This study pertains to one of the scourges undermining the African society nowadays in A
Daughter for Sale authored by Bisi Ojediran. This novel counts one among texts projecting the traffic in humans
in some African communities. Human trafficking has become a new type of slavery in modern days. This
practice is a notorious problem that is drawing the attention of several intellectuals in the developing countries
where the victims usually come from. This study therefore takes a critical look at the praxis of human trafficking
detriment on the female victims. Bisi Ojediran‟s A Daughter for Sale underscores not only the causes of this
phenomenon but also its consequences on the individual and poor countries. Through the lenses of the
postcolonial theory and socio-criticism, this paper investigates the mechanics through which Ojediran makes
available the phenomenon of trafficking in persons.
This document summarizes key concepts related to modern slavery:
1) Slavery still exists globally despite being illegal, generating $9.5 billion annually. An estimated 27 million people are enslaved today, more than ever before in history.
2) Slavery functions as a supply chain, exploiting vulnerable people for labor, sex acts, and organs. It is maintained through force, violence, and controlling people as property.
3) There are various definitions for slavery, human trafficking, labor trafficking, and sex trafficking. Trafficking involves force, fraud or coercion to exploit people for labor or commercial sex against their will.
4) Abolishing slavery requires addressing both the supply of
Human trafficking is a complex issue involving the exploitation of millions of people worldwide for financial gain through forced labor and sexual exploitation. It has grown substantially since the 1980s as an illegal business generating billions in profits for criminal organizations. While both men and women can be victims of trafficking, women and children are most commonly exploited through practices like forced prostitution, domestic servitude, and forced child labor. Poverty, lack of opportunities, gender inequality, and demand for cheap labor and sex are key drivers of the trafficking industry. Many countries have enacted laws against trafficking but enforcement remains a challenge due to the transnational and underground nature of the crime.
The document discusses racial oppression that takes place around the world, where the majority race imposes its beliefs and laws on minority races. It provides examples from South Africa during apartheid, where white people dominated and oppressed black people. It also discusses the experiences of minorities in America, and how systems are designed to favor the dominant white race and oppress or punish those who do not conform.
1. Trafficking networks in Indonesia prey on poor migrant workers, exploiting them and rendering them captive through falsified identities and abusive labor conditions. The sex industry has been particularly affected, lowering the average age of sex workers and making it impossible for many to leave due to debt bondage.
2. While Indonesian laws prohibit various forms of trafficking, networks have successfully subverted identification methods, making prosecution difficult. The research aims to identify stable components of trafficking cycles that can be used to build solid cases against traffickers.
3. Wealthy traffickers practice "quarantining", detaining sex workers through cash bonds (debts) to control their investment and profits. Quarantining
Human trafficking the issue versus propaganda & its ultimate solutionYolanda Michelle Martin
This document provides an overview of human trafficking. It begins by stating the objective is to provide insight into modern-day slavery, dispel myths, and propose solutions. It then defines human trafficking as the recruitment and transportation of people for forced labor like sex work or domestic servitude. Statistics are presented showing it is a large global issue, especially affecting women and children. Causes include poverty, discrimination, organized crime, and corruption. Tactics used by traffickers to recruit victims are described, along with the dynamics of trafficked children. Myths that downplay the issue are addressed. The document concludes by presenting terminology related to human trafficking.
Women trafficking is a major problem in Pakistan. Vulnerable women and girls are typically lured with false promises of employment, sold by family members, or kidnapped. They are then subjected to forced labor or sexual exploitation. To address this issue, strategies are needed for prevention, protection, and prosecution. Prevention requires awareness campaigns to educate the public and potential victims. Protection involves supporting victims through shelters and counseling. Prosecution of traffickers is also important to curb this criminal activity. Coordinated efforts across different stakeholders are essential to combat women trafficking in Pakistan.
The document discusses child trafficking, providing information on what it is, how children become victims, how they are exploited, health impacts, and efforts to prevent it. Child trafficking is a form of modern slavery where children are recruited and trafficked for exploitation, including sex trafficking and forced labor. An estimated 1.2 million children are trafficked annually worldwide, with millions more at risk of becoming victims due to factors like poverty, lack of opportunities, and deception by traffickers. Prevention efforts aim to prosecute traffickers, educate children and parents, and address the underlying causes that make children vulnerable.
This document summarizes key concepts related to modern slavery:
1) Slavery still exists globally despite being illegal, generating $9.5 billion annually. An estimated 27 million people are enslaved today, more than ever before in history.
2) Slavery functions as a supply chain, exploiting vulnerable people for labor, sex acts, and organs. It is maintained through force, violence, and controlling people as property.
3) There are various definitions for slavery, human trafficking, labor trafficking, and sex trafficking. Trafficking involves force, fraud or coercion to exploit people for labor or commercial sex against their will.
4) Abolishing slavery requires addressing both the supply of
Human trafficking is a complex issue involving the exploitation of millions of people worldwide for financial gain through forced labor and sexual exploitation. It has grown substantially since the 1980s as an illegal business generating billions in profits for criminal organizations. While both men and women can be victims of trafficking, women and children are most commonly exploited through practices like forced prostitution, domestic servitude, and forced child labor. Poverty, lack of opportunities, gender inequality, and demand for cheap labor and sex are key drivers of the trafficking industry. Many countries have enacted laws against trafficking but enforcement remains a challenge due to the transnational and underground nature of the crime.
The document discusses racial oppression that takes place around the world, where the majority race imposes its beliefs and laws on minority races. It provides examples from South Africa during apartheid, where white people dominated and oppressed black people. It also discusses the experiences of minorities in America, and how systems are designed to favor the dominant white race and oppress or punish those who do not conform.
1. Trafficking networks in Indonesia prey on poor migrant workers, exploiting them and rendering them captive through falsified identities and abusive labor conditions. The sex industry has been particularly affected, lowering the average age of sex workers and making it impossible for many to leave due to debt bondage.
2. While Indonesian laws prohibit various forms of trafficking, networks have successfully subverted identification methods, making prosecution difficult. The research aims to identify stable components of trafficking cycles that can be used to build solid cases against traffickers.
3. Wealthy traffickers practice "quarantining", detaining sex workers through cash bonds (debts) to control their investment and profits. Quarantining
Human trafficking the issue versus propaganda & its ultimate solutionYolanda Michelle Martin
This document provides an overview of human trafficking. It begins by stating the objective is to provide insight into modern-day slavery, dispel myths, and propose solutions. It then defines human trafficking as the recruitment and transportation of people for forced labor like sex work or domestic servitude. Statistics are presented showing it is a large global issue, especially affecting women and children. Causes include poverty, discrimination, organized crime, and corruption. Tactics used by traffickers to recruit victims are described, along with the dynamics of trafficked children. Myths that downplay the issue are addressed. The document concludes by presenting terminology related to human trafficking.
Women trafficking is a major problem in Pakistan. Vulnerable women and girls are typically lured with false promises of employment, sold by family members, or kidnapped. They are then subjected to forced labor or sexual exploitation. To address this issue, strategies are needed for prevention, protection, and prosecution. Prevention requires awareness campaigns to educate the public and potential victims. Protection involves supporting victims through shelters and counseling. Prosecution of traffickers is also important to curb this criminal activity. Coordinated efforts across different stakeholders are essential to combat women trafficking in Pakistan.
The document discusses child trafficking, providing information on what it is, how children become victims, how they are exploited, health impacts, and efforts to prevent it. Child trafficking is a form of modern slavery where children are recruited and trafficked for exploitation, including sex trafficking and forced labor. An estimated 1.2 million children are trafficked annually worldwide, with millions more at risk of becoming victims due to factors like poverty, lack of opportunities, and deception by traffickers. Prevention efforts aim to prosecute traffickers, educate children and parents, and address the underlying causes that make children vulnerable.
This lesson discusses how maintaining strong family values is key to building a peaceful world. It explains that many past civilizations declined due to a loss of moral principles brought on by economic prosperity and selfishness. When families break down through divorce, single parenthood, abortion or lack of commitment to marriage, societies face higher costs and social problems. However, bringing people of all backgrounds together to celebrate the sacredness of marriage and promote purity before marriage can help strengthen families and communities. With families providing love and moral education, lasting peace is possible.
1. The document discusses the plight of women in Zimbabwe during times of civil strife and economic crisis. It notes that women are vulnerable to sexual violence, forced marriages, coerced sex, and loss of home and support systems.
2. To survive, some women engage in transactional sex to secure their lives, families, shelter or services. Women traveling between Zimbabwe and South Africa face harassment, gang rape, abuse and forced sexual relationships which increases their risk of HIV.
3. Using interviews and literature review, the study examines how civil conflict reduces women to objects of sexual exploitation in Zimbabwe. Throughout history, women have suffered most during the country's many periods of violence and upheaval.
Sex tourism, although it has becalmed important to the world’s economy, has many serious consequences. Due to many countries dependence on the tourism industry it would be impossible to completely abolish the trade. It is important for the world, to be informed about the true consequences of sex tourism. This would dissipate many of the myths, stereo types, and behavior of tourist seeking a pleasure-seeking experience. The people must be informed of the drastic cost associated with sex tourism. Sex Tourism’s place in the future is still very uncertain. It will be interesting to see how the nature of the industry changes in the future.
Human trafficking the issue versus propaganda & its ultimate solution1Yolanda Michelle Martin
This presentation discusses human trafficking, seeks to dispel myths about it, and proposes solutions focused on providing basic needs like food, housing, and education to reduce poverty, which is identified as the chief cause of human trafficking. It defines human trafficking, provides statistics on its global scope and victims, and examines the recruitment tactics used and groups that control trafficking. The proposed solutions center on establishing international social services, student housing programs, job training initiatives, and global business development.
We believe everyone, everywhere has the right to a life free from slavery. But right now, millions of children and adults are trapped in slavery in every single country in the world. Including yours.
Modern slavery is the severe exploitation of other people for personal or commercial gain. Modern slavery is all around us, but often just out of sight. People can become entrapped making our clothes, serving our food, picking our crops, working in factories, or working in houses as cooks, cleaners or nannies.
From the outside, it can look like a normal job. But people are being controlled – they can face violence or threats, be forced into inescapable debt, or have had their passport taken away and are being threatened with deportation. Many have fallen into this oppressive trap simply because they were trying to escape poverty or insecurity, improve their lives and support their families. Now, they can’t leave
2)Forms of modern slavery
Modern slavery takes many forms. The most common are:
Human trafficking. The use of violence, threats or coercion to transport, recruit or harbour people in order to exploit them for purposes such as forced prostitution, labour, criminality, marriage or organ removal.
Forced labour. Any work or services people are forced to do against their will under threat of punishment.
Debt bondage/bonded labour. The world’s most widespread form of slavery. People trapped in poverty borrow money and are forced to work to pay off the debt, losing control over both their employment conditions and the debt.
Descent–based slavery. Most traditional form, where people are treated as property, and their “slave” status was passed down the maternal line.
Slavery of children. When a child is exploited for someone else’s gain. This can include child trafficking, child soldiers, child marriage and child domestic slavery.
Forced and early marriage. When someone is married against their will and cannot leave. Most child marriages can be considered slavery.
People end up trapped in modern slavery because they are vulnerable to being tricked, trapped and exploited, often as a result of poverty and exclusion. It is these external circumstances that push people into taking risky decisions in search of opportunities to provide for their families, or are simply pushed into jobs in exploitative conditions.
This document discusses ethnicity in Africa. It argues that ethnicity has long been viewed negatively in Africa as "tribalism" or a remnant of the past, but that this view is misguided. Ethnicity remains an important part of African identity and should be viewed positively. Seeing ethnicity as positive could help address conflicts, support development, and guide resource mobilization. Rather than blaming ethnicity for issues like violence or economic competition, the artificial borders imposed during colonization and dysfunctional post-colonial states are more valid sources of problems in Africa. The document advocates reexamining ethnicity in a positive light and drawing on ethnic history and community as a basis for development.
This document discusses the social construction of race and racism in the United States. It begins by arguing that while the Pledge of Allegiance promises "liberty and justice for all," in reality most liberty and justice is reserved for white people. It then defines race as a social construct used to categorize and group people based on physical characteristics like skin color. The document explores different forms of racism, from overt racism to more subtle institutional and covert racism, and how racism is rooted in prejudice and discrimination that privileges white people and limits opportunities for minorities. It examines how racism is perpetuated through cultural forces like media stereotypes and the internalization of negative racial messages.
This document provides an introduction to a special issue on skin bleaching and global white supremacy. It summarizes that skin bleaching is a widespread global phenomenon, disproportionately practiced by communities of color to approximate the white ideal and gain social status. While skin bleaching has complex motivations, most scholars acknowledge that colonialism, enslavement, and contemporary white supremacy have promoted skin bleaching. The document outlines the history of global white supremacy, examining how Christianity and European nationalism constructed whiteness as symbolizing goodness, purity, and superiority over blackness. This dualistic worldview influenced perceptions of color and helped establish white nationalism, which identifies white racial characteristics as superior.
1) The panel discusses issues of race, colonialism, and resistance from the perspectives of Black feminist thought.
2) Presenters explore how the intersecting realities of race and gender impact Indigenous and Black women through increased vulnerability to violence and disparate treatment.
3) Storytelling and oral traditions from the Somali diaspora are examined as a way for young Somali women to resist dominant narratives and subvert ideas about their identities.
The document discusses child trafficking and provides information on its causes, impacts, and prevention. It defines child trafficking as the recruitment and exploitation of children for various purposes including sex trafficking, domestic servitude, and forced labor. The document outlines how millions of children globally are trafficked each year and discusses the physical and psychological harm trafficking causes victims. It also examines the roles of supply and demand in perpetuating the problem and calls for greater efforts to prosecute traffickers and educate people to prevent further victimization.
Sex work has existed in Thailand since the 16th-17th centuries. While prostitution was banned in 1960, demand continued and the industry grew. Today, Thailand has a large sex industry catering to both locals and international tourists, with estimates of over 2 million prostitutes, including hundreds of thousands under age 18. Poverty, trafficking, and cultural factors all contribute to the prevalence of child sex work in Thailand. The government has implemented some laws and programs aimed at regulating the industry and reducing human rights abuses and disease transmission.
The document describes the weekly non-violent protests held in the Palestinian village of Nabi Saleh against the Israeli occupation and confiscation of the village's spring by a nearby illegal Israeli settlement. Each Friday, the village's men, women and children march peacefully towards the spring but are met by Israeli soldiers who use tear gas, rubber bullets, stun grenades, and skunk water against the protesters. The village has faced injuries and deaths of protesters from the violent response of the Israeli forces over the past few years in their continued demonstrations against the loss of their land and water.
This presentation was inspired by the book Whatmatters where the worlds preeminent Photojournalists and thinkers
depict essential issues of our time. I took and expanded the subject of Lost Girls and "What one person can do" a profile of Edhi foundation
to focus on womens issues.
The document discusses human trafficking in India. It states that Delhi is a major hub for human trafficking in India, with young girls being trafficked for domestic work, forced marriage, and prostitution. It provides statistics on the number of reported human trafficking cases in various Indian states. The causes of human trafficking discussed include poverty, social practices like child marriage, demand for cheap labor, migration, and sex tourism. The consequences for victims include physical and psychological abuse, diseases, and difficulty reintegrating into society. The document also outlines India's legal framework around trafficking, including laws prohibiting exploitation and child labor.
II. History of American Education Interactive Classroom ActivityJoelyn K Foy
This activity is based upon THE MIS-EDUCATION OF THE NEGRO by Carter G. Woodson (1933). This is Part II of four parts. Although readers have given verbal permission to post online, the audio did not convert.
This document discusses various forms of violence and exploitation faced by women globally, including:
1) Domestic violence, rape, pornography, prostitution, sex trafficking, female infanticide, honor killings, child marriage, female genital mutilation, and forced sterilization.
2) In many societies, women are seen as property and experience high rates of exploitation, poverty, lack of access to education, and health issues.
3) Issues like child marriage, sex trafficking, and domestic violence stem from patriarchal attitudes, poverty, lack of women's rights, and inadequate legal protections. Addressing the root causes through education, laws, and social change is needed to empower women and girls.
This document discusses the history and impacts of mass incarceration of African Americans in the United States. It describes how after the abolition of slavery, the convict leasing system allowed private companies to exploit imprisoned African Americans for cheap labor, subjecting them to inhumane conditions and abuse. This laid the foundation for the modern prison industrial complex that disproportionately imprisons African Americans through discriminatory enforcement of drug and other laws. The document examines how mass incarceration has become a lucrative business that continues to negatively impact families and communities of color.
The document discusses sex trafficking, how it victimizes people in various ways, and its prevalence in the United States. Runaway and homeless youth are particularly vulnerable to sex trafficking. Traffickers use violence, threats, lies and false promises to control victims. Sex trafficking is a $9.8 billion industry in the U.S., with over 100,000 children used in prostitution each year. The trucking industry helps enable traffickers to transport victims across long distances.
14 ANTHROPOLOGY TODAY VOL 35 NO 6, DECEMBER 2019NEIL HOWARAnastaciaShadelb
14 ANTHROPOLOGY TODAY VOL 35 NO 6, DECEMBER 2019
NEIL HOWARD
Neil Howard is Prize Fellow
in International Development
at the University of Bath.
He conducts research with
people defined as victims
of trafficking, slavery, child
labour and forced labour,
and political anthropological
research on the institutions
that seek to protect them. His
email is [email protected]
ac.uk.
Within mainstream discourses around trafficking, men
typically appear as predatory and exploitative, while boys
appear as victims. This flattens the complexities of social
life and obscures the ways that constructs of adult mas-
culinity frame the trajectories of labour migrants and the
brokers of their labour and migration. This article chal-
lenges those discourses, drawing on research with two
groups of male labour migrants characterized as ‘victims
of trafficking’, as well as with ‘traffickers’ who help them
to move and give them work.
The first are adolescent boys moving from Benin to
work in the artisanal gravel quarries of Abeokuta, Nigeria.
The second are adults from across West Africa who have
made the illegal journey to Italy, where they live in African
‘ghettos’ and work as gang labourers on various agricul-
tural harvests. In each case, migrants and their brokers
come from the same or similar communities; (shared)
ideals of masculinity and manhood structure the evolution
of their mobility and labour. Gendered transitions towards
social adulthood, the pressure to attain riches and status
and a social duty to show responsibility for those younger
and less successful than oneself are all important. A focus
on these gendered social transitions towards manhood can
take us beyond simplistic ‘victim-perpetrator’ dyads.1
Stubborn stereotypes
The conventional depiction of boys and men within the
iconography and literature on trafficking can be divided
into two types: (1) that which emphasizes victimhood and
powerlessness, and (2) that which emphasizes evil and a
willingness to exploit (Howard & Forin 2019). These are
two halves of the victim-victimizer dyad, in which the
victim is rendered ‘innocent’ by virtue of his ingenuous-
ness or lack of power (often mapped onto depictions of
his childlike purity), while the victimizer is dehuman-
ized and represented in one-dimensional fashion as the
embodiment of evil and threatening (black) manhood (see
O’Connell Davidson 2015 for a wider discussion of this
phenomenon). Each of these is present within my ethno-
graphic fieldsites.
The powerless victim
In West Africa, the flow of teenage boys from the Za-Kpota
region of southern Benin to the artisanal gravel quarries of
Abeokuta in Nigeria has been taken as a paradigmatic case
of child trafficking (Howard 2017a). In the press, civil
society reports and government-donor reviews, these ado-
lescents are almost always constructed as hapless, passive
and defenceless children. A France 24 (2002) story about
them describes the follo ...
14 ANTHROPOLOGY TODAY VOL 35 NO 6, DECEMBER 2019NEIL HOWARChantellPantoja184
14 ANTHROPOLOGY TODAY VOL 35 NO 6, DECEMBER 2019
NEIL HOWARD
Neil Howard is Prize Fellow
in International Development
at the University of Bath.
He conducts research with
people defined as victims
of trafficking, slavery, child
labour and forced labour,
and political anthropological
research on the institutions
that seek to protect them. His
email is [email protected]
ac.uk.
Within mainstream discourses around trafficking, men
typically appear as predatory and exploitative, while boys
appear as victims. This flattens the complexities of social
life and obscures the ways that constructs of adult mas-
culinity frame the trajectories of labour migrants and the
brokers of their labour and migration. This article chal-
lenges those discourses, drawing on research with two
groups of male labour migrants characterized as ‘victims
of trafficking’, as well as with ‘traffickers’ who help them
to move and give them work.
The first are adolescent boys moving from Benin to
work in the artisanal gravel quarries of Abeokuta, Nigeria.
The second are adults from across West Africa who have
made the illegal journey to Italy, where they live in African
‘ghettos’ and work as gang labourers on various agricul-
tural harvests. In each case, migrants and their brokers
come from the same or similar communities; (shared)
ideals of masculinity and manhood structure the evolution
of their mobility and labour. Gendered transitions towards
social adulthood, the pressure to attain riches and status
and a social duty to show responsibility for those younger
and less successful than oneself are all important. A focus
on these gendered social transitions towards manhood can
take us beyond simplistic ‘victim-perpetrator’ dyads.1
Stubborn stereotypes
The conventional depiction of boys and men within the
iconography and literature on trafficking can be divided
into two types: (1) that which emphasizes victimhood and
powerlessness, and (2) that which emphasizes evil and a
willingness to exploit (Howard & Forin 2019). These are
two halves of the victim-victimizer dyad, in which the
victim is rendered ‘innocent’ by virtue of his ingenuous-
ness or lack of power (often mapped onto depictions of
his childlike purity), while the victimizer is dehuman-
ized and represented in one-dimensional fashion as the
embodiment of evil and threatening (black) manhood (see
O’Connell Davidson 2015 for a wider discussion of this
phenomenon). Each of these is present within my ethno-
graphic fieldsites.
The powerless victim
In West Africa, the flow of teenage boys from the Za-Kpota
region of southern Benin to the artisanal gravel quarries of
Abeokuta in Nigeria has been taken as a paradigmatic case
of child trafficking (Howard 2017a). In the press, civil
society reports and government-donor reviews, these ado-
lescents are almost always constructed as hapless, passive
and defenceless children. A France 24 (2002) story about
them describes the follo ...
This lesson discusses how maintaining strong family values is key to building a peaceful world. It explains that many past civilizations declined due to a loss of moral principles brought on by economic prosperity and selfishness. When families break down through divorce, single parenthood, abortion or lack of commitment to marriage, societies face higher costs and social problems. However, bringing people of all backgrounds together to celebrate the sacredness of marriage and promote purity before marriage can help strengthen families and communities. With families providing love and moral education, lasting peace is possible.
1. The document discusses the plight of women in Zimbabwe during times of civil strife and economic crisis. It notes that women are vulnerable to sexual violence, forced marriages, coerced sex, and loss of home and support systems.
2. To survive, some women engage in transactional sex to secure their lives, families, shelter or services. Women traveling between Zimbabwe and South Africa face harassment, gang rape, abuse and forced sexual relationships which increases their risk of HIV.
3. Using interviews and literature review, the study examines how civil conflict reduces women to objects of sexual exploitation in Zimbabwe. Throughout history, women have suffered most during the country's many periods of violence and upheaval.
Sex tourism, although it has becalmed important to the world’s economy, has many serious consequences. Due to many countries dependence on the tourism industry it would be impossible to completely abolish the trade. It is important for the world, to be informed about the true consequences of sex tourism. This would dissipate many of the myths, stereo types, and behavior of tourist seeking a pleasure-seeking experience. The people must be informed of the drastic cost associated with sex tourism. Sex Tourism’s place in the future is still very uncertain. It will be interesting to see how the nature of the industry changes in the future.
Human trafficking the issue versus propaganda & its ultimate solution1Yolanda Michelle Martin
This presentation discusses human trafficking, seeks to dispel myths about it, and proposes solutions focused on providing basic needs like food, housing, and education to reduce poverty, which is identified as the chief cause of human trafficking. It defines human trafficking, provides statistics on its global scope and victims, and examines the recruitment tactics used and groups that control trafficking. The proposed solutions center on establishing international social services, student housing programs, job training initiatives, and global business development.
We believe everyone, everywhere has the right to a life free from slavery. But right now, millions of children and adults are trapped in slavery in every single country in the world. Including yours.
Modern slavery is the severe exploitation of other people for personal or commercial gain. Modern slavery is all around us, but often just out of sight. People can become entrapped making our clothes, serving our food, picking our crops, working in factories, or working in houses as cooks, cleaners or nannies.
From the outside, it can look like a normal job. But people are being controlled – they can face violence or threats, be forced into inescapable debt, or have had their passport taken away and are being threatened with deportation. Many have fallen into this oppressive trap simply because they were trying to escape poverty or insecurity, improve their lives and support their families. Now, they can’t leave
2)Forms of modern slavery
Modern slavery takes many forms. The most common are:
Human trafficking. The use of violence, threats or coercion to transport, recruit or harbour people in order to exploit them for purposes such as forced prostitution, labour, criminality, marriage or organ removal.
Forced labour. Any work or services people are forced to do against their will under threat of punishment.
Debt bondage/bonded labour. The world’s most widespread form of slavery. People trapped in poverty borrow money and are forced to work to pay off the debt, losing control over both their employment conditions and the debt.
Descent–based slavery. Most traditional form, where people are treated as property, and their “slave” status was passed down the maternal line.
Slavery of children. When a child is exploited for someone else’s gain. This can include child trafficking, child soldiers, child marriage and child domestic slavery.
Forced and early marriage. When someone is married against their will and cannot leave. Most child marriages can be considered slavery.
People end up trapped in modern slavery because they are vulnerable to being tricked, trapped and exploited, often as a result of poverty and exclusion. It is these external circumstances that push people into taking risky decisions in search of opportunities to provide for their families, or are simply pushed into jobs in exploitative conditions.
This document discusses ethnicity in Africa. It argues that ethnicity has long been viewed negatively in Africa as "tribalism" or a remnant of the past, but that this view is misguided. Ethnicity remains an important part of African identity and should be viewed positively. Seeing ethnicity as positive could help address conflicts, support development, and guide resource mobilization. Rather than blaming ethnicity for issues like violence or economic competition, the artificial borders imposed during colonization and dysfunctional post-colonial states are more valid sources of problems in Africa. The document advocates reexamining ethnicity in a positive light and drawing on ethnic history and community as a basis for development.
This document discusses the social construction of race and racism in the United States. It begins by arguing that while the Pledge of Allegiance promises "liberty and justice for all," in reality most liberty and justice is reserved for white people. It then defines race as a social construct used to categorize and group people based on physical characteristics like skin color. The document explores different forms of racism, from overt racism to more subtle institutional and covert racism, and how racism is rooted in prejudice and discrimination that privileges white people and limits opportunities for minorities. It examines how racism is perpetuated through cultural forces like media stereotypes and the internalization of negative racial messages.
This document provides an introduction to a special issue on skin bleaching and global white supremacy. It summarizes that skin bleaching is a widespread global phenomenon, disproportionately practiced by communities of color to approximate the white ideal and gain social status. While skin bleaching has complex motivations, most scholars acknowledge that colonialism, enslavement, and contemporary white supremacy have promoted skin bleaching. The document outlines the history of global white supremacy, examining how Christianity and European nationalism constructed whiteness as symbolizing goodness, purity, and superiority over blackness. This dualistic worldview influenced perceptions of color and helped establish white nationalism, which identifies white racial characteristics as superior.
1) The panel discusses issues of race, colonialism, and resistance from the perspectives of Black feminist thought.
2) Presenters explore how the intersecting realities of race and gender impact Indigenous and Black women through increased vulnerability to violence and disparate treatment.
3) Storytelling and oral traditions from the Somali diaspora are examined as a way for young Somali women to resist dominant narratives and subvert ideas about their identities.
The document discusses child trafficking and provides information on its causes, impacts, and prevention. It defines child trafficking as the recruitment and exploitation of children for various purposes including sex trafficking, domestic servitude, and forced labor. The document outlines how millions of children globally are trafficked each year and discusses the physical and psychological harm trafficking causes victims. It also examines the roles of supply and demand in perpetuating the problem and calls for greater efforts to prosecute traffickers and educate people to prevent further victimization.
Sex work has existed in Thailand since the 16th-17th centuries. While prostitution was banned in 1960, demand continued and the industry grew. Today, Thailand has a large sex industry catering to both locals and international tourists, with estimates of over 2 million prostitutes, including hundreds of thousands under age 18. Poverty, trafficking, and cultural factors all contribute to the prevalence of child sex work in Thailand. The government has implemented some laws and programs aimed at regulating the industry and reducing human rights abuses and disease transmission.
The document describes the weekly non-violent protests held in the Palestinian village of Nabi Saleh against the Israeli occupation and confiscation of the village's spring by a nearby illegal Israeli settlement. Each Friday, the village's men, women and children march peacefully towards the spring but are met by Israeli soldiers who use tear gas, rubber bullets, stun grenades, and skunk water against the protesters. The village has faced injuries and deaths of protesters from the violent response of the Israeli forces over the past few years in their continued demonstrations against the loss of their land and water.
This presentation was inspired by the book Whatmatters where the worlds preeminent Photojournalists and thinkers
depict essential issues of our time. I took and expanded the subject of Lost Girls and "What one person can do" a profile of Edhi foundation
to focus on womens issues.
The document discusses human trafficking in India. It states that Delhi is a major hub for human trafficking in India, with young girls being trafficked for domestic work, forced marriage, and prostitution. It provides statistics on the number of reported human trafficking cases in various Indian states. The causes of human trafficking discussed include poverty, social practices like child marriage, demand for cheap labor, migration, and sex tourism. The consequences for victims include physical and psychological abuse, diseases, and difficulty reintegrating into society. The document also outlines India's legal framework around trafficking, including laws prohibiting exploitation and child labor.
II. History of American Education Interactive Classroom ActivityJoelyn K Foy
This activity is based upon THE MIS-EDUCATION OF THE NEGRO by Carter G. Woodson (1933). This is Part II of four parts. Although readers have given verbal permission to post online, the audio did not convert.
This document discusses various forms of violence and exploitation faced by women globally, including:
1) Domestic violence, rape, pornography, prostitution, sex trafficking, female infanticide, honor killings, child marriage, female genital mutilation, and forced sterilization.
2) In many societies, women are seen as property and experience high rates of exploitation, poverty, lack of access to education, and health issues.
3) Issues like child marriage, sex trafficking, and domestic violence stem from patriarchal attitudes, poverty, lack of women's rights, and inadequate legal protections. Addressing the root causes through education, laws, and social change is needed to empower women and girls.
This document discusses the history and impacts of mass incarceration of African Americans in the United States. It describes how after the abolition of slavery, the convict leasing system allowed private companies to exploit imprisoned African Americans for cheap labor, subjecting them to inhumane conditions and abuse. This laid the foundation for the modern prison industrial complex that disproportionately imprisons African Americans through discriminatory enforcement of drug and other laws. The document examines how mass incarceration has become a lucrative business that continues to negatively impact families and communities of color.
The document discusses sex trafficking, how it victimizes people in various ways, and its prevalence in the United States. Runaway and homeless youth are particularly vulnerable to sex trafficking. Traffickers use violence, threats, lies and false promises to control victims. Sex trafficking is a $9.8 billion industry in the U.S., with over 100,000 children used in prostitution each year. The trucking industry helps enable traffickers to transport victims across long distances.
14 ANTHROPOLOGY TODAY VOL 35 NO 6, DECEMBER 2019NEIL HOWARAnastaciaShadelb
14 ANTHROPOLOGY TODAY VOL 35 NO 6, DECEMBER 2019
NEIL HOWARD
Neil Howard is Prize Fellow
in International Development
at the University of Bath.
He conducts research with
people defined as victims
of trafficking, slavery, child
labour and forced labour,
and political anthropological
research on the institutions
that seek to protect them. His
email is [email protected]
ac.uk.
Within mainstream discourses around trafficking, men
typically appear as predatory and exploitative, while boys
appear as victims. This flattens the complexities of social
life and obscures the ways that constructs of adult mas-
culinity frame the trajectories of labour migrants and the
brokers of their labour and migration. This article chal-
lenges those discourses, drawing on research with two
groups of male labour migrants characterized as ‘victims
of trafficking’, as well as with ‘traffickers’ who help them
to move and give them work.
The first are adolescent boys moving from Benin to
work in the artisanal gravel quarries of Abeokuta, Nigeria.
The second are adults from across West Africa who have
made the illegal journey to Italy, where they live in African
‘ghettos’ and work as gang labourers on various agricul-
tural harvests. In each case, migrants and their brokers
come from the same or similar communities; (shared)
ideals of masculinity and manhood structure the evolution
of their mobility and labour. Gendered transitions towards
social adulthood, the pressure to attain riches and status
and a social duty to show responsibility for those younger
and less successful than oneself are all important. A focus
on these gendered social transitions towards manhood can
take us beyond simplistic ‘victim-perpetrator’ dyads.1
Stubborn stereotypes
The conventional depiction of boys and men within the
iconography and literature on trafficking can be divided
into two types: (1) that which emphasizes victimhood and
powerlessness, and (2) that which emphasizes evil and a
willingness to exploit (Howard & Forin 2019). These are
two halves of the victim-victimizer dyad, in which the
victim is rendered ‘innocent’ by virtue of his ingenuous-
ness or lack of power (often mapped onto depictions of
his childlike purity), while the victimizer is dehuman-
ized and represented in one-dimensional fashion as the
embodiment of evil and threatening (black) manhood (see
O’Connell Davidson 2015 for a wider discussion of this
phenomenon). Each of these is present within my ethno-
graphic fieldsites.
The powerless victim
In West Africa, the flow of teenage boys from the Za-Kpota
region of southern Benin to the artisanal gravel quarries of
Abeokuta in Nigeria has been taken as a paradigmatic case
of child trafficking (Howard 2017a). In the press, civil
society reports and government-donor reviews, these ado-
lescents are almost always constructed as hapless, passive
and defenceless children. A France 24 (2002) story about
them describes the follo ...
14 ANTHROPOLOGY TODAY VOL 35 NO 6, DECEMBER 2019NEIL HOWARChantellPantoja184
14 ANTHROPOLOGY TODAY VOL 35 NO 6, DECEMBER 2019
NEIL HOWARD
Neil Howard is Prize Fellow
in International Development
at the University of Bath.
He conducts research with
people defined as victims
of trafficking, slavery, child
labour and forced labour,
and political anthropological
research on the institutions
that seek to protect them. His
email is [email protected]
ac.uk.
Within mainstream discourses around trafficking, men
typically appear as predatory and exploitative, while boys
appear as victims. This flattens the complexities of social
life and obscures the ways that constructs of adult mas-
culinity frame the trajectories of labour migrants and the
brokers of their labour and migration. This article chal-
lenges those discourses, drawing on research with two
groups of male labour migrants characterized as ‘victims
of trafficking’, as well as with ‘traffickers’ who help them
to move and give them work.
The first are adolescent boys moving from Benin to
work in the artisanal gravel quarries of Abeokuta, Nigeria.
The second are adults from across West Africa who have
made the illegal journey to Italy, where they live in African
‘ghettos’ and work as gang labourers on various agricul-
tural harvests. In each case, migrants and their brokers
come from the same or similar communities; (shared)
ideals of masculinity and manhood structure the evolution
of their mobility and labour. Gendered transitions towards
social adulthood, the pressure to attain riches and status
and a social duty to show responsibility for those younger
and less successful than oneself are all important. A focus
on these gendered social transitions towards manhood can
take us beyond simplistic ‘victim-perpetrator’ dyads.1
Stubborn stereotypes
The conventional depiction of boys and men within the
iconography and literature on trafficking can be divided
into two types: (1) that which emphasizes victimhood and
powerlessness, and (2) that which emphasizes evil and a
willingness to exploit (Howard & Forin 2019). These are
two halves of the victim-victimizer dyad, in which the
victim is rendered ‘innocent’ by virtue of his ingenuous-
ness or lack of power (often mapped onto depictions of
his childlike purity), while the victimizer is dehuman-
ized and represented in one-dimensional fashion as the
embodiment of evil and threatening (black) manhood (see
O’Connell Davidson 2015 for a wider discussion of this
phenomenon). Each of these is present within my ethno-
graphic fieldsites.
The powerless victim
In West Africa, the flow of teenage boys from the Za-Kpota
region of southern Benin to the artisanal gravel quarries of
Abeokuta in Nigeria has been taken as a paradigmatic case
of child trafficking (Howard 2017a). In the press, civil
society reports and government-donor reviews, these ado-
lescents are almost always constructed as hapless, passive
and defenceless children. A France 24 (2002) story about
them describes the follo ...
· IntroductionAt the turn of the century, trafficking in pers.docxalinainglis
· Introduction:
At the turn of the century, trafficking in persons (for forced labor or sex, forced begging, organ harvesting) is the 3rd most profitable criminal enterprise (after drugs and arms) across the globe. In this class you will be introduced to the myriad factors that contribute to the existence of and promulgation of human trafficking, and in particular
commercial sexual exploitation
(CSE). There is a complex interplay of social and economic forces that leave many people across the globe vulnerable to victimization from pimps and traffickers. Poverty, war, famine, natural disaster, and social and political unrest are all factors that contribute to the existence of human trafficking, as well as complicit buyers of these services. This class will primarily focus on those most vulnerable to forced sex work, and the
push and pull
factors which lead to people being willing to exploit the most vulnerable members of society for their own gain. C. Wright Mills (1959) introduced the concept of
‘the sociological imagination.
’ Because social actions do not take place in a vacuum, the sociological imagination is a way to view the world that asks thinkers to consider culture and context when considering social behavior. Allan (2007) writes that, “…the sociological imagination encourages us to see the intersections of biography, history, and society.” Over the course of the semester we will use our sociological imagination and other tools to try and understand the deeply complex world of sex trafficking. Having a deep understanding of the contexts in which trafficking occurs will help you understand why a woman from Eastern Europe, trafficked to another country would choose to return to her captors after escaping and returning home. Readings:
Kara (2017) Chapter 1 "Modern Slavery: An Overview”
Kara (2009) Chapter 1 “Sex Trafficking: An Overview”
Farr Chapter 1 "Introduction: Size and Scope"
Peruse this site for some statistical updates of Farr’s points --
https://humantraffickinghotline.org/type-trafficking/sex-trafficking
· Video:
“Inside the World of Human Trafficking” (2016 and found on YouTube)
.
African Human Mobility Review (AHMR) is an interdisciplinary journal created to encourage and facilitate the study of all aspects (i.e. socio-economic, political, legislative and developmental) of human mobility in Sub-Saharan Africa. Established in 2014, AHMR aims at being one of the leading scholarly journals in Sub-Saharan Africa in the field of international/domestic migration, ethnic group relations and refugee movements. The main purpose of AHMR includes: building the capacity of young African researchers who have an additional opportunity to publish and disseminate their work; publishing and disseminating research outputs on the socio-demographic, economic, political, psychological, historical, legislative and religious aspects of human migration and refugee movements from and within Sub-Saharan Africa. In addition, AHMR helps in identifying best practices and suggesting guidelines for a correct implementation of migration policies in Africa. It also promotes SIHMA’s vision and mission. In general, AHMR actively contributes to SIHMA’s overall goal of disseminating research that fosters the understanding of human mobility and informs policies that ensure the rights and dignity of migrants, asylum seekers and refugees in Africa.
Critical Analysis of Xenophobic Attacks in South Africaijtsrd
This document provides a critical analysis of xenophobic attacks in South Africa. It discusses how xenophobia is a fear or dislike of foreigners and how this has manifested in violent attacks against foreigners in South Africa, particularly in 2008 and 2015. Some of the key factors discussed as triggers for these attacks include high unemployment rates among black South Africans living in poverty, resentment against foreigners for taking jobs or marrying local women, and a perception that foreigners are responsible for increased crime. The document examines the causes and forms of xenophobic attacks across Africa and provides historical examples from Ghana, Kenya, and Angola. It concludes by arguing that educational reforms are needed to reduce xenophobic attitudes.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
This document summarizes a research paper on human trafficking in the disaster-affected areas of Assam, India. It finds that natural disasters and loss of traditional livelihoods have increased vulnerability to trafficking. Poverty, lack of employment opportunities, gender inequality, illiteracy, and political instability are identified as factors that make people more susceptible to false promises of employment and exploitation. The paper examines migration patterns from Assam's rural areas and increasing numbers of missing women and children. It concludes that empowering women through education, awareness campaigns, and economic opportunities could help address the root causes that enable trafficking to thrive. Coordinated efforts are needed from government, NGOs, and communities to prevent exploitation and protect vulnerable groups.
Similar to Exploring Trafficking in Persons in Bisi Ojediran’s A Daughter for Sale (6)
STUDY ON THE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF HUZHOU TOURISMAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Huzhou has rich tourism resources, as early as a considerable development since the reform and
opening up, especially in recent years, Huzhou tourism has ushered in a new period of development
opportunities. At present, Huzhou tourism has become one of the most characteristic tourist cities on the East
China tourism line. With the development of Huzhou City, the tourism industry has been further improved, and
the tourism degree of the whole city has further increased the transformation and upgrading of the tourism
industry. However, the development of tourism in Huzhou City still lags far behind the tourism development of
major cities in East China. This round of research mainly analyzes the current development of tourism in
Huzhou City, on the basis of analyzing the specific situation, pointed out that the current development of
Huzhou tourism problems, and then analyzes these problems one by one, and put forward some specific
solutions, so as to promote the further rapid development of tourism in Huzhou City.
KEYWORDS:Huzhou; Travel; Development
Enhancing Losari Beach Exploration: Augmented Reality for Immersive Visualiza...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: South Sulawesi, commonly known as Makassar, boasts rich cultural heritage and customs,
making it a prominent destination for tourism. Among its attractions, Losari beach stands out as a focal point for
visitors seeking to explore the city's natural beauty and cultural offerings. In this context, leveraging modern
technology such as augmented reality presents an innovative approach to showcasing Losari beach to potential
tourists. This research endeavors to introduce tourism assets in a more visually captivating manner through the
use of augmented reality. Utilizing software tools like Unity and Adobe Illustrator, the study focuses on creating
an immersive experience where tourists can interact with virtual representations of Losari beach. By simply
pointing their mobile phone cameras at designated markers or using barcode scanners, tourists can access
augmented reality features embedded within the application. The findings of this research aim to provide
valuable information, particularly for foreign tourists, about Losari beach, positioning it as a compelling
destination within South Sulawesi's diverse array of tourist attractions. Through this technological innovation,
the study seeks to enhance the visibility and appeal of Makassar city's tourism offerings on a global scale.
KEYWORDS: Visualizing, Losari Beach, Augmented Reality
DEVELOPMENT STATUS AND COUNTERMEASURES OF TMALL DURING THE COVID-19 EPIDEMICAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:China's e-commerce enterprises have developed rapidly, among which Tmall has become one of
the largest retail shopping websites in China.But in the past year, the Covid-19 epidemic has brought a huge
impact to Chinese e-commerce enterprises, and Tmall is no exception.Therefore, the development status of
Tmall in the new crown epidemic situation was analyzed, and the viewpoint was put forward :Tmall1 stabilized
the situation in the face of the epidemic situation and made a very correct countermeasures.The influence of this
epidemic on Tmall was deeply analyzed, and the conclusion was made: the new crown epidemic is both a
challenge and an opportunity forTmall.
KEYWORDS:Tmall; COVID - 19 outbreak ; The electronic commerce
Factors affecting undergraduate students’ motivation at a university in Tra VinhAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Motivation plays an important role in foreign language learning process. This study aimed to
investigate student’s motivation patterns towards English language learning at a University in Tra Vinh, and factors
affecting their motivation change toward English language learning of non-English-major students in the semester.
The researcher used semi-structured interview at the first phase of choosing the participants and writing reflection
through the instrument called “My English Learning Motivation History” adapted from Sawyer (2007) to collect
qualitative data within 15 weeks. The participants consisted of nine first year non-English-major students who learning
General English at pre-intermediate level. They were chosen and divided into three groups of three members each
(high motivation group; average motivation group; and low motivation group). The results of the present study
identified six visual motivation patterns of three groups of students with different motivation fluctuation, through the
use of cluster analysis. The study also indicated a diversity of factors affecting students’ motivation involving internal
factors as influencing factors (cognitive, psychology, and emotion) and external factors as social factors (instructor,
peers, family, and learning environment) during English language learning in a period of 15 weeks. The findings of
the study helped teacher understand relationship of motivation change and its influential factors. Furthermore, the
findings also inspired next research about motivation development in learning English process.
KEY WORDS: language learning motivation, motivation change, motivation patterns, influential factors, students’
motivation.
The Impact of Work Stress and Digital Literacy on Employee Performance at PT ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :This research aims to analyze the correlation between employee work stress and digital literacy
with employee performance at PT Telkom Akses Area Cirebon, both concurrently and partially. Employing a
quantitative approach, the study's objectives are descriptive and causal, adopting a positivist paradigm with a
deductive approach to theory development and a survey research strategy. Findings reveal that work stress
negatively and significantly impacts employee performance, while digital literacy positively and significantly
affects it. Simultaneously, work stress and digital literacy have a positive and significant influence on employee
performance. It is anticipated that company management will devise workload management strategies to
alleviate work stress and assess the implementation of more efficient digital technology to enhance employee
performance.
KEYWORDS -digital literacy, employee performance,job stress, multiple regression analysis, workload
management
The Settlement of Construction Disputes Through Dispute Councils From the Per...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:This research differs from the practice of business activity in the construction services industry,
which may lead to construction disputes. The settlement of construction disputes is a consensus based on the
basic principle of debate. If the discussions between the parties do not reach an agreement, the parties may take
measures to resolve the dispute through the dispute council. Because the standard governing the disputes
committee was not fully regulated, they did not comply with the principle of legal certainty. Therefore, further
research was needed to establish a theoretical basis for regulating the disputes committee in settling construction
disputes. This research is a standard legal research using a legal regulatory, conceptual, and comparative
approach. The research results show that the ideal concept of resolving construction disputes through a dispute
council based on the value of legal certainty is to establish that the position of the dispute council is a special
court that has the authority to resolve construction disputes under construction services agreements. To realize
the position of the Court of Disputation as a special court, it must be based on the creation of philosophical
values, the creationof legislative regulations, and the creation of the institutional structure of the Court of
Disputation.
KEYWORDS-Construction Disputes, Dispute Council, Special Court
VALUES OF ORAL LITERATURE IN THE SOCIETY: A STUDY OF FOLKTALES OFOGBA IN RIVE...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : Oral literature is a creative work of art that portends high merit and has the creative use of
imagination in preliterate societies. It adopts the genres of literature: drama, prose and poetry in the oral milieu,
using performance as its hallmark. It thrives on the use of oral data because of its orality. This paper focuses on
the moral values or oral literature in the society using Ogba as a spring board. The study was carried out in
communities ofOgba. The population of the study consists of ten towns and village, in Ogba. The theoretical
framework used is Dell Hyme’s ethno-poetics because the works of oral literature relate to the society. This
paper concludes that oral literature serves to against all odds; communicate ideas, emotions, beliefs and
appreciation of life. The folktales in Ogba for instance, serve similar purpose through their
rendition/performance. Through the stories, the younger generation in Ogba society is familiarised with the
customs, traditions, and rituals prevalent in the society. This paper therefore recommends the use of oral
literature in all its genres to inculcate moral values and lessons to the teenagers and youths. Against this
background, Ogba (African) themselves must cease to regard oral literature as primitive and fetish.
KEYWORDS: Values, Oral Literature, Society, Ogba, Folktales
Pormalistikong Pagdalumat sa mga Tula ni Ron CanimoAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Nilayon ng pag-aaral na ito na masuri ang dalawampung (20) tula ni Ron Canimo gamit ang
pormalistikong dulog batay sa mga sumusunod na elemento: (a) Sukat at Tugma, (b) Talinghaga at
Simbolismo, (c) Imahen, (d) Tema, at (e) Diksiyon. Layunin din nitong mataya ang antas ng pagtanggap ng
ginawang pagsusuri gamit ang nabuong instrumento sa pagtataya nito. Sinunod dito ang Input-Process-Output
na balangkas ng pag-aaral at ginamitan ng kwantitatib-deskriptib-ebalwatib na pamamaraan. Sa pamamagitan
ng talatanungang ibinatay sa ginamit ni Morales (2014) na naimodipika ayon sa kahingian ng kasalukuyang
pag-aaral, tatlong (3) gurong eksperto ang nagsilbing tagataya dito na siyang tumiyak sa kahusayan ng nabuong
pagsusuri ng mananaliksik. Gamit ang Content Analysis, natuklasan na makabagong pamamaraan ang istilo na
ginamit ni Ron Canimo sa pagsulat ng mga tula. Lahat ng kanyang mga tula ay walang sinusunod na sukat at
tugma, may iba‟t ibang tayutay at simbolismong ginamit, magkaibang pandama ang pinagana dahil sa mga
imahe at paglalarawang ginawa, iba‟t ibang uri ng pag-ibig ang tinalakay at gumamit ng pormal, impormal o
kumbersasyonal na wika at makabagong istilo sa pagsulat ng tula. Gamit ang mean at standard deviation,
lumabas na “Mataas” ang antas ng pagtanggap sa kabuuan ng mga gurong eksperto na tumaya sa nabuong
pagsusuri. Lumabas din na “Mataas” ang antas ng kanilang pagtanggap sa nabuong pagsusuri batay sa mga
sumusunod na elemento: (a) Sukat at Tugma, (b) Talinghaga at Simbolismo, (c) Imahen, (d) Tema, at (e)
Diksiyon. Mula sa natayang pagsusuri at kinalabasan ng antas ng pagtanggap dito, naitala ang mga paksa sa
Junior High School Filipino na maaaring lapatan at gamitan ng nabuong pagsusuri.
KEYWORDS: Kumbensyunal, Pagdalumat, Pormalistiko, Ron Canimo, Tula
SCHOOL CULTURE ADAPTATION AMONG INDIGENOUS PEOPLES COLLEGE STUDENTS AT A PRIV...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This qualitative study investigates the adaption experiences of indigenous college students at the
University of Mindanao, Matina-main campus. Eight major themes emerged, including difficulties with language
proficiency, online learning, classroom interaction, examination systems, grading procedures, school regulations,
resource accessibility, coping mechanisms, and future goals. Implications include the requirement for targeted
language proficiency and technology use support, an understanding of adaption processes, interventions to
improve resource accessibility, and equitable public administration policies. The study underlines the importance
of adaptation in various educational contexts, as well as the role of educators and legislators in creating inclusive
learning environments.
KEYWORDS: indigenous college students, adaptation, educational challenges, coping strategies
The effect of Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth and Profitability on Tax ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to test, analyze and obtain empirical evidence about the influence of
institutional ownership, sales growth and profitability on tax avoidance. The object of this research is
manufacturing companies in the consumer goods industry sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI)
in 2018-2022. This research used quantitative research methods and causal research design. The sampling
technique in this research used non-probability sampling with purposive sampling as the basis for determining
the sample so that a sample of 55 samples was obtained. The data used is secondary data obtained from the
official website of the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) during the 2018-2022 period. The data analysis method
used was multiple linear regression analysis with several tests such as descriptive statistical tests, classical
assumption tests, and hypothesis testing using SPSS version 26 statistical software. The results showed that the
institutional ownership variable has no effect on tax avoidance, while the sales growth and profitability has a
negative and significant effect on tax avoidance.
KEYWORDS: Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth, Profitability, Tax Avoidance
MGA ESTRATEHIYA SA PAGTUTURO KAUGNAY SA PASALITANG PARTISIPASYON NG MGA MAG-A...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRAK: Ang mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ay mahalagang kasangkapan sa paghahatid ng mabisang
pagtuturo sa loob ng silid. Tinukoy sa pag-aaral na ito ang antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa pagsasadula,
pangkatang talakayan at paggawa ng mga koneksyon sa tunay na karanasan sa buhay bilang mga estratehiya sa
pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino at pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral sa Baitang 7 ng Misamis
University Junior High School, Ozamiz City. Ang ginamit na disenyo sa pananaliksik na ito ay deskriptivcorrelational. Ang mga datos sa pag-aaral ay nagmula sa kabuuang populasyon na 120 na mag-aaral at tatlong
mga guro na tagamasid sa pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral. Ang Talatanungan sa Kagamitan sa
Pagtuturo ng Panitikan at Checklist batay sa Obserbasyon sa Pasalita na Partisipasyon ay ang instrumentong
ginamit sa pagkalap ng datos. Mean, standard deviation, Analysis of Variance at Pearson Product-Moment
Correlation Coefficient ang mga ginamit na estatistiko na sangkap. Inihayag sa naging resulta na ang tatlong piling
estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino ay may pinakamataas na antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral.
Ang antas ng pakilahok ng mga mag-aaral sa paggamit ng tatlong estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan ay
pinakamataas na nagpapahiwatig na aktibong nakilahok ang mga mag-aaral sa mga gawain. Inihayag din na
walang makabuluhang kaibahan sa antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng
panitikan sa Filipino. Ito ay nangahulugan na gustong-gusto ng mga mag-aaral ang pagkakaroon ng mga
estratehiya sa pagtuturo. Walang makabuluhang kaugnayan ang kagustuhan sa mga estratehiya at antas ng
pakikilahok ng mga mag-aaral. Hindi nakaapekto sa kanilang pakikilahok ang anumang estratehiyang ginamit ng
guro.
KEYWORDS : estratehiya, karanasan, pagsasadula, pagtuturo, pangkatang talakayan
The Role of the Instruction of Reading Comprehension Strategies in Enhancing ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :Throughout my studies and teaching English in different language centers and higher studies
institutions, I have come to conclude that students consider Reading comprehension as a nightmare that
frightens them and hinders their language acquisition in the Moroccan EFL Context. This may cause them to
develop an internal psychological obstacle that grows as their lack of the necessary instruments or tools to
overcome are not equipped with. They become lost and unaware about or unfamiliar with the necessary reading
comprehension strategies that could help them to face the problem of misunderstanding or non-understanding
of English texts. Respectively, this article which is only one part of my whole study aims at showing the effect
of teaching reading strategies in enhancing the S1 students‟ familiarity with reading strategies and raising their
frequency use. A sample of 283 University students in EFL context have been chosen randomly and have
attended the usual academic reading classes, yet only 76 are subject to this survey. 38 of them constitute the
experimental group who have attended the treatment regularly in one of the language centers and the other 38
participants are chosen randomly from the whole population to constitute the Control group. They all have
Psychosocial Factors and Deviant Behaviors of Children in Conflict with the L...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:This study aims to determine the relationship between psychosocialfactors and deviant
behaviors among children in conflict with the law (CICL) inDavao Region. The researchers want to discover the
prevalent factors thatdrive these children to their behaviors. Further, the study sought to determinethe
manifestation of psychosocial factors in terms of life satisfaction, emotionalsupport, self-esteem, and personality
traits. The study's data came from N-83children in conflict with the law (CICL) at the Regional Rehabilitation
Center forYouth (RRCY) in Bago Oshiro, Davao City; all respondents are male. This studyused a total
enumeration sampling technique due to the relatively smallpopulation size. The researchers adapted the
Psychosocial surveyquestionnaires by Zabriskie & Ward (2013) and by John and Srivastava (1999)as well as the
Deviant Behavior Variety Scale (DBVS) by Sanches et al. (2016).Through the use of a validated questionnaire,
the mean and standard deviationare determined. The researchers modified this questionnaire and translated itinto
the respondents' mother tongue (Cebuano) for them to comprehend itbetter. The study discovered no significant
relationship between psychosocialfactors and deviant behaviors of children in conflict with the law (CICL) in
theDavao Region
KEYWORDS :Children in Conflict with the Law (CICL), deviant behaviors, psychosocial factors
Entropy: A Join between Science and Mind-SocietyAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Entropy is join, intersection and interaction between natural science and human mind-society.
We proposed that if internal interactions exist in isolated systems, entropy decrease will be possible for this
system. Management in system is a typical internal interaction within the isolated system. The purpose of
management is to use regulating the internal interactions within the system, and to decrease the increasing
entropy spontaneously. We propose the principle of social civilization and the developing direction is: freedom
of thought, rule of action. Both combinations should be a peaceful revision and improvement of social rules and
laws. Different countries and nations, different religions and beliefs should coexist peacefully and compete
peacefully. The evolution of human society must be coevolution. Its foundation is the evolution of the human
heart and the human nature.
KEYWORDS: entropy, science, society, management, mind, evolution.
A Model of Disaster Resilience Among Colleges and Universities: A Mixed Metho...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :This research paper aimed to create a comprehensive framework for measuring disaster
resilience in colleges and universities. The study used a mixed method through Exploratory Factor Analysis
(EFA), which involved analyzing data from a survey questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed based on
in-depth interviews with 12 selected participants from the University of Mindanao, as well as relevant literature
and studies. It was reviewed and validated by 10 experts using a method called Content Validity Ratio (CVR).
This questionnaire was then administered to 400 students from 10 different colleges in University of Mindanao.
After conducting the Exploratory Factor Analysis and performing rotations and iterations, the researchers
identified five main constructs that characterize disaster resilience among colleges (1) disaster preparedness, (2)
disaster awareness, (3) community readiness, and (4) disaster management, (5) disaster resilience. The
researchers aimed to create an organization called “Council of College Disaster Volunteers (CCDV)” which
consist of student volunteers. These factors can be used to develop effective management strategies and
strengthen efforts in preventing and managing disasters and accidents.
KEYWORDS:content validity ratio, criminology, disaster resilience, disaster management, exploratory factor
analysis, and Philippines.
Environmental Struggles and Justice Among Lumad Farmers of Davao CityAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The study described the various environmental struggles experienced among the participants
and their status in accessing justice. The study followed a qualitative multiple-case study approach; the
participants are the Lumad farmers of Marilog, Davao City selected through a Critical sampling method and
aims to present the environmental violations experienced by the Lumad farmers in Davao City and how it
affected their families and sustenance further, their status in accessing justice is also explored. The study
concluded that the most common struggles the participant experience are Illegal logging and improper waste
disposal, which affect their farms, family, health, and income. Their preferred means to accessing justice is
through barangay settlement; the rigors of accessing courts, such as distance, expenses, fear of ruling, and the
hassle of being called to be present in court, are the most prevalent barriers that hinder the lead farmers from
accessing justice or seeking legal action. Nevertheless, the participants believed that the government would help
them in accessing justice.
KEYWORDS :access to justice, criminology,environmental justice, environmental struggles, lumadfarmers
CYBERBULLYING EXPERIENCES OF UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTSAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:This paper explores the cyberbullying experiences among Criminology students at the
University of Mindanao. A simple random sampling method was used to distribute the study's online
questionnaire to the respondents and to survey the target population. This study has four hundred (400)
respondents, and the respondents are Criminology students at the University of Mindanao. The findings of this
study revealed that the level of cyberbullying experiences is sometimes manifested. On the other hand, the
cyberbullying experiences of the students indicate a moderate level, which indicates that the cyberbullying
experiences of the respondents are sometimes manifested. Also, the computations showed that among the
indicators presented, the highest mean is obtained in the psychological effect, which implies that there is a
significant effect of cyberbullying experiences of the respondents in terms of the Gender level of the
respondents. Therefore, respondents with a low level of cyberbullying experiences tend to have a moderate level
of cyberbullying experience. However, there is no significant effect in terms of age and year level of the
respondents according to the results regarding the psychological, emotional, and physical impact of
cyberbullying.
KEYWORDS :cyberbullying, emotional, experiences, psychological,physical effect, and simple random
sampling method.
A philosophical ontogenetic standpoint on superego role in human mind formationAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: One of the most significant contributions of psychoanalysis to understand the human being is the
elaboration of a model about the mind from a topical and dynamic perspective. Freud explains the mind by the
constitution of the preconscious, conscious, and subconscious. Later, by three dynamic components: the id, the
ego and the superego. Such an organization of the psychic apparatus supposes not only individual elements, but
social influences along the process of hominization. In this paper, we recover the findings of the renowned
anthropologist Lewis Morgan, trying to link some of them to the psychoanalytic theory. Especially highlighting
the importance of superego in Haidt’s social intuitionism.
Keywords: evolutionism, intuitionism, psychoanalysis, Freud, Haidt, Morgan
Improving Workplace Safety Performance in Malaysian SMEs: The Role of Safety ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: In the Malaysian context, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) experience a significant
burden of workplace accidents. A consensus among scholars attributes a substantial portion of these incidents to
human factors, particularly unsafe behaviors. This study, conducted in Malaysia's northern region, specifically
targeted Safety and Health/Human Resource professionals within the manufacturing sector of SMEs. We
gathered a robust dataset comprising 107 responses through a meticulously designed self-administered
questionnaire. Employing advanced partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) techniques
with SmartPLS 3.2.9, we rigorously analyzed the data to scrutinize the intricate relationship between safety
behavior and safety performance. The research findings unequivocally underscore the palpable and
consequential impact of safety behavior variables, namely safety compliance and safety participation, on
improving safety performance indicators such as accidents, injuries, and property damages. These results
strongly validate research hypotheses. Consequently, this study highlights the pivotal significance of cultivating
safety behavior among employees, particularly in resource-constrained SME settings, as an essential step toward
enhancing workplace safety performance.
KEYWORDS :Safety compliance, safety participation, safety performance, SME
Psychological Empowerment and Empathy as Correlates of ForgivenessAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The study explores Psychological Empowerment and Empathy as Correlates of Forgiveness.
The two variables are regarded to have influence on the decision one makes to forgive another. The study aimed
at examining the relationships between psychological empowerment and forgiveness, empathy and forgiveness
and to identify which one of the two,Psychological Empowerment or Empathy, is the more powerful predictor of
forgiveness. The study took a survey design with a sample of 350 drawn from a population of university students
using a self-administered questionnaire with four sections: Personal information, Psychological empowerment
scale, Toronto Empathy questionnaire, and the Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS). Data analysis employed
Pearson’s product moment correlation and regression analysis to test hypotheses. The results show significant
relationships between psychological empowerment and forgiveness as well as empathy and forgiveness.
Empathy was found to be the more powerful predictor of forgiveness.
KEY WORDS: Psychological empowerment, empathy, forgiveness
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Exploring Trafficking in Persons in Bisi Ojediran’s A Daughter for Sale
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A J H S S R J o u r n a l P a g e | 120
American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR)
e-ISSN : 2378-703X
Volume-02, Issue-08, pp-120-126
www.ajhssr.com
Research Paper Open Access
Exploring Trafficking in Persons in Bisi Ojediran’s A Daughter
for Sale
Célestin GBAGUIDI; Saturnin M. AFFOUTOU ; Adolphe H. SALOMON
(Département d’Anglais, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, République du Bénin)
*Corresponding Author: Célestin GBAGUIDI
ABSTRACT: This study pertains to one of the scourges undermining the African society nowadays in A
Daughter for Sale authored by Bisi Ojediran. This novel counts one among texts projecting the traffic in humans
in some African communities. Human trafficking has become a new type of slavery in modern days. This
practice is a notorious problem that is drawing the attention of several intellectuals in the developing countries
where the victims usually come from. This study therefore takes a critical look at the praxis of human trafficking
detriment on the female victims. Bisi Ojediran‟s A Daughter for Sale underscores not only the causes of this
phenomenon but also its consequences on the individual and poor countries. Through the lenses of the
postcolonial theory and socio-criticism, this paper investigates the mechanics through which Ojediran makes
available the phenomenon of trafficking in persons.
KEYWORDS: Brain drain, exploitation, human exodus, human trafficking, killing, poverty
I. INTRODUCTION
Post-colonial Africa is in the throes of issues which are both thorny and diverse. And these issues
require urgent answers for the welfare of Africans who are bending under the yoke of dire poverty,
marginalization and exploitation. It is worth emphasizing that many African people have hoped that once
African nations are ruled by Africans themselves, a lot of positive changes will occur for the benefit of the black
communities. Yet, ever since black leaders have been in the saddle of their countries, the hopes of the black
people have just become a flitting illusion and they continue to be crippled by the manacles of extreme poverty
and human exploitation from those who promised them a better tomorrow. So, today the living conditions of the
black community are still a far cry from what they have ever hoped for because problems such as social and
racial discrimination, civil war, starvation, dictatorship, embezzlement of public funds, human trafficking, to
name just a few, are practices which are rampant in Africa.
These serious issues are criticized by some African writers through their works which lay bare the
sufferings of their people. On this score, postcolonial African fiction “reveals that one major unfortunate
problem runs through the (neo) colonial African societies – frustration or betrayal of trust” (Kehinde, 2004, p.
229). One of such notorious issues which are gaining ground is human trafficking. This contemporary societal
phenomenon deserves a particular attention because about 40.3 million people are the victims of that scourge
worldwide (Zimmerman and Kiss 2017) and “studies around the world indicate consistently that most trafficked
people experience violence and hazardous, exhausting work, and few emerge without long-term, sometimes
disabling, physical and psychological damage” (Zimmerman and Kiss, 2017, p. 8). So as to underscore how
serious the practice of human trafficking is, Bisi Ojediran in A Daughter for Sale tackles that bane. The present
work aims to study the phenomenon of human trafficking to pinpoint its causes and drawbacks on the trafficked
people and developing countries. With the theory of post-colonial criticism, this paper posits that some African
creative writers are concerned with the way many African girls and women are trafficked, ill-treated within or
outside their countries.
II. TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS OR MODERN SLAVERY
Trafficking in persons is defined as:
the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by
means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of
fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of
the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a
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person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation (The
United Nations 2017)
Human trafficking is a reality which is gathering momentum in the world and particularly in African countries.
In the field of creative writing, this societal phenomenon is castigated by many novelists who can be viewed as
conscience-raisers. Among them we can cite the Nigerian novelist Bisi Ojediran with his novel A Daughter for
Sale. Human trafficking is the exploitation of human beings in order to get financial benefits. This practice is
condemned by international laws considering it as a violation of human rights. Wikipedia gives further details
about that practice and insists that the people who suffer that modern slavery are “specifically women and
children”. As far as Ojediran‟s novel is concerned, a particular stress is on the number of young girls who are
attracted by the lures of a happier life overseas. The following words from Joshua, a character in A Daughter for
Sale, confirm this assertion: “You see; over the years, we have helped a lot of people with exactly this kind of
thing. People come, we pray for them and they get their visas just like that‟‟ (Ojediran, 2006, p. 39)1
. So, many
Nigerian or African girls have been going overseas with the view to getting better living conditions. On this
score, (Gbaguidi, 2014, p. 36) posits that “in Africa South of the Sahara, many young people leave their home
country illegally expecting to get a better quality of life in western countries”. In the same vein, Nganga (2012)
contends that “Many people from poor African countries embark on the dangerous journey for Europe, in hopes
of a better life”. It appears that once abroad and failing to achieve their goal, the African female adventurers
usually fall preys of traffickers and well-organized gangs and they are forced to work as whores. In this wake,
Gbaguidi (2014) rightfully points out that: “Unfortunately, once such gullible people set foot on Europe, they
become utterly disenchanted” (p. 36). In general, they ignore what is awaiting them when they embark on their
journey abroad. The character Abel, the protagonist in Ojediran‟s novel, has devoted himself to investigate on
this horrid human trafficking which is taking a heavy toll in his community. He has discovered that a lot of
women are the victims of this illegal activity. The heterodiegetic narrator in A Daughter for Sale thus discloses:
“As he waited, Abel sipped his coffee and read one of the many computer printouts of the criminal trafficking of
women. He became absorbed in the story of a Nigerian woman who had been found murdered in Turin, Italy.
She had entered the country on a false visa and was working there as a prostitute” (ADFS, p. 48). Elaborating on
the illegal immigrants‟ ploys to get to Europe, their Promised Land, Gbaguidi (2014) opines that “irregular
migrants circumvent regulations to enter European countries” (p. 37). As sociocriticism “aims to bring out the
relations existing between the structures of literary (or cultural) work and the structures of the society in which
this work is deeply rooted” (Cros, 2011, p. 33), it is noticeable that the demarcation line between the plot in
Ojediran‟s creative works published in 2006 and the reality in contemporary Africa is very slim indeed in that
every year in Africa South of the Sahara there are reports of thousands of young Africans who embark on the
very risky journey for Europe by sea in search of hypothetical welfare (Choe 2007). Many other female
characters have been trafficked in the novel under scrutiny. Indeed, the female character Alice is unfortunately
among them. As a matter of fact, Alice is a very gorgeous girl that Peter Abel has tried to free from the vicious
circle of prostitution. In fact, most female characters who strive to get their visas to go abroad become the
victims of smugglers who promise them better means of subsistence once out of their native country.
Unfortunately, they soon become disillusioned and are the property of some very powerful criminal
organizations which exploit them as prostitutes. These trafficked girls and women are thus enslaved to other
people who make immoral earnings from them. Pointing out the subjugated plight that befalls African girls in
this man-dominated society, Sall (2016) opines: “African girls are constantly exposed to the worst forms of
danger and mistreatment such as child trafficking, mutilation etc. In this specific of predicament of African
children females are more victimised because of gender discrimination. They are physically and sexually abused
and living in deplorable conditions because of their relegation to the lowest rank of society by tradition and
religion”. In fact, trafficked African girls or women here appear as victims of social injustice imposed on them
by a domineering patriarchal society. Concerning this phenomenon, Omar Sougou (2002) contends that the
physical assault that men perpetrate onto the slave or trafficked girls, ranging from their sale to forced labour in
society, from sexual molestation to physical violence, is identical to the violence perpetrated by colonizers upon
the colonized people.
Many stakeholders are involved in this horrendous practice; irresponsible and sadistic parents, fake
people of God, and criminal organizations facilitate the ongoing traffic and each playing a well determined role.
For instance, Alice‟s father, an unscrupulous man, is largely responsible for the pitiful plight of his daughter for
not only does he sexually abuse his own daughter but he also hands her to other men for immoral earnings. He
makes his decision to become wealthy from exploiting his own daughter. In fact, Alice‟s father dominates his
1
Further references to the same edition will be referred to as ADFS followed by the page number in the main text.
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daughter as a colonizer controls the colonized. The father sexually abuses his defenceless female child who
cannot defend herself but silently bears her exploitation. Worse still, as a capitalistic person, Alice‟s father
suggests to a trafficker that they should send her abroad to make money: “You are a naïve young fellow. My
God. If Alice were taken abroad to work, it would ensure our sustainability, don‟t you see?” (ADFS, p. 116).
Alice, the homodiegetic character, explains her reluctant loose attitudes thus: “By the time I was handed off to
other men, I had little self-respect left, it hardly mattered anymore. Anyway, I decided if men were going to use
me, I‟d use them back. I did manage to extort many fine gifts. But the price was very high‟‟ (ADFS, p. 362). A
Daughter for Sale proves that some parents are to blame for the practice of human trafficking because they are
the ones who sell their own kids off to traffickers for the sake of money.
Apart from those vicious and irresponsible parents, there are also some people of God who are involved
in trafficking in persons either consciously or unconsciously. Bisi Ojediran denounces the misdeed of some fake
people of God who induce their followers to go abroad. Pastor Majayi, for that matter, is a notorious example in
A Daughter for Sale. Indeed, he masquerades as a righteous man who cares for the welfare of his parishioners
but he actually holds them to ransoms. He is involved in the practice of human trafficking because he
encourages his parishioners to migrate and since he is a pastor they rely on him. He prays so that they can get
their visas and go abroad; and he gets money for that: “Ten thousand naira for visa applicants and twenty
thousand for those who are there” (ADFS, p. 39). Pastor Majayi epitomizes the fake men of God all over the
African continent who exploit the poor parishioners through different means among which human trafficking.
Instead of telling the people the truth about their dangerous undertaking, they urge them to go abroad in order to
get a better livelihood. What is going on in Pastor Majayi‟s church is well summarized by the omniscient
narrator in the passage below: “Abel was horrified. These girls were sold into hideous, miserable lives and then
this church took what little money they managed to earn as payment to „pray‟ for better lives. The money the
girls made, money they might use to make a better life, was handed over to these so called „men of God‟”
(ADFS, p. 39).
In addition to parents and fake men of God, there are also some criminal organizations which recruit
innocent people to increase the number of their victims and expand their profits. They threaten anyone who tries
to meddle with their business as is the case with Peter Abel: “We have an efficient network, and if you try
anything, you could become another drowned migrant floating ashore on one of our fine beaches” (ADFS, p.
230). Those shady organizations trample underfoot human rights to make a lot of money. They know a great
deal of people and have strong connections to defend their criminal activities. Such organizations are very
dangerous; they sometimes resort to intimidations, threats and worse still killings to prevent people from
interfering into their sinful works. The killing of the character Tunde Picketts exemplifies their brutality and
proves their stubborn determination to protect their dirty business. As a matter of course, Tunde Picketts is an
investigative journalist of The Zodiac, a Nigerian newspaper in downtown Lagos, who undertakes the deadly
mission to investigate the migration of young people from Nigeria to overseas. Unfortunately, this costs him his
murder: “Peter Abel stared down at the two bloody severed ears. The last time he had seen them, they were on
either side of Tunde Picketts‟ head. Now they were sealed in a plastic evidence bag, held casually by a stocky
policeman. Abel had no difficulty recognizing the ears as Tunde‟s” (ADFS, p. 1). As can be seen, the
investigative journalist Tunde has been assassinated and his body savagely mutilated for doing his job; Tunde‟s
murder can be seen as a warning for anybody willing to interfere with the activities of the procurers. What are
then the motives for trafficking in persons?
III. CAUSES OF TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS
There are many reasons for human trafficking; one of these and the main one is poverty. Indeed, many
parents resort to children trafficking because they are unable to cater for the daily needs of the family. A study,
on this score, claims that: “Poverty is found to be the root cause of child street labor in the Municipality. As a
result, some drivers of child street labor deem it a necessary evil, to them, no amount of free education would
make them stop sending children to the street since it would mean cutting off the source of daily food supplies”
(Kangsangbata, 2008, p. 30). It appears that people who find it difficult to make both ends meet are prone to
trafficking in persons because they believe it can improve their source of revenue. In the novel under study, it is
plain that Mr. Winston Udor decides to exploit his 11-year-old daughter because of his poor living conditions.
He believes that exploiting his daughter and sending her overseas could help him solve his ongoing financial
ordeal. That is how his daughter Alice ends up becoming a slut. Ahadji-Tamakloe (2016) also claims that
poverty is the root cause of children‟s exploitation: “Most of the children come from homes that have financial
constraints. Parents have irregular sources of income but have to support large families. With the large number
of children depending on just the parents for survival, the older ones are mostly left unattended to while the
attention is given to the younger ones. This gives the older children the edge to move out of their homes and
fend for themselves”. Poverty causes many parents to exploit their own children as is the case with Mr. Winston
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Udor who first sleeps with his underage daughter to be rich according to a jujuman‟s advice and later on
suggests to a man that she be taken abroad to be used as a prostitute and bring him in some money. It turns out
that financial constraints compel some irresponsible parents to expose their offspring to the appalling practice of
human trafficking. The ultimate goal parents aim at is to free themselves from the claws of dire poverty and
misery. Promise Edem Nukunu (2013), like most researchers, finds poverty as the main cause of human
trafficking. She is adamant that:
In Ghana many children are trafficked for forced labour in agriculture and the fishing
industry, for street hawking, forced to beg on the street and as porters. Some parents with
good intention for their children give their children out either to a relative or a friend to give
them the best life they couldn‟t give to their children but these trusted people turn to give
these children the worse life that the real parents wouldn‟t have given to them.
Beside poverty, irresponsible parenting is a factor not the least important which promotes human
trafficking in our society. Some parents after having made a mess of their life decide to sacrifice the lives of
their innocent children. In the focus novel, the character Mr. Winston Udor falls within this category. As a
matter of fact, Mr. Udor works first as a school teacher and later as a senior officer for immigration in Lagos
until he retires. Surprisingly, he fails to prepare a peaceful retirement for himself and his offspring. To resolve
his financial constraints, he decides to use one of his three daughters. His being an irresponsible father is proved
by his regular violence against the mother of his children and the sexual exploitation of Alice, his underage
daughter. Mr. Winston Udor embodies irresponsible parents who resort to the exploitation of their children to
cater for their personal needs regardless of the fate of those exploited children. All that the parents of Mr.
Winston Udor‟s type care about is their own welfare; the life of their children is of no importance. Such parents
feel no love and mercy for their own children; instead, they are ready to sacrifice the children on the altar of
wickedness and egocentrism. In this vein, many irresponsible people don‟t hesitate to sell off their children in
exchange for a little money. Nukunu (2013) emphasizes that: “For some parents too, they deliberately due to
their own selfish interest give their children out for hiring to do tedious work ….” In the case of Mr. Winston
Udor, he sells his daughter off to Kehinde Lawal for a good deal to satisfy his selfish and wicked needs. Nukunu
(2013) and Ahadji-Tamakloe (2016) posit that irresponsible parenting is without any doubt a factor which leads
to human trafficking and children‟s exploitation in several developing countries. On the strength of this, Ahadji-
Tamakloe (2016) contends that:
A lot of people have children indiscriminately knowing fully well that they do not have the
financial capacity to cater for them. In the past having a lot of children was a fashionable
trend and beneficial to the family because the children served as helping hands on the family
farm. It was easier to cater for the children because food came from the farm. Parents in the
past had no problems with educating their children, because schools were seen as
unnecessary. With times and priorities changing, farm works and sedentary living is not
enough to fully equip people to fit into the world. Nowadays having a lot of children is rather
a burden onto the parents.
According to Ahadji-Tamakloe, there are many parents with a large number of children they are unable
to care for; as a consequence, their children end up being children in or of the street, easy preys to human
trafficking and exploitation. It is a fact that some parents deliberately give their children to traffickers to be
exploited; yet, some children decide on their own to do something about their poor living conditions. Indeed,
many people find themselves in the hands of traffickers because they want to change their living conditions. The
majority of these people are poor people who are mostly influenced by the wealthy life all around them. These
people see other people like them who have financial means and are able to afford whatever they need. So, these
poor people fight tooth and nail and do whatever they can to put a curb on their poor living conditions. The
people they rub elbows with convince them that they should accept any sort of things or activities to overcome
poverty. Since we know the role money plays in our day-to-day life, it is almost impossible for many young
people not to give in to the proposals of their friends which are actually a door of no return. That is how many
people end up in the claws of criminal organizations where they are used as beasts of burden to bring in a lot of
money to their traffickers. With regard to Alice‟s life in the novel under study, she has been influenced by two
friends namely Dupe and Ngozy. Since these two friends of Alice‟s are rich, they could afford anything they
want unlike Alice who has modest backgrounds. This situation is one of the factors that step by step lead Alice
to a life of prostitution. This is how the heterodiegetic narrator accounts for Alice‟s bad company and ultimate
plight:
Instead of joining her mother at church, Alice followed her friends into the shop. As soon as
she entered, her fears were confirmed. She watched as her friends dashed from one shelf to
another to fill their baskets with books recommended by their teachers. Dupe and Ngozi
were both rich. Or at least they were in Alice‟s eyes. Whatever they needed – money, clothes
and food – they had merely to ask […]. Alice was constantly jealous of their means. She
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even joked occasionally about being Cinderella, while they were the spoiled wicked step-
sisters (ADFS, pp. 84-85).
A girl from a modest origin is usually at the mercy of vices in her determination to make it. Alice is no
exception; her two friends suggest she have a boyfriend to help her financially in exchange for sexual
intercourse. Eventually, Alice falls into Kehinde‟s trap and offers her body in exchange for some cash (ADFS,
p. 87). Ambition and bad company have led the gullible female character into prostitution and she has fallen an
easy prey for the traffickers. Some young people on their own join criminal organizations without knowing the
risks they are running. They long to get easily rich without having to make any effort at all. On that score, many
young people are involved in very risky activities for powerful criminal organizations and girls resort to
prostitution. Robert, a character in A Daughter for Sale, highlights the problem of prostitution in the following
terms: “Odd how most of the immigrants here are from Nigeria. And over sixty percent of the prostitutes in Italy
are Nigerians. Your country must really find out the underlying causes of this migration and do something”
(ADFS, p. 249).
The high unemployment rates in developing countries coupled with the lack of professional skills also
justify human trafficking and exploitation. Unemployment is one of the serious problems that force the youth to
migrate overseas in search of green pastures. The dream to go abroad and come back with a lot of money is the
reason why many African people are now trapped in the circle of human trafficking and are victims of sheer
abuse. Unemployment is a real puzzle for many developing nations. Young people, fed up with the prospect of
getting a work which never becomes a reality, choose to expatriate. African countries face an unprecedented
problem of unemployment due chiefly to the rising number of children who go to school. Governments find it
very difficult, let‟s say impossible to provide all these ambitious intellectuals with a job; hence, most leave their
countries with the hope that they will be welcome elsewhere. Going overseas is a dangerous undertaking, yet,
the number of candidates to immigration is always on the increase. In Ojediran‟s novel under study, the
character Chief Benson draws the attention of Peter Abel to the reason that encourages many people to leave
Africa generally at the peril of their lives for western countries: “„Peter Abel, I have been giving this whole
subject some serious thought. So long as your country refuses to offer jobs to these poor people, nothing will
stop them from going. Remember they repatriate planeloads of them from time to time, but it does not stop
others from going in their places. And bringing Alice home will not stop the trade‟” (ADFS, pp. 183-84).
International organizations and many countries are striving to stop illegal immigration; still, the phenomenon is
gaining ground. What are then the consequences of the trafficking in persons?
IV. CONSEQUENCES OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING
Human trafficking is a practice with countless consequences. Indeed, this practice has short, mid and
long term consequences on African countries. Developing countries pay a very high price for the bane that
human trafficking represents. Indeed, many African children lose their lives in their regular and repeated
attempts to reach the European continent. As mentioned before, the number of people who apply for going
overseas is constantly on the increase despite the numerous campaigns of sensitization to warn them about the
dangers they run. Every day, we read in the newspapers and see on TV the boats that capsize with hundreds of
migrants trying to reach the Promised Land. This is a common sight for Europeans; that is why a trafficker
warns Peter Abel in the following terms: “We have an efficient network, and if you try anything, you could
become another drowned migrant floating ashore on one of our fine beaches” (ADFS, p. 230). There are usually
corpses of African migrants on the coasts of European countries like Italy and Spain. African countries as well
as many other continents lose their people during their voyage to Europe. And this constitutes a great loss for
the developing countries; they lose chiefly able-bodied people who are in their prime. The people who are
supposed to work and develop the developing countries are the ones who suffer human trafficking and usually
have a tragic end. The constant deaths of young people on the shore of European countries constitute a threat to
the development of the countries where they come from. Many who succeed in getting into the so-called
Promised Land are murdered by criminal organizations or hooligans. That is the case of that Nigerian woman in
the novel under study who gets killed in Turin, Italy. And nobody seems to care about the fate of these
trafficked people whose only and sole aim is to live a better life. Mostly, trafficked people are forced to work for
a mere pittance or worse they are denied any wages because of their irregular situation in the host country.
Illegal immigrants into developed countries are treated in a very bad way as it is the case of that Nigerian
prostitute in Turin: “She had entered the country on a false visa and was working there as a prostitute. Nobody
attended her burial or contacted the police about the case. No family member came to visit the grave. The killer
got off with a light sentence, because nobody objected when the authorities allowed him to plead guilty at a
lesser charge” (ADFS, p. 48). As can be noticed, even the judicial power which is supposed to protect the
victims of the traffic in persons seems to turn a blind eye on the situation and sometimes leaves the traffickers
unpunished; quite often and paradoxically some traffickers get off with a suspended sentence, a small sentence
or worse still they are discharged. Furthermore, people who suffer contemporary slavery are subject to assaults
and compelled to obey their masters. Those who refuse to obey or do not give a satisfactory profit to their
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masters unfortunately end up in the grave like the Nigerian prostitute, a character in the novel under
consideration. The victims of human trafficking are treated like slaves, forced by any means to be obedient.
Their lives depend on the good will of their traffickers who are ready to use violence and killing to defend their
evil business and keep their victims under control. Tunde Picketts, the investigative journalist of the Nigerian
newspaper The Zodiac in Ojediran‟s novel under scrutiny, is an example of the inhumaneness of human
traffickers; in addition, the frequent murder attempts that his colleague Peter Abel faces demonstrate the
inhuman nature of the people who deal in modern slavery. The excerpt below illustrates pretty well the brutality
of the traffickers:
“Rudy slammed Abel‟s head against the wall viciously. „You‟re fucking
dead. And so is the girl, once we‟re done selling her.‟
Rudy stuck the barrel of his gun into Abel‟s ear. Abel figured that was the
ballgame. He was dead.‟‟(ADFS, p. 345)
The countries where the victims of human trafficking come from lose available manpower they can use
in different fields and boost their fragile economies. Among the trafficked people are many who are skilled and
others have got high diplomas.
Another drawback of human trafficking is educational; in short, because of the practice of traffic in
human beings, many young people drop from school. When people are trafficked, they stop their schooling and
engage in different activities that could help them make ends meet. The female character Alice and her
countrywomen, given to prostitution, have mostly dropped from school to be prostitutes overseas. Today,
education has been the priority of most countries in the world because they have all realised that it is the right
path to development. So, each nation invests a lot of funds to guarantee its people a good education that can help
them fit in the contemporary world. Illiteracy is a major problem nations are fighting worldwide; human
trafficking and exploitation happen to be a stumbling block in the challenge of educating all the children of
developing countries. Children who represent the future of any nation are to be educated; failure to do so is
dangerous for both the individual and the nation. A study reveals that “street child labor has tremendous effect
on the child‟s education. Some of the children are not able to go to school. Some start and are not able to
continue, others delay in schooling and others even lose interest in going to school completely” (Kangsangbata,
2008, p. 29). So children trafficking and exploitation cause a great harm to the children in the long term and to
their nation as well. Human trafficking is a threat to education.
It is also important to linger on the negative health consequences related to the traffic in humans. No
doubt, human trafficking is harmful to its victims in many different ways. First of all, the fact that trafficked
people are held captives cannot allow them to object to doing whatever they are required to do. As a
consequence, human trafficking exposes people such as whores to rapes, violence, and mostly to deadly
illnesses such as STDs. Alice and the other Nigerian prostitutes are in great danger because they take high risks
that interfere with their health. They have sex with many sexual partners every single day. Bisi Ojediran‟s A
Daughter for Sale highlights this danger. Indeed, as Peter Abel goes to the brothel where Alice works as a
prostitute, he is shocked to discover that: “he had to queue behind six men to have his turn. The place was
popular, even mid-week” (ADFS, p. 267). It turns out that the female character Alice is in the clutches of half a
dozen men, ready to exploit and oppress her; the six men, eager to assuage their bestiality, stands for the
aggressors, and the female character Alice, the victims. Having sex with different people can result in serious
health problems. Interestingly, one notices that:
Those who are trafficked for forced sex are frequently raped by one or more males as a form
of „initiation‟ and or intimidation. They are often made to engage in high risk sex, such as
intercourse without condoms, anal and gang rape. It is not unusual for women and girls to be
held captive under lock and key, brought to and from the work venue, when not forced to
live and work at the same location and work for long hours with significant numbers of men
to service each day (Naik, 2018, p. 78).
As might be expected, this life of debauchery leads to very severe health problems like fatigue,
headaches; sexual and reproductive health problems (vaginal discharge, pelvic pain, and infection) back pain
and significant weight loss (Naik, 2018, p. 78). Many prostitutes contract the dreadful disease of HIV/AIDS and
after long years of suffering, they pass away.
V. CONCLUSION
All in all, the issue of trafficking in persons looms through Bisi Ojediran‟s A Daughter for Sale. This
paper has shown that unscrupulous men traffic girls and women for their selfish and sexual desires or to make
immoral earnings. With the trafficking in persons, women and girls are viewed as sexual playthings and
manhandled by male assailants in a patriarchal setting. This essay has also demonstrated that some fathers
sexually abuse their daughters and eventually sell them off to traffickers for immoral earnings. Bisi Ojediran in
A Daughter for Sale is like a conscience-awakener putting his finger on the crucial issue of trafficking in
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persons also considered as modern slavery. In this article, a particular stress has been put on the causes of the
trafficking in humans ranging from poverty and financial constraints, ambition, ignorance and naiveté, the dire
unemployment rates in developing countries, to the lures of a better life abroad. It is beyond doubt that human
trafficking is today a global concern and many local and international organizations are taking heed of its
worrying extent which results in severe consequences. It is plain to see that the phenomenon negatively impacts
both the trafficked persons and the poor countries where the victims come from. As it has been shown, the lives
of many people are at stake because the trafficked people suffer brutality, sexual and physical abuses,
intimidations, financial exploitations and worse still murders. People who suffer modern day slavery run serious
risks and their lives are constantly under threat. In short, the health consequences related to the traffic in humans
are huge. The lives of many people are at stake due to this despicable and criminal activity which is fast growing
in Africa and other parts of the world and claiming the lives of innocent and sometimes ignorant victims. The
study of Bisi Ojediran‟s A Daughter for Sale has revealed that human trafficking is a notorious practice that
claims the lives of many young people, chiefly young Nigerian girls who are held captives and used as sexual
slaves. STDs are also playing mayhem in the midst of those who undergo modern day slavery. Developing
countries where the majority of the trafficked people come from also suffer the negative impacts of human
trafficking; they lose a valuable manpower because of brain drain to developed nations. They invest huge funds
to educate the children; yet, the very best who should chip in the development of those weak economies usually
leave and work in countries which have not contributed anything to their trainings. So, human trafficking is
unfair to developing countries; it is another form of exploitation of poor countries through the stealing of their
intellectuals. Developing countries thus must put a stress in the struggle to reduce or solve this bane.
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