Extension_Communication in Agri extension.ppt

Extension Communication
 The Meaning of Communication
 Elements of the Communication Process
 Barriers to communication
 Facilitating Effective Communication
Thursday, February 15, 2024 1

Overview of Extension Communication
The goals of communication
Receiving the message
Paying attention to the message
Understanding the message
Believing the message
Remembering the message
Acting on the message

Introduction
 What is communication?
In simple words we can say that ““just
to convey the message”
If we go in more detail we can say that “
communication is the process of
transmitting (A B) & Receiving
(B A) Messages.

Elements of Communication

Communication Process
 Lasswell describe the Communication Process as:
 WHO? (a sender)
 SAYS WHAT? (a message)
 IN WHICH CHANNEL? (a medium/ channel)
 TO WHOM? (a receiver)
 WITH WHAT EFFECT? (feedback)

Elements of Communication
Sender
Conceive an idea/message
Encode the message
Decide on channel/medium
Receive feedback

Elements of Communication cont.
Message: Information/idea to be
transmitted
 It should be clear unambiguous
 You should be clear in your mind what you
want to communicate

Channel or Medium
Thursday, February 15, 2024
The sender's message travels to the
receiver through one or more
channels
The channels may be verbal or non-
verbal.
They may involve only one of the
senses, hearing for example, or they
may involve all the five senses:
hearing, sight, touch, smell, and
taste.
Non-verbal communication,
popularly referred to as body
language, relies primarily on seeing
rather than hearing.
8

Receiver; – also referred to as the destination,
respondent or decoder. Where understanding takes place.
Is an active participant in the communication
process; and provide feedback
Decode message
Interpreted
Give feedback


Case Study
Scenario of information sharing
Let us compare these two
scenarios:
1.I have a coin in my hand and
I want to give it to someone
else. I do this simply by putting
it in the other person’s hand.
Note that the coin does not
change, that the other person’s
hand was empty before I gave
him the coin, and that my hand
is empty after I have given it to
him.
10

Scenario two
1.I have an idea
that I wish to pass
on to someone
else. Is this any
different from
passing a coin?
11

Discussion of case studies

Types & Levels of Communication
 Because we do not have direct access to the thoughts
and feelings of other people, we must rely on
communication to convey messages to one another.
 There is more to communication than simply using
language to speak to one another.
 Communication exists on a number of levels and in a
variety of forms.

Forms of Communication
Verbal Communication
 Verbal communication refers to the use of symbols in the
form of spoken words to transmit messages.
 Verbal communication is complicated by the fact that
language is:
 Arbitrary: meaning that words change over time;
 Ambiguous: meaning that many words lack clear-cut
meanings; and
 Abstract: meaning that words are not the
phenomena to which they refer.


Forms of Communication Cont.
Nonverbal Communication
 Nonverbal communication refers to the use
of symbols other than words to transmit
messages.
 It includes gestures, body language, how we
utter words,
 Aspects of our environment that influence
meaning and
 Objects such as jewelry, furniture and
clothing that send people messages about
ourselves


Levels of Communication
Intrapersonal Communication
 Intrapersonal communication is also known as self-
talk or thinking, and refers to the ways we
communicate with ourselves.
 We use intrapersonal communication to plan our lives,
rehearse scenarios before we act them out, and tell
ourselves what to do or not do.
 The way we communicate with ourselves greatly affects
our self-esteem.
 A person who tells himself, "I'm so stupid" when he fails
an exam will likely have poorer self-esteem than
 someone who thinks, "I did really well on the previous
four exams. I must have just been having an off day, and
I'll do better next time."

Levels of Communication Cont.
Interpersonal Communication
 Interpersonal communication is the
communication we have with other people.
 This type of communication varies from
highly impersonal to extremely personal.
 The degree to which we communicate, or
fail to communicate, with others influences
how our relationships with them develop,
continue or come to an end


Ways of Interpersonal Communication
 One-Way Communication
 Action Interaction
Sender Receiver
Sender
Receiver
One-Way Communication with feedback
18

Ways of Interpersonal Communication
 Two ways communication (Transactional )
 When communication is viewed as a two-way
process, the understanding of meaning and
interpretations of messages is crucial to positive
communication.
 In order for positive communication to occur,
individuals need to be responsible in both speaker
and listener roles so that they share a clear and
accurate understanding of their messages
Sender Receiver
Two-Way Communication
Transaction
19

Levels of Communication Cont.
Public Communication
 Public communication refers to public speeches that
we deliver in front of audiences.
 Public communication serves three main purposes: to
entertain, to persuade and/or to inform.
 It is different from other forms of interaction in that it
requires greater levels of planning and preparation on
the part of the speaker and involves less direct
interaction.
 Audience members still interact with the speaker via
mostly nonverbal symbols, but there is a lesser degree
of give and take than there is in one-on-one
conversations.

Communication Skills
 Effective communication skills are fundamental
to success in many aspects of life.
 Many jobs require strong communication skills
and socially people with improved
communication skills usually have better
interpersonal relationships.
 Effective communication is a key interpersonal
skill and by learning how we can improve our
communication has many benefits.


 Effective communication skills Require>
 Sending Effective Message
 Developing Effective listening skills
 Using Feedbacks
 Managing communication process


 You must be able to send messages effectively
as well as receive the information that is sent to
you.
 There are eight basic skills in making sure your
ideas and feelings are effectively
communicated:
 1. Clearly “own” your message by using personal
pronouns such as I and my.
 2. Make your messages complete and specific.
 3.

 3. Make your verbal and nonverbal messages
congruent with one another.
 4. Avoid redundancy
 5. Ask for feedback concerning the way your
messages are being received.
 6. Make the message appropriate to the receiver and
frame of reference
 7. Describe your feelings, by name, action or figure of
speech.
 8. Describe other member’s behaviour without evaluating or
interpreting.

 Effective Listening
 A. Listening can have a very big effect on how
people relate to one another
 Listening is often separated into three levels:
 1. Hearing - this is the lowest level of listening
 2. Listening - this is the second level of
listening and it is characterized by the
listener becoming more aware of the
meaning of the sounds they hear

 Effective Listening
 3. Perceiving - this is the highest level of
listening.
 This level involves being attentive to the sender
and processing the message thoroughly by
relating it to experiences, ideas and feelings.
 Perceiving is critical, appreciative, and creative
listening.


 Use of Feedback
 Feedback is reporting to an individual the kind of
impressions he/she is making on you or reporting your
reactions to him/her.
 Feedback is useful when:
 1. It is descriptive rather than evaluative.
 2. It is specific rather than general.
 3. It takes into account the needs of both the receiver
and the giver of feedback.
 4. It is directed toward behavior which the receiver can
do something about.
 5. It is solicited, rather than imposed.

 Be Aware of Others' Emotions
 Be sympathetic to other people's misfortunes and
congratulate their positive landmarks.
 Consider the emotional effect of what you are saying
and communicate within the norms of behaviour
acceptable to the other persons.
 Empathise
 Empathy is trying to see things from the point-of-view
of others. When communicating with others, try not to
be judgmental or biased by preconceived ideas or
beliefs - instead view situations and responses from the
other person’s perspective. Stay in tune with your own
emotions to help enable you to understand the
emotions of others.

 Encourage
 Offer words and actions of encouragement, as well as
praise, to others. Make other people feel welcome,
wanted, valued and appreciated in your
communications.
 Listen to yourself First
Do not say the first thing that comes into your head but
instead take a moment and pay close attention to what
you say and how you say it.
 Focus on the meaning of what you want to
communicate.

 Use Humour
 Laughing releases endorphins that can help relieve stress and
anxiety; most people like to laugh and will feel drawn to
somebody who can make them laugh.
 Treat People Equally
 Always aim to communicate on an equal basis and avoid
patronizing people.
 Attempt to Resolve Conflict
 Learn to troubleshoot and resolve problems and conflicts as
they arise.
 Maintain a Positive Attitude and Smile Few
 people want to be around someone who is frequently
miserable. Do your best to be friendly, upbeat and positive
with other people

Barriers to Communication
 Problems with any one of the components
of the communication model can become a
barrier to communication.
 These barriers suggest opportunities for
improving communication

Identifying barriers
Communication is about overcoming barriers.
State all the
barriers that you
can think of that
impact on your
day-to-day
communication.

Common Barriers to Communication
1. Physiological barriers;
2. Social barriers;
3. Cultural barriers;
4. Ethical barriers;
5. Physical Barriers
6. Technological Barriers
.

Physiological Barriers
 Physiological barriers to communication are those that
result from the performance characteristics and
limitations of the human body and the human
mind.

Optical illusion (1)

Human memory processes

Social, cultural and ethical
barriers
 Social barriers to communication include the social
psychological phenomenon of conformity; a process in
which the norms, values and behaviours of an individual
begin to follow those of the wider group.
 Cultural barriers to communication, which often arise
where individuals in one social group have developed
different norms, values, or behaviours to individuals
associated with another group.
 Ethical barriers to communication; these occur when
individuals working in an organisation find it difficult to
voice dissent, even though their organisation is acting in
ways they consider to be unethical.

Social, cultural and ethical
barriers
 Stereotyping (Prejudice)- Stereotyping causes us to
typify a person, a group, an event or a thing on
oversimplified conceptions, beliefs, or opinions.
 Stereotyping is a barrier to communication when it causes
people to act as if they already know the message that is
coming from the sender or worse, as if no message is
necessary because "everybody already knows.
 " Both senders and listeners should continuously look for
and address thinking, conclusions and actions based on
stereotypes.

Cultural barriers
 Cultures shape the way we think and behave.
 They can be seen as both shaping and being shaped by
our established patterns of communication.
 Nations, occupations, organisations, teams and
other social groupings, all share a tendency to
develop distinctive cultures.

Cultural barriers
 Socialization shapes our culture shape which in turns
shape the way we think, behave and see our
environment.

The iceberg metaphor for culture

Barriers to ethical behaviour
Three communication-related barriers to ethical
behaviour in business organisations are:
 ‘moral silence’, failing to speak up about issues that
are known to be wrong;
 ‘moral deafness’, failure to hear or attend to moral
concerns raised by others;
 ‘moral blindness’, failure to recognise the moral
implications of actions.
(Bird 2002)

Physical Barriers
Physical distractions - Physical distractions are the
physical things that get in the way of communication
 Physical distractions, noise, interruption and
choice of wrong channel
Wrong channel - Variation of channels helps the
receiver understand the nature and importance of a
message
Other barriers are poor listening skills, lack of
feedback , wrong use of language and selection of
words and muddled messages

Facilitating Communication
 In addition to removal of specific barriers to
communication, the following general
guidelines may also facilitate
communication.
 1. Have a positive attitude about communication.
 2. Work at improving communication skills
 3. Include communication as a skill to be evaluated
along with all the other skills in each person's job
description
 4. Make communication goal oriented
 5. Approach communication as a creative process rather
than simply part of the chore of working with people
 6. Accept the reality of miscommunication

Overcoming the barriers
 Taking the receiver more seriously
 Thinking more clearly about the
message
 Delivering messages skilfully
 Focusing on the receiver
 Using multiple channels and
encoding
 Securing appropriate feedback

Extension_Communication in Agri extension.ppt

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Extension_Communication in Agri extension.ppt

Similar to Extension_Communication in Agri extension.ppt (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Extension_Communication in Agri extension.ppt