This document summarizes research on using SAR satellite imagery and machine learning algorithms to detect oil slicks in the Gulf of Mexico, and tracking their movement using the NOAA GNOME oil spill model. It describes algorithms developed for detecting oil slicks in single-polarization SAR images, and techniques for analyzing multi-polarization SAR data. A case study is presented on simulating an oil pipeline leak using GNOME forced by ocean current and wind data, validated against satellite observations.

1. SAR detection and model tracking of oil slicks in the Gulf of Mexico Xiaofeng Li NOAA/NESDIS Xiaofeng.Li@noaa.gov Contributors: William Pichel, NOAA, 5200 Auth Road, Room 102, Camp Springs, MD, 20746, USA Biao Zhang and Will Perrie, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, CANADA Oscar Garcia, Florida State University, 117 N. Woodward Avenue, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA Yongcun Cheng, Danish National Space Center, DTU, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark PengLiu, George Mason University

2. Outline Oil Spill Detection in SAR image Tracking of oil spill movement in the Gulf of Mexico Deepwater Horizon Event – NESDIS Effort to Map Surface Oil with Satellite SAR

3. 1. OilSlicks Detection with SAR Oil detection with image data and complex data: 1.1 Oil detection with single-pol SAR image 1.2. A Multi-Pol SAR processing chain to observe oil fields January, 2009

4. 1.1 Oil Slicks Detection with single-polSAR image Mechanism: Oil slick damp the ocean surface capillary waves – making the surface smoother The smooth surface will reflect the radar pulse in the forward direction -> Less backscatter. Radar image is dark. Challenge: There are a lot of look-alikes in the SAR image, i.e., low wind, coastal upwelling, island shadow, rain cell, biogenic slicks, etc. Solution: Statistical method to extract oil slick from the SAR image Separate the look-alikes from the oil slick

5. 1.1 Oil Slicks Detection with single-polSAR image- Algorithms Neural Network Algorithm Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol 25, No. 5 2009

6. 8bit pixel value Wind Magnitud Wind Direction Wind Magnitud (-3 h) Wind Direction (-3 h) Wind Magnitud (-6 h) Wind Direction (-6 h) Wind Magnitud (-9 h) Wind Direction (-9 h) Beam Mode Incidence Angle Sea Surface Height Geostrophic Currents Magnitud Geostrophic Currents Direction Neighboor Texture 1 (Brightness) Neighboor Texture 2 (Contrast) Neighboor Texture 3 (Distribution) Neighboor Texture 4 (Entropy) Neighboor Texture 5 (variability) Neighboor Texture 6 (Std Deviation) 1st Filter Reaction 2nd Filter Reaction 3rd Filter Reaction 4th Filter Reaction 5th Filter Reaction 6th Filter Reaction 7th Filter Reaction 8th Filter Reaction 9th Filter Reaction 1.1 Oil Slicks Detection with single-polSAR image- Algorithms Slick No-Slick Neural Network Algorithm demo

7. 1.1 Oil Slicks Detection with single-polSAR image- Results

8. 1.1 Oil Slicks Detection with single-polSAR image- Results

9. 1.1 Oil Slicks Detection with single-polSAR image- Results in GIS

13. TCNNA output handled and converted to Shapefile in ArcMap or Kml for Google Earth

14. 1.1 Single-Pol SAR oil detection summary Statistical-based SAR oil detection algorithms are developed These algorithm are tuned for RADARSTA-1, ENVISAT, ALOS, ERS in various beam mode Interactive oil spill analysis software have been developed to aid oil spill analysis at NOAA

15. 1.2. A Multi-Polarimetric SAR Processing Chain to ObserveOil Fields in the Gulf of Mexico The combination of polarimetric features extraction Total power span image Co-polar correlation coefficient Target Decomposition entropy (H) mean scattering angle (α) anisotropy A The combined feature F

16. PolSAR sea surface scattering Sea surface (Rough) Bragg scattering Low pol.entropy High HH VV correlation Oil spill (Smooth) Non Bragg scattering High pol. entropy Low HH VV correlation

17. Example with: NASA UAVSARpolarimetric L-band SAR, with range resolution of 2 m and a range swath greater than 16 km, June 23, 201020:42 (UTC) A sub scene of UAVSAR image The image recorded by a video camera confirmed the oil spill.

18. Extracted polarimetric features from the UAVSAR data

19. The combined polarimetric features and the result of OTSU segmentation

20. Case 2: RADARSAT-2 Oil slick observation Imaging mode: fine quad-pol SLC Azimuth pixel spacing: 4.95 m Range pixel spacing: 4.73 m Near range incidence: 41.9 degree Far range incidence: 43.3 degree Noise floor: ~ -36 dB HH VV R2 fine quad-pol SAR image of oil slicks in the GOM acquired at 12:01 UTC May 8, 2010

21. Case 2: RADARSAT-2 Oil slick observation Clean sea surface Oil slick-covered area Under moderate radar incidence angles and wind speeds Capillary and small gravity waves were damped Surface Bragg scattering Non-Bragg scattering

22. Case 2: RADARSAT-2 Oil slick observation R2 quad-pol observations scattering matrix alpha entropy represent and characterize scattering mechanism

23. Case 2: RADARSAT-2 Oil slick observation Entropy represents randomness of scattering mechanism Entropy low Entropy high significant polarimetric information backscatter becomes depolarized Surface Bragg scattering Non-Bragg scattering

24. Case 2: RADARSAT-2 Oil slick observation Alpha angle characterizes scattering mechanism Surface Bragg scattering dominates Dipole scattering dominates Even-bounce scattering dominates Non-Bragg scattering Bragg scattering

25. Case 2: RADARSAT-2 Oil slick observation CP for quad-polarization: For ocean surface Bragg scattering For non-Bragg scattering and is small have low correlation and highly correlated phase difference is close to phase difference is close to

26. Case 2: RADARSAT-2 Oil slick observation

27. Case 2: RADARSAT-2 Oil slick observation Zhang, B., W. Perrie, X. Li, and W. G. Pichel (2011), Mapping sea surface oil slicks using RADARSAT-2 quad-polarization SAR image, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L10602, doi:10.1029/2011GL047013.

28. 1.2. A Multi-Polarimetric SAR Processing Chain to ObserveOil Fields in the Gulf of Mexico - Summary Experimental results demonstrate the physically-based and computer-time efficiency of the two proposed approaches for both oil slicks and man-made metallic targets detection purposes, taking full advantage of full-polarimetric and full-resolution L-band ALOS PALSAR SAR data. Moreover, the proposed approaches are operationally interesting since they can be blended in a simple and very effective processing chain which is able to both detect and distinguish oil slicks and manmade metallic targets in polarimetric SAR data.

29. 2. Tracking of oil spill movement in the Gulf of Mexico Introduction to NOAA GNOME Oil drifting model GNOME Simulation Simulation results – case study Conclusions Main impacts are: - harm to life, property and commerce- environmental degradation

32. Model Output Spill Trajectory Types Best Guess Trajectory (Black Splots) Spill trajectory that assumes all environmental data and forecasts are correct. This is where we think the oil will go. Minimum Regret Trajectory (Red Splots) Summary of uncertainty in spill trajectories from possible errors in environmental data and forecasts. This is where else the oil could go.

33. Case study: Oil pipeline leak in July 2009

34. Oil Pipeline leaking in July 2009

39. Oil pipeline leak in July 2009 Surface Currents: Navy Coastal Ocean Model (NCOM) outputs spatial resolution of NCOM is 1/8º temporal resolution is 3 hours

40. Oil pipeline leak in July 2009 Winds: NDBC hourly wind vector

41. Oil pipeline leak in July 2009 Initial Oil distribution information: denoted by blue dots. Model run: 7/26/2009 15:00 UTC 7/29/2009 04:00 UTC

42. Simulation Results: GNOME simulated best guess trajectory of oil spill denoted by blue circles: At the ending of the simulation, 04:00 UTC on July 29, 2009. 16:30 UTC on July 27, 2009

43. Simulation Results: GNOME simulated best guess trajectory of oil spill denoted by blue circles: GNOME simulated locations of the oil spill at 04:00 UTC on July 29, 2009: only use wind to force the model; only use the currents to force the model.

44. 2. Tracking of oil spill movement in the Gulf of Mexico - Summary In this work, the GNOME model was used to simulate an oil spill accident in the Gulf of Mexico. The ocean current fields from NCOM and wind fields measured from NDBC buoy station were used to force the model. The oil spill observations from ENVISAT ASAR and ALOS SAR images were used to determine the initial oil spill information and verify the simulation results. The comparisons at different time show good agreements between model simulation and SAR observations. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2010

46. Need multiple looks per day received within 1-2 hours

47. Many sources of data are required

48. Well-trained staff of analysts (10-12) to cover multiple shifts per day

49. Automated mapping would be useful for complicated spill patterns

50. Array of model, in situ, and complementary imagery and products help by providing an oceanographic context.Wish for the Future: What if SAR data were available like this all the time at no per-image cost; i.e., just like most other satellite remote sensing data?