14 ANTHROPOLOGY TODAY VOL 35 NO 6, DECEMBER 2019
NEIL HOWARD
Neil Howard is Prize Fellow
in International Development
at the University of Bath.
He conducts research with
people defined as victims
of trafficking, slavery, child
labour and forced labour,
and political anthropological
research on the institutions
that seek to protect them. His
email is [email protected]
ac.uk.
Within mainstream discourses around trafficking, men
typically appear as predatory and exploitative, while boys
appear as victims. This flattens the complexities of social
life and obscures the ways that constructs of adult mas-
culinity frame the trajectories of labour migrants and the
brokers of their labour and migration. This article chal-
lenges those discourses, drawing on research with two
groups of male labour migrants characterized as ‘victims
of trafficking’, as well as with ‘traffickers’ who help them
to move and give them work.
The first are adolescent boys moving from Benin to
work in the artisanal gravel quarries of Abeokuta, Nigeria.
The second are adults from across West Africa who have
made the illegal journey to Italy, where they live in African
‘ghettos’ and work as gang labourers on various agricul-
tural harvests. In each case, migrants and their brokers
come from the same or similar communities; (shared)
ideals of masculinity and manhood structure the evolution
of their mobility and labour. Gendered transitions towards
social adulthood, the pressure to attain riches and status
and a social duty to show responsibility for those younger
and less successful than oneself are all important. A focus
on these gendered social transitions towards manhood can
take us beyond simplistic ‘victim-perpetrator’ dyads.1
Stubborn stereotypes
The conventional depiction of boys and men within the
iconography and literature on trafficking can be divided
into two types: (1) that which emphasizes victimhood and
powerlessness, and (2) that which emphasizes evil and a
willingness to exploit (Howard & Forin 2019). These are
two halves of the victim-victimizer dyad, in which the
victim is rendered ‘innocent’ by virtue of his ingenuous-
ness or lack of power (often mapped onto depictions of
his childlike purity), while the victimizer is dehuman-
ized and represented in one-dimensional fashion as the
embodiment of evil and threatening (black) manhood (see
O’Connell Davidson 2015 for a wider discussion of this
phenomenon). Each of these is present within my ethno-
graphic fieldsites.
The powerless victim
In West Africa, the flow of teenage boys from the Za-Kpota
region of southern Benin to the artisanal gravel quarries of
Abeokuta in Nigeria has been taken as a paradigmatic case
of child trafficking (Howard 2017a). In the press, civil
society reports and government-donor reviews, these ado-
lescents are almost always constructed as hapless, passive
and defenceless children. A France 24 (2002) story about
them describes the follo ...
The document outlines the narrative of "trafficking" over time in the United States, dividing it into three periods:
1) "White Slavery" from 1903-1915, which focused on naïve white women tricked into prostitution. This fueled anti-trafficking legislation and groups.
2) "Foreign Cargo" from 1990-2006 centered the victim as a young, foreign woman from places like Asia or Eastern Europe. This narrative was shaped by feminism and criminalization of alternative sexualities.
3) "Baby Prostitutes" from 2007 to present depicts victims as suburban or urban poor, young females vulnerable to domestic traffickers. This narrative reflects backlash
Exploring Trafficking in Persons in Bisi Ojediran’s A Daughter for SaleAJHSSR Journal
This study pertains to one of the scourges undermining the African society nowadays in A
Daughter for Sale authored by Bisi Ojediran. This novel counts one among texts projecting the traffic in humans
in some African communities. Human trafficking has become a new type of slavery in modern days. This
practice is a notorious problem that is drawing the attention of several intellectuals in the developing countries
where the victims usually come from. This study therefore takes a critical look at the praxis of human trafficking
detriment on the female victims. Bisi Ojediran‟s A Daughter for Sale underscores not only the causes of this
phenomenon but also its consequences on the individual and poor countries. Through the lenses of the
postcolonial theory and socio-criticism, this paper investigates the mechanics through which Ojediran makes
available the phenomenon of trafficking in persons.
Xenophobia and discrimination against immigrants is driven by poverty and lack of economic opportunity rather than genuine security concerns. While countries try to restrict immigration through harsh policies like deportation and detention camps, this fails to address the root causes of migration and exacerbates tensions. A more just and compassionate solution lies in promoting development, poverty alleviation, and political/economic reforms in places that migrants originate from.
Problem 1
Problem 2 (two screen shots)
Problem 3 (two screen shots)
Problem 4 (three screen shots)
Problem 5 (one screen shot)
Problem 6 (six screenshots plus a data table)
.
Problem 20-1A Production cost flow and measurement; journal entrie.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 20-1A Production cost flow and measurement; journal entries L.O. P1, P2, P3, P4
[The following information applies to the questions displayed below.]
Edison Company manufactures wool blankets and accounts for product costs using process costing. The following information is available regarding its May inventories.
Beginning
Inventory
Ending
Inventory
Raw materials inventory
$
60,000
$
41,000
Goods in process inventory
449,000
521,500
Finished goods inventory
610,000
342,001
The following additional information describes the company's production activities for May.
Raw materials purchases (on credit)
$
250,000
Factory payroll cost (paid in cash)
1,850,300
Other overhead cost (Other Accounts credited)
82,000
Materials used
Direct
$
200,500
Indirect
50,000
Labor used
Direct
$
1,060,300
Indirect
790,000
Overhead rate as a percent of direct labor
115
%
Sales (on credit)
$
3,000,000
The predetermined overhead rate was computed at the beginning of the year as 115% of direct labor cost.
\\\\\
rev: 11_02_2011
references
1.
value:
2.00 points
Problem 20-1A Part 1
Required:
1(a)
Compute the cost of products transferred from production to finished goods. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Cost of products transferred
$
1(b)
Compute the cost of goods sold. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Cost of goods sold
$
rev: 10_31_2011
check my workeBook Links (4)references
2.
value:
5.00 points
Problem 20-1A Part 2
2(a)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the raw materials purchases. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(b)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the direct materials usage. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(c)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the indirect materials usage. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(d)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the payroll costs. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(e)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the direct labor costs. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(f)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the indirect labor costs. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(g)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the other overhead costs. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(h)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the overhead applied. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(i)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the goods transferred from production to finished goods.(Omit the "$" sign in yo.
Problem 2 Obtain Io.Let x be the current through j2, ..docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 2: Obtain Io.
Let x be the current through j2, .
Let .
.
.
.
………..1.
…………2.
.
.
…………3.
……………….4.
Solving these 4 equations we can get .
.
Problem 1:Find currents I1, I2, and I3
Problem 2: Obtain Io
Problem 3:Obtain io
.
Problem 1On April 1, 20X4, Rojas purchased land by giving $100,000.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1On April 1, 20X4, Rojas purchased land by giving $100,000 in cash and executing a $400,000 note payable to the former owner. The note bears interest at 10% per annum, with interest being payable annually on March 31 of each year. Rojas is also required to make a $100,000 payment toward the note's principal on every March 31.(a)Prepare the appropriate journal entry to record the land purchase on April 1, 20X4.(b)Prepare the appropriate journal entry to record the year-end interest accrual on December 31, 20X4.(c)Prepare the appropriate journal entry to record the payment of interest and principal on March 31, 20X5.(d)Prepare the appropriate journal entry to record the year-end interest accrual on December 31, 20X5.(e)Prepare the appropriate journal entry to record the payment of interest and principal on March 31, 20X6.
&R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-13.01
B-13.01
Worksheet 1(a), (b), (c), (d), (e)GENERAL JOURNALDateAccountsDebitCredit04-01-X412-31-X403-31-X512-31-X503-31-X6
&L&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&12Name:
Date: Section: &R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-13.01
B-13.01
Problem 2Ace Brick company issued $100,000 of 5-year bonds. The bonds were issued at par on January 1, 20X1, and bear interest at a rate of 8% per annum, payable semiannually.(a)Prepare the journal entry to record the bond issue on January, 20X1.(b)Prepare the journal entry that Ace would record on each interest date.(c)Prepare the journal entry that Ace would record at maturity of the bonds.
&R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-13.06
B-13.06
Worksheet 2(a)(b)(c)GENERAL JOURNAL DateAccountsDebitCreditIssueInterestMaturity
&L&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&12Name:
Date: Section: &R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-13.06
B-13.06
Problem 3Erik Food Supply Company issued $100,000 of face amount of 4-year bonds on January 1, 20X1. The bonds were issued at 98, and bear interest at a stated rate of 8% per annum, payable semiannually. The discount is amortized by the straight-line method.(a)Prepare the journal entry to record the initial issuance on January, 20X1.(b)Prepare the journal entry that Erik would record on each interest date.(c)Prepare the journal entry that Erik would record at maturity of the bonds.
&R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-13.08
B-13.08
Worksheet 3(a)(b)(c)GENERAL JOURNAL DateAccountsDebitCreditIssueInterestMaturity
&L&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&12Name:
Date: Section: &R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-13.08
B-13.08
Problem 4Horton Micro Chip Company issued $100,000 of face amount of 6-year bonds on January 1, 20X1. The bonds were issed at 103, and bear interest at a stated rate of 8% per annum, payable semiannually. The premium is amortized by the straight-line method.(a)Prepare the journal entry to record the initial issue on January, 20X1.(b)Prepare the journal entry that Horton would record on each interest date.(c)Prepare the journal entry that Horton would record at maturity of the bonds.
&R&"Myriad We.
The document outlines the narrative of "trafficking" over time in the United States, dividing it into three periods:
1) "White Slavery" from 1903-1915, which focused on naïve white women tricked into prostitution. This fueled anti-trafficking legislation and groups.
2) "Foreign Cargo" from 1990-2006 centered the victim as a young, foreign woman from places like Asia or Eastern Europe. This narrative was shaped by feminism and criminalization of alternative sexualities.
3) "Baby Prostitutes" from 2007 to present depicts victims as suburban or urban poor, young females vulnerable to domestic traffickers. This narrative reflects backlash
Exploring Trafficking in Persons in Bisi Ojediran’s A Daughter for SaleAJHSSR Journal
This study pertains to one of the scourges undermining the African society nowadays in A
Daughter for Sale authored by Bisi Ojediran. This novel counts one among texts projecting the traffic in humans
in some African communities. Human trafficking has become a new type of slavery in modern days. This
practice is a notorious problem that is drawing the attention of several intellectuals in the developing countries
where the victims usually come from. This study therefore takes a critical look at the praxis of human trafficking
detriment on the female victims. Bisi Ojediran‟s A Daughter for Sale underscores not only the causes of this
phenomenon but also its consequences on the individual and poor countries. Through the lenses of the
postcolonial theory and socio-criticism, this paper investigates the mechanics through which Ojediran makes
available the phenomenon of trafficking in persons.
Xenophobia and discrimination against immigrants is driven by poverty and lack of economic opportunity rather than genuine security concerns. While countries try to restrict immigration through harsh policies like deportation and detention camps, this fails to address the root causes of migration and exacerbates tensions. A more just and compassionate solution lies in promoting development, poverty alleviation, and political/economic reforms in places that migrants originate from.
Problem 1
Problem 2 (two screen shots)
Problem 3 (two screen shots)
Problem 4 (three screen shots)
Problem 5 (one screen shot)
Problem 6 (six screenshots plus a data table)
.
Problem 20-1A Production cost flow and measurement; journal entrie.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 20-1A Production cost flow and measurement; journal entries L.O. P1, P2, P3, P4
[The following information applies to the questions displayed below.]
Edison Company manufactures wool blankets and accounts for product costs using process costing. The following information is available regarding its May inventories.
Beginning
Inventory
Ending
Inventory
Raw materials inventory
$
60,000
$
41,000
Goods in process inventory
449,000
521,500
Finished goods inventory
610,000
342,001
The following additional information describes the company's production activities for May.
Raw materials purchases (on credit)
$
250,000
Factory payroll cost (paid in cash)
1,850,300
Other overhead cost (Other Accounts credited)
82,000
Materials used
Direct
$
200,500
Indirect
50,000
Labor used
Direct
$
1,060,300
Indirect
790,000
Overhead rate as a percent of direct labor
115
%
Sales (on credit)
$
3,000,000
The predetermined overhead rate was computed at the beginning of the year as 115% of direct labor cost.
\\\\\
rev: 11_02_2011
references
1.
value:
2.00 points
Problem 20-1A Part 1
Required:
1(a)
Compute the cost of products transferred from production to finished goods. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Cost of products transferred
$
1(b)
Compute the cost of goods sold. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Cost of goods sold
$
rev: 10_31_2011
check my workeBook Links (4)references
2.
value:
5.00 points
Problem 20-1A Part 2
2(a)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the raw materials purchases. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(b)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the direct materials usage. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(c)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the indirect materials usage. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(d)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the payroll costs. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(e)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the direct labor costs. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(f)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the indirect labor costs. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(g)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the other overhead costs. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(h)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the overhead applied. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(i)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the goods transferred from production to finished goods.(Omit the "$" sign in yo.
Problem 2 Obtain Io.Let x be the current through j2, ..docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 2: Obtain Io.
Let x be the current through j2, .
Let .
.
.
.
………..1.
…………2.
.
.
…………3.
……………….4.
Solving these 4 equations we can get .
.
Problem 1:Find currents I1, I2, and I3
Problem 2: Obtain Io
Problem 3:Obtain io
.
Problem 1On April 1, 20X4, Rojas purchased land by giving $100,000.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1On April 1, 20X4, Rojas purchased land by giving $100,000 in cash and executing a $400,000 note payable to the former owner. The note bears interest at 10% per annum, with interest being payable annually on March 31 of each year. Rojas is also required to make a $100,000 payment toward the note's principal on every March 31.(a)Prepare the appropriate journal entry to record the land purchase on April 1, 20X4.(b)Prepare the appropriate journal entry to record the year-end interest accrual on December 31, 20X4.(c)Prepare the appropriate journal entry to record the payment of interest and principal on March 31, 20X5.(d)Prepare the appropriate journal entry to record the year-end interest accrual on December 31, 20X5.(e)Prepare the appropriate journal entry to record the payment of interest and principal on March 31, 20X6.
&R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-13.01
B-13.01
Worksheet 1(a), (b), (c), (d), (e)GENERAL JOURNALDateAccountsDebitCredit04-01-X412-31-X403-31-X512-31-X503-31-X6
&L&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&12Name:
Date: Section: &R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-13.01
B-13.01
Problem 2Ace Brick company issued $100,000 of 5-year bonds. The bonds were issued at par on January 1, 20X1, and bear interest at a rate of 8% per annum, payable semiannually.(a)Prepare the journal entry to record the bond issue on January, 20X1.(b)Prepare the journal entry that Ace would record on each interest date.(c)Prepare the journal entry that Ace would record at maturity of the bonds.
&R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-13.06
B-13.06
Worksheet 2(a)(b)(c)GENERAL JOURNAL DateAccountsDebitCreditIssueInterestMaturity
&L&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&12Name:
Date: Section: &R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-13.06
B-13.06
Problem 3Erik Food Supply Company issued $100,000 of face amount of 4-year bonds on January 1, 20X1. The bonds were issued at 98, and bear interest at a stated rate of 8% per annum, payable semiannually. The discount is amortized by the straight-line method.(a)Prepare the journal entry to record the initial issuance on January, 20X1.(b)Prepare the journal entry that Erik would record on each interest date.(c)Prepare the journal entry that Erik would record at maturity of the bonds.
&R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-13.08
B-13.08
Worksheet 3(a)(b)(c)GENERAL JOURNAL DateAccountsDebitCreditIssueInterestMaturity
&L&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&12Name:
Date: Section: &R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-13.08
B-13.08
Problem 4Horton Micro Chip Company issued $100,000 of face amount of 6-year bonds on January 1, 20X1. The bonds were issed at 103, and bear interest at a stated rate of 8% per annum, payable semiannually. The premium is amortized by the straight-line method.(a)Prepare the journal entry to record the initial issue on January, 20X1.(b)Prepare the journal entry that Horton would record on each interest date.(c)Prepare the journal entry that Horton would record at maturity of the bonds.
&R&"Myriad We.
Problem 17-1 Dividends and Taxes [LO2]Dark Day, Inc., has declar.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 17-1 Dividends and Taxes [LO2]
Dark Day, Inc., has declared a $5.60 per share dividend. Suppose capital gains are not taxed, but dividends are taxed at 15 percent. New IRS regulations require that taxes be withheld at the time the dividend is paid. Dark Day sells for $94.10 per share, and the stock is about to go ex-dividend.
What do you think the ex-dividend price will be? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
Ex-dividend price
$
Problem 17-2 Stock Dividends [LO3]
The owners’ equity accounts for Alexander International are shown here:
Common stock ($0.60 par value)
$
45,000
Capital surplus
340,000
Retained earnings
748,120
Total owners’ equity
$
1,133,120
a-1
If Alexander stock currently sells for $30 per share and a 10 percent stock dividend is declared, how many new shares will be distributed?
New shares issued
a-2
Show how the equity accounts would change.
Common stock
$
Capital surplus
Retained earnings
Total owners’ equity
$
b-1
If instead Alexander declared a 20 percent stock dividend, how many new shares will be distributed?
New shares issued
b-2
Show how the equity accounts would change. (Negative amount should be indicated by a minus sign.)
Common stock
$
Capital surplus
Retained earnings
Total owners’ equity
$
Problem 17-3 Stock Splits [LO3]
The owners' equity accounts for Alexander International are shown here.
Common stock ($0.50 par value)
$
35,000
Capital surplus
320,000
Retained earnings
708,120
Total owners’ equity
$
1,063,120
a-1
If Alexander declares a five-for-one stock split, how many shares are outstanding now?
New shares outstanding
a-2
What is the new par value per share? (Round your answer to 3 decimal places. (e.g., 32.161))
New par value
$ per share
b-1
If Alexander declares a one-for-seven reverse stock split, how many shares are outstanding now?
New shares outstanding
b-2
What is the new par value per share? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
New par value
$ per share
Problem 17-4 Stock Splits and Stock Dividends [LO3]
Red Rocks Corporation (RRC) currently has 485,000 shares of stock outstanding that sell for $40 per share. Assuming no market imperfections or tax effects exist, what will the share price be after:
a.
RRC has a four-for-three stock split? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
New share price
$
b.
RRC has a 15 percent stock dividend? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
New share price
$
c.
RRC has a 54.5 percent stock dividend? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
New share price
$
d.
RRC has a two-for-seven reverse stock split? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
New share price
$
Determine the new number of shares outstanding in parts (a) through (d).
a.
New shares outstanding
b.
New shares o.
Problem 1Problem 1 - Constant-Growth Common StockWhat is the value.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1Problem 1 - Constant-Growth Common StockWhat is the value of a common stock if the firm's earnings and dividends are growing annually at 10%, the current dividend is $1.32,and investors require a 15% return on investment?What is the stock's rate of return if the market price of the stock is $35?
Problem 2Problem 2 - Preferred Stock Price and ReturnA firm has preferred stock outstanding with a $1,000 par value and a $40 annual dividend with no maturity. If the required rate of return is 9%, what is the price of the preferred stock?The market price of a firm's preferred stock is $24 and pays an annual dividend of $2.50. If the stock's par value is $1,000 and it has no maturity, what is the return on the preferred stock?
Problem 3Problem 3 - Bond Valuation and YieldA bond has a par value of $1,000, pays $50 semiannually and has a maturity of 10 years.If the bond earns 12% per year, what is the price of the bond?RateNperPMTFVTypePVWhat is the yield to maturity for the bond?NperPMTPVFVTypeRateWhat would be the bond's price if the rate earned declined to 8% per year?RateNperPMTFVTypePVIf the maturity period is reduced to 5 years and the required rate of return is 8%, what would be the price of the bond?RateNperPMTFVTypePVWhat is the yield to maturity for the bond when the maturity is 5 years and the required rate of return is 8%?NperPMTPVFVTypeRateWhat generalizations about bond prices, interest rates and maturity periods can be made based on the calculations made above?
Problem 4Problem 4 - Callable BondsThe following bonds have a par value of $1,000 and the required rate of return is 10%.Bond XY: 5¼ percent coupon, with interest paid annually for 20 yearsBond AB: 14 percent coupon, with interest paid annually for 20 yearsWhat is each bond's current market price?Bond XYBond ABRateNperPMTFVTypePVIf current interest rates are 9%, which bond would you expect to be called? Explain.
Exercise 10-5
During the month of March, Olinger Company’s employees earned wages of $69,500. Withholdings related to these wages were $5,317 for Social Security (FICA), $8,145 for federal income tax, $3,366 for state income tax, and $434 for union dues. The company incurred no cost related to these earnings for federal unemployment tax but incurred $760 for state unemployment tax.
Prepare the necessary March 31 journal entry to record salaries and wages expense and salaries and wages payable. Assume that wages earned during March will be paid during April. (Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually.)
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
Mar. 31
SHOW LIST OF ACCOUNTS
LINK TO TEXT
Prepare the entry to record the company’s payroll tax expense. (Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually.)
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
Mar. 31
===========================================
E.
Problem 1Prescott, Inc., manufactures bookcases and uses an activi.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1Prescott, Inc., manufactures bookcases and uses an activity-based costing system. Prescott's activity areas and related data follows:ActivityBudgeted Cost
of ActivityAllocation BaseCost Allocation
RateMaterials handling$230,000Number of parts$0.50Assembly3,200,000Direct labor hours16.00Finishing180,000Number of finished
units4.50Prescott produced two styles of bookcases in October: the standard bookcase and an unfinished bookcase, which has fewer parts and requires no finishing. The totals for quantities, direct
materials costs, and other data follow:ProductTotal Units
ProducedTotal Direct
Materials CostsTotal Direct
Labor CostsTotal Number
of PartsTotal Assembling
Direct Labor HoursStandard bookcase3,000$36,000$45,0009,0004,500Unfinished bookcase3,50035,00035,0007,0003,500Requirements:1. Compute the manufacturing product cost per unit of each type of bookcase.2. Suppose that pre-manufacturing activities, such as product design, were assigned to the standard bookcases at $7 each, and to the unfinished bookcases at $2 each. Similar analyses
were conducted of post-manufacturing activities such as distribution, marketing, and customer service. The post-manufacturing costs were $22 per standard bookcase and $14 per
unfinished bookcase. Compute the full product costs per unit.3. Which product costs are reported in the external financial statements? Which costs are used for management decision making? Explain the difference.4. What price should Prescott's managers set for unfinished bookcases to earn $15 per bookcase?
Problem 2Corbertt Pharmaceuticals manufactures an over-the-counter allergy medication. The company sells both large commercial containers of 1,000 capsules to health-care facilities
and travel packs of 20 capsules to shops in airports, train stations, and hotels. The following information has been developed to determine if an activity-based costing system
would be beneficial:ActivityEstimated Indirect Activity
CostsAllocation BaseEstimated Quantity of
Allocation BaseMaterials handling$95,000Kilos19,000 kilosPackaging219,000Machine hours5,475 hoursQuality assurance124,500Samples2,075 samplesTotal indirect costs$438,500Other production information includes the following:Commercial ContainersTravel PacksUnits produced3,500 containers57,000 packsWeight in kilos14,0005,700Machine hours2,625570Number of samples700855Requirements:1. Compute the cost allocation rate for each activity.2. Use the activity-based cost allocation rates to compute the activity costs per unit of the commercial containers and the travel packs. (Hint: First compute the total activity
cost allocated to each product line, and then compute the cost per unit.)3. Corbertt's original single-allocation-base costing system allocated indirect costs to produce at $157 per machine hour. Compute the total indirect costs allocated to the
commercial containers and to the travel packs under the original system. Then compute the indirect cost per unit for ea.
Problem 1Preston Recliners manufactures leather recliners and uses.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1Preston Recliners manufactures leather recliners and uses flexible budgeting and a standard cost system. Preston allocates overhead based on yards of direct materials. The company's performance report includes the following selected data:Static Budget
(1,000 recliners)Actual Results
(980 recliners)Sales (1,000 recliners X $495)$495,000 (980 recliners X $475)$465,500Variable manufacturing costs: Direct materials (6,000 yds @ $8.80/yard)52,800 (6,150 yds @ $8.60/yard)52,890 Direct labor (10,000 hrs @ $9.20/hour)92,000 (9,600 hrs @ $9.30/hour)89,280Variable overhead (6,000 yds @ $5.00/yard)30,000 (6,510 yds @ $6.40/yard)39,360Fixed manufacturing costs: Fixed overhead60,00062,000Total cost of goods sold$234,800$243,530Gross profit$260,200$221,970Requirements:1. Prepare a flexible budget based on the actual number of recliners sold.2. Compute the price variance and the efficiency variance for direct materials and for direct labor. For manufacturing overhead, compute the variable overhead spending, variable overhead efficiency, fixed overhead spending, and fixed overhead volume variances.3. Have Preston's managers done a good job or a poor job controlling materials, labor, and overhead costs? Why?4. Describe how Preston's managers can benefit from the standard costing system.
Problem 2AllTalk Technologies manufactures capacitors for cellular base stations and other communications applications. The company's January 2012 flexible budget income statement shows output levels of 6,500, 8,000, and 10,000 units. The static budget was based on expected sales of 8,000 units.ALLTALK TECHNOLOGIES
Flexible Budget Income Statement
Month Ended January 31, 2012Per UnitBy Units (Capacitors)6,5008,00010,000Sales revenue$24$156,000$192,000$240,000Variable expenses$1065,00080,000100,000Contribution margin$91,000$112,000$140,000Fixed expenses53,00053,00053,000Operating income$38,000$59,000$87,000The company sold 10,000 units during January, and its actual operating income was as follows:ALLTALK TECHNOLOGIES
Income Statement
Month Ended January 31, 2012Sales revenue$246,000Variable expenses104,500Contribution margin$141,500Fixed expenses54,000Operating income$87,500Requirements:1. Prepare an income statement performance report for January.2. What was the effect on AllTalk's operating income of selling 2,000 units more than the static budget level of sales?3. What is AllTalk's static budget variance? Explain why the income statement performance report provides more useful information to AllTalk's managers than the simple static budget variance. What insights can AllTalk's managers draw from this performance report?
Problem 3Java manufacturers coffee mugs that it sells to other companies for customizing with their own logos. Java prepares flexible budgets and uses a standard cost system to control manufacturing costs. The standard unit.
Problem 1Pro Forma Income Statement and Balance SheetBelow is the .docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1Pro Forma Income Statement and Balance SheetBelow is the income statement and balance sheet for Blue Bill Corporation for 2013. Based on the historical statements and theadditional information provided, construct the firm's pro forma income statement and balance sheet for 2014.Blue Bill CorporationIncome StatementFor the year ended 2013Projected201220132014Revenue$60,000$63,000Cost of goods sold42,00044,100Gross margin18,00018,900SG&A expense6,0006,300Depreciation expense1,8002,000Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT)10,20010,600Interest expense1,5001,800Taxable income8,7008,800Income Tax Expense3,0453,080Net income5,6555,720Dividends750800To retained earnings$4,905$4,920Additional income statement information:Sales will increase by 5% in 2014 from 2013 levels.COGS and SG&A will be the average percent of sales for the last 2 years.Depreciation expense will increase to $2,200.Interest expense will be $1,900.The tax rate is 35%.Dividend payout will increase to $850.Blue Bill CorporationBalance SheetDecember 31, 2013Projected20132014Current assetsCash$8,000Accounts receivable3,150Inventory9,450Total current assets20,600Property, plant, and equipment (PP&E)28,500Accumulated depreciation16,400Net PP&E12,100Total assets$32,700Current liabilitesAccounts payable$3,780Bank loan (10%)3,200Other current liabilities1,250Total current liabilities8,230Long-term debt (12%)4,800Common stock1,250Retained earnings18,420Total liabilities and equity$32,700Additional balance sheet information:The minimum cash balance is 12% of sales.Working capital accounts (accounts receivable, accounts payable, and inventory) will be the same percent of sales in 2014 as they were in 2013.$8,350 of new PP&E will be purchased in 2014.Other current liabilities will be 3% of sales in 2014.There will be no changes in the common stock or long-term debt accounts.The plug figure (the last number entered that makes the balance sheet balance) is bank loan.
1
Rough Draft
Rough Draft
Rasmussen College
Metro Dental Care is a dental office that provides affordable, convenient, and high quality of care to patients. As a patient at Metro, I personally believe that Metro Dental Care is one of the best dental clinics around, and that’s why I have chosen this company. Metro Dental Care measures their results by recording patient satisfaction.
Managing financial reports, and the quality of service they provide to their customers. Furthermore, the dentists and staff at Metro Dental Care know how important your smile is. Their mission statement states “We pride ourselves in making your smile look great so you not only look good, but feel confident with your smile.”
Metro Dental Care offers convenience for their patients with more than 40 offices throughout the Minneapolis and St. Paul metro area offering flexible hours including early morning, evening and Saturday appointments. Whether you work or live Metro Dental Care has a location near you. Metro Dental .
Problem 2-1PROBLEM 2-1Solution Legend= Value given in problemGiven.docxChantellPantoja184
This document provides a solution to Problem 2-1. It begins by listing the values given in the problem statement. The document then likely shows the step-by-step work and calculations to arrive at the solution for Problem 2-1, ending with the final answer.
PROBLEM 14-6AProblem 14-6A Norwoods Borrowings1. Total amount of .docxChantellPantoja184
PROBLEM 14-6AProblem 14-6A: Norwoods Borrowings1. Total amount of each installment payment.Present value of an ordinary annuity$200,000Interest per period(i)0.08Number of periods(n)5Total amount of each installment payment($50,091.29)Therefore the total amount of each installment payment is $ 50,091.292.Norwoods Amortization TablePeriod Ending DateBeginning balance Interest expenseNotes PayableCash paymentEnding Balance10/31/15$200,000.00$16,000.00$34,091.29$50,091.29$165,908.7110/31/16$165,909.00$13,272.72$36,818.57$50,091.29$129,090.4310/31/17$129,090.43$10,327.23$39,764.06$50,091.29$89,326.3710/31/18$89,326.37$7,146.11$42,945.18$50,091.29$46,381.1910/31/19$46,381.19$3,710.50$46,380.79$50,091.29$0.403.a) Accrued interest as December 31st 2015Accrued interest expense = $200,000*8%*2/12= $2,666.67. Thus the journal entry is as shown below:DescriptionDr($)Cr($)interest expense $2,666.67 Interest payable $2,666.67b) The first annual payment on the note.Ten more months of interest has accrued $200,000*8%*10/12 =$13,333.33 accrued interest .Therefore the journal entry is as shown below:DescriptionDr($)Cr($)Notes payable$34,091.29interest expense$13,333.33interest payable$2,666.67 Cash$50,091.29
PROBLEM 14-7AProblem 14-7AQuestion 1a) Debt to equity ratiosPulaski CompanyScott Company Total liabilities$360,000.00$240,000.00Total Equity$500,000.00$200,000.00Debt-Equity Ratio0.721.2Question 2The debt to equity ratio measures the amount of debt a company uses has to finance its business for every dollar of equity it has. A higher debt to equity ratio implies that a company uses more debt than equity for financing. In this case, the debt to equity ratio for Pulaski Company is 0.72 which is less than 1 implying that the stockholder's equity exceeds the amount of debt borrowed. Thus Pulaski Company may not likely suffer from risks brought about by huge amount of debts in the capital structure. On the other hand, the debt to equity ratio of Scott Company is 1.2 which is greater than 1 implying that the debt exceeds the totalamount stockholders equity. Huge debts is associated with a lot of risks. First, there is the risk of defaulting whereby the company may be unable to repay its debt and therefore leading to bankruptcy. Second, a company may find it difficult to obtain additional funding from creditors.This is because the creditors prefer companies with low debt to equity ratio. Finally, there is the risks of violating the debt covenants. A covenant is an agreement that requires a company to maintain adequate financial ratio levels. Too much borrowings may violate this covenant. Since ScottCompany has a higher debt to equity ratio, it may experience these risks which may eventually lead to the company being declared bankrupt .
PROBLEM 14-6BProblem 14-6B: Gordon Enterprises Borrowings1. Total amount of each installment payment.Present value of an ordi.
Problem 13-3AThe stockholders’ equity accounts of Ashley Corpo.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 13-3A
The stockholders’ equity accounts of Ashley Corporation on January 1, 2012, were as follows.
Preferred Stock (8%, $49 par, cumulative, 10,200 shares authorized)
$ 387,100
Common Stock ($1 stated value, 1,937,100 shares authorized)
1,408,700
Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par—Preferred Stock
123,200
Paid-in Capital in Excess of Stated Value—Common Stock
1,496,800
Retained Earnings
1,814,400
Treasury Stock (10,300 common shares)
51,500
During 2012, the corporation had the following transactions and events pertaining to its stockholders’ equity.
Feb. 1
Issued 24,100 shares of common stock for $123,900.
Apr. 14
Sold 6,000 shares of treasury stock—common for $33,800.
Sept. 3
Issued 5,100 shares of common stock for a patent valued at $35,700.
Nov. 10
Purchased 1,100 shares of common stock for the treasury at a cost of $5,700.
Dec. 31
Determined that net income for the year was $456,600.
No dividends were declared during the year.
(a)
Journalize the transactions and the closing entry for net income. (Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually.)
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
Feb. 1
Apr. 14
Sept. 3
Nov. 10
Dec. 31
Click if you would like to Show Work for this question:
Open Show Work
LINK TO TEXT
LINK TO TEXT
LINK TO TEXT
LINK TO TEXT
LINK TO TEXT
.
Problem 12-9AYour answer is partially correct. Try again..docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 12-9A
Your answer is partially correct. Try again.
Condensed financial data of Odgers Inc. follow.
ODGERS INC.Comparative Balance Sheets
December 31
Assets
2014
2013
Cash
$ 131,704
$ 78,892
Accounts receivable
143,114
61,940
Inventory
183,375
167,646
Prepaid expenses
46,292
42,380
Long-term investments
224,940
177,670
Plant assets
464,550
395,275
Accumulated depreciation
(81,500
)
(84,760
)
Total
$1,112,475
$839,043
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Accounts payable
$ 166,260
$ 109,699
Accrued expenses payable
26,895
34,230
Bonds payable
179,300
237,980
Common stock
358,600
285,250
Retained earnings
381,420
171,884
Total
$1,112,475
$839,043
ODGERS INC.Income Statement Data
For the Year Ended December 31, 2014
Sales revenue
$633,190
Less:
Cost of goods sold
$220,800
Operating expenses, excluding depreciation
20,228
Depreciation expense
75,795
Income tax expense
44,466
Interest expense
7,710
Loss on disposal of plant assets
12,225
381,224
Net income
$ 251,966
Additional information:
1.
New plant assets costing $163,000 were purchased for cash during the year.
2.
Old plant assets having an original cost of $93,725 and accumulated depreciation of $79,055 were sold for $2,445 cash.
3.
Bonds payable matured and were paid off at face value for cash.
4.
A cash dividend of $42,430 was declared and paid during the year.
Prepare a statement of cash flows using the indirect method. (Show amounts that decrease cash flow with either a - sign e.g. -15,000 or in parenthesis e.g. (15,000).)
ODGERS INC.Statement of Cash Flows
For the Year Ended December 31, 2014
$
Adjustments to reconcile net income to
$
$
Problem 12-10A
Condensed financial data of Odgers Inc. follow.
ODGERS INC.Comparative Balance Sheets
December 31
Assets
2014
2013
Cash
$ 151,904
$ 90,992
Accounts receivable
165,064
71,440
Inventory
211,500
193,358
Prepaid expenses
53,392
48,880
Long-term investments
259,440
204,920
Plant assets
535,800
455,900
Accumulated depreciation
(94,000
)
(97,760
)
Total
$1,283,100
$967,730
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Accounts payable
$ 191,760
$ 126,524
Accrued expenses payable
31,020
39,480
Bonds payable
206,800
274,480
Common stock
413,600
329,000
Retained earnings
439,920
198,246
Total
$1,283,100
$967,730
ODGERS INC.Income Statement Data
For the Year Ended December 31, 2014
Sales revenue
$730,305
Less:
Cost of goods sold
$254,665
Operating expenses, excluding depreciation
23,331
Depreciation expense
87,420
Income taxes
51,286
Interest expense
8,892
Loss on disposal of plant assets
14,100
439,694
Net income
$ 290,611
Additional information:
1.
New plant assets costing $188,000 were purchased for c.
Problem 1123456Xf122437455763715813910106Name DateTopic.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1123456Xf122437455763715813910106
Name: Date:
Topic One: Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation
Please type your answer in the cell beside the question.
5. The following is the heart rate for 10 randomly selected patients on the unit. Find the mean, variance, and standard deviation of the data using the descriptive statistics option in the data analysis toolpak.
75, 80, 62, 97, 107, 59, 76, 83, 84, 69
6. The following is a frequency distribution fo the number of times patience use the call light in a days time. X is the number of times the call light is used and f is the frequency (meaning the number of patients). Create a histogram of the data.
Sheet2
Sheet3
EXERCISE 11 USING STATISTICS TO DESCRIBE A STUDY SAMPLE
STATISTICAL TECHNIQUE IN REVIEW
Most studies describe the subjects that comprise the study sample. This description of the sample is called the sample characteristics which may be presented in a table or the narrative of the article. The sample characteristics are often presented for each of the groups in a study (i.e. experimental and control groups). Descriptive statistics are used to generate sample characteristics, and the type of statistic used depends on the level of measurement of the demographic variables included in a study (Burns & Grove, 2007). For example, measuring gender produces nominal level data that can be described using frequencies, percentages, and mode. Measuring educational level usually produces ordinal data that can be described using frequencies, percentages, mode, median, and range. Obtaining each subject's specific age is an example of ratio data that can be described using mean, range, and standard deviation. Interval and ratio data are analyzed with the same type of statistics and are usually referred to as interval/ratio level data in this text.
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Source: Troy, N. W., & Dalgas-Pelish, P. (2003). The effectiveness of a self-care intervention for the management of postpartum fatigue. Applied Nursing Research, 16 (1), 38–45.
Introduction
Troy and Dalgas-Pelish (2003) conducted a quasi-experimental study to determine the effectiveness of a self-care intervention (Tiredness Management Guide [TMG]) on postpartum fatigue. The study subjects included 68 primiparous mothers, who were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (32 subjects) or the control group (36 subjects) using a computer program. The results of the study indicated that the TMG was effective in reducing levels of morning postpartum fatigue from the 2nd to 4th weeks postpartum. These researchers recommend that “mothers need to be informed that they will probably experience postpartum fatigue and be taught to assess and manage this phenomenon” (Troy & Dalgas-Pelish, 2003, pp. 44-5).
Relevant Study Results
“A total of 80 women were initially enrolled [in the study] … twelve of these women dropped out of the study resulting in a final sample of 68.” (Troy & Dalgas-Pelish, 2003, p. 39). The researchers presen.
Problem 1. For the truss and loading shown below, calculate th.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1. For the truss and loading shown below, calculate the horizontal
displacement of point "D" using the method of virtual work. Show ALL your work!
HW No. 8 - Part 1
Solution
HW FA15 2 Page 1
Problem 1 Continued
Member L (in.) N (lb) N (in) NnL
HW No. 8 - Part 1
.
Problem 1 (30 marks)Review enough information about .docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1 (30 marks)
Review enough information about Trinidad Drilling Ltd. to propose a vision and strategic objectives for the company. Develop a balanced scorecard that will help the company achieve this vision and monitor how well it is accomplishing its strategic objectives. Include a strategy map in table format that shows objectives and performance measures, with arrows illustrating hypothesized cause-and -effect relationships. Provide rationale for your strategy map. The body of your report should not exceed 1,000 words. Cite material you used to prepare the response and provide references in an appendix.
Problem 2 (20 marks)
Ajax Auto Upholstery Ltd. manufactures upholstered products for automobiles, vans, and trucks. Among the various Ajax plants around Canada is the Owlseye plant located in rural Alberta.
The chief financial officer has just received a report indicating that Ajax could purchase the entire annual output of the Owlseye plant from a foreign supplier for $37 million per year.
The budgeted operating costs (in thousands) for the Owlseye plant’s for the coming year is as follows:
Materials $15,000
Labor
Direct $12,000
Supervision 4,000
Indirect plant 5,000 19,000
Overhead
Depreciation – plant 6,000
Utilities, property tax, maintenance 2,000
Pension expense 4,500
Plant manager and staff 2,500
Corporate headquarters overhead allocation 3,000 18,000
Total budgeted costs $52,000
If material purchase orders are cancelled as a consequence of the plant closing, termination charges would amount to 10 percent of the annual cost of direct materials in the first year (zero thereafter).
A clause in the Ajax union contract requires the company to provide employment assistance to its former employees for 12 months after a plant closes. The estimated cost to administer this service if the Owlseye plant closes would be $2 million. $3.6 million of next year’s pension expense would continue indefinitely whether or not the plant remains open. About $900,000 of labour would still be required in the first year after closure to decommission the plant. After that, the plant would be sold for an estimated $1 million. Utilities, property taxes, and maintenance costs would remain unchanged in the first year after closure, but disappear when the plant is sold.
The plant manager and her staff would be somewhat affected by the closing of the Owlseye plant. Some managers would still be responsible for managing three other plants. As a result, total management salaries would be about 50% of the current level, starting at closure and remaining into the future.
Required:
Assume you are the company’s chief financial officer. Perform a five-year financial analysis and make a recommendation whether to close the Owlseye plant on this basis. Provide support for and cautions about your recommendation with organized, clearly-labeled data. Use bullet points where appropriate.
Problem 3 (16 marks)
Br.
Problem 1 (10 points) Note that an eigenvector cannot be zero.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1 (10 points): Note that an eigenvector cannot be zero, but an eigenvalue can
be 0. Suppose that 0 is an eigenvalue of A. What does it say about A? (Hint: One of the
most important properties of a matrix is whether or not it is invertible. Think about the
Invertible Matrix Theorem and all the ‘good things’ of dealing with invertible matrices)
Problem 5: (20 points): The figure below shows a network of one-way streets with
traffic flowing in the directions indicated. The flow rate along the streets are measured
as the average number of vehicles per hour.
a) Set up a mathematical model whose solution provides the unknown flow rates
b) Solve the model for the unknown flow rates
c) If the flow rates along the road A to B must be reduced for construction, what is
the minimum flow that is required to keep traffic flowing on all roads?
Problem 6 (20 points): Problem 7 (9 points): Prove that if A and B are matrices of the same
size, then tr(A+B)=tr(A)+tr(B)
Given:
Goal:
Proof:
Problem 7 (20 points)*: In the 1990, the northern spotted owl became the center of a
nationwide controversy over the use and misuse of the majestic forests in the Pacific
Northwest. Environmentalists convinced the federal government that the owl was
threatened with extinction if logging continued in the old-growth forests (with trees over
200 years old), where the owls prefer to live. The timber industry, anticipating the loss of
30,000 to 100,000 jobs as a result of new government restrictions on logging, argued that
the owl should not be classified as a “threatened species” and cited a number of published
scientific reports to support its case.
Caught in the crossfire of the two lobbying groups, mathematical ecologists
intensified their drive to understand the population dynamics of the spotted owl. The life
cycle of a spotted owl divides naturally into three stages: juvenile (up to 1 year old),
subadult (1 to 2 years), and adult (over 2 years). The owls mate for life during the subadult
and adult stages, begin to breed as adults, and live for up to 20 years. Each owl pair
requires about 1,000 hectares (4 square miles) for its own home territory. A critical time in
the life cycle is when the juveniles leave the nest. To survive and become a subadult, a
juvenile must successfully find a new home range (and usually a mate).
A first step in studying the population dynamics is to model the population at yearly
intervals, at times denoted by 𝑘𝑘 = 0,1,2, …. Usually, one assumes that there is a 1:1 ratio of
males to females in each life stage and counts only the females. The population at year 𝑘𝑘
can be described by a vector 𝒙𝒙𝒌𝒌 = (𝑗𝑗𝑘𝑘 , 𝑠𝑠𝑘𝑘 , 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 ), where 𝑗𝑗𝑘𝑘 , 𝑠𝑠𝑘𝑘 , and 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 are the numbers of
females in the juvenile, subadult, and adult stages, respectively. Using actual field data from
demographic studies, a rese
Probation and Parole 3Running head Probation and Parole.docxChantellPantoja184
Probation and Parole 3
Running head: Probation and Parole
Probation and Parole
Student Name
Allied American University
Author Note
This paper was prepared for Probation and Parole, Module 8 Check Your Understanding taught by [INSERT INSTRUCTOR’S NAME].
Directions: Respond to the following questions using complete sentences. Your answer should be at least 1 paragraph in length, which must be composed of three to five sentences.
1. What is meant by intermediate punishments and what programs are included in this category?
2. How do intermediate punishments serve to keep down prison populations?
3. Why has electronic monitoring proven so popular?
4. What is meant by shock probation/parole?
5. What are the essential features of the boot camp program?
6. Why has intensive supervision been a public relations success?
7. What are the criticisms of boot camp programs?
8. What has research revealed with respect to intensive supervision?
9. What are the criticisms of electronic monitoring in probation and parole?
10. What are the criticisms leveled at intensive supervision?
11. What are the purposes of and services offered by a day reporting center?
12. Why would heroin addicts who have no intention of giving up drug use voluntarily enter a drug treatment program? What are the advantages of using methadone to treat heroin addicts?
13. Why is behavior modification difficult to use in treating drug abusers?
14. What are the characteristics of chemical dependency (CD) programs?
15. What are the primary characteristics of the therapeutic community (TC) approach for treating drug abusers?
16. What are criticisms of the Alcoholics Anonymous approach?
17. What are the problems inherent in drug testing?
18. What are the typical characteristics of sex offenders? How have sex offender laws affected P/P supervision?
19. What are the pros and cons of restitution and charging offenders fees in probation or parole?
20. What are the problems encountered in using the interstate compact?
.
Problem 1(a) Complete the following ANOVA table based on 20 obs.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1:
(a) Complete the following ANOVA table based on 20 observations for the regression equation
(a) Is the overall regression significant? Fill in the missing values in the table.
Source DF SS MS F
Regression ___ 350 ____ ____
Error ___ _____
Total 500
(b) Suppose that you have computed the following sequential sums of squares due to regression:
Regressor Variables in Model SS Regression
………………………………………. 300
……………………………………… 250
…………………………………….. 340
……………………………………. 325
Fill in the missing values in the following “computer output”:
Source DF Partial SS F-value Pr>F
……………………………………………………………………………………….. 0.1245
………………………………………………………………………………………. 0.3841
………………………………………………………………………………………. 0.0042
………………………………………………………………………………………. 0.0401
Problem 2:
The time required for a merchandise to stock a grocery store shelf with a soft drink product as well as the number of cases of product stocked are given below. Consider a linear regression of delivery time against number of cases.
X=number of cases
Y=delivery time
Delivery time number of cases Hat diagonals
1.41 4 0.5077
2.96 6 0.3907
6.04 14 0.2013
7.57 19 0.3092
9.38 24 0.5912
Observations used L.S. Model
4,6,14,19,24
6,14,19,24
4,14,19,24
4,14,19,24
4,6,14,24
4,6,14,19
(a)
Calculate the PRESS statistic for the model .
(b) Calculate the regular residual for the model above. Then, compare these residuals with the PRESS residuals for this model.
Exercises from the Text
Use SAS whenever possible to do these exercises:
# 3.4 on p 122
# 3.5
# 3.8
# 3.15
# 3.21
# 3.27
# 3.28
# 3.31
# 3.38
# 3.39
Example with SAS on Sequential and Partial Sum of Squares
Data Weather;
Title 'Lows and Highs from N&O Jan 28,29,30 1992';
Title2 'using actual numbers (yesterday values)';
input city $ hi2 lo2 yhi ylo thi tlo;
* Mon Tues Wed ;
cards;
seattle 51 44 52 44 59 47
.
.
.
;
proc reg; model thi = yhi hi2 tlo ylo lo2/ss1 ss2;
test tlo=0, ylo=0, lo2=0;
/*-----------------------------------------------
| Showing sequential and partial sums of squares|
| Note t**2 = F relationship for partial F. By |
| hand, construct F to leave out .
Probe 140 SPrecipitation in inchesTemperature in F.docxChantellPantoja184
Probe 1
40 S
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 26.8
Precip 27.1
MAT(F) 59.8
Probe 2
6 S
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 69.2
Precip 124.6
MAT(F) 77.9
Probe 3
57 S
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 21.5
Precip 38.7
MAT(F) 43.5
Probe 4
38 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 30.3
Precip 16.5
MAT(F) 53.6
Probe 5
55 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 21.3
Precip 28.1
MAT(F) 40.6
Probe 6
43 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 25.4
Precip 14.4
MAT(F) 47.2
Probe 7
42 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 17.3
Precip 31.2
MAT(F) 26.0
Probe 8
42 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 29.6
Precip 38.8
MAT(F) 51.6
Probe 9
18 S
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 66.1
Precip 74.8
MAT(F) 77.7
Probe 10
58 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 16.5
Precip 24.8
MAT(F) 36.9
Probe 11
26 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 47.6
Precip 3.8
MAT(F) 70.1
Probe 12
29 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 44.0
Precip 47.3
MAT(F) 63.2
Probe 4
Probe 2
Probe 10
Probe 5
Probe 6
Probe 7
Probe 11
Probe 12
Probe 8
Probe 9
Probe 3
Probe 1
Map 1
20 N
40 N
60 N
80 N
0
20 S
40 S
60 S
0
1000
miles
Geography 204
Koppen Climate Classification Guidelines
If POTET exceeds Precip then B
BW = POTET more than 2x Precip
(desert)
h = mean annual temp > 18 C (64.4 F)
k = mean annual temp < 18 C (64.4 F)
BS = POTET less than 2x Precip
(steppe)
h = mean annual t.
Problem #1 JET Copies Case ProblemRead the JET Copies C.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem #1:
JET Copies Case Problem
Read the "JET Copies" Case Problem on pages 678-679 of the text. Using simulation estimate the loss of revenue due to copier breakdown for one year, as follows:
1. In Excel, use a suitable method for generating the number of days needed to repair the copier, when it is out of service, according to the discrete distribution shown.
2. In Excel, use a suitable method for simulating the interval between successive breakdowns, according to the continuous distribution shown.
3. In Excel, use a suitable method for simulating the lost revenue for each day the copier is out of service.
4. Put all of this together to simulate the lost revenue due to copier breakdowns over 1 year to answer the question asked in the case study.
5. In a word processing program, write a brief description/explanation of how you implemented each component of the model. Write 1-2 paragraphs for each component of the model (days-to-repair; interval between breakdowns; lost revenue; putting it together).
6. Answer the question posed in the case study. How confident are you that this answer is a good one? What are the limits of the study? Write at least one paragraph.
There are two deliverables for this Case Problem, the Excel spreadsheet and the written description/explanation.
Outcome Assessed:
· Create statistical analysis of simulation results.
· Communicate issues in management science
Grading Rubric for JET Copies Case Problem
There are 12 possible points in each of the five criteria for a total of 60 points possible.
Criteria
0Unacceptable(0 points)
1Developing(6 points)
2Competent(9 points)
3Exemplary(12 points)
1. Model number of days to repair
Did not submit or did not model this component in an appropriate manner
This component was modeled, but the method and/or implementation had mistakes that affected the validity of the model
Used a method that is recognizably appropriate, but the implementation had minor mistakes
Used an appropriate method and correctly implemented it
2. Model number of weeks between breakdowns
Did not submit or did not model this component in an appropriate manner
This component was modeled, but the method and/or implementation had mistakes that affected the validity of the model
Used a method that is recognizably appropriate, but the implementation had minor mistakes
Used an appropriate method and correctly implemented it
3. Model lost revenue due to breakdowns
Did not submit or did not model this component in an appropriate manner
This component was modeled, but the method and/or implementation had mistakes that affected the validity of the model
Used a method that is recognizably appropriate, but the implementation had minor mistakes
Used an appropriate method and correctly implemented it
4. Provide written description and explanation of the simulation
Did not submit or described insufficiently. Omitted key points.
Provided partially developed written description that matches the method 70 - 79% accur.
PROBLEM 1 Lovin’ the Fast Food The following article was writt.docxChantellPantoja184
PROBLEM 1: Lovin’ the Fast Food
The following article was written for an ag-econ journal several years ago. The demand function is written in table format on the next page. This page has the averages for the different variables and the second page has the regression output.
1. Calculate the fast food price elasticity for fast food for 1982 and 1992. What does it mean? How could Chic-Fil-A use this information? Is it changing?
PEoD = (% Change in Quantity Demanded)/(% Change in Price)
2. Calculate the grocery cross-price elasticity for fast food for 1982 and 1992. What does it mean? How could Chic-Fil-A use this information? Calculate the ‘inexpensive’ and ‘expensive’ restaurant price cross-price elasticity. What do these mean and how useful is this information?
3. Calculate the income elasticity of fast food in 1982 and 1992. Again, explain the trend and meaning.
4. Identify at least four ‘take-aways’ from this demand function. Identify the relationship that is shown (or not shown), what information can be drawn from the information and how a fast-food restaurant can use this. Only one of your ‘take-aways’ here can relate specifically to cross-price elasticities.
Problem 2 Jones Has A Student . . .
Several years ago I had a student who approached me about leaving school. This student had, what he thought, was an amazing idea. Doug’s idea (I’ve changed the name to protect the innocent) was this: move to a medium sized city (Charleston, SC) and open up a jewelry business. His reasoning was that when jewelers resize gold rings (wedding bands), they get to keep the little pieces of scrap gold. As gold was approaching record prices, Doug would make a ton of profit.
a. Draw a graph/figure of the type of market Doug is entering—assume that he makes profits out of the gate.
b. Explain how the market moves given that Doug makes a profit. That is, tell me what is likely to happen. Show a graph (or graphs) that explain this phenomena.
c. How is it possible that firms can operate with zero economic profit? Tell me a story why it must be that the last firm entering the market experiences zero economic profit (i.e. What if the last firm in the market experienced positive economic profit? Is there anything wrong with that?)
Problem 3 Economics is a Curious Thing
Please choose three of the following economic phenomena and give me your reasons why we see these events occur in the market. The more you think like an economist the more you see economics in the market. (Don’t waltz through these as they are all examples of economics.)
a. Why do brides buy their wedding dresses for thousands of dollars while bride-grooms (yes, I’m from Middle-England) rent their tuxedos for a hundred dollars?
b. Why is the internet free at Motel 6 but costs $9.99 per day at the Ritz?
c. Why do ATM machines in the drive-through have brail number pads?
d. Why do airlines give frequent flyers two free checked bags but charge for checked bags for non-frequent flyer.
Problem 1 (ch 23)Victoria Falls Flour Mill Company started many ye.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1 (ch 23)Victoria Falls Flour Mill Company started many years ago producing a single product. It has grown to produce many diverse consumer products ranging from foods to paper goods. Currently, the corporation is barely making a profit, and the price of its stock has languished. Division managers have traditionally been incentivized with stock options and awards. However, management is evaluating a new bonus plan based on segment profits within each division. Below are 20X4 facts about the Sugar Products Division, which generates 10% of overall corporate revenue. The Sugar Products Division has two key products - raw sugar and candy.Total sales of raw sugar and candy$ 45,750,000Traceable, controllable, sugar division fixed costs10,250,000Traceable, uncontrollable, sugar division fixed costs3,600,000Non-traceable, controllable, sugar division fixed costs1,500,000Non-traceable, uncontrollable, sugar division fixed costs1,750,000Variable selling, general, & administrative costs9,050,000Variable product costs21,700,000General corporate expenses for all divisions8,000,000Prepare a contribution income statement for the aggregated Sugar Division (one column). If the division manager is to be evaluated on controllable contribution margin, would the Sugar Division manager appear to be entitled to a bonus?
&L&"Arial,Bold"&20 &R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-23.05
B-23.05
Worksheet 1 (ch 23)20X4 Divisional Report for Sugar ProductsContribution Income StatementSales$ 45,750,000Less:
&L&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&12Name:
Date: Section: &R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-23.05
B-23.05
Problem 2 (ch 23)Downhill Manufacturing produces snow skis in a two-step production process - cutting and laminating. The manufacturing center is supported by two service centers - a health clinic and a janitorial service. The following table reveals certain facts about each activity:Health clinicJanitorial serviceCutting departmentLaminating departmentEmployees241015Square footage1,20060012,0008,000Cost incurred$ 180,000$ 125,000$ 700,000$ 800,000(a)Using the direct method, allocate the service department costs to production. The clinic costs are to be allocated based on employees, and the janitorial costs are to be allocated based on the square footage.(b)Using the step method, allocate the service department costs to production. The clinic costs are to be allocated based on employees, and the janitorial costs are to be allocated based on the square footage. The first step will be to allocate clinic costs. The clinic employees maintain their space and do not rely upon the janitorial service. However, janitorial employees occasionally sustain an injury and utilize the clinic.
B-23.08
Worksheet 2 (ch 23)(a)Health clinicJanitorial serviceCutting departmentLaminating departmentCost incurred$ 180,000$ 125,000$ 700,000$ 800,000Clinic allocation----Janitorial allocation----Total cost$ -$ -$ -$ -Clinic allocations:Jani.
/***********************************************************
Program Name: Simple Math Calculator
Program Author: Kyle NoCompile
Date Created: 9/28/14
Program Description:
This program performs simple arithmetic calculations.
The user enters numbers and the math operation to
perform on those numbers. The program will then display
the result of the operation. The program allows the
user to continue entering a math operation and an
integer to calculate off of the previous calculation
result.
Modified Date:
Modified Description:
***********************************************************/
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// Function prototypes:
void showWelcome(void);
int getUserIntegerInput();
char getMathChoice()
int getInteger(bool);
bool validateMathChoice(char choice)
int doAddition(int int1, int int2);
int doSubtraction(int, int);
int doMath(int firstInt, int secondInt, char mathFunc);
void showResult(int)
float keepCalculating();
// This is the main function (where the program begins)
int main(void)
{
// Variables to hold local data
int runningTotal; nextValue;
int mathChoice();
bool keepGoing;
// Call the showWelcome() function
showWelcome(void);
// Call the getInteger() function (for the first integer)
// and store the result in the "runningTotal" variable
runningTotal = GetInteger(true);
// Loop after each calculation to see if the user wants to keep going
do
{
// Call the getMathChoice() function and store result in "mathChoice" variable
mathChoice = getMathChoice(42);
// Call validateMathChoice() function, passing it the user's math choice
// and using the return value to decide what to do next
if (validateMathChoice())
{
// Call the getInteger() function (for the second and subsequent integers)
// and store the result in the "nextValue" variable
nextValue = getInteger(false);
// Call the doMath() function and pass it all of the user input
// and store the return value in the "runningTotal" variable (overwrite
// previous "runningTotal" variable value. This will allow for us to
// update the running total of all calculations up to this point.
runningTotal = doMath(runningTotal nextValue mathChoice);
// Call the showResult() function to show the result
showResult(runningTotal);
}
else
{
// If the user chose an invalid math function...
cout<<Not a valid math choice. Try again<<endl;
}
}
// Call the keepCalculating() function and use the return value
// to decide whether to continue looping
while (keepCalculating);
return 0;
}
// This function shows a nice welcome message
void showWelcome()
{
cout<<"******************************************"<<endl;
cout<<"Welcome to the simple calculator program!"<<endl;
cout<<"This program will do simple addition and"<<endl
cout<<"subtraction. Math is fun, so enjoy!"<<endl;
cout<<"**.
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
Problem 17-1 Dividends and Taxes [LO2]Dark Day, Inc., has declar.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 17-1 Dividends and Taxes [LO2]
Dark Day, Inc., has declared a $5.60 per share dividend. Suppose capital gains are not taxed, but dividends are taxed at 15 percent. New IRS regulations require that taxes be withheld at the time the dividend is paid. Dark Day sells for $94.10 per share, and the stock is about to go ex-dividend.
What do you think the ex-dividend price will be? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
Ex-dividend price
$
Problem 17-2 Stock Dividends [LO3]
The owners’ equity accounts for Alexander International are shown here:
Common stock ($0.60 par value)
$
45,000
Capital surplus
340,000
Retained earnings
748,120
Total owners’ equity
$
1,133,120
a-1
If Alexander stock currently sells for $30 per share and a 10 percent stock dividend is declared, how many new shares will be distributed?
New shares issued
a-2
Show how the equity accounts would change.
Common stock
$
Capital surplus
Retained earnings
Total owners’ equity
$
b-1
If instead Alexander declared a 20 percent stock dividend, how many new shares will be distributed?
New shares issued
b-2
Show how the equity accounts would change. (Negative amount should be indicated by a minus sign.)
Common stock
$
Capital surplus
Retained earnings
Total owners’ equity
$
Problem 17-3 Stock Splits [LO3]
The owners' equity accounts for Alexander International are shown here.
Common stock ($0.50 par value)
$
35,000
Capital surplus
320,000
Retained earnings
708,120
Total owners’ equity
$
1,063,120
a-1
If Alexander declares a five-for-one stock split, how many shares are outstanding now?
New shares outstanding
a-2
What is the new par value per share? (Round your answer to 3 decimal places. (e.g., 32.161))
New par value
$ per share
b-1
If Alexander declares a one-for-seven reverse stock split, how many shares are outstanding now?
New shares outstanding
b-2
What is the new par value per share? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
New par value
$ per share
Problem 17-4 Stock Splits and Stock Dividends [LO3]
Red Rocks Corporation (RRC) currently has 485,000 shares of stock outstanding that sell for $40 per share. Assuming no market imperfections or tax effects exist, what will the share price be after:
a.
RRC has a four-for-three stock split? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
New share price
$
b.
RRC has a 15 percent stock dividend? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
New share price
$
c.
RRC has a 54.5 percent stock dividend? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
New share price
$
d.
RRC has a two-for-seven reverse stock split? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
New share price
$
Determine the new number of shares outstanding in parts (a) through (d).
a.
New shares outstanding
b.
New shares o.
Problem 1Problem 1 - Constant-Growth Common StockWhat is the value.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1Problem 1 - Constant-Growth Common StockWhat is the value of a common stock if the firm's earnings and dividends are growing annually at 10%, the current dividend is $1.32,and investors require a 15% return on investment?What is the stock's rate of return if the market price of the stock is $35?
Problem 2Problem 2 - Preferred Stock Price and ReturnA firm has preferred stock outstanding with a $1,000 par value and a $40 annual dividend with no maturity. If the required rate of return is 9%, what is the price of the preferred stock?The market price of a firm's preferred stock is $24 and pays an annual dividend of $2.50. If the stock's par value is $1,000 and it has no maturity, what is the return on the preferred stock?
Problem 3Problem 3 - Bond Valuation and YieldA bond has a par value of $1,000, pays $50 semiannually and has a maturity of 10 years.If the bond earns 12% per year, what is the price of the bond?RateNperPMTFVTypePVWhat is the yield to maturity for the bond?NperPMTPVFVTypeRateWhat would be the bond's price if the rate earned declined to 8% per year?RateNperPMTFVTypePVIf the maturity period is reduced to 5 years and the required rate of return is 8%, what would be the price of the bond?RateNperPMTFVTypePVWhat is the yield to maturity for the bond when the maturity is 5 years and the required rate of return is 8%?NperPMTPVFVTypeRateWhat generalizations about bond prices, interest rates and maturity periods can be made based on the calculations made above?
Problem 4Problem 4 - Callable BondsThe following bonds have a par value of $1,000 and the required rate of return is 10%.Bond XY: 5¼ percent coupon, with interest paid annually for 20 yearsBond AB: 14 percent coupon, with interest paid annually for 20 yearsWhat is each bond's current market price?Bond XYBond ABRateNperPMTFVTypePVIf current interest rates are 9%, which bond would you expect to be called? Explain.
Exercise 10-5
During the month of March, Olinger Company’s employees earned wages of $69,500. Withholdings related to these wages were $5,317 for Social Security (FICA), $8,145 for federal income tax, $3,366 for state income tax, and $434 for union dues. The company incurred no cost related to these earnings for federal unemployment tax but incurred $760 for state unemployment tax.
Prepare the necessary March 31 journal entry to record salaries and wages expense and salaries and wages payable. Assume that wages earned during March will be paid during April. (Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually.)
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
Mar. 31
SHOW LIST OF ACCOUNTS
LINK TO TEXT
Prepare the entry to record the company’s payroll tax expense. (Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually.)
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
Mar. 31
===========================================
E.
Problem 1Prescott, Inc., manufactures bookcases and uses an activi.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1Prescott, Inc., manufactures bookcases and uses an activity-based costing system. Prescott's activity areas and related data follows:ActivityBudgeted Cost
of ActivityAllocation BaseCost Allocation
RateMaterials handling$230,000Number of parts$0.50Assembly3,200,000Direct labor hours16.00Finishing180,000Number of finished
units4.50Prescott produced two styles of bookcases in October: the standard bookcase and an unfinished bookcase, which has fewer parts and requires no finishing. The totals for quantities, direct
materials costs, and other data follow:ProductTotal Units
ProducedTotal Direct
Materials CostsTotal Direct
Labor CostsTotal Number
of PartsTotal Assembling
Direct Labor HoursStandard bookcase3,000$36,000$45,0009,0004,500Unfinished bookcase3,50035,00035,0007,0003,500Requirements:1. Compute the manufacturing product cost per unit of each type of bookcase.2. Suppose that pre-manufacturing activities, such as product design, were assigned to the standard bookcases at $7 each, and to the unfinished bookcases at $2 each. Similar analyses
were conducted of post-manufacturing activities such as distribution, marketing, and customer service. The post-manufacturing costs were $22 per standard bookcase and $14 per
unfinished bookcase. Compute the full product costs per unit.3. Which product costs are reported in the external financial statements? Which costs are used for management decision making? Explain the difference.4. What price should Prescott's managers set for unfinished bookcases to earn $15 per bookcase?
Problem 2Corbertt Pharmaceuticals manufactures an over-the-counter allergy medication. The company sells both large commercial containers of 1,000 capsules to health-care facilities
and travel packs of 20 capsules to shops in airports, train stations, and hotels. The following information has been developed to determine if an activity-based costing system
would be beneficial:ActivityEstimated Indirect Activity
CostsAllocation BaseEstimated Quantity of
Allocation BaseMaterials handling$95,000Kilos19,000 kilosPackaging219,000Machine hours5,475 hoursQuality assurance124,500Samples2,075 samplesTotal indirect costs$438,500Other production information includes the following:Commercial ContainersTravel PacksUnits produced3,500 containers57,000 packsWeight in kilos14,0005,700Machine hours2,625570Number of samples700855Requirements:1. Compute the cost allocation rate for each activity.2. Use the activity-based cost allocation rates to compute the activity costs per unit of the commercial containers and the travel packs. (Hint: First compute the total activity
cost allocated to each product line, and then compute the cost per unit.)3. Corbertt's original single-allocation-base costing system allocated indirect costs to produce at $157 per machine hour. Compute the total indirect costs allocated to the
commercial containers and to the travel packs under the original system. Then compute the indirect cost per unit for ea.
Problem 1Preston Recliners manufactures leather recliners and uses.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1Preston Recliners manufactures leather recliners and uses flexible budgeting and a standard cost system. Preston allocates overhead based on yards of direct materials. The company's performance report includes the following selected data:Static Budget
(1,000 recliners)Actual Results
(980 recliners)Sales (1,000 recliners X $495)$495,000 (980 recliners X $475)$465,500Variable manufacturing costs: Direct materials (6,000 yds @ $8.80/yard)52,800 (6,150 yds @ $8.60/yard)52,890 Direct labor (10,000 hrs @ $9.20/hour)92,000 (9,600 hrs @ $9.30/hour)89,280Variable overhead (6,000 yds @ $5.00/yard)30,000 (6,510 yds @ $6.40/yard)39,360Fixed manufacturing costs: Fixed overhead60,00062,000Total cost of goods sold$234,800$243,530Gross profit$260,200$221,970Requirements:1. Prepare a flexible budget based on the actual number of recliners sold.2. Compute the price variance and the efficiency variance for direct materials and for direct labor. For manufacturing overhead, compute the variable overhead spending, variable overhead efficiency, fixed overhead spending, and fixed overhead volume variances.3. Have Preston's managers done a good job or a poor job controlling materials, labor, and overhead costs? Why?4. Describe how Preston's managers can benefit from the standard costing system.
Problem 2AllTalk Technologies manufactures capacitors for cellular base stations and other communications applications. The company's January 2012 flexible budget income statement shows output levels of 6,500, 8,000, and 10,000 units. The static budget was based on expected sales of 8,000 units.ALLTALK TECHNOLOGIES
Flexible Budget Income Statement
Month Ended January 31, 2012Per UnitBy Units (Capacitors)6,5008,00010,000Sales revenue$24$156,000$192,000$240,000Variable expenses$1065,00080,000100,000Contribution margin$91,000$112,000$140,000Fixed expenses53,00053,00053,000Operating income$38,000$59,000$87,000The company sold 10,000 units during January, and its actual operating income was as follows:ALLTALK TECHNOLOGIES
Income Statement
Month Ended January 31, 2012Sales revenue$246,000Variable expenses104,500Contribution margin$141,500Fixed expenses54,000Operating income$87,500Requirements:1. Prepare an income statement performance report for January.2. What was the effect on AllTalk's operating income of selling 2,000 units more than the static budget level of sales?3. What is AllTalk's static budget variance? Explain why the income statement performance report provides more useful information to AllTalk's managers than the simple static budget variance. What insights can AllTalk's managers draw from this performance report?
Problem 3Java manufacturers coffee mugs that it sells to other companies for customizing with their own logos. Java prepares flexible budgets and uses a standard cost system to control manufacturing costs. The standard unit.
Problem 1Pro Forma Income Statement and Balance SheetBelow is the .docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1Pro Forma Income Statement and Balance SheetBelow is the income statement and balance sheet for Blue Bill Corporation for 2013. Based on the historical statements and theadditional information provided, construct the firm's pro forma income statement and balance sheet for 2014.Blue Bill CorporationIncome StatementFor the year ended 2013Projected201220132014Revenue$60,000$63,000Cost of goods sold42,00044,100Gross margin18,00018,900SG&A expense6,0006,300Depreciation expense1,8002,000Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT)10,20010,600Interest expense1,5001,800Taxable income8,7008,800Income Tax Expense3,0453,080Net income5,6555,720Dividends750800To retained earnings$4,905$4,920Additional income statement information:Sales will increase by 5% in 2014 from 2013 levels.COGS and SG&A will be the average percent of sales for the last 2 years.Depreciation expense will increase to $2,200.Interest expense will be $1,900.The tax rate is 35%.Dividend payout will increase to $850.Blue Bill CorporationBalance SheetDecember 31, 2013Projected20132014Current assetsCash$8,000Accounts receivable3,150Inventory9,450Total current assets20,600Property, plant, and equipment (PP&E)28,500Accumulated depreciation16,400Net PP&E12,100Total assets$32,700Current liabilitesAccounts payable$3,780Bank loan (10%)3,200Other current liabilities1,250Total current liabilities8,230Long-term debt (12%)4,800Common stock1,250Retained earnings18,420Total liabilities and equity$32,700Additional balance sheet information:The minimum cash balance is 12% of sales.Working capital accounts (accounts receivable, accounts payable, and inventory) will be the same percent of sales in 2014 as they were in 2013.$8,350 of new PP&E will be purchased in 2014.Other current liabilities will be 3% of sales in 2014.There will be no changes in the common stock or long-term debt accounts.The plug figure (the last number entered that makes the balance sheet balance) is bank loan.
1
Rough Draft
Rough Draft
Rasmussen College
Metro Dental Care is a dental office that provides affordable, convenient, and high quality of care to patients. As a patient at Metro, I personally believe that Metro Dental Care is one of the best dental clinics around, and that’s why I have chosen this company. Metro Dental Care measures their results by recording patient satisfaction.
Managing financial reports, and the quality of service they provide to their customers. Furthermore, the dentists and staff at Metro Dental Care know how important your smile is. Their mission statement states “We pride ourselves in making your smile look great so you not only look good, but feel confident with your smile.”
Metro Dental Care offers convenience for their patients with more than 40 offices throughout the Minneapolis and St. Paul metro area offering flexible hours including early morning, evening and Saturday appointments. Whether you work or live Metro Dental Care has a location near you. Metro Dental .
Problem 2-1PROBLEM 2-1Solution Legend= Value given in problemGiven.docxChantellPantoja184
This document provides a solution to Problem 2-1. It begins by listing the values given in the problem statement. The document then likely shows the step-by-step work and calculations to arrive at the solution for Problem 2-1, ending with the final answer.
PROBLEM 14-6AProblem 14-6A Norwoods Borrowings1. Total amount of .docxChantellPantoja184
PROBLEM 14-6AProblem 14-6A: Norwoods Borrowings1. Total amount of each installment payment.Present value of an ordinary annuity$200,000Interest per period(i)0.08Number of periods(n)5Total amount of each installment payment($50,091.29)Therefore the total amount of each installment payment is $ 50,091.292.Norwoods Amortization TablePeriod Ending DateBeginning balance Interest expenseNotes PayableCash paymentEnding Balance10/31/15$200,000.00$16,000.00$34,091.29$50,091.29$165,908.7110/31/16$165,909.00$13,272.72$36,818.57$50,091.29$129,090.4310/31/17$129,090.43$10,327.23$39,764.06$50,091.29$89,326.3710/31/18$89,326.37$7,146.11$42,945.18$50,091.29$46,381.1910/31/19$46,381.19$3,710.50$46,380.79$50,091.29$0.403.a) Accrued interest as December 31st 2015Accrued interest expense = $200,000*8%*2/12= $2,666.67. Thus the journal entry is as shown below:DescriptionDr($)Cr($)interest expense $2,666.67 Interest payable $2,666.67b) The first annual payment on the note.Ten more months of interest has accrued $200,000*8%*10/12 =$13,333.33 accrued interest .Therefore the journal entry is as shown below:DescriptionDr($)Cr($)Notes payable$34,091.29interest expense$13,333.33interest payable$2,666.67 Cash$50,091.29
PROBLEM 14-7AProblem 14-7AQuestion 1a) Debt to equity ratiosPulaski CompanyScott Company Total liabilities$360,000.00$240,000.00Total Equity$500,000.00$200,000.00Debt-Equity Ratio0.721.2Question 2The debt to equity ratio measures the amount of debt a company uses has to finance its business for every dollar of equity it has. A higher debt to equity ratio implies that a company uses more debt than equity for financing. In this case, the debt to equity ratio for Pulaski Company is 0.72 which is less than 1 implying that the stockholder's equity exceeds the amount of debt borrowed. Thus Pulaski Company may not likely suffer from risks brought about by huge amount of debts in the capital structure. On the other hand, the debt to equity ratio of Scott Company is 1.2 which is greater than 1 implying that the debt exceeds the totalamount stockholders equity. Huge debts is associated with a lot of risks. First, there is the risk of defaulting whereby the company may be unable to repay its debt and therefore leading to bankruptcy. Second, a company may find it difficult to obtain additional funding from creditors.This is because the creditors prefer companies with low debt to equity ratio. Finally, there is the risks of violating the debt covenants. A covenant is an agreement that requires a company to maintain adequate financial ratio levels. Too much borrowings may violate this covenant. Since ScottCompany has a higher debt to equity ratio, it may experience these risks which may eventually lead to the company being declared bankrupt .
PROBLEM 14-6BProblem 14-6B: Gordon Enterprises Borrowings1. Total amount of each installment payment.Present value of an ordi.
Problem 13-3AThe stockholders’ equity accounts of Ashley Corpo.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 13-3A
The stockholders’ equity accounts of Ashley Corporation on January 1, 2012, were as follows.
Preferred Stock (8%, $49 par, cumulative, 10,200 shares authorized)
$ 387,100
Common Stock ($1 stated value, 1,937,100 shares authorized)
1,408,700
Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par—Preferred Stock
123,200
Paid-in Capital in Excess of Stated Value—Common Stock
1,496,800
Retained Earnings
1,814,400
Treasury Stock (10,300 common shares)
51,500
During 2012, the corporation had the following transactions and events pertaining to its stockholders’ equity.
Feb. 1
Issued 24,100 shares of common stock for $123,900.
Apr. 14
Sold 6,000 shares of treasury stock—common for $33,800.
Sept. 3
Issued 5,100 shares of common stock for a patent valued at $35,700.
Nov. 10
Purchased 1,100 shares of common stock for the treasury at a cost of $5,700.
Dec. 31
Determined that net income for the year was $456,600.
No dividends were declared during the year.
(a)
Journalize the transactions and the closing entry for net income. (Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually.)
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
Feb. 1
Apr. 14
Sept. 3
Nov. 10
Dec. 31
Click if you would like to Show Work for this question:
Open Show Work
LINK TO TEXT
LINK TO TEXT
LINK TO TEXT
LINK TO TEXT
LINK TO TEXT
.
Problem 12-9AYour answer is partially correct. Try again..docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 12-9A
Your answer is partially correct. Try again.
Condensed financial data of Odgers Inc. follow.
ODGERS INC.Comparative Balance Sheets
December 31
Assets
2014
2013
Cash
$ 131,704
$ 78,892
Accounts receivable
143,114
61,940
Inventory
183,375
167,646
Prepaid expenses
46,292
42,380
Long-term investments
224,940
177,670
Plant assets
464,550
395,275
Accumulated depreciation
(81,500
)
(84,760
)
Total
$1,112,475
$839,043
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Accounts payable
$ 166,260
$ 109,699
Accrued expenses payable
26,895
34,230
Bonds payable
179,300
237,980
Common stock
358,600
285,250
Retained earnings
381,420
171,884
Total
$1,112,475
$839,043
ODGERS INC.Income Statement Data
For the Year Ended December 31, 2014
Sales revenue
$633,190
Less:
Cost of goods sold
$220,800
Operating expenses, excluding depreciation
20,228
Depreciation expense
75,795
Income tax expense
44,466
Interest expense
7,710
Loss on disposal of plant assets
12,225
381,224
Net income
$ 251,966
Additional information:
1.
New plant assets costing $163,000 were purchased for cash during the year.
2.
Old plant assets having an original cost of $93,725 and accumulated depreciation of $79,055 were sold for $2,445 cash.
3.
Bonds payable matured and were paid off at face value for cash.
4.
A cash dividend of $42,430 was declared and paid during the year.
Prepare a statement of cash flows using the indirect method. (Show amounts that decrease cash flow with either a - sign e.g. -15,000 or in parenthesis e.g. (15,000).)
ODGERS INC.Statement of Cash Flows
For the Year Ended December 31, 2014
$
Adjustments to reconcile net income to
$
$
Problem 12-10A
Condensed financial data of Odgers Inc. follow.
ODGERS INC.Comparative Balance Sheets
December 31
Assets
2014
2013
Cash
$ 151,904
$ 90,992
Accounts receivable
165,064
71,440
Inventory
211,500
193,358
Prepaid expenses
53,392
48,880
Long-term investments
259,440
204,920
Plant assets
535,800
455,900
Accumulated depreciation
(94,000
)
(97,760
)
Total
$1,283,100
$967,730
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Accounts payable
$ 191,760
$ 126,524
Accrued expenses payable
31,020
39,480
Bonds payable
206,800
274,480
Common stock
413,600
329,000
Retained earnings
439,920
198,246
Total
$1,283,100
$967,730
ODGERS INC.Income Statement Data
For the Year Ended December 31, 2014
Sales revenue
$730,305
Less:
Cost of goods sold
$254,665
Operating expenses, excluding depreciation
23,331
Depreciation expense
87,420
Income taxes
51,286
Interest expense
8,892
Loss on disposal of plant assets
14,100
439,694
Net income
$ 290,611
Additional information:
1.
New plant assets costing $188,000 were purchased for c.
Problem 1123456Xf122437455763715813910106Name DateTopic.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1123456Xf122437455763715813910106
Name: Date:
Topic One: Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation
Please type your answer in the cell beside the question.
5. The following is the heart rate for 10 randomly selected patients on the unit. Find the mean, variance, and standard deviation of the data using the descriptive statistics option in the data analysis toolpak.
75, 80, 62, 97, 107, 59, 76, 83, 84, 69
6. The following is a frequency distribution fo the number of times patience use the call light in a days time. X is the number of times the call light is used and f is the frequency (meaning the number of patients). Create a histogram of the data.
Sheet2
Sheet3
EXERCISE 11 USING STATISTICS TO DESCRIBE A STUDY SAMPLE
STATISTICAL TECHNIQUE IN REVIEW
Most studies describe the subjects that comprise the study sample. This description of the sample is called the sample characteristics which may be presented in a table or the narrative of the article. The sample characteristics are often presented for each of the groups in a study (i.e. experimental and control groups). Descriptive statistics are used to generate sample characteristics, and the type of statistic used depends on the level of measurement of the demographic variables included in a study (Burns & Grove, 2007). For example, measuring gender produces nominal level data that can be described using frequencies, percentages, and mode. Measuring educational level usually produces ordinal data that can be described using frequencies, percentages, mode, median, and range. Obtaining each subject's specific age is an example of ratio data that can be described using mean, range, and standard deviation. Interval and ratio data are analyzed with the same type of statistics and are usually referred to as interval/ratio level data in this text.
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Source: Troy, N. W., & Dalgas-Pelish, P. (2003). The effectiveness of a self-care intervention for the management of postpartum fatigue. Applied Nursing Research, 16 (1), 38–45.
Introduction
Troy and Dalgas-Pelish (2003) conducted a quasi-experimental study to determine the effectiveness of a self-care intervention (Tiredness Management Guide [TMG]) on postpartum fatigue. The study subjects included 68 primiparous mothers, who were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (32 subjects) or the control group (36 subjects) using a computer program. The results of the study indicated that the TMG was effective in reducing levels of morning postpartum fatigue from the 2nd to 4th weeks postpartum. These researchers recommend that “mothers need to be informed that they will probably experience postpartum fatigue and be taught to assess and manage this phenomenon” (Troy & Dalgas-Pelish, 2003, pp. 44-5).
Relevant Study Results
“A total of 80 women were initially enrolled [in the study] … twelve of these women dropped out of the study resulting in a final sample of 68.” (Troy & Dalgas-Pelish, 2003, p. 39). The researchers presen.
Problem 1. For the truss and loading shown below, calculate th.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1. For the truss and loading shown below, calculate the horizontal
displacement of point "D" using the method of virtual work. Show ALL your work!
HW No. 8 - Part 1
Solution
HW FA15 2 Page 1
Problem 1 Continued
Member L (in.) N (lb) N (in) NnL
HW No. 8 - Part 1
.
Problem 1 (30 marks)Review enough information about .docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1 (30 marks)
Review enough information about Trinidad Drilling Ltd. to propose a vision and strategic objectives for the company. Develop a balanced scorecard that will help the company achieve this vision and monitor how well it is accomplishing its strategic objectives. Include a strategy map in table format that shows objectives and performance measures, with arrows illustrating hypothesized cause-and -effect relationships. Provide rationale for your strategy map. The body of your report should not exceed 1,000 words. Cite material you used to prepare the response and provide references in an appendix.
Problem 2 (20 marks)
Ajax Auto Upholstery Ltd. manufactures upholstered products for automobiles, vans, and trucks. Among the various Ajax plants around Canada is the Owlseye plant located in rural Alberta.
The chief financial officer has just received a report indicating that Ajax could purchase the entire annual output of the Owlseye plant from a foreign supplier for $37 million per year.
The budgeted operating costs (in thousands) for the Owlseye plant’s for the coming year is as follows:
Materials $15,000
Labor
Direct $12,000
Supervision 4,000
Indirect plant 5,000 19,000
Overhead
Depreciation – plant 6,000
Utilities, property tax, maintenance 2,000
Pension expense 4,500
Plant manager and staff 2,500
Corporate headquarters overhead allocation 3,000 18,000
Total budgeted costs $52,000
If material purchase orders are cancelled as a consequence of the plant closing, termination charges would amount to 10 percent of the annual cost of direct materials in the first year (zero thereafter).
A clause in the Ajax union contract requires the company to provide employment assistance to its former employees for 12 months after a plant closes. The estimated cost to administer this service if the Owlseye plant closes would be $2 million. $3.6 million of next year’s pension expense would continue indefinitely whether or not the plant remains open. About $900,000 of labour would still be required in the first year after closure to decommission the plant. After that, the plant would be sold for an estimated $1 million. Utilities, property taxes, and maintenance costs would remain unchanged in the first year after closure, but disappear when the plant is sold.
The plant manager and her staff would be somewhat affected by the closing of the Owlseye plant. Some managers would still be responsible for managing three other plants. As a result, total management salaries would be about 50% of the current level, starting at closure and remaining into the future.
Required:
Assume you are the company’s chief financial officer. Perform a five-year financial analysis and make a recommendation whether to close the Owlseye plant on this basis. Provide support for and cautions about your recommendation with organized, clearly-labeled data. Use bullet points where appropriate.
Problem 3 (16 marks)
Br.
Problem 1 (10 points) Note that an eigenvector cannot be zero.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1 (10 points): Note that an eigenvector cannot be zero, but an eigenvalue can
be 0. Suppose that 0 is an eigenvalue of A. What does it say about A? (Hint: One of the
most important properties of a matrix is whether or not it is invertible. Think about the
Invertible Matrix Theorem and all the ‘good things’ of dealing with invertible matrices)
Problem 5: (20 points): The figure below shows a network of one-way streets with
traffic flowing in the directions indicated. The flow rate along the streets are measured
as the average number of vehicles per hour.
a) Set up a mathematical model whose solution provides the unknown flow rates
b) Solve the model for the unknown flow rates
c) If the flow rates along the road A to B must be reduced for construction, what is
the minimum flow that is required to keep traffic flowing on all roads?
Problem 6 (20 points): Problem 7 (9 points): Prove that if A and B are matrices of the same
size, then tr(A+B)=tr(A)+tr(B)
Given:
Goal:
Proof:
Problem 7 (20 points)*: In the 1990, the northern spotted owl became the center of a
nationwide controversy over the use and misuse of the majestic forests in the Pacific
Northwest. Environmentalists convinced the federal government that the owl was
threatened with extinction if logging continued in the old-growth forests (with trees over
200 years old), where the owls prefer to live. The timber industry, anticipating the loss of
30,000 to 100,000 jobs as a result of new government restrictions on logging, argued that
the owl should not be classified as a “threatened species” and cited a number of published
scientific reports to support its case.
Caught in the crossfire of the two lobbying groups, mathematical ecologists
intensified their drive to understand the population dynamics of the spotted owl. The life
cycle of a spotted owl divides naturally into three stages: juvenile (up to 1 year old),
subadult (1 to 2 years), and adult (over 2 years). The owls mate for life during the subadult
and adult stages, begin to breed as adults, and live for up to 20 years. Each owl pair
requires about 1,000 hectares (4 square miles) for its own home territory. A critical time in
the life cycle is when the juveniles leave the nest. To survive and become a subadult, a
juvenile must successfully find a new home range (and usually a mate).
A first step in studying the population dynamics is to model the population at yearly
intervals, at times denoted by 𝑘𝑘 = 0,1,2, …. Usually, one assumes that there is a 1:1 ratio of
males to females in each life stage and counts only the females. The population at year 𝑘𝑘
can be described by a vector 𝒙𝒙𝒌𝒌 = (𝑗𝑗𝑘𝑘 , 𝑠𝑠𝑘𝑘 , 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 ), where 𝑗𝑗𝑘𝑘 , 𝑠𝑠𝑘𝑘 , and 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 are the numbers of
females in the juvenile, subadult, and adult stages, respectively. Using actual field data from
demographic studies, a rese
Probation and Parole 3Running head Probation and Parole.docxChantellPantoja184
Probation and Parole 3
Running head: Probation and Parole
Probation and Parole
Student Name
Allied American University
Author Note
This paper was prepared for Probation and Parole, Module 8 Check Your Understanding taught by [INSERT INSTRUCTOR’S NAME].
Directions: Respond to the following questions using complete sentences. Your answer should be at least 1 paragraph in length, which must be composed of three to five sentences.
1. What is meant by intermediate punishments and what programs are included in this category?
2. How do intermediate punishments serve to keep down prison populations?
3. Why has electronic monitoring proven so popular?
4. What is meant by shock probation/parole?
5. What are the essential features of the boot camp program?
6. Why has intensive supervision been a public relations success?
7. What are the criticisms of boot camp programs?
8. What has research revealed with respect to intensive supervision?
9. What are the criticisms of electronic monitoring in probation and parole?
10. What are the criticisms leveled at intensive supervision?
11. What are the purposes of and services offered by a day reporting center?
12. Why would heroin addicts who have no intention of giving up drug use voluntarily enter a drug treatment program? What are the advantages of using methadone to treat heroin addicts?
13. Why is behavior modification difficult to use in treating drug abusers?
14. What are the characteristics of chemical dependency (CD) programs?
15. What are the primary characteristics of the therapeutic community (TC) approach for treating drug abusers?
16. What are criticisms of the Alcoholics Anonymous approach?
17. What are the problems inherent in drug testing?
18. What are the typical characteristics of sex offenders? How have sex offender laws affected P/P supervision?
19. What are the pros and cons of restitution and charging offenders fees in probation or parole?
20. What are the problems encountered in using the interstate compact?
.
Problem 1(a) Complete the following ANOVA table based on 20 obs.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1:
(a) Complete the following ANOVA table based on 20 observations for the regression equation
(a) Is the overall regression significant? Fill in the missing values in the table.
Source DF SS MS F
Regression ___ 350 ____ ____
Error ___ _____
Total 500
(b) Suppose that you have computed the following sequential sums of squares due to regression:
Regressor Variables in Model SS Regression
………………………………………. 300
……………………………………… 250
…………………………………….. 340
……………………………………. 325
Fill in the missing values in the following “computer output”:
Source DF Partial SS F-value Pr>F
……………………………………………………………………………………….. 0.1245
………………………………………………………………………………………. 0.3841
………………………………………………………………………………………. 0.0042
………………………………………………………………………………………. 0.0401
Problem 2:
The time required for a merchandise to stock a grocery store shelf with a soft drink product as well as the number of cases of product stocked are given below. Consider a linear regression of delivery time against number of cases.
X=number of cases
Y=delivery time
Delivery time number of cases Hat diagonals
1.41 4 0.5077
2.96 6 0.3907
6.04 14 0.2013
7.57 19 0.3092
9.38 24 0.5912
Observations used L.S. Model
4,6,14,19,24
6,14,19,24
4,14,19,24
4,14,19,24
4,6,14,24
4,6,14,19
(a)
Calculate the PRESS statistic for the model .
(b) Calculate the regular residual for the model above. Then, compare these residuals with the PRESS residuals for this model.
Exercises from the Text
Use SAS whenever possible to do these exercises:
# 3.4 on p 122
# 3.5
# 3.8
# 3.15
# 3.21
# 3.27
# 3.28
# 3.31
# 3.38
# 3.39
Example with SAS on Sequential and Partial Sum of Squares
Data Weather;
Title 'Lows and Highs from N&O Jan 28,29,30 1992';
Title2 'using actual numbers (yesterday values)';
input city $ hi2 lo2 yhi ylo thi tlo;
* Mon Tues Wed ;
cards;
seattle 51 44 52 44 59 47
.
.
.
;
proc reg; model thi = yhi hi2 tlo ylo lo2/ss1 ss2;
test tlo=0, ylo=0, lo2=0;
/*-----------------------------------------------
| Showing sequential and partial sums of squares|
| Note t**2 = F relationship for partial F. By |
| hand, construct F to leave out .
Probe 140 SPrecipitation in inchesTemperature in F.docxChantellPantoja184
Probe 1
40 S
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 26.8
Precip 27.1
MAT(F) 59.8
Probe 2
6 S
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 69.2
Precip 124.6
MAT(F) 77.9
Probe 3
57 S
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 21.5
Precip 38.7
MAT(F) 43.5
Probe 4
38 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 30.3
Precip 16.5
MAT(F) 53.6
Probe 5
55 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 21.3
Precip 28.1
MAT(F) 40.6
Probe 6
43 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 25.4
Precip 14.4
MAT(F) 47.2
Probe 7
42 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 17.3
Precip 31.2
MAT(F) 26.0
Probe 8
42 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 29.6
Precip 38.8
MAT(F) 51.6
Probe 9
18 S
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 66.1
Precip 74.8
MAT(F) 77.7
Probe 10
58 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 16.5
Precip 24.8
MAT(F) 36.9
Probe 11
26 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 47.6
Precip 3.8
MAT(F) 70.1
Probe 12
29 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 44.0
Precip 47.3
MAT(F) 63.2
Probe 4
Probe 2
Probe 10
Probe 5
Probe 6
Probe 7
Probe 11
Probe 12
Probe 8
Probe 9
Probe 3
Probe 1
Map 1
20 N
40 N
60 N
80 N
0
20 S
40 S
60 S
0
1000
miles
Geography 204
Koppen Climate Classification Guidelines
If POTET exceeds Precip then B
BW = POTET more than 2x Precip
(desert)
h = mean annual temp > 18 C (64.4 F)
k = mean annual temp < 18 C (64.4 F)
BS = POTET less than 2x Precip
(steppe)
h = mean annual t.
Problem #1 JET Copies Case ProblemRead the JET Copies C.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem #1:
JET Copies Case Problem
Read the "JET Copies" Case Problem on pages 678-679 of the text. Using simulation estimate the loss of revenue due to copier breakdown for one year, as follows:
1. In Excel, use a suitable method for generating the number of days needed to repair the copier, when it is out of service, according to the discrete distribution shown.
2. In Excel, use a suitable method for simulating the interval between successive breakdowns, according to the continuous distribution shown.
3. In Excel, use a suitable method for simulating the lost revenue for each day the copier is out of service.
4. Put all of this together to simulate the lost revenue due to copier breakdowns over 1 year to answer the question asked in the case study.
5. In a word processing program, write a brief description/explanation of how you implemented each component of the model. Write 1-2 paragraphs for each component of the model (days-to-repair; interval between breakdowns; lost revenue; putting it together).
6. Answer the question posed in the case study. How confident are you that this answer is a good one? What are the limits of the study? Write at least one paragraph.
There are two deliverables for this Case Problem, the Excel spreadsheet and the written description/explanation.
Outcome Assessed:
· Create statistical analysis of simulation results.
· Communicate issues in management science
Grading Rubric for JET Copies Case Problem
There are 12 possible points in each of the five criteria for a total of 60 points possible.
Criteria
0Unacceptable(0 points)
1Developing(6 points)
2Competent(9 points)
3Exemplary(12 points)
1. Model number of days to repair
Did not submit or did not model this component in an appropriate manner
This component was modeled, but the method and/or implementation had mistakes that affected the validity of the model
Used a method that is recognizably appropriate, but the implementation had minor mistakes
Used an appropriate method and correctly implemented it
2. Model number of weeks between breakdowns
Did not submit or did not model this component in an appropriate manner
This component was modeled, but the method and/or implementation had mistakes that affected the validity of the model
Used a method that is recognizably appropriate, but the implementation had minor mistakes
Used an appropriate method and correctly implemented it
3. Model lost revenue due to breakdowns
Did not submit or did not model this component in an appropriate manner
This component was modeled, but the method and/or implementation had mistakes that affected the validity of the model
Used a method that is recognizably appropriate, but the implementation had minor mistakes
Used an appropriate method and correctly implemented it
4. Provide written description and explanation of the simulation
Did not submit or described insufficiently. Omitted key points.
Provided partially developed written description that matches the method 70 - 79% accur.
PROBLEM 1 Lovin’ the Fast Food The following article was writt.docxChantellPantoja184
PROBLEM 1: Lovin’ the Fast Food
The following article was written for an ag-econ journal several years ago. The demand function is written in table format on the next page. This page has the averages for the different variables and the second page has the regression output.
1. Calculate the fast food price elasticity for fast food for 1982 and 1992. What does it mean? How could Chic-Fil-A use this information? Is it changing?
PEoD = (% Change in Quantity Demanded)/(% Change in Price)
2. Calculate the grocery cross-price elasticity for fast food for 1982 and 1992. What does it mean? How could Chic-Fil-A use this information? Calculate the ‘inexpensive’ and ‘expensive’ restaurant price cross-price elasticity. What do these mean and how useful is this information?
3. Calculate the income elasticity of fast food in 1982 and 1992. Again, explain the trend and meaning.
4. Identify at least four ‘take-aways’ from this demand function. Identify the relationship that is shown (or not shown), what information can be drawn from the information and how a fast-food restaurant can use this. Only one of your ‘take-aways’ here can relate specifically to cross-price elasticities.
Problem 2 Jones Has A Student . . .
Several years ago I had a student who approached me about leaving school. This student had, what he thought, was an amazing idea. Doug’s idea (I’ve changed the name to protect the innocent) was this: move to a medium sized city (Charleston, SC) and open up a jewelry business. His reasoning was that when jewelers resize gold rings (wedding bands), they get to keep the little pieces of scrap gold. As gold was approaching record prices, Doug would make a ton of profit.
a. Draw a graph/figure of the type of market Doug is entering—assume that he makes profits out of the gate.
b. Explain how the market moves given that Doug makes a profit. That is, tell me what is likely to happen. Show a graph (or graphs) that explain this phenomena.
c. How is it possible that firms can operate with zero economic profit? Tell me a story why it must be that the last firm entering the market experiences zero economic profit (i.e. What if the last firm in the market experienced positive economic profit? Is there anything wrong with that?)
Problem 3 Economics is a Curious Thing
Please choose three of the following economic phenomena and give me your reasons why we see these events occur in the market. The more you think like an economist the more you see economics in the market. (Don’t waltz through these as they are all examples of economics.)
a. Why do brides buy their wedding dresses for thousands of dollars while bride-grooms (yes, I’m from Middle-England) rent their tuxedos for a hundred dollars?
b. Why is the internet free at Motel 6 but costs $9.99 per day at the Ritz?
c. Why do ATM machines in the drive-through have brail number pads?
d. Why do airlines give frequent flyers two free checked bags but charge for checked bags for non-frequent flyer.
Problem 1 (ch 23)Victoria Falls Flour Mill Company started many ye.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1 (ch 23)Victoria Falls Flour Mill Company started many years ago producing a single product. It has grown to produce many diverse consumer products ranging from foods to paper goods. Currently, the corporation is barely making a profit, and the price of its stock has languished. Division managers have traditionally been incentivized with stock options and awards. However, management is evaluating a new bonus plan based on segment profits within each division. Below are 20X4 facts about the Sugar Products Division, which generates 10% of overall corporate revenue. The Sugar Products Division has two key products - raw sugar and candy.Total sales of raw sugar and candy$ 45,750,000Traceable, controllable, sugar division fixed costs10,250,000Traceable, uncontrollable, sugar division fixed costs3,600,000Non-traceable, controllable, sugar division fixed costs1,500,000Non-traceable, uncontrollable, sugar division fixed costs1,750,000Variable selling, general, & administrative costs9,050,000Variable product costs21,700,000General corporate expenses for all divisions8,000,000Prepare a contribution income statement for the aggregated Sugar Division (one column). If the division manager is to be evaluated on controllable contribution margin, would the Sugar Division manager appear to be entitled to a bonus?
&L&"Arial,Bold"&20 &R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-23.05
B-23.05
Worksheet 1 (ch 23)20X4 Divisional Report for Sugar ProductsContribution Income StatementSales$ 45,750,000Less:
&L&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&12Name:
Date: Section: &R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-23.05
B-23.05
Problem 2 (ch 23)Downhill Manufacturing produces snow skis in a two-step production process - cutting and laminating. The manufacturing center is supported by two service centers - a health clinic and a janitorial service. The following table reveals certain facts about each activity:Health clinicJanitorial serviceCutting departmentLaminating departmentEmployees241015Square footage1,20060012,0008,000Cost incurred$ 180,000$ 125,000$ 700,000$ 800,000(a)Using the direct method, allocate the service department costs to production. The clinic costs are to be allocated based on employees, and the janitorial costs are to be allocated based on the square footage.(b)Using the step method, allocate the service department costs to production. The clinic costs are to be allocated based on employees, and the janitorial costs are to be allocated based on the square footage. The first step will be to allocate clinic costs. The clinic employees maintain their space and do not rely upon the janitorial service. However, janitorial employees occasionally sustain an injury and utilize the clinic.
B-23.08
Worksheet 2 (ch 23)(a)Health clinicJanitorial serviceCutting departmentLaminating departmentCost incurred$ 180,000$ 125,000$ 700,000$ 800,000Clinic allocation----Janitorial allocation----Total cost$ -$ -$ -$ -Clinic allocations:Jani.
/***********************************************************
Program Name: Simple Math Calculator
Program Author: Kyle NoCompile
Date Created: 9/28/14
Program Description:
This program performs simple arithmetic calculations.
The user enters numbers and the math operation to
perform on those numbers. The program will then display
the result of the operation. The program allows the
user to continue entering a math operation and an
integer to calculate off of the previous calculation
result.
Modified Date:
Modified Description:
***********************************************************/
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// Function prototypes:
void showWelcome(void);
int getUserIntegerInput();
char getMathChoice()
int getInteger(bool);
bool validateMathChoice(char choice)
int doAddition(int int1, int int2);
int doSubtraction(int, int);
int doMath(int firstInt, int secondInt, char mathFunc);
void showResult(int)
float keepCalculating();
// This is the main function (where the program begins)
int main(void)
{
// Variables to hold local data
int runningTotal; nextValue;
int mathChoice();
bool keepGoing;
// Call the showWelcome() function
showWelcome(void);
// Call the getInteger() function (for the first integer)
// and store the result in the "runningTotal" variable
runningTotal = GetInteger(true);
// Loop after each calculation to see if the user wants to keep going
do
{
// Call the getMathChoice() function and store result in "mathChoice" variable
mathChoice = getMathChoice(42);
// Call validateMathChoice() function, passing it the user's math choice
// and using the return value to decide what to do next
if (validateMathChoice())
{
// Call the getInteger() function (for the second and subsequent integers)
// and store the result in the "nextValue" variable
nextValue = getInteger(false);
// Call the doMath() function and pass it all of the user input
// and store the return value in the "runningTotal" variable (overwrite
// previous "runningTotal" variable value. This will allow for us to
// update the running total of all calculations up to this point.
runningTotal = doMath(runningTotal nextValue mathChoice);
// Call the showResult() function to show the result
showResult(runningTotal);
}
else
{
// If the user chose an invalid math function...
cout<<Not a valid math choice. Try again<<endl;
}
}
// Call the keepCalculating() function and use the return value
// to decide whether to continue looping
while (keepCalculating);
return 0;
}
// This function shows a nice welcome message
void showWelcome()
{
cout<<"******************************************"<<endl;
cout<<"Welcome to the simple calculator program!"<<endl;
cout<<"This program will do simple addition and"<<endl
cout<<"subtraction. Math is fun, so enjoy!"<<endl;
cout<<"**.
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
14 ANTHROPOLOGY TODAY VOL 35 NO 6, DECEMBER 2019NEIL HOWAR
1. 14 ANTHROPOLOGY TODAY VOL 35 NO 6, DECEMBER
2019
NEIL HOWARD
Neil Howard is Prize Fellow
in International Development
at the University of Bath.
He conducts research with
people defined as victims
of trafficking, slavery, child
labour and forced labour,
and political anthropological
research on the institutions
that seek to protect them. His
email is [email protected]
ac.uk.
Within mainstream discourses around trafficking, men
typically appear as predatory and exploitative, while boys
appear as victims. This flattens the complexities of social
life and obscures the ways that constructs of adult mas-
culinity frame the trajectories of labour migrants and the
brokers of their labour and migration. This article chal -
lenges those discourses, drawing on research with two
groups of male labour migrants characterized as ‘victims
of trafficking’, as well as with ‘traffickers’ who help them
to move and give them work.
The first are adolescent boys moving from Benin to
work in the artisanal gravel quarries of Abeokuta, Nigeria.
The second are adults from across West Africa who have
made the illegal journey to Italy, where they live in African
2. ‘ghettos’ and work as gang labourers on various agricul-
tural harvests. In each case, migrants and their brokers
come from the same or similar communities; (shared)
ideals of masculinity and manhood structure the evolution
of their mobility and labour. Gendered transitions towards
social adulthood, the pressure to attain riches and status
and a social duty to show responsibility for those younger
and less successful than oneself are all important. A focus
on these gendered social transitions towards manhood can
take us beyond simplistic ‘victim-perpetrator’ dyads.1
Stubborn stereotypes
The conventional depiction of boys and men within the
iconography and literature on trafficking can be divided
into two types: (1) that which emphasizes victimhood and
powerlessness, and (2) that which emphasizes evil and a
willingness to exploit (Howard & Forin 2019). These are
two halves of the victim-victimizer dyad, in which the
victim is rendered ‘innocent’ by virtue of his ingenuous-
ness or lack of power (often mapped onto depictions of
his childlike purity), while the victimizer is dehuman-
ized and represented in one-dimensional fashion as the
embodiment of evil and threatening (black) manhood (see
O’Connell Davidson 2015 for a wider discussion of this
phenomenon). Each of these is present within my ethno-
graphic fieldsites.
The powerless victim
In West Africa, the flow of teenage boys from the Za-Kpota
region of southern Benin to the artisanal gravel quarries of
Abeokuta in Nigeria has been taken as a paradigmatic case
of child trafficking (Howard 2017a). In the press, civil
society reports and government-donor reviews, these ado-
lescents are almost always constructed as hapless, passive
and defenceless children. A France 24 (2002) story about
them describes the following:
3. The idea is that the child is sold into bonded labour for a fixed
term – normally two or three years. At the end of the term he
gets a bicycle and 100 or 200 dollars … If he completes three
terms his master may build a new hut for the child’s family.
Many of the families who sell their children into slavery are
unapologetic. ‘How do you expect me to keep 37 children here
when I have no income?’ shrugged Luc Gbogbohoundada,
an octogenarian with eight wives. Gbogbohoundada lives
in Za-Kpota, a village across the border in Benin about 150
kilometres from Abeokuta. Za-Kpota is notorious as the child-
trafficking capital of the region.
Likewise, in The Guardian, fully 10 years later:
The abuse Timothy Goudjana suffered as a teenage labourer in
Nigeria still haunts him. But decades later, he sent two of his
own children, at a much younger age, to a similar fate.
Human trafficking is the world’s fastest rising organised crime.
Each year, 4 million African children – equivalent to Liberia’s
entire population – are traded for labour before their 15th
birthday.
Most come from villages like Zakpota, in central Benin, where
hundreds of parents – pushed to the wall by destitution – send
their children to neighbouring Nigeria. (Mark 2012)
Within this vignette, teenage migrants appear only
passively, as subjects of a transaction and victims of an
implicitly brutal economic and cultural context, with all
the racist neocolonial discursive baggage the text implies
in relation to ‘backwardness’ and ‘savagery’ (see Okyere
2014 for fuller discussion of this).
Although dealing with adults, the typical depiction of
adult African male migrant workers labouring on Italy’s
agricultural harvests is strikingly similar. Take the launch
4. of a campaign to illegalize the practice of gangmastery:
This campaign is necessary if we are to punish the terrible
crime of caporalato. Gang masters are especially widespread
in agriculture and in construction, both sectors employing hun-
dreds of thousands of workers, especially migrants, who are
stripped of their rights and reduced to the condition of slavery.2
(my translation; emphasis added)
The passivity is echoed in the image depicted in Fig. 1
ifrom a related campaign, which draws on a classic abo-
litionist iconography of supplicating black maleness. The
hands of the supplicant – rendered unthreatening as well
as unfree and in need of rescue – are bound by the symbol
of their subjection, the tomato. Importantly, they are both
disembodied and abstracted from their structural backdrop
(which, as Cheney 2010 argues, is vital for a depoliticized
politics of pity).
The ruthless victimizer
Alongside the abstract victim is the perpetrator. In both
of my ethnographic fieldsites, African male ‘traffickers’
are represented as ruthless, individualistic exploiters who
instrumentalize others in the service of power and profit.
A classic example of this representation in Benin is the
‘sensitization campaign’ ‘Ana, Bazil et le Trafiquant’.
Created as part of UNICEF’s anti-trafficking work, ‘Ana,
Bazil and the Trafficker’ is the story of a bright, young girl,
Ana, from a poor village in southern Benin, who falls prey
to a trafficker. The story opens with scenes depicting Ana’s
idyllic home life, her love of school, her housework and
the struggles her family face to get by. Shortly thereafter,
the arrival of a mysterious outsider heralds the shattering
of her world. The smooth-talking stranger approaches
Ana’s parents and begins to persuade them that Ana does
5. not need to remain in school, that she could work and help
the family, and that if she came with him, he would be able
to place her in a wealthy household that should set her up
for life. Though at first reluctant, Ana’s family ultimately
agree, at which point ‘the Trafficker’ secretly reveals his
evil plan to sell Ana into servitude.
In Italy, by contrast, the ‘folk devil’ (Weitzer 2007) is
more commonly represented as a caporale. A caporale is
a historical personage from feudal southern Italy who was
critical to the organization of agricultural labour and has
long been associated with coercion and exploitation. His
name has come to denote the archetypal labour trafficker,
and is synonymous with the Mafia-related extraction of
forced labour – in English, the term means ‘gangmaster’
(Perrotta 2014). He features regularly in the Italian media,
and often internationally. Titles such as the following
Neither predator nor prey
What trafficking discourses miss about masculinities, mobility
and work
Fig. 1. The hands of the
supplicant – rendered
unthreatening as well as
unfree and in need of rescue
– are bound by the symbol of
their subjection, the tomato.
R
A
D
IO
O
6. N
D
A
U
R
T
O
ANTHROPOLOGY TODAY VOL 35 NO 6, DECEMBER 2019
15
1. In claiming that
hegemonic masculinities and
the transitions through them
matter to our understanding
of how men and boys move
and work, why they do so,
how they navigate their
experiences, relate to their
successes and failures and
ultimately construct their
images of themselves, I do
not suggest that the same is
not also true of women and
girls. Many of the transition
experiences and social
pressures I identify here
play out similarly amongst
them. However, my primary
research was carried out
entirely with male migrant
7. workers, young and old, and
it sought in part to explore
their experiences of their
maleness, including how this
related related to their work
and mobility. This article
therefore focuses exclusively
on males and on masculinity.
For readers interested in
similar perspectives on girls,
women and female gendered
social transitions towards
adulthood, the work of Stacey
Vanderhurst (2017), Jennifer
Cole (2010), Jennifer Cole
and Christian Groes (2016)
and Sine Palmbech (2016) are
all excellent.
2. This description draws
on a parallel in Howard
(2017b). The same is true of
the profiles that follow.
are not uncommon: Are your tinned tomatoes picked by
slave labour? How the Italian mafia makes millions by
exploiting migrants (Jones & Awokaya 2019).
Complicated realities
Perhaps unsurprisingly, the social realities of the two eth-
nographic fieldsites I explore here are far more complex
than allowed for by these victim-victimizer dyads, which
reduce masculinity and indeed manhood to benign inno-
cence or vicious violence. This section will delve into that
complexity.
8. Overview of the research
The research behind this article took place in four stages,
from 2007-2015.2 First, I spent nine months across two
trips in the Zou region of southern Benin. My research
assistant3 and I selected four case study villages from the
two communes most associated with ‘trafficking’/migra-
tion to the artisanal gravel quarries of Abeokuta, Nigeria.
There, current and former migrants to the quarries, indi -
viduals involved in the migrant labour network linked to
them, ‘traffickers’ and village authorities were sampled.
Our principal research tools were semi-structured and
open-ended interviews and focus group discussions. The
focus groups were useful for gathering group-level data on
community perceptions of migration and labour as well as
the role of gendered social transitions in them, while the
interviews enabled deeper understanding of how young
migrants make sense of their experiences. We also devel -
oped migration histories with a number of respondents.
Second, in 2012, I spent one month in Abeokuta in the
quarries themselves. This allowed me to not only triangu-
late what I heard in Benin, but also to engage with young
labour migrants at their place of work and, thus, in the
midst of their apparent trafficking and exploitation. The
research involved: (1) observing the living and working
conditions of those in the quarries, and (2) interviewing
young migrant labourers and other key actors engaged in
the quarry economy, including labour leaders, landowners,
gravel purchasers, traders, transporters and even the
apparent ‘traffickers’. I also interviewed 30 youths who
were, or had been, involved in the migrant labour network
linking the Zou to Abeokuta. Third, in 2014, this data was
substantiated by additional material gathered by my assis-
tant, who returned to the quarries to interview a further 50
young labourers.
9. The fourth stage of the research involved the collec-
tion of comparative data in southern Italy. This centred on
the tomato harvest in Foggia, Italy’s primary agricultural
commune, where a research assistant and I spent the entire
2015 tomato harvest. The research was ethnographic in
nature and involved interviews, participant observation
and unstructured conversations – primarily in the most
‘infamous’ of Italy’s migrant labour ghettos: Rignano
Garganico, outside Foggia. There, we observed the living
and working conditions of those involved in the harvest
and apparently subject to the caporale’s trafficking. We
also conducted interviews with representatives of the
many ‘classes’ engaged in the local agricultural economy,
including workers, labour leaders, landowner farmers,
business associations, respected figures in the ghetto com-
munity and a handful of so-called caporali ‘gangmasters’
themselves. Again, the focus of our research was on the
nature and experience of work and mobility, the role played
by identities and relationships in each and the importance
of perceptions of manhood and social adulthood
Money, mobility and masculinity
Unsurprisingly, research in both settings found things to be
a good deal more complicated than the reassuring, black-
and-white picture of victimhood and criminality relayed
above. This and the following section will discuss those
complications. First, in contrast to the image of victims as
passive and innocent, the research revealed that migrant
workers in each location actively seek out their work, and
do so primarily for the money. Every single one of the
more than 80 respondents in Abeokuta and 40 in Foggia
underlined this fact. Gascoigne’s story illustrates it well:
Profile 1: Gascoigne
Gascoigne is a 29-year-old Ivorian. He comes from a lower
10. middle-class family in Abidjan. We know this because he tells
us that he has relatives in France, and because another relative
paid for him to get to Italy. The story of his journey is
shocking,
but not unlike a great many of the stories around here. He
crossed the Sahara and the Mediterranean, the latter journey in
a boat that lost one quarter of its passengers. I ask him whether
he was aware of the dangers before setting out, and he smiles:
‘Of course I did’. ‘Then why did you come?’ He smiles again.
‘In Abidjan, I was a mechanic. I earned around €25 a month.
Now I make up to €1,000. Wouldn’t you have?’
As is the case anywhere under capitalism, money is
necessary for whatever these young men want to achieve.
Although they work hard, and arguably experience exploi-
tation,4 they nevertheless choose their work and do so
because it represents a sound opportunity for them to earn
the cash they require (as is extensively demonstrated in
the wider literature – see for example, Hashim & Thorsen
2011; Morganti 2011; Peano 2017; Thorsen 2007).
Why do they require it? This is where their masculini-
ties and their gendered social transitions towards manhood
come in. Ultimately, adolescents in Benin-Nigeria and
young African adult males in southern Italy are all in pur-
suit of their status as ‘men’ and all need money to achieve
it, since money is what grants them the (relative) independ-
ence and power that forms the script of their adult manhood:
Autonomy, money and manhood
Neil: What makes a man in this village?
Boy 1: A boy is becomes a man in our community when he
works and eats without the help of his parents [nods and
‘hmms’ all round].
(Interview with a group of adolescent boys, Tenga Village,
11. Benin, 14 May 2010)
Neil: What makes a man in this village?
Pietro: To be a man in this village is to farm, to have a big
harvest and to be able to sell your crops.
(Interview with Pietro, Zelele, Benin, 10 May 2010)
Neil: How do you become a man here?
Yomana: It used to be through farming lots of land…
N
E
IL
H
O
W
A
R
D
Fig. 2. Stop child trafficking
poster.
16 ANTHROPOLOGY TODAY VOL 35 NO 6, DECEMBER
2019
3. I speak French and
Italian and so where possible,
research was conducted in
those languages. Where
12. participants spoke other
languages such as Fon, my
research assistant acted as a
translator.
4. In no way do I wish
to romanticize the work,
migration or living conditions
of any of these boys and men.
All are harsh, some awful.
And while I emphasize their
agency and conscious (as well
as unconscious) decision-
making, this is not to take
away from the difficulties and
injustices they experience or
the structural and individual
factors that underlie these.
Cheney, K. 2010. Expanding
vulnerability, dwindling
resources: Implications
for orphaned futures in
Uganda. Childhood in
Africa 1(2): 8-15.
Cole, J. 2010. Sex and
salvation: Imagining the
future in Madagascar.
Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.
— & C. Groes (eds) 2016.
Affective circuits: African
migrations to Europe
and the pursuit of social
13. regeneration. Chicago:
University of Chicago
Press.
France 24 2002. Benin’s child
slaves working Nigeria’s
quarries. France 24, 4
October.
Hashim, I. & D. Thorsen 2011.
Child migration in Africa.
London: Zed Books.
Howard, N. 2017a. Child
trafficking, youth labour
mobility and the politics
of protection. London:
Palgrave Macmillan.
— 2017b. Of coyotes and
caporali: How anti-
trafficking discourses of
criminality depoliticise
mobility and exploitation.
In R. Piotrowicz & B.H.
Uhl (eds) Routledge
handbook of human
trafficking, 511-525.
London: Routledge.
Paul: … or you could be a big singer…
Yomana: Yes, you would also then be ‘considered’. Now
though it is very hard, there is little good land, so you cannot be
independent and can’t even get married. You have to migrate.
(Interview with Yomana, Frederic, Paul and Bernard, Bopa,
14. Benin, 2 September 2007)
Neil: How is the work here? They say it is extremely hard.
Sissi: It is hard but it is OK. I am strong and I came here to
work. I want to make my future here in Italy and to earn what
I need.
(Interview with Sissi, Foggia, Italy, 31 August 2015)
For so many of these boys and men, successful labour
mobility is the pathway towards both riches and manhood.
For teenagers in Abeokuta, it is a way to earn the cash
necessary to build their own dwelling and thus to get mar-
ried, to contribute to their wider family and thus to fulfil
their social duty as a ‘good son’, to earn the badge of suc-
cessful returnee and thus be ‘considered’ a young man who
has braved adversity and beaten it. Likewise in Foggia,
the average tomato-harvesting West African 20-something
has moved to make his fortune, likely with the goal of
sending money back to his kin and achieving the status of
a ‘made man’ in Europe. All of these progressions rely on
norms of adult masculinity that emphasize independence,
autonomy, courage, the ability to provide for others and to
endure. None of them align neatly with the powerlessness
and victimhood of the imagery described earlier, which is
why, when asked, boys and men in these settings rejected
the idea that they were victims or ‘innocents’.
Profile 2: Alchide
Alchide is 18. He, like so many workers in Abeokuta, is from
the Zou region of Benin. He has never been to school, and spent
many of his teenage years as an apprentice welder. Once he fin-
ished his apprenticeship, he lacked the money necessary to pay
for his ‘graduation’ and formal incorporation into the trade. So
he moved to Abeokuta at 17, following an older male relative
who is one of the ‘bosses’ in the gravel pits.
15. Alchide views the work he does as ‘absolutely fine’. ‘You need
to be strong’, he emphasizes, ‘but what you do is easier than
the farm work you’d be doing at home’. His work earns around
£10 per day for his boss, and from this sum the boss takes his
own cut, pays for the living expenses of all his workers and puts
some aside to eventually pay each of these workers when they
finish their two-year contracts and return to Benin.
Alchide gets on very well with his boss, a fact no doubt aided
by the two being relatives. The boss ‘looks after us’, he
explains
– providing food and board, along with money for a visit home
at the end of the year.
In general, he is happy and not a little proud to be here. In his
view, what makes you ‘a man’ is being financially autonomous,
having one’s own house and supporting a family. He needs this
work to achieve these goals, and he knows that he is respected
for pursuing them. His dream is to become a famous welder,
and this is what he aims for. He rejects the notion that this work
is ‘forced’ or ‘bonded labour’, and he thinks that it is absurd
that some call it ‘slavery’. There is no doubt that some bosses
are exploitative – a term he defines in terms of not receiving
the money promised – but he does not suspect that his will be
one of them.
Yet there is a darker side to this operation of masculinity
in the form of the pressure ‘not to fail’ that these young
men experience. In Benin, I heard tell of how successful
migrants are respected (with success taken to involve
returning with riches), such that those who have struggled,
generally keep quiet and refuse to share their experiences.
Worse, boys choose to endure abuse rather than flee and
return empty-handed. Similarly, in Italy many a migrant
worker shared horror stories of exploitation, violence and
generalized racism. Undoubtedly, most endured trauma
on their crossings of the Sahara and Mediterranean. Some
16. admitted to regretting their decision to come and give up a
life of security for one of permanent and structural exclu-
sion. Yet none would choose to return or share the burden
of their stories with their families. Facebook profiles are
always celebratory, often at a landmark of cultural signifi-
cance, while much of what little money is earned is sent
back to maintain a pretence of success at the expense of
food or shelter in Italy.
Facilitators, not folk devils
Similar pressures apply to the so-called traffickers facili-
tating migration and labour between Benin and Nigeria
and West Africa and southern Italy. This is why it is not
uncommon to find that facilitators were once themselves
young migrant workers who ‘graduated’ to the more senior
position of an organizer who is able to extract a surplus
from the younger or more vulnerable.
However, in contrast to the simple ‘bad guy’ depiction
of dominant discourses, in both of my ethnographic field-
sites, ‘traffickers’ play a critical intermediary role, and
in doing so, they line both their own pockets and make
money for the various groups with whom they collabo-
rate (see also Howard & Forin 2019). What is more, they
accumulate profit, not only by putting others to work, but
by valorizing their own sociocultural capital and their
position as sociocultural and economic intermediaries. In
Abeokuta, each boss is a bridge between a community in
search of work in Benin and a site of work in search of
workers in Nigeria. The boss knows the back roads leading
illegally from one country to the next and in Abeokuta,
he knows the lorry drivers and landowners integral to the
entire process.
In Foggia, that intermediary position is even more
marked. The tomato harvest simply could not take place
17. if caporali were not able to organize labour gangs and
coordinate with farmers. Many spend weeks planning
the summer schedule. Unlike most migrant workers, they
speak Italian and can communicate with farmers, while,
unlike farmers, they speak various West African languages
and can thus communicate with workers. Without this
intermediary function, there would be no harvest, and no
money for anyone. Everybody knows this, and this is why
workers implore their bosses to hire them. In making the
decision of who to hire, and when, bosses in both Foggia
and Abeokuta do so on the basis of profitability calcula-
tions, but never solely. For like entrepreneurs everywhere
else, they are embedded in sociocultural and moral sys-
tems – meaning that sometimes they hire family, friends,
or simply those less fortunate than themselves and upon
whom they have taken pity. This may not make them
socialists, but it does beg the question as to whether they
are any different from any other petty capitalists in other
legal parts of the economy.
Fig. 3. Praying outside Il
Gran Ghetto, Foggia, Italy.
N
E
IL
H
O
W
A
R
D
18. ANTHROPOLOGY TODAY VOL 35 NO 6, DECEMBER 2019
17
— & R. Forin 2019. Migrant
workers, ‘modern
slavery’, and the politics
of representation in
Italian tomato production.
Economy and Society.
Jones, T. & A. Awokoya
2019. Are your tinned
tomatoes picked by slave
labour? How the Italian
mafia makes millions by
exploiting migrants. The
Guardian, 20 June.
Mark, M. 2012. Benin’s
poverty pushes youngsters
into the employ of child
traffickers. The Guardian,
27 November.
Morganti, S. 2011. La
mobilità dei minori in
Benin. Migrazione o
tratta? In A. Bellagamba
(ed.) Migrazioni: Dal
lato dell’Africa, 127-
156. Padova: Edizioni
Altravista.
19. O’Connell Davidson, J.
2015. Modern slavery:
The margins of freedom.
London: Palgrave
Macmillan.
Okyere, S. 2014. Fielding
the wrong ball – Culture
as a cause of ‘modern
slavery’. openDemocracy,
8 October.
— 2018. Moral economies
and child labour in
artisanal gold mining in
Ghana. In L. Brace & J.
O’Connell Davidson (eds)
Revisiting slavery and
antislavery: Towards a
critical analysis, 231-260.
Basingstoke: Palgrave
Macmillan.
Palmbech, S. 2016. Becky is
dead. openDemocracy, 10
October.
Peano, I. 2017. Containment,
resistance, flight:
Migrant labour in
the agro-industrial
district of Foggia, Italy.
openDemocracy, 15
November.
Perrotta, D. 2014. Vecchi e
20. nuovi mediatori: Storia,
geografia ed etnografia del
caporalato in agricoltura.
Meridiana 79: 193-220.
Thorsen, D. 2007. ‘If only
I get enough money for
a bicycle!’: A study of
child migration against a
backdrop of exploitation
and trafficking in Burkina
Faso. Occasional Paper,
Centre for African Studies,
University of Copenhagen.
Vanderhurst, S. 2017.
Governing with God:
Religion, resistance, and
the state in Nigeria’s
counter-trafficking
programs. Political and
Legal Anthropology
Review 40(2): 194-209.
Weitzer, R. 2007. The social
construction of sex
trafficking: Ideology and
institutionalization of a
moral crusade. Politics &
Society 5: 454.
Profile 3: Trevor
Trevor is an influential figure in the Zou region of Benin and
runs a successful local business that employs many interns,
including a number sponsored by a non-governmental organi-
zation (NGO) to stay at ‘home’ instead of migrating. We first
21. met in 2007, when he was introduced to me by a local offi -
cial as ‘a former trafficker’ who had apparently repented and
decided to change. He became one of the most significant par-
ticipants in my research, introducing me to a large group of
‘traffickers’ involved in the migrant labour network linking the
Zou and the quarries.
Trevor first migrated to Abeokuta when he was 11. He did so
because he was poor and because he and his family had seen
others from their community migrate and return with riches.
He worked for five years and returned with a bike, a radio and
25,000 FCFA (£35) – not an insignificant haul for a 16-year-old
in the 1980s. At 16, after a brief period at home, he returned
to Abeokuta for another six years, becoming a boss and also
engaging in the production of sodabi, the region’s palm wine.
During his time as a boss, Trevor returned to Benin every
two years and routinely brought more boys with him back to
Nigeria. Parents and boys would approach him on his visits
to ask if he could find them work and take them with him.
Sometimes he found this a burden, because finding work for
everyone took a lot of time and effort. But to refuse would have
been seen badly – as if he wished to keep the wealth he had
made for himself and not offer the same opportunity for others.
When boys were young (between 10 and 14), an advance on
their wages would be paid to the parents, who would nego-
tiate the contract on the child’s behalf. In these cases, a boy’s
earnings would be considered like any other component of the
family economy. By contrast, when the boys were older (in
their mid-to-late teens), they would often negotiate their own
two-year contracts, and would keep their wages upon comple-
tion. This is in keeping with local developmental norms, which
see teenage males progressively incorporated into adulthood
and independence.
Trevor was adamant that his relationships with all his workers
were good, and that he saw what he was doing as helping them
and their families. During one meeting, he repeatedly shouted,
‘Aider! Aider! Aider!’, the French word for ‘help’, to empha-
22. size the solidarity function of his activities.
In 2003, Trevor left Nigeria, returning to Benin to start his
busi-
ness. He maintained personal links with the quarry economy,
and was one of the most ardent critics of the dominant anti -
trafficking discourse. In one of our last discussions, he picked
up a piece of Sellotape and exclaimed: ‘If I earn one of these
here, but five of them over there, then why the hell would I
stay here?’
Profile 4: Afra
Arfa is an Ivorian national in his 40s. He comes from a ‘polit-
ical family’ in Abidjan, and has been in Italy for 20 years. He is
there legally and is one of the elders of the ghetto community.
He is a major labour-broker, and owns one of the most vibrant,
sport-watching bars in the ghetto.
A major theme in our discussions is the dominant trafficking
discourse surrounding caporali. For all its material lack, the
ghetto is a hyperconnected place. And Arfa, along with all the
other established ghetto figures, knows about this discourse.
They read it online and see political, civil society and union
figures pronouncing it on TV. It enrages them – and the union
representative who is most vocal in peddling it is now conse-
quently a persona non grata. ‘These guys mobilize stereotypes
and scapegoats because it suits their purposes’, Arfa complains.
‘It attracts attention for their campaigns, and it attracts funding
for them’.
In Arfa’s understanding, the caporale is more a ‘guide’ and
‘facilitator’. His role is mediation and organization. He has
contacts and brings people to work. He is someone who is a
legal resident, has a car and speaks Italian. He goes around
and asks farmers for work, then plans the schedule and brings
workers to do the job. He may earn a bit extra for his services
and some more for transport. But he never syphons off people’s
money. Those he puts to work are mostly people he knows and
trusts. But of course, he underlines, the caporale is human and
when a young man comes crying, desperate for work, he will
23. be helped. ‘No one will go hungry here’, I am told.
As if to emphasize this point, he tells me a story that elicits
nods of pride from around the table. Last month, a well -dressed
young man drove up to the ghetto looking for Arfa. He was
Malian and had become very successful over the past few years
in Paris. He had come to Arfa to show his gratitude, because
eight years ago, when this man had first arrived in Italy and
knew no one, he came to the ghetto hungry, desperate and
lonely. Arfa found him in tears and shared his food with him.
He then found the boy work.
Before I say goodbye on our last meeting, I ask Arfa: ‘What
would really help people here?’ The answers are simple: ‘Give
everyone papers, give them work and leave them alone’.
These profiles speak to the ambiguities at play within
the masculinities that are dominant in these commu-
nities. On the one hand, having the status of an elder
(and successful) male, able to provide work (or not) for
younger males, bestows upon Trevor and Arfa gendered
structural power, which they evidently revel in. Both
are respected individuals and I witnessed younger men
and women defer performatively to them on a number
of occasions. Yet with their status comes a sense of
duty and responsibility. Both characterize themselves
as father figures, generous in their provision of labour
opportunities and in Arfa’s case, even the provision of
leisure. Arfa maintains the premier football-screening
bar in the ghetto and on match days, it is always full,
with patrons never having to pay to enter and almost
never having to buy a beer. When I asked him why he
had a bar at all, he explained that it was to provide some
entertainment and connection for the young men. Once
more, we are in the grey territory of complexity, missed
by the victim-victimizer dyad.
24. Conclusion
Mainstream discourses around trafficking obscure far
more than they reveal. As their focus is on criminality,
they construct the ‘problem’ as one of one-dimensional
‘baddies’ exploiting similarly one-dimensional ‘goodies’,
who are ‘good’ by virtue of their victimhood. In this, they
reduce complicated lives and their gendered and genera-
tional trajectories, as well as the interrelationship between
these and political-economic structures, to a flattening and
simplified binary.
Yet in the two very different contexts examined in this
article – Abeokuta and Foggia – we see that adolescent and
adult migrant workers actively seek out their work, even
where it may be exploitative or challenging. And they do
so primarily because it offers them the chance to make the
money that is essential for their livelihood projects and in
particular, for their gendered social transitions towards the
status of respected men.
As is the case anywhere, their projects are fundamen-
tally conditioned by the social relations they inhabit and
the identities they seek to attain. In each of these cases,
‘success’ means money, status, material independence and
the ability (and durability) to bestow charitably on others.
The pressure of these requirements can be relentless, but it
also embeds these young males in relations of reciprocity
that bring with them camaraderie, solidarity and protec-
tion. Often, those offering such protection are the very
labour brokers constructed as the root cause of people’s
problems.
The dominant discourse thus misrepresents the lives
of these boys and men at the margins, and it disrespects
them in the process. It strips ‘victims’ of their agency and
25. criminalizes the brokerage that is essential to the economic
activity on which they depend. Worse still, in spreading
what is effectively a reassuring morality tale, the dominant
discourse of criminality depoliticizes the structural rela-
tions that underpin exploitative work and mobility in the
first place. l
DATE DOWNLOADED: Mon Aug 17 15:07:30 2020
SOURCE: Content Downloaded from HeinOnline
Citations:
Bluebook 21st ed.
Deborah A. Morgan, Not Gay Enough for the Government:
Racial and Sexual Stereotypes
in Sexual Orientation Asylum Cases, 15 Law & Sexuality: Rev.
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual &
Transgender Legal Issues 135 (2006).
ALWD 6th ed.
Deborah A. Morgan, Not Gay Enough for the Government:
Racial and Sexual Stereotypes
in Sexual Orientation Asylum Cases, 15 Law & Sexuality: Rev.
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual &
Transgender Legal Issues 135 (2006).
APA 7th ed.
Morgan, D. A. (2006). Not Gay Enough for the Government:
Racial and Sexual
Stereotypes in Sexual Orientation Asylum Cases. Law &
Sexuality: Review of Lesbian,
26. Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Legal Issues, 15, 135-162.
Chicago 7th ed.
Deborah A. Morgan, "Not Gay Enough for the Government:
Racial and Sexual Stereotypes
in Sexual Orientation Asylum Cases," Law & Sexuality: A
Review of Lesbian, Gay,
Bisexual, and Transgender Legal Issues 15 (2006): 135-162
McGill Guide 9th ed.
Deborah A Morgan, "Not Gay Enough for the Government:
Racial and Sexual Stereotypes
in Sexual Orientation Asylum Cases" (2006) 15 Tul JL &
Sexuality 135.
MLA 8th ed.
Morgan, Deborah A. "Not Gay Enough for the Government:
Racial and Sexual Stereotypes
in Sexual Orientation Asylum Cases." Law & Sexuality: A
Review of Lesbian, Gay,
Bisexual, and Transgender Legal Issues, 15, 2006, p. 135-162.
HeinOnline.
OSCOLA 4th ed.
Deborah A Morgan, 'Not Gay Enough for the Government:
Racial and Sexual Stereotypes
in Sexual Orientation Asylum Cases' (2006) 15 Law &
Sexuality: Rev Lesbian, Gay,
Bisexual & Transgender Legal Issues 135
Provided by:
Tufts University
-- Your use of this HeinOnline PDF indicates your acceptance
of HeinOnline's Terms and
Conditions of the license agreement available at
27. https://heinonline.org/HOL/License
-- The search text of this PDF is generated from uncorrected
OCR text.
-- To obtain permission to use this article beyond the scope of
your license, please use:
Copyright Information
https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/lsex15&
collection=journals&id=141&startid=&endid=168
https://heinonline.org/HOL/License
https://www.copyright.com/ccc/basicSearch.do?operation=go&s
earchType=0&lastSearch=simple&all=on&titleOrStdNo=1062-
0680
NLGLA MICHAEL GREENBERG
WRITING COMPETITION
Not Gay Enough for the Government:
Racial and Sexual Stereotypes in Sexual
Orientation Asylum Cases
Deborah A. Morgan*
I. INTRODUCTION
................................................................................. 135
II. B ACKGROUND
................................................................................... 137
A. Racism and Homophobia in the Immignation Process .........
138
B. The Asylum Process
............................................................... 139
28. C Characteristics ofAsylum Applicants ....................................
141
D) Not Gay Enough for the Government. The Case of
'M oham m ad"
......................................................................... 144
III. UNCOVERING BIAS IN SEXUAL ORIENTATION
ASYLUM
D ECISION S
.........................................................................................
147
A. Racial Stereotypes and Essentalism
...................................... 148
B. Globalized Gay Stereotypes
................................................... 150
C Stereotypes i the Asylum Process ......................... ...............
153
IV IMPROVING SEXUAL ORIENTATION ASYLUM
DECISIONS ................. 157
V C ONCLUSION
.................................................................................... 160
I. INTRODUCTION
Asylum seekers who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender
(LGBT) come to the United States to escape persecution
including police
abuse, harsh penalties (including death) for consensual sex,
* Associate Managing Editor, American University Law
Review, Volume 55; J.D.
29. candidate 2006, American University, Washington College of
Law; M.A. 1995, University of
Oregon; B.A. 1989, Sheffield University, England. I would like
to thank the National Lesbian &
Gay Law Association for honoring this Article with First Place
in the 2005 Michael Greenburg
Student Writing Competition and the staff of the Tulane Journal
of Law and Sexuality for
continuing their work despite personal and institutional
problems caused by Hurricane Katrina.
Thanks also go to Professor Darren Hutchinson for his guidance
during the writing of an earlier
version of this Article as a research paper for his Critical Race
Theory seminar. Special thanks go
to Christopher Nugent, Esq., of Holland & Knight L.L.P., for
his expert review and helpful
comments and his tireless advocacy on behalf of LGBT and
HIV-positive immigrants. Finally, I
would especially like to thank my friend "Mohammad" for his
permission to tell his story; my
sincere best wishes to him as he starts his new life in the United
States.
135
LA W& SEXUALITY
incarceration, drug or electroshock "treatments," and
government
inaction to prevent antigay violence.' Once they arrive, they
have to
convince an immigration official that they are homosexual and
that the
persecution they suffered or fear suffering in their home
30. countries was
because of their sexual orientation.2 However, it is not good
enough for
an asylum applicant simply to be attracted to people of the same
sex; the
applicant must be "gay enough" for the government to find that
they
have met their burden of proof.' This often means that
applicants must
mold aspects of their life and identity to fit U.S. norms and
expectations
of what it means to be LGBT.
The experiences of LGBT asylum seekers illustrate that socially
constructed identity categories are especially malleable at the
literal and
figurative borders that asylum seekers cross during the
immigration
process.' Because the process by which immigrants adopt (or are
assigned) racial and sexual identities as Americans exposes the
dynamics
of racial formation and diversity, Robert Chang has urged other
scholars
to include immigrant experiences in their analyses of U.S.
communities
of color.' Yet, few queer theory scholars include a race
perspective,' few
immigration scholars work from a Critical Race Theory (CRT)
perspective,7 and few CRT scholars include the empirical
experiences of
1. See Suzanne B. Goldberg, Give Me Liberty or Give Me
Death: Political Asylum and
the Global Pemecution of Lesbians and Gay Men, 26 CORNELL
INT'L L.J. 605, 605-06 (1993)
(describing persecution of LGBT individuals around the world).
31. 2. Robert C. Leitner, Comment, A Flawed System Exposed- The
Immigration
Adjudicatory System andAsylum for Sexual Minoities, 58 U.
MAMi L. REv. 679, 687-88 (2004).
3. See, e.g., Fadi Hanna, Case Comment, In re Soto Vega:
Punising Masculiniy in
Gay Asylum Claims, 114 YALE L.J. 913, 913 (2005) (arguing
that a homosexual asylum seeker
increasingly needs to prove he is "gay enough" to win
protection from a U.S. court); Stephanie
Francis Ward, How Gay Must GayBe? Court Is Asked 45 A.B.A.
J. E-REP. (Nov. 12, 2004), at 5
(asking "how gay is gay enough" in the case of Jorge Soto
Vega, a Mexican national seeking
asylum on the basis of sexual orientation, which was then on
appeal to the United States Court of
Appeals for the Ninth Circuit).
4. See generally ROBERT S. CHANG, Centering the Immigrant
in the Inter/National
Imagination, in DISORIENTED: ASIAN AMERICANs, LAw,
AND THE NATION-STATE 27 (1999)
(exploring the relationship between the immigrant and the
United States in light of politics and
economics).
5. See id
6. But see, e.g., Francisco Valdes, Sex and Race in Queer Legal
Culture.' Ruminations
on Identities and Interconnectivities, 5 S. CAL. REv. L. &
WOMEN'S STuD. 25, 26 (1995)
(addressing intersections of race and sex in "nascent Queer
legal culture").
32. 7. See Kevin R. Johnson, Race Matters: Immigration Law and
Policy Scholarship, Law
in the Ivory Tower, and the Legal Indiference of the Race
Critique, 2000 U. ILL. L. REv. 525, 527-
29 (critiquing doctrinal analyses in immigration laws); Stephen
Shie-Wei Fan, Immgration Law
and the Promise of Critical Race Theory: Opening the Academy
to the Voices of Aliens and
Immigrants, 97 COLUM. L. REv. 1202, 1204 (1997) (arguing
that immigration scholarship would
benefit from embracing CRT methods of analyzing systemic
discrimination and including
narratives of immigrants themselves).
[Vol. 15
SEXUAL ORIENTA TION A S YL UM CA SES
LGBT immigrants in their multidimensional analyses.8 This
Article
begins this theoretical work by drawing on CRT literature and
extending
theories of multidimensionality and transparency to the
immigration
context.
This Article argues that the facially neutral asylum process
conceals
the fact that immigration officials and judges make decisi ons
based on
racialized sexual stereotypes and culturally specific notions of
homosexuality, thus discriminating against those who do not
conform.
33. Part II describes the asylum process to expose the challenges
that
applicants face in "proving" their homosexuality in a system
grounded in
racism and homophobia. Part III draws on theories of
multidimen-
sionality and unconscious bias in order to show how the
intersection of
racialized sexual stereotypes and essentialist gay stereotypes
affects the
likelihood of success of applicants for sexual orientation
asylum. Part IV
draws on theories of transparency to suggest ways in which the
immigration system could uncover and de-emphasize the white
norms
employed in asylum decisions in order to minimize
discrimination
against those who do not conform to stereotypical expectations
of
homosexual identity. The Article concludes by suggesting that
the
current system discriminates against asylum applicants who do
not
conform to racialized sexual stereotypes and behavioral white
gay norms,
and that the government could improve the system with cross-
cultural
sexuality training and procedures to make discriminatory
assumptions
transparent.
II. BACKGROUND
This Part provides an overview of the racist and homophobic
historical context in which the sexual orientation asylum
process arose.
34. It describes the requirements for asylum and the general
characteristics
of the applicants, noting the general invisibility of lesbians in
the process.
Finally, this Part details the story of Mohammad, an Iranian gay
man
attempting to gain asylum, and illustrates the way in which the
system
fails to provide safety to those who need it.
8. But see, e.g., Elvia R. Arriola, Queering the PaintedLadies:
Gender, Race, Class, and
Sexual Identity at the Mexican Border M the Case of Two
Paulas, 1 SEATTLE J. FOR SOC. JUST. 679,
679-84 (2003) (discussing the social factors impacting the lives
of a gay Latino cross-dresser in
Mexico and a white transgender female in the United States).
2006]
LA W& SEXUALITY
A. Racism and Homophobia in the Immigration Process
Many commentators have noted that the history of immigration
in
the United States is one of racism and white supremacy.' Prior
to 1952,
naturalization laws often excluded "nonwhites" from
citizenship, while
encouraging immigration when it served the nation's economic
needs.'"
For example, African-Americans, originally brought to the
United States
35. as slaves to serve the economic needs of white colonizers,
gained full
citizenship rights only with the ratification of the Fourteenth
Amendment
in 1868." Similarly, Asian immigrants gained rights to
citizenship in
1943, after more than half a century of immigration for
economic
purposes.'2 More recently, the government has conducted
immigration
sweeps of thousands of Muslim, Arab, and South Asian
immigrants as
presumptive terrorists and has used these sweeps to deport
immigrants
for minor immigration regulations that usually go unenforced.
"3
Although most immigration laws are now facially race-neutral,
racism
still has a pervasive impact on who becomes an immigrant.
Queer theory scholars have discussed the homophobic legacy of
an
immigration system that prevented homosexuals (or those
perceived as
homosexuals) from entering the United States." Until 1990, U.S.
immigration laws barred homosexuals as "sexual deviants,"
using an
outdated and abandoned psychological classification of
homosexuality as
a mental disorder." The same year that the government lifted the
9. See, e.g., Richard A. Boswell, Racism and US. Immigration
Law: Prospects for
Reform After "9-11?'; 7 J. GENDER RACE & JUST. 315, 317-
32 (2003) (describing the
discriminatory racial impact of immigration policies including
36. slavery, Chinese exclusion,
national origin quotas, and 9-11 backlash).
10. See generally LAN F. HANEY LOPEZ, WHITE By LAW:
THE LEGAL CONSTRUCTION OF
RACE (1996) (discussing how the government has defined and
redefined the socially constructed
category of "white" to restrict immigration and establish racial
divisions).
11. See U.S. CONST. amend. XIV, § 1 ("All persons born or
naturalized in the United
States ... are citizens of the United States and of the State
wherein they reside."); LOPEZ, supra
note 10, at 40.
12. See Chinese Exclusion Act, ch. 126, 22 Stat. 58 (1882),
repealed byAct of Dec. 17,
1943, ch. 344, § 1, 57 Stat. 600; LOPEZ, supra note 10, at 37-
38.
13. See Muneer I. Ahmad, A Rage Shared By Law: Post-
September 11 Racial Violence
as Crimes of Passion, 92 CAL. L. REv. 1259, 1267-70 (2004)
(discussing racist government
profiling after September 11).
14. See, e.g., NAN D. HUNTER ET AL., THE RIGHTS OF
LESBIANS, GAY MEN, BISEXUALS,
AND TRANSGENDER PEOPLE 61-69 (4th ed. 2004)
(describing historical and current immigration
regulations that affect LGBT noncitizens).
15. See Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments, Pub. L.
No. 89-236, § 15, 79 Stat.
911, 919 (1965) (repealed by Immigration Act of 1990, Pub. L.
37. No. 101-649, § 601, 104 Stat.
4978, 5067-77 (1990)); see also Jin S. Park, Comment, Pink
Asylum: PoliticalAsylum Eligibility
of Gay Men and Lesbians Under US. Immgration Policy, 42
UCLA L. REv. 1115, 1118-19
[Vol. 15
SEXUAL ORIENTA TIONASYL UM CASES
homosexual ban, the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA)
granted a man
withholding of deportation based on his persecution by the
Cuban
government for his membership in a particular social group,
namely
homosexuals. 6 Attorney General Reno designated the opinion
precedential four years later, thus establishing a well -founded
fear of
persecution on account of sexual orientation as a valid basis for
claiming
asylum. " However, this seemingly progressive policy belies the
government's ambivalence toward LGBT asylum seekers.
The sexual orientation asylum policy came almost a decade
before
the United States Supreme Court ruled that states could no
longer
criminalize consensual homosexual sex.'" Thus, for a decade the
government could still use proof of homosexual activity as
evidence of
criminal activity and moral unfitness, a reason to bar entry to
the United
States and a basis for denial of citizenship.'9 Today, despite
38. facial
improvements to an overtly homophobic system, the
immigration
process still contains remnants of antigay bias.2" Sexual
orientation
asylum arose out of this racist and homophobic system, and the
manner
in which applicants must prove their fitness for asylum
illustrates the
unconsciously discriminatory nature of the system.
B. The Asylum Process
In 1951, the United Nations opened for signature the United
Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees to
provide
protection for war refugees.2' Future refugees were included in
the
redrafted 1967 United Nations Protocol Relating to the Status of
(1995) (noting that immigration regulations barred homosexuals
as "mentally defective" from
1917-52, then as "sexual deviants" until 1990).
16. See In reToboso-Alfonso, 20 1. & N. Dec. 819, 820-23
(B.I.A. 1990).
17. SeeAtt'y Gen. Order No. 1895-94 (June 19, 1994), reported
at 71 No. 25 Interpreter
Releases 859, 860 (July 1, 1994) (designating as precedential In
reToboso-Alfonso).
18. See Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558, 578 (2003)
(overruling Bowers v. Hardwick,
478 U.S. 186, 190-96 (1986), which held that states could
criminalize homosexual sex).
39. 19. See, e.g., 8 U.S.C.A. § 1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(I) (2005) (barring
individuals convicted of a
"crime of moral turpitude"); § 1427(d) (requiring applicants for
naturalization to have "good
moral character").
20. See, e.g., id. § 1 182(a)(1)(A)(i) (barring entry to the United
States for individuals who
are HIV-positive unless they have a valid waiver); Uniting
American Families Act, S. 1278, 109th
Cong. (2005) (attempting to remedy current discriminatory
immigration laws that bar
sponsorship of same-sex partners under family immigration
provisions available to opposite-sex
spouses).
21. See MIDWEST HUMAN RIGHTS P'SHIP FOR SEXUAL
ORIENTATION & LESBIAN & GAY
IMMIGRATION RIGHTS TASK FORCE, PREPARING
SEXUAL ORIENTATION-BASED ASYLUM CLAIMS: A
HANDBOOK FOR ADVOCATES AND ASYLUM SEEKERS,
pt. I, at 10 & n.2 (2d ed. 2000), http://www.
immigrationequality.org/uploadedfiles/handbookpartl.pdf
[hereinafter HANDBOOK]; 19 U.S.T.
6223, 189 U.N.T.S. 150 (1951).
2006] 139
LAW & SEXUALITY
Refugees.22 The United States acceded to the Protocol in 1967,
but
Congress did not enact its own Refugee Act until 1980.23 The
40. U.S.
government codified the Protocol such that an applicant for
asylum:
(1) must have "a well-founded fear of persecution;" (2) the fear
must be
based on past persecution or the risk of future persecution; (3)
the
persecution must be "on account of race, religion, nationality,
membership in a particular social group, or political opinion";
and (4) the
persecutor must be the government or someone whom the
government is
unwilling or unable to control.24 Subsequent case law has found
that the
category "particular social group" includes homosexuals.25
The applicant bears the burden of proof to establish an asylum
claim. 26 A successful sexual orientation asylum claim
therefore depends
on establishing two primary elements. First, asylum applicants
must
have suffered persecution because of affiliation with a
"particular social
group" whose members possess "common, immutable
characteristic[s]"
fundamental to their identity.2 The sexual orientation asylum
applicant
must establish "a well-founded fear of persecution.., because of
his [or]
her membership" in the "particular social group" of
homosexuals.28
Second, asylum applicants must demonstrate a fear of
persecution on the
basis of their identity and establish a nexus between the
persecution and
41. their group membership. 29 Thus, the sexual orientation asylum
applicant
must explain the basis of his or her fear with personal testimony
and
supporting evidence that proves he or she is homosexual and
that he or
she was persecuted on account of that homosexuality.
Immigration advocates have articulated the problems that sexual
orientation asylum applicants are likely to experience when they
not only
22. See HANDBOOK, supra note 21, pt. I, at 10; 19 U.S.T.
6223, 606 U.N.T.S. 267 (1967).
23. See HANDBOOK, supra note 21, pt. I, at 10 (noting that the
definition of refugee
applies to those with a "well founded fear of being persecuted
for reasons of race, religion,
nationality, membership of a particular social group or political
opinion").
24. 8 U.S.C.A. § 1101(a)(42) (2005) (describing the
requirements for refugee status,
which are equivalent to those of an asylum seeker).
25. See In re'Toboso-Alfonso, 20 I. & N. Dec. 819, 822-23
(B.I.A. 1990) (granting
withholding of deportation on the basis of government
persecution of the applicant for his
homosexuality).
26. See 8 C.ER. § 208.13(a) (2005) (requiring that an asylum
applicant "establish that he
or she is a refugee as defined in section 101(a)(42) of the
42. [Immigration and Naturalization] Act").
27. In Te Acosta, 19 I. & N. Dec. 211, 233 (B.I.A. 1985)
(noting that "[t]he shared
characteristic might be an innate one such as sex, color, or
kinship ties or ... a shared past
experience such as former military leadership").
28. HANDBOOK, supra note 21, pt. I, at 11-12 (noting that all
applicants must clearly
describe their homosexual identity).
29. See id at 12.
30. See id. (noting that an applicant should tell the truth about
the reasons for fear of
persecution because credibility of testimony is key to a
successful asylum case).
[Vol. 15
SEXUAL ORIENTA TION AS YL UM CASES
have to disclose, but also affirmatively have to prove to
immigration
officials that they are "gay enough" to deserve sanctuary in the
United
States.' It is likely that the stress or trauma of remembering and
reliving
the persecution will affect an applicant's memory, testimony,
and
demeanor. 2 The applicant may not believe such personal
information is
relevant in an official proceeding, or they may fear telling a
43. person in
authority about their sexual orientation because they fear
adverse
reactions.33 Applicants may also fear rejection or isolation
from their
newly adopted immigrant communities, particularly if that
community is
from a country hostile to homosexuality. 4 While an applicant's
testimony, "if credible, may be sufficient to sustain the burden
of proof
without corroboration[J" 35 individual experiences indicate that
it is
unlikely that the trier of fact will find the applicant's testimony
credible
without some supporting evidence. 6 Unfortunately, applicants
may have
difficulty locating supplementary documentation on conditions
in their
country because of the social invisibility of LGBT individuals
due to the
dangers of being open about one's sexual orientation or because
of
government censorship." Thus, establishing "gayness" often
depends
upon a discretionary credibility determination by an
immigration official.
C Charactelistics ofAsylum Applicants
The United States Citizenship and Immigration Service
(USCIS),
formerly the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS),
does not
break down its general asylum statistics according to the basis
of the
claim, so there are no official statistics available to indicate the
44. number
31. See id at 14.
32. See id. at 14-15 (advising attorneys to adopt a "client-
centered" approach with sexual
orientation asylum applicants).
33. See id at 15-16 (discussing the attorney's role in conveying
to the client the
importance of sharing all relevant information relating to their
sexual orientation claim); see also
John Leland, Gays Seeking Asylum Find Familiar Prejudices in
US., N.Y TIMEs, Aug. 1,2001, at
A10 (describing the fears of a Brazilian asylum applicant that
the asylum officer would tell him
that "fags must die,' or would ask him if he was ashamed of his
homosexuality).
34. See HANDBOOK, supm note 21, pt. II, at 120,
http://www.immigrationequality.org/
uploadedfiles/handbookpart2.pdf (noting that applicants may
fear reprisal from family, friends, or
government representatives); see also Leland, supra note 33, at
A10 (describing how a lesbian
applicant from Lebanon stated that she lived in constant fear
that her Arab-American co-workers
and neighbors would discover her sexual orientation and subject
her to the same persecution she
had suffered in Beirut).
35. 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(a) (2005).
36. See infa Part H.D (describing the experiences of
Mohammad, an Iranian gay man).
37. See HANDBOOK, supra note 21, pt. II, at 117-18
(providing tips on how to locate
45. documentary evidence for a sexual orientation asylum case).
2006]
LA W& SEXUALITY [Vol. 15
of sexual orientation asylum claims filed or approved.38
However, it does
make available some general information about the
characteristics of
asylum seekers. For example, in 2004, USCIS received over
27,500
asylum applications, including 3,629 from Europe, 5,512 from
Asia,
7,020 from Africa, and 11,022 from the Americas.39 These
figures
included 3,543 from Haiti, 2,839 individuals from China, 2,452
from
Colombia, 1,418 from Venezuela, 1,189 from Cameroon, and
over 1,400
from Mexico. ° It is impossible to know whether the countries
of origin
hold constant for sexual orientation asylum cases, but
comparisons to
Canada indicate a similar national origin breakdown.4 Thus, it
is likely
that a large proportion of sexual orientation asylum applicants
are
persons of color.
According to 2003 statistics, male applicants filed sixty-two
percent
of the new asylum claims. The lack of a data breakdown by
46. gender
specific to sexual orientation asylum claims makes it impossible
to
estimate the number of women who apply for asylum on that
basis;
however, it is likely that male applicants outnumber female
applicants by
38. One estimate indicates that over the five year period from
1994 to 1999, which spans
the inclusion of homosexuals as a "particular social group," the
Attorney General "granted
asylum to about 300 gays and lesbians." Denise C. Hammond,
Immigmtion and Sexual
Orientation: Developing Standards, Options, and Obstacles, 77
No. 4 Interpreter Releases 113,
118 (Jan. 24, 2000).
39. See OFFICE OF IMMIGRATION STATISTICS, DEP'T OF
HOMELAND SEC., 2004 YEARBOOK
OF IMMIGRATION STATISTICS 55-57, tbl. 18 (2005),
http://uscis.gov/graphics/shared/statistics/
yearbook/Yearbook2004.htm [hereinafter YEARBOOK 2004]
(itemizing asylum claims filed by
country of origin). Data for other years appears consistent,
although they indicate a dramatic
drop in the total number of asylum applications filed in the
United States. For example, in 2003,
USCIS received over 42,000 asylum applications, including
4569 from Europe, 11,578 from
Asia, 9342 from Africa, and 16,083 from the Americas. See
OFFICE OF IMMIGRATION STATISTICS,
DEP'T OF HOMELAND SEC., 2003 YEARBOOK OF
IMMIGRATION STATISTICS 60-62, tbl.18 (2004),
http://uscis.gov/graphics/shared/statistics/yearbook/2003/2003Y
earbook.pdf [hereinafter YEARBOOK
47. 2003] (itemizing asylum claims filed by country of origin).
These figures included 4750
individuals from China, 4547 from Colombia, 3846 from
Mexico, and 3276 from Haiti. See id
at 46 (noting that claims from Indonesia, Guatemala, and
Venezuela had grown the most during
2003).
40. See YEARBOOK 2004, supra note 39, tbl. 18 (failing to
provide accurate total
application figures for Mexico). Adding numbers for Mexican
asylum seekers in the table,
including 52 applicants granted asylum and 1128 referred to an
immigration judge past filing
deadline, provides an estimation of upwards of 1400
applications from Mexico. See id
41. Canada's statistics for sexual orientation asylum clai ms
indicate that the largest
"source country" is Pakistan, followed by Mexico, Colombia,
and China. See Marina Jimenez,
Gay Refugee Claimants Seeking Haven in Canada: Bogus
Applications Partly Account for
Surging Number, Refugee Experts Say, GLOBE & MAIL
(Toronto), Apr. 24, 2004, at A7 (reporting
that in the previous three years, 2500 applicants from seventy-
five countries sought asylum on the
basis of sexual orientation).
42. See YEARBOOK 2003, supra note 39, at 46 (noting also
that the median age of
applicants was thirty-three years). A comparable gender
breakdown for 2004 was not available as
of March 2006.
48. SEXUAL ORIENTA TION AS YL UM CASES
a considerable margin.43 The fact that the landmark cases in the
area of
sexual orientation asylum law deal with male applicants appears
to
bolster this assertion." In addition, research uncovered only
three
successful lesbian asylum cases, all of which were granted at
least seven
years after the first successful male claim. The INS granted
sexual
orientation asylum in 1999 to a Mexican lesbian whose father
tried to kill
her after the police raided her lesbian feminist group's office
and
threatened her with arrest." Two years previously, in 1997, the
BIA
granted asylum to a Russian lesbian who had been
institutionalized and
subjected to "curative" drug treatments by her own government;
the BIA
decision followed a reversal by the United States Court of
Appeals for the
Ninth Circuit of the BIAs denial of her petition for review.46
Both of
these cases dealt with women who identified openly and
politically as
lesbians, so neither case dealt with constructions of sexual
identity in the
same ways as the leading male cases do. The third case in 1997
concerned an Iranian woman, who "was in a secret lesbian
relationship"
when the Iranian Revolutionary Committee "detained and
brutally
49. beat[]" her.4 This lesbian invisibility in the asylum context
parallels the
43. I base this assertion on available case law as well as on
conversations with Chris
Nugent, Community Services Team Administrator for Holland
& Knight L.L.P, a national expert
on sexual orientation asylum claims, and a member of the board
of Immigration Equality, who
both represents clients and maintains a listserv to distribute
sexual orientation asylum information
and cases. See Holland & Knight, Holland & Knight Lawyer
Wins Daniel Levy Memorial Award
for Outstanding Achievement in Immigration Law (June 9,
2004), http://www.hklaw.com/
Publications/Other Publication.asp?ArticlelD-2569.
44. See, e.g., Hernandez-Montiel v. INS, 225 E3d 1084, 1095 &
n.7 (9th Cir. 2000)
(overturning the BIAs denial of asylum for a Mexican "gay man
with female sexual identity"); In
re Ten6rio, No. A72-093-558, at 11 (I.J. July 26, 1993)
(granting asylum to a Brazilian gay male
subjected to physical violence);In re Toboso-Alfonso, 20 1. &
N. Dec. 819, 820-23 (B.I.A. 1990)
(granting withholding of deportation to a Cuban gay man
persecuted on account of his sexual
orientation).
45. See Lesbian & Gay Immigration Rights Task Force,
Mexican Lesbian First To Be
Granted Asylum in US.: Jacque Larminzer Finds Solace in
Helping Others, STATUS REP., Fall
1999, at 6 (describing the facts of Larrainzer's case and noting
that she was the first lesbian from
Mexico to gain asylum). The article does not state when the
50. government first granted a lesbian
asylum and, significantly, I have been unable to find that
information in any other article written
on the topic.
46. See Pitcherskaia v. INS, 118 E3d 641, 646-48 (9th Cir.
1997) (holding that the BIAs
requirement that an applicant prove subjective intent to punish
was unjustified and that, under
Ninth Circuit precedent, aversion therapy constituted
persecution even if it was intended to "cure"
the applicant); see also Kristie Bowerman, Note, Pitcherskaia v.
I.N.S.: The Ninth Circuit
Attempts To Cure the Definition of Persecution, 7 TUL. J. L. &
SEXUALITY 101, 101-06 (1997)
(discussing the procedural history and precedent of the case).
47. Victoria Neilson, Homosexual or Female? Applying Gender -
Based Asylum
Jurisprudence to Lesbian Asylum Claims, 16 STAN. L. & PoL'Y
REv. 417, 431 (2005) (noting that
a significant factor in the success of the woman's asylum
application was the fact that her
2006]
LA W& SEXUALITY [Vol. 15
general exclusion of lesbians, particularly lesbians of color,
from
consideration in legal scholarship and practice. Sadly,
uncovering the
way in which the asylum process views lesbian identity would
require a
51. significant investigative effort that is beyond the scope of this
Article."
Thus, much of this Article discusses only racial constructions of
gayness,
or male homosexuality, deferring discussion of lesbian issues
for another
time.
D Not Gay Enough for the Govemment. The Case of
"Mohammad"
Mohammad was born and raised in Iran." He is in his late
twenties
and has known of his sexual attraction to other men for at least
a
decade." Around the age of twenty-one, Mohammad was
sexually
abused repeatedly by a male guard in the Basiji, a paramilitary
volunteer
force of the Iranian government that enforces religious law."
The guard
threatened to expose Mohammad as a homosexual if he told
anyone
about the abuse. 3 Mohammad suffered in silence because of the
stigma
"hidden, private behavior came to the attention of the
authorities who then brutally mistreated
her").
48. See, e.g., Berta Esperanza HernAndez-Truyol, Latinas-
Everywhere Alien: Cdture,
Gender, andSex, in CRincAL RACE FEMINISM: A READER
57, 66 (Adrien Katherine Wing ed., 2d
ed. 2003) (arguing that "[tjhe combination of otherness has
rendered Latina lesbians multiply
52. invisible and virtually nonexistent; they have existed at the
margins of the margins").
49. Victoria Neilson of Immigration Equality has written one of
the few articles to
concentrate on lesbians who seek asylum based on their sexual
orientation and discusses the
barriers lesbians must overcome to succeed under current
asylum jurisprudence. See generally
Neilson, supra note 47, at 425-36 (discussing how the
persecution that lesbians face often occurs
in the private sphere and comparing the challenges applicants
face in proving lesbian asylum
claims to those faced in proving gender-based asylum claims).
In recognition of the different
issues existing between gay men and lesbians seeking asylum,
the International Gay and Lesbian
Human Rights Commission has produced a "thematic packet" on
lesbian issues. See INT'L GAY
& LESBIAN HUMAN RIGHTS COMM'N, ASYLUM
DOCUMENTATiON PROGRAM, ADP COUNTRY FACT
SHEET 4 (2004),
http://www.iglhrc.org/files/iglhrc/ADP%20Country%2OFact/2O
Sheet.pdf
(listing three thematic packets-Transgender Issues, Islamic
World, and Lesbian Issues-among
almost 150 country-specific asylum packets).
50. This is one of several pseudonyms the asylum-seeker has
chosen to use in public
interviews about his immigration situation. I am telling this
story with the permission of
"Mohammad" and his lawyer, using publicly available
interviews in the sources cited and details
from personal conversations. See, e.g., Mike Hudson, Escaping
Abuse Overseas: Gay Men from
53. Conservative Countries Are Winning the Right to Asylum in the
United States, ADVOCATE, May
24, 2005, at 36-39 (discussing the immigration situation of
"Mohammad"); Human Rights
Show-Torture Survivors (KPFT Pacifica radio broadcast July
21, 2004) (on file with author)
(interviewing "Aiden" about his persecution in Iran); Bryan
Anderton, Gay bIanian Faces
Deportation Judge Denies Asylum Afler Seeking Proof, WASH.
BLADE, Dec. 12, 2003,
http://washblade.com/print.cfm?contentid=1752 (last visited
Mar. 18, 2006) (describing the
immigration system's treatment of"Aiden").
51. Interview with Mohammad, in Washington, D.C., (2004).
52. See id
53. See id
SEXUAL ORIENTA TIONASYL UM CASES
and harsh punishment associated with being gay in Iran.' When
he
finally escaped the harassment and abuse, the guard made good
on his
threat and filed criminal charges, accusing Mohammad of being
a
homosexual, which is a crime punishable by death." The
government
investigated the charges, searched Mohammad's house, and told
Mohammad's family that he was a homosexual. 56 As a result,
Mohammad's father beat him and threw him out of the home,
and his
family disowned him.57
54. Shortly thereafter, on a Web site for gay Iranians, Mohammad
met
and fell in love with an Iranian-American man and came to the
United
States to be with him. 8 After his arrival, Mohammad applied
for asylum
based on his sexual orientation and his fear of government
persecution if
he returned to Iran. 9 Filing for asylum was not an easy choice
for
Mohammad; he is a reserved and private person who, for good
reason,
does not trust strangers with personal details of his life.' He was
afraid
that he would experience similar social and governmental
retaliation for
revealing his homosexuality in the United States as he had in
Iran." But
Mohammad was searching for permanent freedom and safety, so
he
applied for asylum based on his sexual orientation."
At Mohammad's asylum interview, the immigration officer
listened
to Mohammad's story and then asked him how she was supposed
to
believe he was gay when he was "not feminine in any way." 3
She
referred his case to the immigration court, and Mohammad
submitted
affidavits from friends and his partner of one year to prove to
the
immigration judge that he was indeed a homosexual. ' The judge
54. See id.
55. See Human Rghts Show, supm note 50; Navid Afshar, Death
55. Is How Iran Deals with
Gay Men, HOUSTON VOICE, July 30, 2004,
http://www.houstonvoice.com/print.cfm?contentid
=
1369 (noting that the punishment for homosexuality is death for
men and one hundred lashes for
women).
56. See Human Rights Show, supm note 50.
57. See id.
58. SeeAnderton, supra note 50.
59. See id.
60. See Interview with Mohammad, supra note 51.
61. See id.
62. See id
63. Anderton, supra note 50; see also U.S. CITIZENSHIP &
IMMIGRATION SERVS.,
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT ASYLUM, at
http://uscis.gov/graphics/services/asylum/
faq.htm (last modified Jan. 21, 2006) [hereinafter
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS] (explaining
that an asylum officer will review the application, information
on country conditions, and
evaluate the applicant's testimony).
64. See Anderton, supra note 50; FREQUENTLY ASKED
QUESTIONS, supra note 63 (noting
that an asylum officer will refer an applicant's case to an
immigration court to review de novo
when she is unable to approve the application and the applicant
is not in valid status).
56. 2006]
LA W& SEXUALITY
reviewed the information afresh, and asked Mohammad and his
partner
many questions about their relationship, but ultimately denied
Mohammad's application. " One problem appeared to be that
Mohammad and his partner lived together, but had concealed
the nature
of their relationship from his partner's family under the guise of
being
"roommates."66 The judge reasoned that Mohammad was able
to hide his
sexual orientation well enough to pass as a heterosexual;
therefore, upon
returning to Iran he could do the same and not have any further
problems." Mohammad appealed to the BIA, including letters of
support
from the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees and HOMAN, a
gay
Iranian group. 6 Unfortunately, the Board affirmed the
immigration
judge's decision without opinion and ordered Mohammad
deported. In
the face of concrete evidence to the contrary, the government
upheld a
decision that assumed Mohammad's ability to "pass" in the
United States
as a heterosexual was transferable to Iran, despite the high
degree of risk
to his life that would occur should he fail to convince even one
person
with his deception."
57. Mohammad received a "bag and baggage" letter from the
government to report for deportation to Iran, where he honestly
expected
to be arrested and killed for his homosexuality.7' Attorneys with
the Gay,
Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Workgroup of Holland &
Knight,
L.L.P., who specialize in sexual orientation asylum cases, took
Mohammad's case pro bono and appealed to the government to
reopen
the case to consider new evidence." Mohammad waited for a
decision
on his asylum claim for more than a year; his lawyer had
negotiated with
the government not to detain him during the pendancy of the
motion to
reopen. 3 On the advice of his lawyer, Mohammad marshalled
evidence,
including a psychological evaluation and affidavits from gay
65. See Anderton, supra note 50.
66. See id
67. See id. One commentator has noted that such visibility
requirements are inconsistent
with the fear-based standard of asylum because the act of
concealing one's homosexuality is itself
evidence of fear of persecution on the basis of sexual
orientation. See Hanna, supma note 3, at
917-18 (criticizing the government's apparent rewarding of
"reverse covering" where gays are
asked to "perform according to stereotype" in sexual orientation
asylum claims).
68. SeeAnderton, supra note 50.
58. 69. See id
70. See id.
71. See Press Release, Holland & Knight Lawyers Secure
Asylum Relief for Persecuted
Iranian Gay Man (Dec. 14, 2004),
http://www.hkiaw.com/Publications/OtherPublication.asp?
ArticleID=2814 (discussing the case of "Mohammed").
72. See id
73. Mohammad recently learned that the immigration judge
approved his application,
after the government dropped all objections. See id.
[Vol. 15
SEXUAL ORIENTA TIONASYL UM CASES
organizations, friends, and his boyfriend, to satisfy the concerns
of the
Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the immigration
judge
regarding the authenticity of his sexual identity." His lawyer's
advice
comports with Professor Muneer Ahmad's assertion that those
who are
successful in their claims are likely those who employ a
narrative that
"resonate[s] with the values, beliefs and assumptions of' the
judge by
"draw[ing] upon prevailing norms and beliefs, no matter how
problematic they may be."75 Thus, because Mohammad had to
provide
59. proof comporting with judicial stereotypes of what it means to
be gay, his
membership in gay organizations, subscriptions to gay
publications, and
participation in gay pride parades may have increased his
chances of
gaining asylum in the United States based on his sexual
orientation more
than his personal testimony concerning who he is and what he
had
endured.
III. UNCOVERING BIAS IN SEXUAL ORIENTATION
ASYLUM DECISIONS
Charles Lawrence has described the impact in legal decisions of
"unconscious racism," that is, racism that is not overt but which
results
from those "ideas, attitudes, and beliefs that attach significance
to an
individual's race and induce negative feelings and opinions
about
nonwhites." 6 Regardless of whether it is intentional or
unconscious, the
injury of racial discrimination is the same.77 Transmission of
cultural
stereotypes is "[a] crucial factor in the process that produces
unconscious
racism." " Therefore, the best way to uncover evidence of a
discriminatory act is to look for the "cultural meaning" of that
act.
9
Similarly, interrogating the cultural meanings of facially neutral
evidentiary requirements helps to uncover the unconscious bias
60. inherent
in sexual orientation asylum judicial decisions. Professor
Darren
Hutchinson has noted that "a structural analysis of judicial bias
[will]
74. See Interview with Mohammad, supra note 51.
75. Muneer I. Ahmad, The Ethics of Narrative, 11 AM. U. J.
GENDER SOC. Pot'v & L. 117,
122 (2002) (discussing the strategic decisions that lawyers make
about employing problematic
stereotypes in legal storytelling).
76. Charles R. Lawrence III, The I the Ego, and Equal
Protection: Reckoning With
Unconscious Racism, 39 STAN. L. RE. 317,322 (1987)
(describing the current impact of a shared
history and culture of American racism).
77. See id. at 319 (criticizing the requirement of intent to
discriminate in equal protection
jurisprudence as setting up a false dichotomy that assumes
intentional discrimination is somehow
worse than unconscious discrimination).
78. Id. at 343 (positing that a person exposed to media
stereotypes of black people would
internalize the stereotypes and employ them unconsciously in
everyday decision-making).
79. Id at 324 (noting that even though it is impossible to see the
collective unconscious,
evidence can be found).
2006]
61. LA W& SEXUALITY
lead to a richer understanding of subordination by uncovering
the subtle,
hidden, and ideological roots and manifestations of
oppression."" Judges
likely share the same biases as the general public, and thus, the
legal
system furthers systems of subjugation found more broadly in
society.8'
Thus, the following sections explore the cultural implications of
what it
means to be "gay enough for the government" to uncover two
intertwined, unconscious biases employed in asylum decisions:
racialized sexual stereotypes and white-specific gay stereotypes.
A. Racial Stereotypes and Essenalism
Critical Race Theory (CRT) scholars have exposed the entrench-
ment of racism in the legal system and have attempted to
articulate ways
in which it can be challenged.82 A key feature of CRT writings
is the
balancing of a critique of "race" as a socially constructed and
malleable
falsehood with the fact that racism is concrete and causes
tangible
suffering for individuals. 3 Early CRT scholars focused only on
the
impact of race, but the analyses have become more nuanced
over time,
including additional facets of identity. 4 Professor Hutchinson
has
62. written extensively on the interconnection of racism and
homophobia,
advocating a multidimensional approach to challenge racialized
85heterosexist subordination. Such a multidimensional analysis
80. Darren Lenard Hutchinson, Dissecting Axes of
Subordination: The Need for a
Structural Analysis, 11 AM. U. J. GENDER SOC. POL'Y & L.
13, 14-15 (2002) (noting that judicial
bias exists as part of a larger system of multidimensional
domination).
81. See, e.g., Pamela D. Bridgewater & Brenda V Smith,
Homophobia in the Halls of
Justice: Sexual Orientation Bias and its Implications Withi the
Legal System, 11 Am. U. J.
GENDER Soc. P01'Y & L. 1, 5 (2002) (noting that a study i n
Arizona found that LGBT individuals
reported overt and covert discrimination as court participants).
82. See generally CRmcAL RACE THEORY: THE CUTTING
EDGE (Richard Delgado & Jean
Stefancic eds., 2d ed. 2000) (collecting edited versions of CRT
scholarship); CRrcrTAL RACE
THEORY: THE KEY WRITINGS THAT FORMED THE
MOVEMENT (Kimberl Crenshaw et al. eds.,
1995) (compiling early CRT writings).
83. See, e.g., Ian E Haney L6pez, The Social Construction
ofRace: Some Observations
on Illusion, Fabrication, and Choice, 29 HARV. C.R.-C.L. L.
REv. 1, 6-9 (1994) (encouraging CRT
scholars to challenge racism while employing arguments that
race is a social construct).
63. 84. See, e.g., Elvia R. Arriola, Genderedinequality: Lesbians,
Gays, and Feminist Legal
Theory, 9 BERKELEY WOMEN'S L.J. 103, 108 (1994)
(discussing how "multiple intersectionality
... rejects any attempt to analyze" facts of discrimination based
on race, sex, and sexual
orientation separately); Kimberl Crenshaw, Mapping the
Margins: Intersectionality, Identity
Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color, 43 STAN. L.
RE. 1241, 1242-45 (1991)
(discussing intersecting patterns of racism and sexism in the
context of violence against women);
Valdes, supm note 6, at 55 ("Multiplicity highlights the multi -
dimensionality of human identities
while intersectionality additionally critiques systemic failures
to recognize the social and legal
significance of multiplicity.").
85. See, e.g., Darren Lenard Hutchinson, Ignoring the
Sexualization of Race:
Heteronormativ i, Critical Race Theory, and Anti-Racist
Politics, 47 Burr. L. REv. 1, 107-13
[Vol. 15
SEXUAL ORIENTA TIONASYL UM CASES
recognizes that some characteristics privilege while some
subordinate
individuals and that a person's experience of oppression
depends upon
their specific multidimensional location within
the system. 16
64. Multidimensionality exposes the ways in which individuals and
social
structures subjugate individuals on the basis of interlocking
racist, sexist,
and heterosexist stereotypes. 7
In particular, Professor Hutchinson has argued that "white
supremacist culture has assigned a battery of sexual stereotypes
to each
marginalized racial group [in the United States]."
88 This analysis applies
equally well to the international and immigration context. Many
of these
racialized sexual stereotypes arose out of patriarchal and
economic
distinctions of male and female immigrants during different eras
of racist
immigration policy. 9 For example, whites' treatment of
African-
American sexuality as a reproductive commodity during slavery
resulted
in a racist sexual stereotype of African-Americans as
promiscuous and
aggressive." Stereotypes of Asian-American men as asexual,
passive,
and weak, and Asian-American women as docile, servile, and
sexually
submissive arose from early sexist and racist immigration
policies that
encouraged the importation of Asian men to meet society's
economic
needs, but barred the immigration of women, except to serve the
65. sexual
needs of men." Because these sexualized stereotypes are
grounded in
essentialist notions of heterosexuality, they leave no room for
the
existence of an LGBT person of color.92 In fact, there is a
dearth of
conceptual space for stereotypes for LGBT people of color since
"'gay'
(1999) (advocating inclusion of a multidimensional approach to
challenge the heteronormativity
of antiracist theory).
86. See, e.g., Darren Lenard Hutchinson, Identity Cisis:
'Intersectionality"
"Multidimensionality" and the Development of an Adequate
Theory of Subordlnation, 6 MICH. J.
RACE & L. 285, 309-13 (2001) (describing the conceptual and
substantive ways in which
multidimensionality theory extends the reach of
intersectionality theory).
87. Seeid. at 309-16.
88. Hutchinson, supra note 85, at 80 (positing that these
stereotypes have justified
systems of violence and oppression against people of color).
89. See id. at 81-96.
90. See id. at 81-86 (noting the heterosexual nature of racialized
sexual constructs).
91. See id. at 89-96 (discussing sexualized stereotypes fostered
by immigration from
66. cheap male labor in the eighteenth century to modem-day mail
order brides).
92. See, e.g., id at 81 (arguing that the stereotypes "take[] on a
'homosexual' tone" in
LGBT communities); see Darren Lenard Hutchinson, Out Yet
Unseen: A Racial Critique of Gay
and Lesbian Legal Theory and Political Discourse, 29 CoNN. L.
REv. 561, 570 (1997) (arguing
that police could not conceive of the murder of a poor Latino as
having an antigay motive because
of the stereotype of Latin men as macho and therefore
heterosexual).
2006]
LA W& SEXUALITY
stereotypes [often] conflict with 'racial' stereotypes."93 For
example,
stereotypes of Latino masculinity conflict with stereotypes of
gay
effeminacy.94
To uncover the dimensions of subjugation for LGBT
immigrants, it
is necessary to extend these multidimensional analyses beyond
the
borders of the United States to include culturally specific
markers of
identity, and to recognize that the immigration process imbues
those
67. social characteristics with new meanings and priorities as U.S.
society
assimilates "foreign" characteristics to fit pre-existing
categories. Given
that the origins of racialized sexual stereotypes lie in
immigration history,
there is no reason to believe that they stop at the borders of the
United
States. It is more likely that, for example, essentialist racial
stereotypes
of black men as sexually aggressive apply to both African-
American men
and African men, irrespective of cultural differences. Thus, in
the
asylum context, judges are likely to ascribe these characteristics
to
nonwhite asylum seekers and assess their demeanor, a key
element of an
asylum claim, based on unconscious heterosexist sexualized
racist
expectations. In the same way that pervasive sexual stereotypes
"racialize" immigrants upon entry into the United States,
culturally
specific white constructs of sexuality attempt to mold the
various
expressions of sexuality into a gay identity. The following Part
explores
how culturally specific white notions of "gayness" create
additional
evidentiary hurdles for gay asylum seekers.
B. Globalized Gay Stereotypes
Sonia Katyal has similarly challenged the notion of a global gay
identity and has offered an instructive analysis of the
international scope
68. of sexual behavior and identity. Katyal asserts that there are
three models
of homosexuality: (1) the "substitutive" model of gay rights
whereby a
gay identity is inferred from and interchangeable with
homosexual
conduct; (2) the "transformative" model where homosexuality
merges
with transgenderism; and (3) the "additive" model where
homosexual
conduct is "separate from ... sexual identity."5 The first model
mirrors
the gay rights paradigm in the United States and Western
Europe, and a
93. Hutchinson, supm note 85, at 102 (noting that
heteronormativity in antiracism may
reflect the fact that there are fewer stereotypes of LGBT
individuals of color than there are of
heterosexuals of color).
94. See id
95. Sonia Katyal, Exporting Identy, 14 YALE L. & FEMINISM
97, 101-02 (2002) (noting
that laws based on sexual orientation impose a context-specific
relationship of conduct and
identity).
150 [Vol. 15
SEXUAL ORIENTA TION AS YL UM CASES
brief overview of its origins and inherent assumptions will
69. explain the
model's impact on asylum seekers.
Commentators have noted that U.S. gay activists adopted the
"substitutive model" as a necessary strategy following Bowers v
Hardwick, the gay rights case which foreclosed constitutional
protection
on the basis of same-sex sexual behavior.96 In Bowers, the
Supreme
Court legitimized the ability of states to treat homosexuals as
criminals
by virtue of their private conduct, thus forcing activists to
articulate a
right to equality without mentioning sexual behavior." Much
LGBT
litigation activity, until Lawrence v Texas '8 overturned the
Bowers
decision in 2003, employed a "discourse of equivalents"
rhetoric
whereby LGBT activists asserted their rights to equality based
on an
immutable homosexual identity analogous to race.99 CRT
commentators
have criticized the comparative (or substitutive) model of gay
rights
because it ignores the intersection of race and sexual orientation
and
mirrors white norms and values to the exclusion and erasure of
LGBT
people of color.'" Thus, the construction of homosexual identity
as a
basis for asylum arose from a historical context that conflated
homosexual identity with conduct and obscured the
multidimensional
experiences of LGBT people of color.'°'
70. A further problem with the comparative model is that it assumes
that homosexual characteristics carry fixed and clear meanings.
0 2 It
constitutes a form of "gay essentialism" which presumes clarity
of
boundaries between heterosexual and homosexual identity and
requires
96. See 478 U.S. 186, 190-96 (1986); see, e.g., Katyal, supra
note 95, at 102-03 (noting
that this model is limited in the cross-cultural context).
97. See Katyal, supm note 95, at 102-03.
98. See 539 U.S. 558, 578 (2003) (overruling Bowers and
finding that homosexuals have
a liberty interest in conducting personal relationships free from
government interference).
99. Jane S. Schacter, The Gay Civil Rights Debate in the States:
Decoding the Discourse
of Equivalents, 29 HARV. C.R.-C.L. L. REv 283, 285 (1994)
(arguing that comparing the strategy
undermines both the gay rights movement and the larger civil
rights movement).
100. See, e.g., Arriola, supra note 84, at 139-41 (proposing
instead that analysts adopt a
holistic model of equality that recognizes the multidimensional
nature of an individual's identity);
Hutchinson, supra note 92, at 583-84 (describing how analogies
of the LGBT rights movement to
the civil rights movement omit LGBT individuals of color from
either group); Darren Lenard
71. Hutchinson, "Gay Rights" for "Gay Whites"" Race, Sexual
Identity and Equal Protection
Discourse, 85 CORNELL L. REv. 1358, 1360-61 (2000)
(arguing that the approach marginalizes
LGBT people of color and creates a white-normative
construction of LGBT identity that hinders
equality efforts).
101. See Hutchinson, supra note 92, at 619 (arguing that the
politics of gay and lesbian
rights do not include intersecting issues of importance to LGBT
people of color, such as racism,
poverty, and homophobia).
102. See Arriola, supra note 84, at 139-40 (asserting that traits
become more or less
prominent depending on context).
2006]
LA W& SEXUALITY
public expression of private sexual behavior."3 Katyal argues
that the
substitutive model "fails to recognize and incorporate different
social
meanings for same-sex sexual practices. Moreover, it represents
a
peculiarly stunted view of the complex relationship between
identity and
conduct, ignores the need for privacy and autonomy, and runs
the risk of
excluding many individuals from concurrent models of
constitutional
72. protection.""' The prevalent stereotype of a homosexual identity
is based
on upper-class white male norms of behavior, which
marginalizes LGBT
persons of color.'°5 Thus, under the substitutive model, a
homosexual is
someone who not only has homosexual sex, but who also has a
visible
homosexual identity that conforms to stereotypical white norms.
Social commentators around the world have identified the
"export"
of the U.S. model of homosexuality as an identity as a form of
cultural
imperialism and have identified the concept of homosexuality as
a
"white disease.""' This assertion has patently homophobic
overtones, but
many share its critique of the universality of homosexual
identity. For
example Scott Long, a long-time advocate of LGBT human
rights, has
argued that proponents of the homosexuality identity model err
when
they assert that "there is a thing called 'sexual orientation'
which is an
identifiable status; that this thing is somehow relevant and
applicable
transnationally and transculturally; and ... that this identity or
quality is
also fundamental and immutable."' °7 Thus, nationalism and
rejection of
imperialism may complicate evidentiary requirements for sexual
orientation asylum because some people who are "homosexual"
103. Katyal, supra note 95, at 109 (arguing that the substitutive
73. model implies both a legal
and personal "interchangeability between gay sexual conduct
and sexual identity").
104. Id. at 123 (warning against imposing the substitutive model
of homosexuality on
other cultures lest LGBT civil rights become a new symbol of
recolonization).
105. See Hutchinson, supra note 100, at 1360 (noting that both
pro- and antigay activists
employ essentialist concepts of homosexuality).
106. Katyal, supra note 95, at 127 (noting that homosexuality is
seen as an "undesirable
byproduct of foreign influence and globalization"); see
Hernndez-Truyol, supra note 48, at 64
(noting that the Latino/a community considers Latina lesbians
to have caught "the Anglos'
disease"); Katyal, supra note 95, at 98-99 (noting that
homosexuality is seen as an undesirable
byproduct of foreign influence and globalization); Cheikh
Traor6, Long Road Home. One Face
of Gay Afrca, THE GULLY, Dec. 4, 2002,
http://www.thegully.com/essays/africa/021204_traore_
gay afrAIDS.html (observing that Africans see homosexuality as
a "white disease"); Huso Yi,
Life and Death in Queer Korea Homo Koranus, THE GULLY
(Mar. 20, 2003), http://
www.thegully.com/essays/asia/030320_homo-koreanus.html
(discussing how many Koreans
insist that there are no gays and lesbians in Korea and that it is
a "foreign problem").
107. Symposium, Recent Developments hm International Law,
26 N.YU. REV. L. & SOC.
74. CHANGE 169, 179 (2001) (noting that some cultures do not
categorize desire by the gender of its
object).
[Vol. 15
2006] SEXUAL ORIENTA TION AS YL UM CASES 153
(according to U.S. definitions that conflate sexual identity with
sexual
behavior) do not identify as such."8
C Stereotypes in theAsylum Process
The government appears to have adopted the substitutive model
of
homosexual identity in its adjudication of sexual orientation
asylum
cases.' °9 "[I]nstead of weighing the merits of an individual's
asylum
claim," the court instead analyzes whether or not the applicant
conforms
to an expected construction of homosexuality."' The criteria
used to
ascertain whether or not the applicant's identity and behavior
meet the
evidentiary requirements are based on racialized sexual
stereotypes and
white gay norms."' Thus, the paradigmatic asylum applicant is
one who
108. See, e.g., Katyal, supm note 95, at 153 (providing the
example of India, where in the
public health context workers "use the term 'men who have sex
75. with men' (MSM)" so as to
ensure outreach to men who may be married and consider
themselves heterosexual, but who
engage in homosexual activity). The term MSM is also the term
generally used for homosexual
men in Nigeria. See U.N. Office for the Coordination of
Humanitarian Affairs, Nigeria:
Persecuted Gay Community Cautiously Seeks a Voice (May 7,
2004), http://www.irinnews.org/
report.asp?ReportlD=40958 (noting that homosexual practice
carries a fourteen year jail sentence
under Nigerian federal law, but a death sentence by stoning
under Shari'ah law which is
applicable in twelve northern states). It is interesting that in the
United States, the public health
community also often employs the term MSM (or WSW-women
who have sex with women) in
outreach materials, indicating an awareness that there is more
diversity in sexual identity even
within the United States than the substitutive model implies.
See, e.g., Daniel Knight, M.D.,
Health Care Screening for Men Who Have Sex With Men, AM.
FAM. PHYsICIAN, May 1, 2004,
available at http://www.aafp.org/afp/20040501/2149.pdf (noting
that disease statistics for self-
reported gay and bisexual men are underinclusive); CTRS. FOR
DISEASE CONTROL & PREVENTION,
HIV/AIDS & U.S. WOMEN WHO HAVE SEX WITH WOMEN
(July 2003), http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/
pubs/facts/wsw.htm (discussing methods to inhibit female-to-
female HIV transmission);
ADVOCATES FOR YoUTH, LATINO YOUNG MEN WHO
HAVE SEX WITH MEN: UNIQUE NEEDS AND
CHALLENGES (June 2002),
http://www.advocatesforyouth.org/publications/transitions/trans
itions
76. 1404_8.pdf (noting that Latino MSM seldom identify as gay or
bisexual).
109. See supra Part II.D (describing how the government did not
consider Mohammad gay
because his external masculine identity did not match his
asserted homosexual behavior).
110. Symposium, supra note 107, at 186-87 (quoting the
comments of Lavi Soloway, the
founder of Immigration Equality and discussing the difficulties
of articulating asylum claims
based on persecution on the basis of sexual orientation in
societies where constructions of
homosexual status and homosexual conduct differ from those in
the United States). The REAL
ID Act of 2005 has revised the asylum provisions of the United
States Code, changing the way
asylum cases filed after May 11, 2005 will be evaluated. See
Pub. L. No. 109-13, 119 Stat. 302
(2005). These changes may have a significant impact on LGBT
applicants' ability to prove their
asylum cases, exacerbating the problems detailed supra Part
Il.B. See, e.g., 8 U.S.C.A.
§ 1158(b)(1)(B)(i) (2005) (requiring applicants to establish that
the asserted ground for asylum
was a "central reason" for their persecution); §
1158(b)(1)(B)(ii) (heightening the requirement for
corroboration by establishing that testimony alone is only
sufficient where it "is credible, is
persuasive, and refers to specific facts sufficient to demonstrate
that the applicant is a refugee");
§ 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii) (establishing a "totality of the
circumstances" test for applicant credibility
determinations that covers all past statements and evidence).
77. 111. See Hutchinson, supra note 100, at 1360-61.
LA W& SEXUALITY
has proof that, before coming to the United States, he had lived
an openly
gay lifestyle and had been threatened based on his sexual
orientation.' 2
This presents a problem for applicants like Mohammad who,
under
racialized heterosexist stereotypes, are masculine and do not
therefore
physically conform to culturally specific notions of
homosexuality and
who come from countries where the threat of a death sentence
severely
constrains the available range of gay social activities."
3
Elvia Arriola's critique of the comparative model of equal rights
seems equally applicable to the asylum context where "[a]
typical inquiry
asks whether you are the member of a protected group, rather
than
whether you have suffered prejudice because of a trait that is
irrelevant to
your moral worth.""' 4 The rationale for requiring extrinsic
evidence to
confirm the applicant's own testimony lies in the belief that the
sexual
orientation asylum system is vulnerable to fraud and false
claims." '