchora shoobays.
1. Kacettida asata sigethanaas deretethas wogi de7ii? Ayba aybee?
2. Dere asaa wogan sigethoy ay go7ii?
3. Hentte heeran kacettida asata ay ogen sigethii?
4. Shempo wodhida keetha asara hayqqida keetha asara sigethiya wogi de7ii?
5. Entte heeran sigethos maaddiy eqqotanne iya giigiso hanota zaara.
CUGA TOBBA
1. Dere asaa wogan kacettida asata sigethos maaddiya eqqotanne iya giigiso hanota bolla
tobbite.
2. Dere asaa wogan sigethoy ay go7a immiyako tobbite.
3. Sigetho medhana mela oothiyabata bolla tobbite.

44. 35