This document outlines Pavel Iosad's talk on laryngeal phonology in Breton. The talk aims to reanalyze aspects of Breton phonology that have been problematic under traditional accounts, including incomplete neutralization in final devoicing and unorthodox markedness patterns. The talk will examine the received view of Breton sandhi and devoicing processes, explore alternative analyses based on privative feature theory and contrastive specification, and discuss implications for the representation of laryngeal features in Breton.
Final devoicing and vowel lengthening in the north of Italy: a representation...Pavel Iosad
The document discusses vowel length in Northern Italian dialects such as Friulian. It analyzes vowel lengthening patterns in Friulian, where vowels are long before underlying voiced consonants. This creates a theoretical challenge, as final devoicing leads to incomplete neutralization between voiced and voiceless consonants. The analysis seeks to provide a parallel optimality theory account that solves representational issues regarding the interaction of final devoicing and vowel lengthening.
Laryngeal phonology in Plougrescant Breton: sandhi, mutation, and contrastPavel Iosad
The document summarizes research on laryngeal phonology in the Breton dialect of Plougrescant. It discusses:
1) Previous work on laryngeal features in Breton dialects and the analysis of final devoicing and sandhi rules.
2) The consonant and vowel inventory of Plougrescant Breton and restrictions on laryngeal features. Final devoicing in monosyllables is analyzed as incomplete neutralization rather than true devoicing.
3) Sandhi rules involving voicing and devoicing of initial consonants between words. Failure of sandhi is also observed and discussed.
Russian palatalization: the true(r) storyPavel Iosad
The document outlines Pavel Iosad and Bruce Morén-Duolljá's plan to present their talk on Russian palatalization. The plan includes discussing the surface consonant and vowel inventories, traditional generative approaches, evidence against common assumptions, and presenting their own approach. Their approach argues that palatalization is autosegmental and can be adequately explained by phonological models without needing substance-specific rules or derivations. They will also provide evidence in favor of substance-free phonology.
The document discusses incomplete neutralization in Friulian. It notes that in Friulian, stressed vowels can be long. Vowels are lengthened before obstruents that are underlyingly voiced, such as in final position. This creates minimal pairs between words like ["la:t] "gone (masc.)" and ["lat] "milk" that differ in vowel length. The vowel length acts as a phonological cue to the underlying voicing of the final obstruent, indicating incomplete neutralization of voicing in Friulian.
How good is the internal evidence for multiple-level phonological computation...Pavel Iosad
This document outlines Pavel Iosad's talk on evidence from Russian phonology for multiple levels of representation. The talk introduction provides context on Russian's importance in the history of generative phonology. The outline then lists the main sections: context, case studies from Russian including palatalization and backness switch, the value of internal evidence, and why internal evidence is not enough. The document includes slides with phonological examples and analyses from Russian.
Explaining licensing mismatches in WelshPavel Iosad
The document discusses licensing mismatches in Welsh phonology. It begins by presenting basic data on the Welsh vowel system, stress patterns, and vowel alternations. It then discusses the concept of heads in Welsh words and proposes that the penultimate syllable is the head, seeking to license prominence on the final syllable through binarity requirements. The document argues that prominence is a feature that can associate separately from headedness.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
Final devoicing and vowel lengthening in the north of Italy: a representation...Pavel Iosad
The document discusses vowel length in Northern Italian dialects such as Friulian. It analyzes vowel lengthening patterns in Friulian, where vowels are long before underlying voiced consonants. This creates a theoretical challenge, as final devoicing leads to incomplete neutralization between voiced and voiceless consonants. The analysis seeks to provide a parallel optimality theory account that solves representational issues regarding the interaction of final devoicing and vowel lengthening.
Laryngeal phonology in Plougrescant Breton: sandhi, mutation, and contrastPavel Iosad
The document summarizes research on laryngeal phonology in the Breton dialect of Plougrescant. It discusses:
1) Previous work on laryngeal features in Breton dialects and the analysis of final devoicing and sandhi rules.
2) The consonant and vowel inventory of Plougrescant Breton and restrictions on laryngeal features. Final devoicing in monosyllables is analyzed as incomplete neutralization rather than true devoicing.
3) Sandhi rules involving voicing and devoicing of initial consonants between words. Failure of sandhi is also observed and discussed.
Russian palatalization: the true(r) storyPavel Iosad
The document outlines Pavel Iosad and Bruce Morén-Duolljá's plan to present their talk on Russian palatalization. The plan includes discussing the surface consonant and vowel inventories, traditional generative approaches, evidence against common assumptions, and presenting their own approach. Their approach argues that palatalization is autosegmental and can be adequately explained by phonological models without needing substance-specific rules or derivations. They will also provide evidence in favor of substance-free phonology.
The document discusses incomplete neutralization in Friulian. It notes that in Friulian, stressed vowels can be long. Vowels are lengthened before obstruents that are underlyingly voiced, such as in final position. This creates minimal pairs between words like ["la:t] "gone (masc.)" and ["lat] "milk" that differ in vowel length. The vowel length acts as a phonological cue to the underlying voicing of the final obstruent, indicating incomplete neutralization of voicing in Friulian.
How good is the internal evidence for multiple-level phonological computation...Pavel Iosad
This document outlines Pavel Iosad's talk on evidence from Russian phonology for multiple levels of representation. The talk introduction provides context on Russian's importance in the history of generative phonology. The outline then lists the main sections: context, case studies from Russian including palatalization and backness switch, the value of internal evidence, and why internal evidence is not enough. The document includes slides with phonological examples and analyses from Russian.
Explaining licensing mismatches in WelshPavel Iosad
The document discusses licensing mismatches in Welsh phonology. It begins by presenting basic data on the Welsh vowel system, stress patterns, and vowel alternations. It then discusses the concept of heads in Welsh words and proposes that the penultimate syllable is the head, seeking to license prominence on the final syllable through binarity requirements. The document argues that prominence is a feature that can associate separately from headedness.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
Creative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
Organizational culture includes values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits that influence employee behaviors and how people interpret those behaviors. It is important because culture can help or hinder a company's success. Some key aspects of Netflix's culture that help it achieve results include hiring smartly so every position has stars, focusing on attitude over just aptitude, and having a strict policy against peacocks, whiners, and jerks.
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
PepsiCo provided a safe harbor statement noting that any forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties. It also provided information on non-GAAP measures and directing readers to its website for disclosure and reconciliation. The document then discussed PepsiCo's business overview, including that it is a global beverage and convenient food company with iconic brands, $91 billion in net revenue in 2023, and nearly $14 billion in core operating profit. It operates through a divisional structure with a focus on local consumers.
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
This document provides an overview of content methodology best practices. It defines content methodology as establishing objectives, KPIs, and a culture of continuous learning and iteration. An effective methodology focuses on connecting with audiences, creating optimal content, and optimizing processes. It also discusses why a methodology is needed due to the competitive landscape, proliferation of channels, and opportunities for improvement. Components of an effective methodology include defining objectives and KPIs, audience analysis, identifying opportunities, and evaluating resources. The document concludes with recommendations around creating a content plan, testing and optimizing content over 90 days.
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
The document provides guidance on preparing a job search for 2024. It discusses the state of the job market, focusing on growth in AI and healthcare but also continued layoffs. It recommends figuring out what you want to do by researching interests and skills, then conducting informational interviews. The job search should involve building a personal brand on LinkedIn, actively applying to jobs, tailoring resumes and interviews, maintaining job hunting as a habit, and continuing self-improvement. Once hired, the document advises setting new goals and keeping skills and networking active in case of future opportunities.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
The document provides career advice for getting into the tech field, including:
- Doing projects and internships in college to build a portfolio.
- Learning about different roles and technologies through industry research.
- Contributing to open source projects to build experience and network.
- Developing a personal brand through a website and social media presence.
- Networking through events, communities, and finding a mentor.
- Practicing interviews through mock interviews and whiteboarding coding questions.
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentLily Ray
1. Core updates from Google periodically change how its algorithms assess and rank websites and pages. This can impact rankings through shifts in user intent, site quality issues being caught up to, world events influencing queries, and overhauls to search like the E-A-T framework.
2. There are many possible user intents beyond just transactional, navigational and informational. Identifying intent shifts is important during core updates. Sites may need to optimize for new intents through different content types and sections.
3. Responding effectively to core updates requires analyzing "before and after" data to understand changes, identifying new intents or page types, and ensuring content matches appropriate intents across video, images, knowledge graphs and more.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
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Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
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The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...
Incomplete neutralization and unorthodox markedness in Breton laryngeal phonology
1. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi
Laryngeal markedness in Breton
Further issues
.
Incomplete neutralization and unorthodox
markedness in Breton laryngeal phonology
.
Pavel Iosad
Universitetet i Tromsø/CASTL
pavel.iosad@uit.no
C’hwec’hved Emvod ar Yezhouriezh Keltiek
12 a viz Gwengolo 2010
Skolaj Skol-Veur Dulenn
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 1/56
2. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi
Laryngeal markedness in Breton
Further issues
Talk outline
...
1 Received view of Breton laryngeal phonology
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 2/56
3. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi
Laryngeal markedness in Breton
Further issues
Talk outline
...
1 Received view of Breton laryngeal phonology
...
2 Incomplete neutralization in final devoicing
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 2/56
4. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi
Laryngeal markedness in Breton
Further issues
Talk outline
...
1 Received view of Breton laryngeal phonology
...
2 Incomplete neutralization in final devoicing
...
3 Markedness patterns and laryngeal realism
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 2/56
5. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi
Laryngeal markedness in Breton
Further issues
Talk outline
...
1 Received view of Breton laryngeal phonology
...
2 Incomplete neutralization in final devoicing
...
3 Markedness patterns and laryngeal realism
...
4 Contrastive specification and enhancement in Breton
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 2/56
6. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi
Laryngeal markedness in Breton
Further issues
Talk outline
...
1 Received view of Breton laryngeal phonology
...
2 Incomplete neutralization in final devoicing
...
3 Markedness patterns and laryngeal realism
...
4 Contrastive specification and enhancement in Breton
...
5 Mopping up: devoicing sandhi as failure of lenition
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 2/56
7. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi Final devoicing and voicing sandhi
Laryngeal markedness in Breton Devoicing sandhi
Further issues
Outline
.
. . The received view
1
.
. . Reanalysis of sandhi
2
.
. . Laryngeal markedness in Breton
3
.
. . Further issues
4
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 3/56
8. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi Final devoicing and voicing sandhi
Laryngeal markedness in Breton Devoicing sandhi
Further issues
The traditional picture
Here is the picture of sandhi and devoicing one finds in most
general descriptions of Breton, such as Press (1986); Stephens
(1993); Favereau (2001):
Voiced and voiceless obstruents contrast word-initially and
word-medially
(1) ganet ‘born’ vs. kanet ‘sung’
(2) ober ‘do’ vs. tapout ‘take’
Word-finally the contrast is neutralized, only voiceless
obstruents are permitted
(3) togoù ‘hats’ but tok ‘hat’
In pre-sonorant phrasal contexts final obstruents are voiced
(4) ma[d] eo ‘[it] is good’ . . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 4/56
9. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi Final devoicing and voicing sandhi
Laryngeal markedness in Breton Devoicing sandhi
Further issues
Phonological account
Final devoicing is a textbook case: [+voice] → [−voice] / _#
Where [+voice] is “more marked” in some non-trivial sense
Sandhi voicing is probably assimilation:
[−vocalic +consonantal] → [αvoice] / _#[αvoice]
Why can this be problematic?
Are the data correct? Sandhi voicing is sometimes described as
variable, not categorical, non-obligatory etc. (e. g. by Wmffre
1999)
Is Breton [voice] or [spread glottis]?
Level mismatch: normally obstruent clusters devoice
irrespective of the underlying values (by “provection”)
Problematic for the Contrastivist Hypothesis (Dresher 2009;
Hall 2007): [voice] is normally redundant in obstruents,
should not be phonologically active
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 5/56
10. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi Final devoicing and voicing sandhi
Laryngeal markedness in Breton Devoicing sandhi
Further issues
Devoicing sandhi
Along with the voicing sandhi, some dialects are described as
having a sandhi rule whereby an initial voiced obstruent (in
lexically specified words) is devoiced following an obstruent
Example from Île de Groix (Ternes 1970):
(5) a. [bəˈnak] ‘any’
b. [urˈmiːs pəˈnak] ‘any month’
Agrees with the behaviour of word-internal clusters
But co-exists with the voicing pattern, and is lexically
specified
Found in other dialects, e. g. Plougrescant (Jackson 1960)
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 6/56
11. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi Final devoicing and voicing sandhi
Laryngeal markedness in Breton Devoicing sandhi
Further issues
Phonological perspective
Seems to provide evidence for binary laryngeal features
(Krämer 2000; Wetzels & Mascaró 2001), problematic if you
believe all features are privative
Co-exists with the voicing pattern: solution must be
representational? See Krämer (2000); Hall (2009)
Is there any explanation for the choice of words triggering
devoicing sandhi?
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 7/56
12. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi Final devoicing and voicing sandhi
Laryngeal markedness in Breton Devoicing sandhi
Further issues
Perspective taken here
Minimalist feature theory with a non-trivial phonetic
implementation component
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 8/56
13. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi Final devoicing and voicing sandhi
Laryngeal markedness in Breton Devoicing sandhi
Further issues
Perspective taken here
Minimalist feature theory with a non-trivial phonetic
implementation component
Assignment of features based on phonological activity within a
language rather than on a priori assumptions, whether
motivated cross-linguistically or “functionally” grounded
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 8/56
14. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi Final devoicing and voicing sandhi
Laryngeal markedness in Breton Devoicing sandhi
Further issues
Perspective taken here
Minimalist feature theory with a non-trivial phonetic
implementation component
Assignment of features based on phonological activity within a
language rather than on a priori assumptions, whether
motivated cross-linguistically or “functionally” grounded
Feature geometry
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 8/56
15. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi Final devoicing and voicing sandhi
Laryngeal markedness in Breton Devoicing sandhi
Further issues
Perspective taken here
Minimalist feature theory with a non-trivial phonetic
implementation component
Assignment of features based on phonological activity within a
language rather than on a priori assumptions, whether
motivated cross-linguistically or “functionally” grounded
Feature geometry
Contrastive specification all the way
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 8/56
16. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi Final devoicing and voicing sandhi
Laryngeal markedness in Breton Devoicing sandhi
Further issues
Perspective taken here
Minimalist feature theory with a non-trivial phonetic
implementation component
Assignment of features based on phonological activity within a
language rather than on a priori assumptions, whether
motivated cross-linguistically or “functionally” grounded
Feature geometry
Contrastive specification all the way
Privative features only
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 8/56
17. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi Final devoicing and voicing sandhi
Laryngeal markedness in Breton Devoicing sandhi
Further issues
Perspective taken here
Minimalist feature theory with a non-trivial phonetic
implementation component
Assignment of features based on phonological activity within a
language rather than on a priori assumptions, whether
motivated cross-linguistically or “functionally” grounded
Feature geometry
Contrastive specification all the way
Privative features only
How do all the Breton data fit with these assumptions?
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 8/56
18. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi The quantity trade-off
Laryngeal markedness in Breton Incomplete neutralization in final devoicing
Further issues
Outline
.
. . The received view
1
.
. . Reanalysis of sandhi
2
.
. . Laryngeal markedness in Breton
3
.
. . Further issues
4
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 9/56
19. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi The quantity trade-off
Laryngeal markedness in Breton Incomplete neutralization in final devoicing
Further issues
The “new quantity system” and its implications
The Neo-Brythonic quantity system (Jackson 1953, 1967;
McCone 1996):
Long vowels in open syllables before lenis consonants
(=“voiced” in most modern varieties)
Short vowels before clusters and fortis singletons (=“voiceless”
in most modern varieties)
Distribution of voicing or length should be predictable
And it generally is, though English/French borrowings
complicate the picture: see Wells (1979) for Welsh
Robust diachronic evidence: the Breton lapous/labous axis,
devoicing in SE Wales (Awbery 1984)
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 10/56
20. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi The quantity trade-off
Laryngeal markedness in Breton Incomplete neutralization in final devoicing
Further issues
Devoicing in Plougrescant
This is mostly based on Jackson (1960); I have also consulted
Le Dû (1978)
Important quantity facts:
Vowel length contrastive in main-stressed syllables
Voiced and voiceless obstruents contrast word-initially, so the
length of the preceding vowel is not a necessary condition to
distinguish them
(6) a. [ˈpesk] ‘fish’
b. [ˈbœːrɛ] ‘morning’
However, the quantity-related trade-off is present, as we
will see momentarily
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 11/56
21. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi The quantity trade-off
Laryngeal markedness in Breton Incomplete neutralization in final devoicing
Further issues
Notes on quantity
Jackson (1960) claims that all consonants except voiced
obstruents have short and “half-long” allophones
Since the opposition is binary, I transcribe his half-length as
length for clarity
However, Le Dû (1978) claims that there is no length contrast,
at least for obstruents
Cross-dialectal evidence points in conflicting directions:
Many use “fortis”/“lenis”, which is not really helpful
Léonais has both voiced and voiceless geminates (Falc’hun
1951; Carlyle 1988)
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 12/56
22. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi The quantity trade-off
Laryngeal markedness in Breton Incomplete neutralization in final devoicing
Further issues
Vowel and consonant quantity
I assume that length is indeed present
In any case, a non-trivial phonetic implementation can take
care of the analysis
Long vowels precede short consonants:
(7) a. [ˈoːber] ‘do’
b. [ˈliːzər] ‘letter’
c. [ˈmeːlən] ‘yellow’
Short vowels precede long consonants:
(8) a. [ˈtapːut] ‘take’
b. [ˈjaχːɔχ] ‘healthier’
c. [skʏˈdɛlːɔ] ‘basins’
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 13/56
23. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi The quantity trade-off
Laryngeal markedness in Breton Incomplete neutralization in final devoicing
Further issues
Vowel and consonant quantity
Stressed syllables are at least bimoraic: no ˈCVCV…
No overlong syllables: no ˈCVːCːV…
Voiced obstruents cannot follow short vowels, since they
cannot be long
24. Any change which involves [+voice] → [−voice]
postvocalically must have consequences for vowel length
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 14/56
25. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi The quantity trade-off
Laryngeal markedness in Breton Incomplete neutralization in final devoicing
Further issues
Vowel and consonant quantity
Stressed syllables are at least bimoraic: no ˈCVCV…
No overlong syllables: no ˈCVːCːV…
Voiced obstruents cannot follow short vowels, since they
cannot be long
26. Any change which involves [+voice] → [−voice]
postvocalically must have consequences for vowel length
And it does!
(9) a. [lɔˈɡoːdən] ‘mouse’
b. [lɔˈɡɔtːa] ‘hunt mice’
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 14/56
27. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi The quantity trade-off
Laryngeal markedness in Breton Incomplete neutralization in final devoicing
Further issues
Final devoicing and vowel length
.
Word-finally, voiced obstruents are impossible
But there is still a length contrast following stressed vowels
(mostly monosyllables for obvious reasons)
(10) a. [kaːs] ‘cat’
b. [kasː] ‘send!’
Normally, vowel length persists even if the laryngeal contrast
is neutralized
(11) a. [toːɡo] ‘hats’
b. [toːk] ‘hat’
So this does not seem to be [+voice] → [−voice] after all
More like incomplete neutralization in FD languages like
(apparently) Dutch (Ernestus & Baayen 2006; Jansen 2007) or
(possibly) Polish and Russian (e. g. van Oostendorp 2008)
. . . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 15/56
28. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi The quantity trade-off
Laryngeal markedness in Breton Incomplete neutralization in final devoicing
Further issues
Shortening-cum-devoicing
Jackson (1960) notes another type of devoicing which does
lead to vowel shortening, but describes it as unsystematic
(12) a. [tyːt] ‘people’
b. [tʏtː] ‘id.’
It seems safe to identify this with Le Dû’s (1978) vowel
shortening following the indefinite article
In other words, a morphological process with phonological
consequences
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 16/56
29. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi The quantity trade-off
Laryngeal markedness in Breton Incomplete neutralization in final devoicing
Further issues
A closer look
The analysis (such as it is) so far might hold water, but what is
the phonetic evidence?
Work in progress
These slides: pictures based on Le Clerc de la Herverie (1994)
Dialect of Groñvel/Glomel (Haute-Cornouaille)
Recorded narratives
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 17/56
30. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi The quantity trade-off
Laryngeal markedness in Breton Incomplete neutralization in final devoicing
Further issues
Expectations
The standard account based on assimilation would make the
following predictions:
Prepausal obstruents are categorically devoiced
Sandhi voicing is anticipatory (cf. Myers 2010)
Do these predictions hold up?
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 18/56
31. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi The quantity trade-off
Laryngeal markedness in Breton Incomplete neutralization in final devoicing
Further issues
Devoicing before a pause: /ti e dyd/
ti_e_dud
5000
Frequency (Hz)
0
13.41 14.06
Time (s)
t i j e d Y t^#
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 19/56
32. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi The quantity trade-off
Laryngeal markedness in Breton Incomplete neutralization in final devoicing
Further issues
Devoicing before a pause
The final stop is certainly not voiced, as expected before a
pause
But there is a fair bit of voicing
Coarticulation with preceding vowel?
Such coarticulation does not seem to be normally found with
voiceless stops, though
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 20/56
33. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi The quantity trade-off
Laryngeal markedness in Breton Incomplete neutralization in final devoicing
Further issues
Incomplete voicing before a sonorant: /χwãnəz#m…/
rouanez
5000
Frequency (Hz)
0
475.1 475.8
Time (s)
X w a˜: n @ z m
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 21/56
34. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi The quantity trade-off
Laryngeal markedness in Breton Incomplete neutralization in final devoicing
Further issues
Incomplete voicing before a sonorant
Mostly the sandhi obstruents in pre-sonorant positions are
voiced
But there are some examples like this
Voicing overspill from the preceding consonant
Classic pattern of passive voicing (Westbury & Keating 1986;
Jansen 2004)
This does not seem to be categorical assimilation
Can even happen before vowels!
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 22/56
35. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi The quantity trade-off
Laryngeal markedness in Breton Incomplete neutralization in final devoicing
Further issues
Incomplete voicing before a vowel: /maːd e/
mat_eo_da
5000
Frequency (Hz)
0
0.05744 0.5209
Time (s)
m a a a d I d
Affective prosody though
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 23/56
36. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi The quantity trade-off
Laryngeal markedness in Breton Incomplete neutralization in final devoicing
Further issues
Conclusion on sandhi voicing
Phonetic data seem to indicate incomplete neutralization
Word-final obstruents are passively voiced, mostly by
overspill from the preceding vowel
Does not seem to be anticipatory
Phonetics and phonology point to a three-way contrast
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 24/56
37. The received view
Representational assumptions
Reanalysis of sandhi
Final devoicing is delaryngealization
Laryngeal markedness in Breton
Further markedness arguments
Further issues
Outline
.
. . The received view
1
.
. . Reanalysis of sandhi
2
.
. . Laryngeal markedness in Breton
3
.
. . Further issues
4
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 25/56
38. The received view
Representational assumptions
Reanalysis of sandhi
Final devoicing is delaryngealization
Laryngeal markedness in Breton
Further markedness arguments
Further issues
Analysis redux
Breton has a slightly unorthodox markedness hierarchy in
laryngeal phonology
Voiceless ≫ voiced ≫ delaryngealized
Substance-free laryngeal realism
Diachronic evidence: new lenition
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 26/56
39. The received view
Representational assumptions
Reanalysis of sandhi
Final devoicing is delaryngealization
Laryngeal markedness in Breton
Further markedness arguments
Further issues
The segments
I propose the following types of laryngeal specifications for
Breton consonants
(13) ..
× ×
. ×
.
L
. ar L
. ar
[
. voiceless]
. .
Devoiced obstru- . Voiceless
Voiced obstruents
ents, sonorants obstruents
Broadly familiar: Lombardi (1995); Avery (1996) and many
more
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 27/56
40. The received view
Representational assumptions
Reanalysis of sandhi
Final devoicing is delaryngealization
Laryngeal markedness in Breton
Further markedness arguments
Further issues
Delaryngealization
Since word-final obstruents are passively voiced, I assume
they are phonetically underspecified for laryngeal state
A sign of phonological underspecification (Keating 1988): no
laryngeal target
In terms of the representation in (13), the Laryngeal node is
simply deleted in word-final position
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 28/56
41. The received view
Representational assumptions
Reanalysis of sandhi
Final devoicing is delaryngealization
Laryngeal markedness in Breton
Further markedness arguments
Further issues
Contrast preservation
Unlike Dutch (Ernestus & Baayen 2006, 2007; Jansen 2004), in
(this dialect of) Breton the voiceless obstruents do not
delaryngealize and thus the contrast is preserved, pace Hall
(2009)
For instance, lexically voiceless final obstruents do not
undergo sandhi voicing, and can geminate even in dialects
with no word-internal gemination
(14) Lanvénégen (Evenou 1989; transcription unchanged)
a. [ø vweto] a voueto
b. [ø vwett o] e vouedivez
c. [ø vwet:] e voued
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 29/56
42. The received view
Representational assumptions
Reanalysis of sandhi
Final devoicing is delaryngealization
Laryngeal markedness in Breton
Further markedness arguments
Further issues
The markedness of voiceless obstruents
For historical reasons, true voiceless obstruents are rare
thanks to all the lenitions
Appear mostly in clusters, borrowings and contexts with a
/h/ around there somewhere
As well as word-initially
Key suggestion: [voiceless] is preserved only by contextual
faithfulness
Clear parallels to the distribution of /h/
Contrast is robust word-initially and in the stressed syllable:
reasonable for positional faithfulness
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 30/56
43. The received view
Representational assumptions
Reanalysis of sandhi
Final devoicing is delaryngealization
Laryngeal markedness in Breton
Further markedness arguments
Further issues
Deriving the quantity trade-off
σ.
.´ .
σ
.
t .
a .
p .
u .
t
L
. ar
[
. vcl]
The voiceless obstruent piggybacks on Stress-to-Weight to be
parsed into the stressed syllable and thus keep [vcl]
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 31/56
44. The received view
Representational assumptions
Reanalysis of sandhi
Final devoicing is delaryngealization
Laryngeal markedness in Breton
Further markedness arguments
Further issues
Deriving the quantity trade-off
σ.
.´ .
σ
. . .
µ µ
.
l .
o . →g
k .
ɔ .
t
L
. ar
=
.
[
. vcl]
No superheavy syllables, so [vcl] doesn’t stand a chance
45. Ask me about Richness of the Base and lengthening in /Vd/
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 32/56
46. The received view
Representational assumptions
Reanalysis of sandhi
Final devoicing is delaryngealization
Laryngeal markedness in Breton
Further markedness arguments
Further issues
Deriving final devoicing
W
. d
.´
σ .
. . .
µ µ
.
t .
o . → ɡ̥
ɡ
=
.
L
. ar
This is assuming final C extrametricality, which you need to
derive penultimate stress anyway
Alternative: [vcl] licensed by moraicity in some positions?
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 33/56
47. The received view
Representational assumptions
Reanalysis of sandhi
Final devoicing is delaryngealization
Laryngeal markedness in Breton
Further markedness arguments
Further issues
Mora affixation leads to vowel shortening I
W
. d
.
.´
σ
.=
. . .
µ µ .
µ
.=
.
t .
y . →t
d
L
. ar
[
. vcl]
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 34/56
48. The received view
Representational assumptions
Reanalysis of sandhi
Final devoicing is delaryngealization
Laryngeal markedness in Breton
Further markedness arguments
Further issues
Mora affixation leads to vowel shortening II
Cf. the analysis of Anywa vowel shortening by Trommer &
Zimmermann (2010)
Alignment: the suffix mora has to be on the right
Moraic bare-Lar obstruents are not allowed (= no voiced
geminates: true)
But moraic [vcl] obstruents are (= voiceless geminates are
allowed: true): weight-by-position
Vowel cannot lengthen as above
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 35/56
49. The received view
Representational assumptions
Reanalysis of sandhi
Final devoicing is delaryngealization
Laryngeal markedness in Breton
Further markedness arguments
Further issues
Provection as [h]-affixation I
Some sort of [voiceless], or [stiff vocal cords], or [spread
glottis] feature is unavoidable because of [h]-affixation:
The /-hV/ suffixes (adjectival comparison, verbalizers as in
(9-b))
Provective mutation
E. g. Bothoa (Humphreys 1972, 1995):
Obstruents devoice:
(15) a. [ˈbaːz̥] ‘stick’
b. [o ˈpaːz̥] ‘your (pl.) stick
Sonorants devoice:
(16) a. [ˈlevər] ‘book’
b. [o ˈl̥evər] ‘your (pl.) book’
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 36/56
50. The received view
Representational assumptions
Reanalysis of sandhi
Final devoicing is delaryngealization
Laryngeal markedness in Breton
Further markedness arguments
Further issues
Provection as [h]-affixation II
Vowels prefix [h]
(17) a. [ˈalve] ‘key’
b. [o ˈhalve] ‘your (pl.) key’
Most reasonable account: /h/ is just [voiceless]
Later on lenition/voicing
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 37/56
51. The received view
Representational assumptions
Reanalysis of sandhi
Final devoicing is delaryngealization
Laryngeal markedness in Breton
Further markedness arguments
Further issues
Broad [voice] vs. laryngeal realism
Due to Honeybone (2005a)
Broad [voice]:
There is just the feature [±voice]
Different languages implement it differently, e. g. prevoiced
vs. zero VOT, short-lag vs. long-lag etc.
[+voice] is more marked than [−voice]
Laryngeal realism:
Some languages have [(+)voice] as the marked option
Others have other features, in practice [spread glottis]
Choice driven by markedness patterns within a language
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 38/56
52. The received view
Representational assumptions
Reanalysis of sandhi
Final devoicing is delaryngealization
Laryngeal markedness in Breton
Further markedness arguments
Further issues
Evidence for marked status of [vcl]
Categorically voiceless versus passively voiced: reminiscent of
[spread glottis] languages
English: Honeybone (2005a) and any number of references
(Standard) German: Jessen & Ringen (2002); Beckman et al.
(2009) and any number of references
Welsh: Ball (1984); Jones (1984); Ball & Williams (2001)
Irish: e. g. West Muskerry (Ó Cuív 1944)
Turkish: Kallestinova (2004)
Itunyoso Trique: DiCanio (2010)
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 39/56
53. The received view
Representational assumptions
Reanalysis of sandhi
Final devoicing is delaryngealization
Laryngeal markedness in Breton
Further markedness arguments
Further issues
Further evidence
Final devoicing could be evidence of [+voice] being more
marked than [−voice]
Nonassimilatory neutralization as markedness reduction:
de Lacy (2006)
Neutralization as deletion of structure: Harris (2009)
But we have seen that it cannot be [+voice] → [−voice]
On the contrary, true voiceless obstruents are preserved in a
markedness/stucture-reducing position
54. Preservation of the Marked: de Lacy (2006)
Side note: feature geometry gives de Lacy-style stringent
violations for free
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 40/56
55. The received view
Representational assumptions
Reanalysis of sandhi
Final devoicing is delaryngealization
Laryngeal markedness in Breton
Further markedness arguments
Further issues
New lenition as context-free deletion of [vcl]
“New lenition” is the (mostly) context-free voicing of
fricatives (also in initial position): (Jackson 1967, §497 sqq.)
Broad [voice]: addition of marked feature
56. Makes little sense phonetically: voiced fricatives are
notoriously hard to articulate (cf. Jansen 2004, for an
overview)
Laryngeal realism: deletion of marked feature, very
straightforward
57. Cf. Southern English Fricative Voicing and binnenhochdeutsche
Schwächung (Honeybone 2005a)
Though see Seiler (2009) for binnenhochdeutsche Schwächung
as degemination rather than a featural process
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 41/56
58. The received view
Representational assumptions
Reanalysis of sandhi
Final devoicing is delaryngealization
Laryngeal markedness in Breton
Further markedness arguments
Further issues
Interim summary
Final devoicing does not involve a change of [+voice] to
[−voice]
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 42/56
59. The received view
Representational assumptions
Reanalysis of sandhi
Final devoicing is delaryngealization
Laryngeal markedness in Breton
Further markedness arguments
Further issues
Interim summary
Final devoicing does not involve a change of [+voice] to
[−voice]
Phonetic evidence for laryngeal unmarkedness of devoiced
obstruents
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 42/56
60. The received view
Representational assumptions
Reanalysis of sandhi
Final devoicing is delaryngealization
Laryngeal markedness in Breton
Further markedness arguments
Further issues
Interim summary
Final devoicing does not involve a change of [+voice] to
[−voice]
Phonetic evidence for laryngeal unmarkedness of devoiced
obstruents
Phonological evidence for moraic inertness of devoiced
obstuents
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 42/56
61. The received view
Representational assumptions
Reanalysis of sandhi
Final devoicing is delaryngealization
Laryngeal markedness in Breton
Further markedness arguments
Further issues
Interim summary
Final devoicing does not involve a change of [+voice] to
[−voice]
Phonetic evidence for laryngeal unmarkedness of devoiced
obstruents
Phonological evidence for moraic inertness of devoiced
obstuents
Phonological evidence for markedness preservation targeting
true voiceless obstruents
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 42/56
62. The received view
Representational assumptions
Reanalysis of sandhi
Final devoicing is delaryngealization
Laryngeal markedness in Breton
Further markedness arguments
Further issues
Interim summary
Final devoicing does not involve a change of [+voice] to
[−voice]
Phonetic evidence for laryngeal unmarkedness of devoiced
obstruents
Phonological evidence for moraic inertness of devoiced
obstuents
Phonological evidence for markedness preservation targeting
true voiceless obstruents
Diachronic evidence for less marked status of voiced
obstruents
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 42/56
63. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi [Voiceless] or [spread glottis]
Laryngeal markedness in Breton Devoicing sandhi
Further issues
Outline
.
. . The received view
1
.
. . Reanalysis of sandhi
2
.
. . Laryngeal markedness in Breton
3
.
. . Further issues
4
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 43/56
64. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi [Voiceless] or [spread glottis]
Laryngeal markedness in Breton Devoicing sandhi
Further issues
Why [voiceless]?
Most “laryngeal realism” languages we have seen seem to use
[spread glottis]
Why not Breton?
Substance-free approach: not really important what we call it,
as long as there is a feature (Blaho 2008)
But there is evidence to decide
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 44/56
65. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi [Voiceless] or [spread glottis]
Laryngeal markedness in Breton Devoicing sandhi
Further issues
Phonetic evidence I
Trégorrois and Cornouaillais seem not to use aspiration
Bothoa (Humphreys 1995)
Plougrescant (Jackson 1960; Le Dû 1978)
Carhaix (Timm 1984), though described by Humphreys (1995)
as “peu fiable” (does anybody know what’s up?)
Léonais and Vannetais do seem to have aspiration
Saint-Pol-de-Léon (Sommerfelt 1978)
Le Bourg Blanc (Falc’hun 1951)
Île de Groix (Ternes 1970), though it’s apparently like
Swedish (Ringen & Helgason 2004) and has long-lag VOT vs.
prevoiced
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 45/56
66. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi [Voiceless] or [spread glottis]
Laryngeal markedness in Breton Devoicing sandhi
Further issues
Phonetic evidence II
Both Léonais and Vannetais have important differences in the
relevant respects
Léonais has a gemination contrast for both voiced and
voiceless obstruents (Falc’hun 1951; Carlyle 1988)
Vannetais of course has final stress, so a very different picture
with respect to head feet and licensing of laryngeal features is
only to be expected
The most realistic solution seems to be [voiceless] (“laryngeal
hyperrealism”? Though Honeybone 2005a admits the
possibility of non-[spread glottis] features)
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 46/56
67. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi [Voiceless] or [spread glottis]
Laryngeal markedness in Breton Devoicing sandhi
Further issues
Evidence from interfaces I
Assume a surface-underspecification theory of the
phonetics–phonology interface
Assume enhancement (Stevens & Keyser 1989; Avery & Idsardi
2001) is active, but as an interface option rather than
operating on redundant features
Corollary: enhancement should operate on aspects of the
implementation which are not implicated in the realization of
contrastive features
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 47/56
68. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi [Voiceless] or [spread glottis]
Laryngeal markedness in Breton Devoicing sandhi
Further issues
Evidence from interfaces II
In terms of Avery & Idsardi (2001):
Passive voicing is enhancing a Glottal Width ([spread glottis])
contrast using Glottal Tension (slack vocal cords)
Conversely: a Glottal Tension realization ([stiff vocal cords], or
[voiceless]) should make Glottal Width available for
enhancement
Carhaix (Timm 1984): word-final obstruents (which are
devoiced) can be (slightly) aspirated
Should be looked into (recall it’s “peu fiable”…)
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 48/56
69. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi [Voiceless] or [spread glottis]
Laryngeal markedness in Breton Devoicing sandhi
Further issues
Devoicing sandhi
Just to remind of some examples
(18) Île de Groix
a. [bəˈnak] ‘any’
b. [urˈmiːs pəˈnak] ‘any month’
(19) Bothoa
a. [ba] ‘in’
b. [ˈlaːkad o ˈvaːs pa ˈsʧəːl]
‘put a step into the ladder’
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 49/56
70. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi [Voiceless] or [spread glottis]
Laryngeal markedness in Breton Devoicing sandhi
Further issues
The role of prepositions I
Dialect after dialect one finds that prepositions consistently
exhibit this behaviour
Diachronically prepositions underwent lenition (soft
mutation):
OW, OB gurth, W wrth, B ouzh
Variation in Welsh: trwy ∼ drwy etc.
Crucial piece: in Welsh, historically lenited prepositions still
show their radicals following mutation triggers (Ball & Müller
1992)
gan ‘by, with’ but a chan (*a gan) ‘and with’, from *kant
Welsh prepositions seem to have the mutation-triggering
autosegment in the lexical representation, i. e. gan is
presumably [L]can
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 50/56
71. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi [Voiceless] or [spread glottis]
Laryngeal markedness in Breton Devoicing sandhi
Further issues
The role of prepositions II
What if this is the case in Breton?
..
t [
. L] .
t
L
. ar
[
. vcl]
Generalization: initial voiceless obstruents following a
lenition autosegment surface as voiceless if preceded by an
obstruent
A kind of “geminate inalterability” (Honeybone 2005b)
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 51/56
72. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi [Voiceless] or [spread glottis]
Laryngeal markedness in Breton Devoicing sandhi
Further issues
Further evidence
This is the same generalization as in the well-known adjective
soft mutation rule
Adjectives following feminine singular and masculine plural
animate nouns undergo lenition (=voicing) unless the noun
ends in an obstruent
(20) a. un dimezell g/*kaer
a maiden beautiful
b. ur vaouez k/*gaer
a woman beautiful
The same generalization!
Sonorants are exempt because there is no Lar node: no
contrastive specification
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 52/56
73. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi [Voiceless] or [spread glottis]
Laryngeal markedness in Breton Devoicing sandhi
Further issues
Further instances of devoicing sandhi
Some further examples of the lenition autosegment at work
Cf. the Île de Groix [bəˈnak] ‘any’: this is Middle Breton pennac
(Lewis & Piette 1962)
Many “often used” noun-adjective compounds: probably
treated as single words, and word-internal clusters are
normally voiceless
Discussion: Jackson (1967, §487) (“provection in common
phrases”), Hall (2009)
74. Principled explanation for why “underspecified” segments
only appear word-initially
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 53/56
75. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi [Voiceless] or [spread glottis]
Laryngeal markedness in Breton Devoicing sandhi
Further issues
Summing up
Final devocing in Breton is not [+voice] → [−voice]
Voiceless obstruents are more marked than voiced ones in
Breton
Evidence for [voiceless] as a possible feature
The analytical potential of feature geometry
Principled analysis of devoicing sandhi without recourse to
binarity, contra Krämer (2000)
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 54/56
76. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi [Voiceless] or [spread glottis]
Laryngeal markedness in Breton Devoicing sandhi
Further issues
Residual issues and future work
Empirical issues
Phonetic verification
Complete OT analysis
Extension to other dialects and Welsh
Conceptual issues
Feature geometry or features dependent on features à la Blaho
(2008)?
Voicing-as-subtraction? But see Bye & Svenonius (2009)
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 55/56
77. The received view
Reanalysis of sandhi [Voiceless] or [spread glottis]
Laryngeal markedness in Breton Devoicing sandhi
Further issues
Residual issues and future work
Empirical issues
Phonetic verification
Complete OT analysis
Extension to other dialects and Welsh
Conceptual issues
Feature geometry or features dependent on features à la Blaho
(2008)?
Voicing-as-subtraction? But see Bye & Svenonius (2009)
Trugarez m[aːd̥]!
Go raibh míle maith agaibh!
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Breton laryngeal phonology 55/56