This document outlines Pavel Iosad's talk on evidence from Russian phonology for multiple levels of representation. The talk introduction provides context on Russian's importance in the history of generative phonology. The outline then lists the main sections: context, case studies from Russian including palatalization and backness switch, the value of internal evidence, and why internal evidence is not enough. The document includes slides with phonological examples and analyses from Russian.
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Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
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The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
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· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
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Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
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The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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How good is the internal evidence for multiple-level phonological computation? A view from Russian
1. Context
Case studies
Discussion
.
How good is the internal evidence for multiple-level
phonological computation?
. A view from Russian
Pavel Iosad
Universitetet i Tromsø/CASTL
pavel.iosad@uit.no
What’s in a Word?
17. september 2010
Universitetet i Tromsø/CASTL
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 1/37
2. Context
Case studies
Discussion
Talk outline
...
1 Context
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 2/37
3. Context
Case studies
Discussion
Talk outline
...
1 Context
...
2 Case studies from Russian
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 2/37
4. Context
Case studies
Discussion
Talk outline
...
1 Context
...
2 Case studies from Russian
Backness switch
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 2/37
5. Context
Case studies
Discussion
Talk outline
...
1 Context
...
2 Case studies from Russian
Backness switch
Palatalization
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 2/37
6. Context
Case studies
Discussion
Talk outline
...
1 Context
...
2 Case studies from Russian
Backness switch
Palatalization
Obstruentization of /v/
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 2/37
7. Context
Case studies
Discussion
Talk outline
...
1 Context
...
2 Case studies from Russian
Backness switch
Palatalization
Obstruentization of /v/
...
3 e value of internal evidence…
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 2/37
8. Context
Case studies
Discussion
Talk outline
...
1 Context
...
2 Case studies from Russian
Backness switch
Palatalization
Obstruentization of /v/
...
3 e value of internal evidence…
...
4 …and why it isn’t enough
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 2/37
9. Context
Case studies
Discussion
Talk outline
...
1 Context
...
2 Case studies from Russian
Backness switch
Palatalization
Obstruentization of /v/
...
3 e value of internal evidence…
...
4 …and why it isn’t enough
...
5 Conclusion
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 2/37
10. Context
Russian in the history of generative phonology
Case studies
Conceptual background
Discussion
Outline
.
. . Context
1
.
. . Case studies
2
.
. . Discussion
3
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 3/37
11. Context
Russian in the history of generative phonology
Case studies
Conceptual background
Discussion
Historical context
Generative phonology is said to basically start with Russian:
Halle (1959)
Plenty of classic generative accounts such as Lightner (1972)
Also taken up within Lexical Phonology, figures in Kiparsky
(1985)
Most analyses very abstract, sometimes even more so than
Chomsky & Halle (1968)
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 4/37
12. Context
Russian in the history of generative phonology
Case studies
Conceptual background
Discussion
A typical example
From Halle & Matushansky (2002)
e following rules are all extrinsically ordered:
...
1 Palatalization: [αback] spreads C ← V
...
2 Velar mutation: dorsal[−back] → [coronal −ant +strident]
...
3 Iotacism: V[−high] → [i] / C[−back] _
...
4 Depalatalization: š ž c → [+back]
...
5 Velar palatalization: k g x → [−back] / _V[+high −round]
...
6 Hi-switch: [αback] spreads C → V[+high −round]
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 5/37
13. Context
Russian in the history of generative phonology
Case studies
Conceptual background
Discussion
Example derivation (I kid you not)
šerstIstɨj ‘furry’
⇓ by Palatalization
šʲerstʲIstɨj
⇓ by Iotacism
šʲirstʲIstɨj
⇓ by Depalatalization
širstʲIstɨj
⇓ by Hi-switch
šɨrstʲIstɨj
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 6/37
14. Context
Russian in the history of generative phonology
Case studies
Conceptual background
Discussion
But now we have OT
…right?
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 7/37
15. Context
Russian in the history of generative phonology
Case studies
Conceptual background
Discussion
But now we have OT
…right?
Wrong!
Significant body of work arguing that Russian (and more broadly
Slavic) phonological data conclusively show that some sort of
multiple-level serialism is unavoidable
Palatalization: Rubach (2000, 2005, 2007), Plapp (1999),
Blumenfeld (2003) (Stratal OT)
16. Rubach (2000) is excerpted in the McCarthy OT reader: this is
apparently some of the best evidence around
Vowel reduction: Rubach (2000); Padgett (2004); Mołczanow
(2007)
Yers: Mołczanow (2008); Gribanova (2009)
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 7/37
17. Context
Russian in the history of generative phonology
Case studies
Conceptual background
Discussion
What is at stake?
e analysis of Russian
18. I am not aware of any work specifically refuting the
serialism-based analysis of Russian
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 8/37
19. Context
Russian in the history of generative phonology
Case studies
Conceptual background
Discussion
What is at stake?
e analysis of Russian
20. I am not aware of any work specifically refuting the
serialism-based analysis of Russian
e issue of intermediate levels
22. What is the distinction between a multi-level phonology and
non-trivial components of a modular theory of grammar?
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 8/37
23. Context
Russian in the history of generative phonology
Case studies
Conceptual background
Discussion
What is at stake?
e analysis of Russian
24. I am not aware of any work specifically refuting the
serialism-based analysis of Russian
e issue of intermediate levels
26. What is the distinction between a multi-level phonology and
non-trivial components of a modular theory of grammar?
e value of phonology-internal evidence
27. Can we say that purely phonological data can have a decisive say
on the previous issue?
28. If yes, how overwhelming must the evidence be?
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 8/37
29. Context
Russian in the history of generative phonology
Case studies
Conceptual background
Discussion
Goals of this talk
e analysis of Russian
30. Discuss some specific alternatives to a serialism-based analysis
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 9/37
31. Context
Russian in the history of generative phonology
Case studies
Conceptual background
Discussion
Goals of this talk
e analysis of Russian
32. Discuss some specific alternatives to a serialism-based analysis
e issue of intermediate levels
33. Argue that an analysis likely to be accepted as within the confines
of “standard OT” is possible if one capitalizes on the feed-forward
model
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 9/37
34. Context
Russian in the history of generative phonology
Case studies
Conceptual background
Discussion
Goals of this talk
e analysis of Russian
35. Discuss some specific alternatives to a serialism-based analysis
e issue of intermediate levels
36. Argue that an analysis likely to be accepted as within the confines
of “standard OT” is possible if one capitalizes on the feed-forward
model
e value of phonology-internal evidence
37. Discuss how the validity of the phonological analysis hinges on
interface considerations which are rarely explored or even
explicitly discussed
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 9/37
38. Overview and assumptions
Context
Palatalization and backness switch
Case studies
Morphophonological palatalization
Discussion
Obstruentization of /v/
Outline
.
. . Context
1
.
. . Case studies
2
.
. . Discussion
3
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 10/37
39. Overview and assumptions
Context
Palatalization and backness switch
Case studies
Morphophonological palatalization
Discussion
Obstruentization of /v/
Assumptions I
Minimalist feature theory (Morén 2003, 2007; Blaho 2008)
Only privative features
Contrastivist Hypothesis (Dresher 2009; Hall 2007): only
contrastive features are active in the phonological computation
Substance-free I: phonetic representation of a feature not
necessarily uniform either across or within a language
Substance-free II: assignment of phonological features based on
phonological activity within the language at hand
Consequences:
Surface underspecification
Non-trivial phonetic component
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 11/37
40. Overview and assumptions
Context
Palatalization and backness switch
Case studies
Morphophonological palatalization
Discussion
Obstruentization of /v/
Assumptions II
Not every change you can write using IPA is the job of phonology
Potential sources of variable realization of underlying
phonological symbols (“phonetic grammar”)
(Allomorphy)
Manipulation of phonological symbols (“phonology”,
“computation”)
Language-specific differences in the realization of various symbols
or bundles of symbols (“phonetics–phonology interface”)
Phonetic factors such as speech rate, aerodynamic factors, effects
of elasticity of the vocal tract etc. (phonetics)
Consequence: even if “phonology” is monostratal, the
feed-forward model of grammar still introduces a kind of
serialism, but with principled restrictions
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 12/37
41. Overview and assumptions
Context
Palatalization and backness switch
Case studies
Morphophonological palatalization
Discussion
Obstruentization of /v/
e basic facts
Most consonants have a palatalized counterpart, e. g. [t tʲ] [x xʲ]
[ɫ lʲ] etc.
Exceptions: [ts ʂʷ ʐʷ] (only non-palatalized), [ʧ ʲ] (only
palatalized)
Palatalized consonants have a pretty free distribution
But [kʲ ɡʲ xʲ] are impossible word-finally
And rare before non-front vowels, though not impossible and
even created by the morphophonology (Timberlake 1978; Flier
1982)
Conversely, [k g x] are impossible (word-internally) before
front vowels
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 13/37
42. Overview and assumptions
Context
Palatalization and backness switch
Case studies
Morphophonological palatalization
Discussion
Obstruentization of /v/
e traditional assumptions
Traditional as in going back to at least Halle (1959) and rarely
challenged
Six vowels, including [ɨ] which is at least [+high +back −round]
Complementary distribution of [ɨ] and [i] depending on
palatalization of the previous consonants
Note this requires [ʂʷɨ] [ʐʷɨ] [tsɨ] but [ʧ ʲi]
Assumption: at least [ʂʷ] and [ʐʷ] are underlyingly palatalized
(we’ll see why in a minute)
43. Not available in a contrastivist theory: (non-)palatalization is
redundant on the “unpaired” segments
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 14/37
44. Overview and assumptions
Context
Palatalization and backness switch
Case studies
Morphophonological palatalization
Discussion
Obstruentization of /v/
e palatalizations I
Mostly before front vowels:
C → Cʲ
But the same affixes oen trigger [k ɡ x] → [ʧ ʲ ʂʷ ʐʷ]
(1) a. (i) [ˈsvʲet] ‘light’ (n.)
(ii) [svʲɪˈtʲitʲ] ‘to illuminate’
b. (i) [ˈmukə] ‘torment’ (n.)
(ii) [ˈmuʧ ʲɪtʲ] ‘to torment’
Another type where only the velars are affected:
(2) a. (i) [ˈstoɫ] ‘table’
(ii) [stɐˈɫɨ] ‘tables’
b. (i) [ˈkrʲuk] ‘hook’
(ii) [krʲʊˈkʲi] ‘hooks’
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 15/37
45. Overview and assumptions
Context
Palatalization and backness switch
Case studies
Morphophonological palatalization
Discussion
Obstruentization of /v/
e palatalizations II
Yet another type where everything undergoes surface
palatalization
(3) a. (i) [ˈstoɫ] ‘table’
(ii) [stɐˈlʲe] ‘table (loc. sg.)’
b. (i) [ˈkrʲuk] ‘hook’
(ii) [krʲʊˈkʲe] ‘hook (loc. sg.)’
Transitive palatalization: [t d s z] → [ʧ ʲ ʐʷ ʂʷ ʐʷ]
47. Same output as [i]-palatalization
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 16/37
48. Overview and assumptions
Context
Palatalization and backness switch
Case studies
Morphophonological palatalization
Discussion
Obstruentization of /v/
e traditional approach
Palatalization: triggered by [i]
[ti ki] → [tʲi ʧi]
e other palatalization: triggered by [ɨ] with later fronting
following velars; ordering crucial
[tɨ kɨ] → [tɨ ki] → [tɨ kʲi]
Across-the-board surface palatalization: word-level (Blumenfeld
2003) or some boundaries reproducing this effect (Plapp 1996);
multiple levels crucial for counterfeeding of [i]-palatalization
Transitive palatalization: oen ignored or relegated to
morphology despite the clear affinity to [i]-palatalization
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 17/37
49. Overview and assumptions
Context
Palatalization and backness switch
Case studies
Morphophonological palatalization
Discussion
Obstruentization of /v/
Reanalysis
Joint work with Bruce Morén-Duolljá
Email for details of analysis or see
http://www.hum.uit.no/a/iosad/cv.html
Redux:
ere is no [ɨ]
ere is very little actual C ← V spreading of [αback]
e various outcomes of palatalization are ascribed to a floating
feature
Lexical indexation allows Russian to realize a fair bit of the
factorial typology for this floating feature
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 18/37
50. Overview and assumptions
Context
Palatalization and backness switch
Case studies
Morphophonological palatalization
Discussion
Obstruentization of /v/
Backness switch and [ɨ] I
ere is no /ɨ/ in Russian
Phonetically it is a sort of diphthong: textbook knowledge in
Russia, also Padgett (2001)
Basically the target is [i]
Phonologically it is not necessary
e relationship between frontness and palatalization properties
is complex
Some non-front vowels trigger palatalization:
(4) a. [pʲɪˈsok] ‘sand’
b. [pʲɪˈʃːʲanɨj] ‘sandy’
Vice versa: slightly complicated
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 19/37
51. Overview and assumptions
Context
Palatalization and backness switch
Case studies
Morphophonological palatalization
Discussion
Obstruentization of /v/
Backness switch and [ɨ] II
All /e/’s do trigger palatalization (historical accident)
If all /ɨ/’s are /i/’s, they are an example of front vowels failing to
trigger palatalization
Exception: /ki/ still comes out as [kʲi]
It is in fact the only C → V spreading process that does not fail
e ban against [kɨ ɡɨ xɨ] is in fact a robust surface-true
generalization
Spreading of [αback] to [dorsal] but not other places can be
achieved by local conjunction
Obviates the frankly weird rule fronting /ɨ/ following
non-palatalized dorsals only in order to front them aerwards
Also solves the problem of the postalveolars
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 20/37
52. Overview and assumptions
Context
Palatalization and backness switch
Case studies
Morphophonological palatalization
Discussion
Obstruentization of /v/
Backness switch and [ɨ] III
e only part of the phonology where [ʂʷ ʐʷ] behave like
non-palatalized consonants is where they cause [ɨ]
But [i] → [ɨ] is not a phonological process: just the interface
imposing velarization on non-palatalized consonants
erefore [ʂʷ ʐʷ] should in fact be palatalized in the output of
phonology (corroborated by vowel reduction)
Serialism comes for free from the feed-forward model
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 21/37
53. Overview and assumptions
Context
Palatalization and backness switch
Case studies
Morphophonological palatalization
Discussion
Obstruentization of /v/
Representational assumptions
Based on a holistic approach to Russian phonology
V-place[coronal]
Palatalization in consonants with a C-place (à la Clements)
e only place feature for the postalveolars
On its own: /i/
Floating V-place[coronal] (unattached to a Root node) must
attach to something to surface
Factorial typology for floating feature
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 22/37
54. Overview and assumptions
Context
Palatalization and backness switch
Case studies
Morphophonological palatalization
Discussion
Obstruentization of /v/
e constraints
M(V-pl[cor]), or MF (Wolf 2007): self-explanatory
DL(V-pl[cor]): do not attach a V-pl[cor]
*C-pl[lab]/[cor]/[lab]: self-explanatory
Conjunction of *C-pl and DL: “do not attach V-pl[cor] to
this type of consonant”
Can be undominated ⇒ no docking
Can be repaired by undoing the violation of DL ⇒ no
docking
Can be repaired by undoing the violation of *C-pl ⇒ deletion of
C-pl and attachment of V-pl[cor] = postalveolars
Can be dominated ⇒ docking of V-pl[cor] leads to surface
palatalization
Ignoring additional complications which don’t change the
picture…
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 23/37
55. Overview and assumptions
Context
Palatalization and backness switch
Case studies
Morphophonological palatalization
Discussion
Obstruentization of /v/
Surface palatalization
M(V-pl[cor]), M(C-pl) ≫ DL(V-pl[cor])
Realize both the consonant’s underlying feature and the floating
feature
. R.
. oot . .
C .
. -man . C.
. -pl C.
. -pl
.
[.
. cl] . [ .
. cor] V.
. -pl
. . . . [ .
. cor]
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 24/37
56. Overview and assumptions
Context
Palatalization and backness switch
Case studies
Morphophonological palatalization
Discussion
Obstruentization of /v/
Place-changing palatalization
Unified name for velar and transitive palatalization: same output,
would be good to have a unified representation
M(V-pl[cor]), *C-pl&DL(V-pl[cor]) ≫ M(C-pl)
. R.
. oot . .
C .
. -man . C.
. -pl C.
. -pl
.
[.
. cl] . [ .
. cor] V.
. -pl
. . . . [ .
. cor]
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 25/37
57. Overview and assumptions
Context
Palatalization and backness switch
Case studies
Morphophonological palatalization
Discussion
Obstruentization of /v/
No docking scenarios
e feature may fail to surface at all ⇒ non-palatalizing suffixes,
such as the /ɨ/
It may also force the epenthesis of some material to attach to
Attested as labial epenthesis: /p b m f v/ → plʲ blʲ mlʲ flʲ vlʲ
But the ranking is clearly contradictory: how can all these be
attested in a single language
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 26/37
58. Overview and assumptions
Context
Palatalization and backness switch
Case studies
Morphophonological palatalization
Discussion
Obstruentization of /v/
Lexical indexation I
I suggest that the different palatalizing properties of Russian
suffixes can be accommodated via lexical indexation (Pater 2009)
So each class of suffixes has a corresponding ranking of the
relevant constraints
Contrast this with the Stratal OT approach of Blumenfeld (2003):
SOT: velar palatalization happens at the stem level, surface
palatalization happens at the stem level, differences
accommodated via stratum-specific ranking
Proposed approach: differences in the outcome of palatalization
are due to arbitrary lexical indexes
Loss of generalization relative to SOT, even though the insight can
still be expressed (“such-and-such indexes are associated with
word-level suffixes”)
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 27/37
59. Overview and assumptions
Context
Palatalization and backness switch
Case studies
Morphophonological palatalization
Discussion
Obstruentization of /v/
Lexical indexation II
Better empirical adequacy
Unified expression of place-changing palatalization
Correctly expresses the lack of a principled relationship between
vowel frontness and palatalizing properties (other than
diachronically)
Correctly expresses the types of palatalizing processes possible in
Russian
Give me empirical adequacy over loss of generalization any day
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 28/37
60. Overview and assumptions
Context
Palatalization and backness switch
Case studies
Morphophonological palatalization
Discussion
Obstruentization of /v/
e notorious /v/
Obstruent-like: undergoes word-final devoicing
(5) a. [ˈlʲva] ‘lion (gen. sg.)’
b. [ˈlef] ‘lion’
Sonorant-like: fails to trigger voicing assimilation
(6) a. [ˈtvʲordɨj] ‘hard’
b. [ˈdvʲerʲ] ‘door’
Also, and famously, postlexically
(7) [ɐt vrɐˈɡa] ‘from an enemy’
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 29/37
61. Overview and assumptions
Context
Palatalization and backness switch
Case studies
Morphophonological palatalization
Discussion
Obstruentization of /v/
e classic analysis
Underlyingly, the [v] is /w/
Becomes an obstruent by a later rule
Crucially, obstruentization must precede voicing assimilation
since they stand in a counterfeeding relation
But voicing assimilation must be postlexical, since it applies
across word boundaries
(8) [ɐd ˈdomə] ‘from the house’
Postlexical ordering is an issue…
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 30/37
62. Overview and assumptions
Context
Palatalization and backness switch
Case studies
Morphophonological palatalization
Discussion
Obstruentization of /v/
Representational solution
.
In a privative feature theory, what is the actual evidence of /v/
having the feature [voice]?
Final devoicing (if it is in fact phonological)
But can we model it without reference to the feature [voice]?
Let’s assume /f/ is just {C-place[lab]} (cf. Morén 2006 for
Serbian)
en /v/ can be {C-place[lab],C-manner[open]} and still be
distinct from /f/
Separate constraint to enforce final devoicing of [v] by deletion of
the manner feature
Loss of generality
But empirically adequate
And gets around the voicing assimilation problem: if /v/ does
not have [voice], we do not expect it anyway.
. . . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 31/37
63. Context
e independence of phonological evidence
Case studies
Conclusions
Discussion
Outline
.
. . Context
1
.
. . Case studies
2
.
. . Discussion
3
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 32/37
64. Context
e independence of phonological evidence
Case studies
Conclusions
Discussion
How good is phonological evidence?
It is not my purpose here to argue for this specific analysis
But it does seem that many of the facts previously argued to
absolutely require serial derivation in phonology could in
principle be reanalyzed
What would the compelling evidence look like?
Demonstrably phonological
Crucially ordered processes
Operating categorically on contrastive symbols
Not amenable to a representational analysis (e. g. preservation of
subsegmental elements as opposed to spreading-and-deletion)
Place to look for: languages with really long derivations:
Sanskrit? Sámi?
I don’t know
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 33/37
65. Context
e independence of phonological evidence
Case studies
Conclusions
Discussion
Phonology ignoring syntax
I have hopefully shown that (Russian) phonological data
supporting multiple-level derivations are not quite as compelling
In terms of OT, the analysis is quite orthodox
Yet it uses at least two devices which on general grounds could be
questionable:
Local conjunction: questions of restrictiveness, learnability (also
ability to express generalizations: Potts et al. 2010)
Lexical indexation: indirect reference? Cf. recent work by Scheer
Can we really make architectural claims like these without
reference to syntactic work?
You tell me!
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 34/37
66. Context
e independence of phonological evidence
Case studies
Conclusions
Discussion
Summary
Analysis of a number of phenomena in Russian which have
traditionally been argued to support multiple-level derivations
Claim: analysis more empirically adequate in terms of the
phonological phenomena
Loss of generality in terms of stating the conditioning, but
arguably preferable over an elegant but insufficient analysis
67. I am not really arguing for fully parallel OT
Just showing that a number of reasonable assumptions about
phonological computation can help us run with this ball much
further than assumed in some of the literature
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 35/37
68. Context
e independence of phonological evidence
Case studies
Conclusions
Discussion
Quis custodiet ipsos custodies?
Can phonological data alone be used to resolve the
number-of-levels debate?
I am not so sure
Other evidence:
Coherent theory of diachrony (Bermúdez-Otero 2007)
A eory of Everything? (Vaux 2008)
?????
Maybe purely phonological evidence is enough aer all?
Future work
. . . . . .
Pavel Iosad Russian evidence for multiple levels 36/37