The document discusses licensing mismatches in Welsh phonology. It begins by presenting basic data on the Welsh vowel system, stress patterns, and vowel alternations. It then discusses the concept of heads in Welsh words and proposes that the penultimate syllable is the head, seeking to license prominence on the final syllable through binarity requirements. The document argues that prominence is a feature that can associate separately from headedness.
A real time comparison of the lenition of intervocalic /d/ in Spanish: Examin...Olga Scrivner
This document summarizes a study that compares the lenition of intervocalic /d/ in Spanish spoken in Caracas, Venezuela in 1987 and 2004-2010. The study analyzes acoustic measurements of /d/ productions in both time periods and examines the social factors influencing lenition. Key findings include that phonetic context continues to influence lenition over time, frequency effects were seen in 1987 but not 2004-2010, and in the recent period lenition favors past participles and male speech. The sociolinguistic profile has changed such that variation is now widespread across social groups.
Este documento contiene varias secciones que repasan material de un capítulo sobre diferentes temas. La primera sección repasa las materias y especialidades, y proporciona ejemplos de qué materias les gustan a diferentes personas. La segunda sección repasa verbos regulares en español. La tercera sección contiene preguntas con palabras interrogativas como quién, qué, dónde y por qué. El documento también contiene resúmenes de dos episodios de una telenovela, incluyendo detalles sobre los protagonistas y sucesos clave. Finalmente, hay
Aspect of Connected Speech - Secondary Articulation, Lenition and LinkingAjez Ahmad
This document discusses secondary articulation, lenition, and linking in connected speech. It defines velarization and aspiration as types of secondary articulation. It explains consonant lenition as the reduction in constriction, voicing, or duration of consonants. Examples given are flapping of /t/ and /d/ in American English. The document also outlines rules of linking words together, such as linking identical final and initial consonants, intrusive /r/, and intrusive /j/ and /w/ between vowels.
This document provides an overview of phonology, the study of sound patterns in language. It defines key phonological concepts like phonemes, phones, allophones, minimal pairs, syllables, consonant clusters, and coarticulation effects. Phonemes are abstract sound units that distinguish meaning, while phones are actual speech sounds that can vary physically. Allophones are different versions of the same phoneme. Minimal pairs illustrate phonemic contrasts. Syllables have an onset, nucleus, and optional coda. Phonotactics govern sound combinations. Coarticulation effects like assimilation and elision influence pronunciation. The document concludes that individuals' vocal tracts differ physically but languages maintain abstract sound systems.
1) Phonology is the study of speech sounds and how they are organized in languages. It examines units of sound like phonemes, morphemes, and their patterns.
2) Speech sounds can be classified as either consonants or vowels. Consonants involve restricting air flow while vowels allow free flow of air to create different sounds.
3) The relationship between phonemic representations of words and their phonetic pronunciations is governed by rules of phonology. These rules include assimilation, dissimilation, and epenthesis.
Phonetics & phonology (The way Vowels and Consonant of English are articulated)AishaKoukab
This document provides an overview of phonetics and phonology. It defines phonetics as the scientific study of human speech sounds, including their production (articulatory phonetics), transmission (acoustic phonetics), and reception (auditory phonetics). Phonology is the study of how speech sounds are organized and used in a particular language. The document outlines the major consonant sounds in English, including plosives, fricatives, nasals, affricates, laterals, and approximants/semi-vowels. It emphasizes that phonetics examines speech sounds in general, while phonology focuses on how a language organizes those sounds.
This document provides information about phonetics and phonology. It defines phonetics as the study of speech sounds and their production, combination, and description, while phonology is concerned with how patterns of speech sounds create meaning. It discusses the branches of phonetics including articulatory, acoustic, and auditory phonetics. It also explains that phonetics studies the physical properties of sounds, while phonology studies abstract sound patterns and systems. The document provides the definition of key terms like phoneme and includes examples of a phonemic chart and International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) chart.
Laryngeal phonology in Plougrescant Breton: sandhi, mutation, and contrastPavel Iosad
The document summarizes research on laryngeal phonology in the Breton dialect of Plougrescant. It discusses:
1) Previous work on laryngeal features in Breton dialects and the analysis of final devoicing and sandhi rules.
2) The consonant and vowel inventory of Plougrescant Breton and restrictions on laryngeal features. Final devoicing in monosyllables is analyzed as incomplete neutralization rather than true devoicing.
3) Sandhi rules involving voicing and devoicing of initial consonants between words. Failure of sandhi is also observed and discussed.
A real time comparison of the lenition of intervocalic /d/ in Spanish: Examin...Olga Scrivner
This document summarizes a study that compares the lenition of intervocalic /d/ in Spanish spoken in Caracas, Venezuela in 1987 and 2004-2010. The study analyzes acoustic measurements of /d/ productions in both time periods and examines the social factors influencing lenition. Key findings include that phonetic context continues to influence lenition over time, frequency effects were seen in 1987 but not 2004-2010, and in the recent period lenition favors past participles and male speech. The sociolinguistic profile has changed such that variation is now widespread across social groups.
Este documento contiene varias secciones que repasan material de un capítulo sobre diferentes temas. La primera sección repasa las materias y especialidades, y proporciona ejemplos de qué materias les gustan a diferentes personas. La segunda sección repasa verbos regulares en español. La tercera sección contiene preguntas con palabras interrogativas como quién, qué, dónde y por qué. El documento también contiene resúmenes de dos episodios de una telenovela, incluyendo detalles sobre los protagonistas y sucesos clave. Finalmente, hay
Aspect of Connected Speech - Secondary Articulation, Lenition and LinkingAjez Ahmad
This document discusses secondary articulation, lenition, and linking in connected speech. It defines velarization and aspiration as types of secondary articulation. It explains consonant lenition as the reduction in constriction, voicing, or duration of consonants. Examples given are flapping of /t/ and /d/ in American English. The document also outlines rules of linking words together, such as linking identical final and initial consonants, intrusive /r/, and intrusive /j/ and /w/ between vowels.
This document provides an overview of phonology, the study of sound patterns in language. It defines key phonological concepts like phonemes, phones, allophones, minimal pairs, syllables, consonant clusters, and coarticulation effects. Phonemes are abstract sound units that distinguish meaning, while phones are actual speech sounds that can vary physically. Allophones are different versions of the same phoneme. Minimal pairs illustrate phonemic contrasts. Syllables have an onset, nucleus, and optional coda. Phonotactics govern sound combinations. Coarticulation effects like assimilation and elision influence pronunciation. The document concludes that individuals' vocal tracts differ physically but languages maintain abstract sound systems.
1) Phonology is the study of speech sounds and how they are organized in languages. It examines units of sound like phonemes, morphemes, and their patterns.
2) Speech sounds can be classified as either consonants or vowels. Consonants involve restricting air flow while vowels allow free flow of air to create different sounds.
3) The relationship between phonemic representations of words and their phonetic pronunciations is governed by rules of phonology. These rules include assimilation, dissimilation, and epenthesis.
Phonetics & phonology (The way Vowels and Consonant of English are articulated)AishaKoukab
This document provides an overview of phonetics and phonology. It defines phonetics as the scientific study of human speech sounds, including their production (articulatory phonetics), transmission (acoustic phonetics), and reception (auditory phonetics). Phonology is the study of how speech sounds are organized and used in a particular language. The document outlines the major consonant sounds in English, including plosives, fricatives, nasals, affricates, laterals, and approximants/semi-vowels. It emphasizes that phonetics examines speech sounds in general, while phonology focuses on how a language organizes those sounds.
This document provides information about phonetics and phonology. It defines phonetics as the study of speech sounds and their production, combination, and description, while phonology is concerned with how patterns of speech sounds create meaning. It discusses the branches of phonetics including articulatory, acoustic, and auditory phonetics. It also explains that phonetics studies the physical properties of sounds, while phonology studies abstract sound patterns and systems. The document provides the definition of key terms like phoneme and includes examples of a phonemic chart and International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) chart.
Laryngeal phonology in Plougrescant Breton: sandhi, mutation, and contrastPavel Iosad
The document summarizes research on laryngeal phonology in the Breton dialect of Plougrescant. It discusses:
1) Previous work on laryngeal features in Breton dialects and the analysis of final devoicing and sandhi rules.
2) The consonant and vowel inventory of Plougrescant Breton and restrictions on laryngeal features. Final devoicing in monosyllables is analyzed as incomplete neutralization rather than true devoicing.
3) Sandhi rules involving voicing and devoicing of initial consonants between words. Failure of sandhi is also observed and discussed.
Russian palatalization: the true(r) storyPavel Iosad
The document outlines Pavel Iosad and Bruce Morén-Duolljá's plan to present their talk on Russian palatalization. The plan includes discussing the surface consonant and vowel inventories, traditional generative approaches, evidence against common assumptions, and presenting their own approach. Their approach argues that palatalization is autosegmental and can be adequately explained by phonological models without needing substance-specific rules or derivations. They will also provide evidence in favor of substance-free phonology.
The document discusses incomplete neutralization in Friulian. It notes that in Friulian, stressed vowels can be long. Vowels are lengthened before obstruents that are underlyingly voiced, such as in final position. This creates minimal pairs between words like ["la:t] "gone (masc.)" and ["lat] "milk" that differ in vowel length. The vowel length acts as a phonological cue to the underlying voicing of the final obstruent, indicating incomplete neutralization of voicing in Friulian.
How good is the internal evidence for multiple-level phonological computation...Pavel Iosad
This document outlines Pavel Iosad's talk on evidence from Russian phonology for multiple levels of representation. The talk introduction provides context on Russian's importance in the history of generative phonology. The outline then lists the main sections: context, case studies from Russian including palatalization and backness switch, the value of internal evidence, and why internal evidence is not enough. The document includes slides with phonological examples and analyses from Russian.
Incomplete neutralization and unorthodox markedness in Breton laryngeal phono...Pavel Iosad
This document outlines Pavel Iosad's talk on laryngeal phonology in Breton. The talk aims to reanalyze aspects of Breton phonology that have been problematic under traditional accounts, including incomplete neutralization in final devoicing and unorthodox markedness patterns. The talk will examine the received view of Breton sandhi and devoicing processes, explore alternative analyses based on privative feature theory and contrastive specification, and discuss implications for the representation of laryngeal features in Breton.
Final devoicing and vowel lengthening in the north of Italy: a representation...Pavel Iosad
The document discusses vowel length in Northern Italian dialects such as Friulian. It analyzes vowel lengthening patterns in Friulian, where vowels are long before underlying voiced consonants. This creates a theoretical challenge, as final devoicing leads to incomplete neutralization between voiced and voiceless consonants. The analysis seeks to provide a parallel optimality theory account that solves representational issues regarding the interaction of final devoicing and vowel lengthening.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
Russian palatalization: the true(r) storyPavel Iosad
The document outlines Pavel Iosad and Bruce Morén-Duolljá's plan to present their talk on Russian palatalization. The plan includes discussing the surface consonant and vowel inventories, traditional generative approaches, evidence against common assumptions, and presenting their own approach. Their approach argues that palatalization is autosegmental and can be adequately explained by phonological models without needing substance-specific rules or derivations. They will also provide evidence in favor of substance-free phonology.
The document discusses incomplete neutralization in Friulian. It notes that in Friulian, stressed vowels can be long. Vowels are lengthened before obstruents that are underlyingly voiced, such as in final position. This creates minimal pairs between words like ["la:t] "gone (masc.)" and ["lat] "milk" that differ in vowel length. The vowel length acts as a phonological cue to the underlying voicing of the final obstruent, indicating incomplete neutralization of voicing in Friulian.
How good is the internal evidence for multiple-level phonological computation...Pavel Iosad
This document outlines Pavel Iosad's talk on evidence from Russian phonology for multiple levels of representation. The talk introduction provides context on Russian's importance in the history of generative phonology. The outline then lists the main sections: context, case studies from Russian including palatalization and backness switch, the value of internal evidence, and why internal evidence is not enough. The document includes slides with phonological examples and analyses from Russian.
Incomplete neutralization and unorthodox markedness in Breton laryngeal phono...Pavel Iosad
This document outlines Pavel Iosad's talk on laryngeal phonology in Breton. The talk aims to reanalyze aspects of Breton phonology that have been problematic under traditional accounts, including incomplete neutralization in final devoicing and unorthodox markedness patterns. The talk will examine the received view of Breton sandhi and devoicing processes, explore alternative analyses based on privative feature theory and contrastive specification, and discuss implications for the representation of laryngeal features in Breton.
Final devoicing and vowel lengthening in the north of Italy: a representation...Pavel Iosad
The document discusses vowel length in Northern Italian dialects such as Friulian. It analyzes vowel lengthening patterns in Friulian, where vowels are long before underlying voiced consonants. This creates a theoretical challenge, as final devoicing leads to incomplete neutralization between voiced and voiceless consonants. The analysis seeks to provide a parallel optimality theory account that solves representational issues regarding the interaction of final devoicing and vowel lengthening.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
1. e Welsh data
Licensing mismatches
Zooming out
.
Explaining licensing mismatches in Welsh
.
Pavel Iosad
Universitetet i Tromsø/CASTL
pavel.iosad@uit.no
Old World Conference in Phonology 8
January 20th, 2011
Marrakech
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Explaining licensing mismatches in Welsh 1/34
2. e Welsh data
Licensing mismatches
Zooming out
Plan of talk
Licensing mismatches in Welsh
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Explaining licensing mismatches in Welsh 2/34
3. e Welsh data
Licensing mismatches
Zooming out
Plan of talk
Licensing mismatches in Welsh
What it means to be a head
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Explaining licensing mismatches in Welsh 2/34
4. e Welsh data
Licensing mismatches
Zooming out
Plan of talk
Licensing mismatches in Welsh
What it means to be a head
Abstract prominence
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Explaining licensing mismatches in Welsh 2/34
5. e Welsh data
Licensing mismatches
Zooming out
Plan of talk
Licensing mismatches in Welsh
What it means to be a head
Abstract prominence
Against headless feet
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Explaining licensing mismatches in Welsh 2/34
6. e Welsh data
Licensing mismatches
Zooming out
Plan of talk
Licensing mismatches in Welsh
What it means to be a head
Abstract prominence
Against headless feet
Conclusion
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Explaining licensing mismatches in Welsh 2/34
7. Basic data
e Welsh data
Penultimate stress
Licensing mismatches
Vowel mutation
Zooming out
Vowel length
Outline
.
1 e Welsh data
.
2 Licensing mismatches
.
3 Zooming out
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Explaining licensing mismatches in Welsh 3/34
8. Basic data
e Welsh data
Penultimate stress
Licensing mismatches
Vowel mutation
Zooming out
Vowel length
Vowel system: North Welsh
e monophthongs (diphthongs are quietly ignored)
Height Front Central Back
High iː ɨ(ː) uː
ɪ ʊ
Mid eː oː
ɛ ə ɔ
Low a ɑː
Lax:tense = short:long
Also paradigmatically:
(1) a. [ˈtoːn] ‘tune’
b. [ˈtɔna] ‘tunes’
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Explaining licensing mismatches in Welsh 4/34
9. Basic data
e Welsh data
Penultimate stress
Licensing mismatches
Vowel mutation
Zooming out
Vowel length
Stress I
Most stresses are penultimate if possible
(2) a. [ˈtoːn] ‘tune’
b. [ˈmənɨð] ‘mountain’
c. [məˈnəðɔɨð] ‘mountains’
Final stress is semi-exceptional:
Stressed suffixes:
(3) a. [gwaˈkaɨ] ‘to empty’ ([ˈɡwɑːɡ] ‘empty’)
b. [kəmˈraɨɡ] ‘Welsh language’ ([ˈkəmrɨ]
‘Wales’)
Unstressable prefixes/proclitics:
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Explaining licensing mismatches in Welsh 5/34
10. Basic data
e Welsh data
Penultimate stress
Licensing mismatches
Vowel mutation
Zooming out
Vowel length
Stress II
(4) a. [əmˈlɑːð] ‘tire oneself ’ ([ɬɑːð] ‘kill’)
b. [əmˈlɑːɨn] ‘ahead’ ([ən + blɑːɨn] ‘in front’)
Exceptional antepenultimate stress in borrowings, which revert
to the native pattern when affixed (omas 1996, p. 789):
(5) a. [ˈtɛlɛfɔn] ‘phone’
b. [tɛlɛˈfoːna] ‘phones’
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Explaining licensing mismatches in Welsh 6/34
11. Basic data
e Welsh data
Penultimate stress
Licensing mismatches
Vowel mutation
Zooming out
Vowel length
Vowel alternations
Some instances of [ɨ] surface as [ə] in non-final positions
(6) a. (i) [ˈdɨn] ‘man’
(ii) [ˈdənjɔn] ‘men’
(iii) [dəˈnoldɛb] ‘humanity’
b. (i) [ˈmənɨð] ‘mountain’
(ii) [məˈnəðɔɨð] ‘mountains’
So do most instances of [u]:
(7) a. (i) [ˈtrʊm] ‘heavy’
(ii) [ˈtrəmaχ] ‘heavier’
b. (i) [ˈpatrʊm] ‘pattern’
(ii) [patˈrəma] ‘patterns’
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Explaining licensing mismatches in Welsh 7/34
12. Basic data
e Welsh data
Penultimate stress
Licensing mismatches
Vowel mutation
Zooming out
Vowel length
Lack of vowel alternations
But not all [ɨ]’s do thus:
(8) a. [ˈpɨr] ‘pure’
b. [ˈpɨrɔ] ‘purify’
Non-alternating [u] is very rare and comes mostly from
borrowings.
Similar alternations occur with diphthongs, but these are not the
focus here
Fair bit of theoretical literature: Allen (1975); Cartmill (1976);
omas (1984); Awbery (1986); Bosch (1996); Hannahs (2007);
Green (2007)
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Explaining licensing mismatches in Welsh 8/34
13. Basic data
e Welsh data
Penultimate stress
Licensing mismatches
Vowel mutation
Zooming out
Vowel length
Some background
Most analyses suppose it is a centralization rule, so something
like the following:
Rule /trum-aχ/ /dyn/ /dyn-jɔn/ /pɯr-ɔ/
[+rd] lowering /trəm-aχ/ /dən-jɔn/
Centralization /dɨn/ /pɨrɔ/
Output /trəmaχ/ /dɨn/ /dənjɔn/ /pɨrɔ/
is works
On the other hand, this is simply the last 500 years of Welsh
historical phonology
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Explaining licensing mismatches in Welsh 9/34
14. Basic data
e Welsh data
Penultimate stress
Licensing mismatches
Vowel mutation
Zooming out
Vowel length
e length contrast
ere is a length contrast for vowels in stressed syllables:
North Welsh: ultima (= monosyllables)
South Welsh: ultima and penultima
Examples from South Welsh:
(9) a. (i) [ˈdiːn] ‘man’
(ii) [ˈɡwɪn] ‘white’
b. (i) [ˈaːraɬ] ‘other’
(ii) [ˈkareɡ] ‘stone’
In North Welsh, penultima only allow short vowels:
(10) a. [ˈaraɬ] ‘other’
b. [ˈkaraɡ] ‘stone’
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Explaining licensing mismatches in Welsh 10/34
15. Basic data
e Welsh data
Penultimate stress
Licensing mismatches
Vowel mutation
Zooming out
Vowel length
e distribution of length
Where length is possible, it is truly contrastive only in a small set
of contexts
Otherwise, it is largely predictable depending on the following
segment (with some variation)
Length distribution Following segments
Long /b d ɡ v ð f θ χ ∅/
Short /p t k/ + clusters
Contrast /m n ŋ l r/
Long in ultima,
/ɬ s/ (SW only)
short in penultima
Exhaustive study in Awbery (1984)
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Explaining licensing mismatches in Welsh 11/34
16. Basic data
e Welsh data
Penultimate stress
Licensing mismatches
Vowel mutation
Zooming out
Vowel length
Informal analysis
Vowel length is driven by minimum binarity and constrained by
maximum binarity: stressed vowels must lengthen if they can
Mix of coerced and distinctive weight (Morén 2001)
Predictable length: coerced weight (no analysis offered here for
reasons of focus)
Unpredictable length: underlying (non-)moraicity
South Welsh: moraic binarity
North Welsh: syllabic binarity, coda becomes important if a
bisyllabic foot is unavailable
Binarity is commonly assumed as a property of heads
E. g. M--W (Bye & de Lacy 2008)
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Explaining licensing mismatches in Welsh 12/34
17. e Welsh data
What is a head?
Licensing mismatches
Prominence in Welsh
Zooming out
Outline
.
1 e Welsh data
.
2 Licensing mismatches
.
3 Zooming out
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Explaining licensing mismatches in Welsh 13/34
18. e Welsh data
What is a head?
Licensing mismatches
Prominence in Welsh
Zooming out
So why is all this important?
Penultima show head-like properties in that they tend to binarity
Ultima show head-like properties in that they resist vowel
reduction and/or are loci for augmentation
Where is the head of the word in Welsh?
Proposed answer:
e head is (normally) on the penultimate syllable
Being a head means being binary
Ultima bear prominence, which is a feature
Final-syllable effects are feature co-occurrence effects
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Explaining licensing mismatches in Welsh 14/34
19. e Welsh data
What is a head?
Licensing mismatches
Prominence in Welsh
Zooming out
Head seeks dependent
Proposal (not really new): being head means being a possible
locus for head-dependent asymmetries
Asymmetries have to do with licensing more structure:
Branching (Dresher & van der Hulst 1998); also “visibility”
Licensing features/elements, as in GP/DP (Harris 1997; Cyran
2010, you name it)
In our case, it’s branching: a head foot has to be binary, leading to
lengthening or weight-by-position effects
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Explaining licensing mismatches in Welsh 15/34
20. e Welsh data
What is a head?
Licensing mismatches
Prominence in Welsh
Zooming out
Prominence is a feature
e concept of prominence is in principle separate from the
concept of a head
ough they coincide in many languages
Attachment of features to prosodic nodes is nothing new:
Many approaches to vowel harmony
Tones, especially in Element eory with the H and L
Laryngeal features: Kehrein & Golston (2004)
Prediction: pure prominence-related effects are like feature
co-occurrence effects
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Explaining licensing mismatches in Welsh 16/34
21. e Welsh data
What is a head?
Licensing mismatches
Prominence in Welsh
Zooming out
Example representation
Ft σ [Prom]
µ. µ µ
m ə n ɨ ð
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Explaining licensing mismatches in Welsh 17/34
22. e Welsh data
What is a head?
Licensing mismatches
Prominence in Welsh
Zooming out
Example representation
Ft σ [Prom]
µ. µ µ
m ə n ɨ ð
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Explaining licensing mismatches in Welsh 17/34
23. e Welsh data
What is a head?
Licensing mismatches
Prominence in Welsh
Zooming out
Example representation
Ft σ [Prom]
µ. µ µ
m ə n ɨ ð
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Explaining licensing mismatches in Welsh 17/34
24. e Welsh data
What is a head?
Licensing mismatches
Prominence in Welsh
Zooming out
Final-syllable effects again
Looks a lot like vowel reduction in non-final syllables
(11) a. (i) [ˈdɨn] ‘man’
(ii) [ˈdənjɔn] ‘men’
b. (i) [ˈtrʊm] ‘heavy’
(ii) [ˈtrəmaχ] ‘heavier’
I abstract from a lot of the detail here: see Hannahs (2007) for the
nitty-gritty
*u, *i → ə in non-final syllables is a historical process all right
(Jackson 1953)
But is it a good reason to postulate the same relationship in the
modern phonology?
Most of the literature says yes
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Explaining licensing mismatches in Welsh 18/34
25. e Welsh data
What is a head?
Licensing mismatches
Prominence in Welsh
Zooming out
For underlying [ə]
Hannahs (2007): [ə] is not a reduced vowel in any meaningful
sense:
Freely appears in stressed syllables
Freely appears in syllables of various complexity
No tendency for [ə] to function as a default vowel
Analysis:
Non-alternating [ɨ] is just /ɨ/
Alternating [ɨ] is in fact an underlying [ə]
mənəð *[ə]-Fσ I-IO(vowel feature)
a. mənəð *!
b.
26. mənɨð *
c. mɨnɨð **!
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Explaining licensing mismatches in Welsh 19/34
27. e Welsh data
What is a head?
Licensing mismatches
Prominence in Welsh
Zooming out
Issues around underlying /ə/
For fairness’ sake…
e schwa is slightly deficient: cannot be long, cannot appear in
hiatus (Awbery 1984; omas 1996)
However, I agree with Hannahs’ insight: /ə/ as the underlying
vowel makes sense
Further evidence: in a small area in SW Wales (NE Pembs., SW
Cards.), the constraint *[ə]-Fσ is inactive or less active,
giving forms like [ˈbər] ‘short’ (Awbery 1984, 1986; Wmffre 2003),
which doesn’t really make sense in a vowel-reduction theory of [ə]
Further parallel: in many dialects, a similar restriction against
final-syllable /e/ is in force (Awbery 1984)
But can we make the constraint less descriptive?
Also: the /u ∼ ə/ alternation probably should not be dealt
with in this way, and is a bona fide reduction process
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Explaining licensing mismatches in Welsh 20/34
28. e Welsh data
What is a head?
Licensing mismatches
Prominence in Welsh
Zooming out
Pitch prominence
A different solution is proposed by Bosch (1996)
She assumes the penult bears rhythmic prominence…
…while the final syllable bears pitch prominence
Pitch prominence licenses more contrasts
is seems to make phonetic sense:
Extensive pitch movement on the final syllable is a well-known (or
at least widely-cited) feature of Welsh (for an overview, see Ball &
Williams 2001)
Also Welsh English (Walters 2003)
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Explaining licensing mismatches in Welsh 21/34
29. e Welsh data
What is a head?
Licensing mismatches
Prominence in Welsh
Zooming out
Pitch prominence: the true story
e information comes mainly from non-instrumental dialect
descriptions
Final high pitch may be used by speakers as a cue to accent
location…
But its appearance is far from categorical
It is in fact confined to certain pragmatically defined contexts
For more detailed descriptions, see omas (1967); Rhys (1984);
Williams (1999); Ball & Williams (2001)
30. Also Walters (2003) describes it as just one possibility among
many for Welsh English
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Explaining licensing mismatches in Welsh 22/34
31. e Welsh data
What is a head?
Licensing mismatches
Prominence in Welsh
Zooming out
Pitch prominence is not word-final prominence
e schwa alternations are quite categorical
For most lexical items, they are obligatory
A few cases described as being in “free variation” (don’t ask)
But still the high pitch is nowhere near being so obligatory
High pitch might be be more of a phrase-boundary tone than
something word-related
In particular, Rhys (1984) describes it as stretching across
unstressed syllables to the right edge (image from Rhys 1984,
p. 142)
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Explaining licensing mismatches in Welsh 23/34
32. e Welsh data
What is a head?
Licensing mismatches
Prominence in Welsh
Zooming out
Prominence is abstract
Not all pitch-prominent syllables demonstrate the “correct”
schwa alternations
Nor is pitch prominence an obligatory factor in the schwa
alternations
To my knowledge, nobody has conclusively demonstrated that
word-final high tones are not one (or both) of
Phrase boundary tone
Non-phonological spill-over due to peak delay (cf. Myers 2000)
33. is last possibility is intriguing given the oen short duration of
“stressed” vowels (Williams 1999)
It appears that whatever drives the schwa alternations in the
final syllable, it is abstract, not something so easily read off the
phonetics
Prominence is a feature . . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Explaining licensing mismatches in Welsh 24/34
34. e Welsh data
What is a head?
Licensing mismatches
Prominence in Welsh
Zooming out
Summary: Welsh
e penultimate syllable is the locus of binarity-related
restrictions ⇒ head foot
e final syllable is the locus of featural restrictions ⇒ abstract
feature drives markedness phenomena
/ə/-raising: feature co-occurrence drives a faithfulness violation
/u/-lowering: feature co-occurrence creates an exception from
across-the-board lowering
35. Aside: if something reacts to the features of Welsh /ə/, it must in
fact have features
ese data show that both syllables can lay claim to being
singled out by the phonology
So there must be two ways to single out prosodic constituents
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Explaining licensing mismatches in Welsh 25/34
36. e Welsh data
Divorcing headship and prominence
Licensing mismatches
Mismatch types
Zooming out
Outline
.
1 e Welsh data
.
2 Licensing mismatches
.
3 Zooming out
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Explaining licensing mismatches in Welsh 26/34
37. e Welsh data
Divorcing headship and prominence
Licensing mismatches
Mismatch types
Zooming out
Why divorce?
Not a new idea at all
ough normally prominence is represented by the grid: cf. Hyde
(2001); Vaysman (2008)
Arguably this is a necessary evil in parallel OT
Serial theories allow a large class of headship–stress mismatches,
via readjustment and/or tier conflation
Without recourse to these devices, OT arguably cannot avoid a
representational approach
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Explaining licensing mismatches in Welsh 27/34
38. e Welsh data
Divorcing headship and prominence
Licensing mismatches
Mismatch types
Zooming out
Headless feet
A well-known type of mismatch is where iterative footing is
necessary to derive stress placement, but there is no surface
evidence for the non-head feet
Cairene Arabic (see Hayes 1995 for references)
Given the lack (?) of other head-dependent asymmetries, this can
be represented by headless feet
(12) a. (ʔin)(kása)⟨ra⟩ ‘it got broken’
b. mu(dar)(rísi)⟨t⟩ ‘teacher (f., construct state)’
is works if there is no evidence for head-dependent
asymmetries that have nothing to do with stress
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Explaining licensing mismatches in Welsh 28/34
39. e Welsh data
Divorcing headship and prominence
Licensing mismatches
Mismatch types
Zooming out
Feet with unstressed heads I
A different type of mismatch is found when feet are necessary to
derive main stress placement (like in CA), there is no secondary
stress, but there are other asymmetries
Several cases recently discussed by Buckley (2009)
(13) Kashaya
ʔah(qoˈlaː)(madaː)(dadu) ‘to get longer and longer’
Just one stress, but unstressed heads undergo iambic lengthening
Classic branching asymmetry (Dresher & van der Hulst 1998)
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Explaining licensing mismatches in Welsh 29/34
40. e Welsh data
Divorcing headship and prominence
Licensing mismatches
Mismatch types
Zooming out
Feet with unstressed heads II
In other cases we find head-dependent asymmetries in licensing
Latvian (Buckley 2009 citing Kariņš 1996): initial non-iterative
stress, but variable vowel deletion and segment duration confirm
footing
McCarthy (2008) proposes right-aligned trochees to explain
Havlík’s Law in Common Slavic (every other yer vowel deletes),
yet there is zero evidence for iterative stress
In extreme cases, there is no (main) stress at all, but with plenty
of other evidence for footing, as in Kera (Pearce 2006): intensity,
duration, tone spreading and vowel harmony all converge on the
same foot structure
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Explaining licensing mismatches in Welsh 30/34
41. e Welsh data
Divorcing headship and prominence
Licensing mismatches
Mismatch types
Zooming out
Head-stress mismatches
Both previous types of mismatches can be accommodated if
either stress or head status is “invisible”
e CA type of data is explained by recourse to headless feet
e Kashaya/Kera type of data can be explained by assuming
non-trivial phonetic implementation of headship
e important prediction is the possibility of a complete
mismatch, where headship and prominence can be disentangled
I propose that Welsh is exactly a case of this type
e Welsh data show that different phonological
representations are needed
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Explaining licensing mismatches in Welsh 31/34
42. e Welsh data
Divorcing headship and prominence
Licensing mismatches
Mismatch types
Zooming out
More cases
One candidate is Roman Italian (Garvin 1989; Krämer 2009)
Stress retraction counterbleeds raddoppiamento
(14) [(ˈsa)(ra ɡ)ˈɡrande] ‘will be big’
Stress is retracted due to *C
43. If stress is feature-like, *C is just another guise of OCP
e position of the head does not shi, so the binarity
requirement persists
e foot is not “headless”, and there is no need for OO-M,
contra Krämer (2009)
For more potential cases, see Vaysman (2008)
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Explaining licensing mismatches in Welsh 32/34
44. e Welsh data
Divorcing headship and prominence
Licensing mismatches
Mismatch types
Zooming out
Conclusions
Headship is about asymmetries
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Explaining licensing mismatches in Welsh 33/34
45. e Welsh data
Divorcing headship and prominence
Licensing mismatches
Mismatch types
Zooming out
Conclusions
Headship is about asymmetries
Prominence is about markedness and faithfulness, and more
specifically about features
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Explaining licensing mismatches in Welsh 33/34
46. e Welsh data
Divorcing headship and prominence
Licensing mismatches
Mismatch types
Zooming out
Conclusions
Headship is about asymmetries
Prominence is about markedness and faithfulness, and more
specifically about features
ese need to be represented separately in the phonology
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Explaining licensing mismatches in Welsh 33/34
47. e Welsh data
Divorcing headship and prominence
Licensing mismatches
Mismatch types
Zooming out
Conclusions
Headship is about asymmetries
Prominence is about markedness and faithfulness, and more
specifically about features
ese need to be represented separately in the phonology
Many if not most languages show perfect alignment, but this is
not the only option
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Explaining licensing mismatches in Welsh 33/34
48. e Welsh data
Divorcing headship and prominence
Licensing mismatches
Mismatch types
Zooming out
Conclusions
Headship is about asymmetries
Prominence is about markedness and faithfulness, and more
specifically about features
ese need to be represented separately in the phonology
Many if not most languages show perfect alignment, but this is
not the only option
Diolch yn fawr!
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Explaining licensing mismatches in Welsh 33/34