The document discusses incomplete neutralization in Friulian. It notes that in Friulian, stressed vowels can be long. Vowels are lengthened before obstruents that are underlyingly voiced, such as in final position. This creates minimal pairs between words like ["la:t] "gone (masc.)" and ["lat] "milk" that differ in vowel length. The vowel length acts as a phonological cue to the underlying voicing of the final obstruent, indicating incomplete neutralization of voicing in Friulian.
Laryngeal phonology in Plougrescant Breton: sandhi, mutation, and contrastPavel Iosad
The document summarizes research on laryngeal phonology in the Breton dialect of Plougrescant. It discusses:
1) Previous work on laryngeal features in Breton dialects and the analysis of final devoicing and sandhi rules.
2) The consonant and vowel inventory of Plougrescant Breton and restrictions on laryngeal features. Final devoicing in monosyllables is analyzed as incomplete neutralization rather than true devoicing.
3) Sandhi rules involving voicing and devoicing of initial consonants between words. Failure of sandhi is also observed and discussed.
Russian palatalization: the true(r) storyPavel Iosad
The document outlines Pavel Iosad and Bruce Morén-Duolljá's plan to present their talk on Russian palatalization. The plan includes discussing the surface consonant and vowel inventories, traditional generative approaches, evidence against common assumptions, and presenting their own approach. Their approach argues that palatalization is autosegmental and can be adequately explained by phonological models without needing substance-specific rules or derivations. They will also provide evidence in favor of substance-free phonology.
How good is the internal evidence for multiple-level phonological computation...Pavel Iosad
This document outlines Pavel Iosad's talk on evidence from Russian phonology for multiple levels of representation. The talk introduction provides context on Russian's importance in the history of generative phonology. The outline then lists the main sections: context, case studies from Russian including palatalization and backness switch, the value of internal evidence, and why internal evidence is not enough. The document includes slides with phonological examples and analyses from Russian.
Incomplete neutralization and unorthodox markedness in Breton laryngeal phono...Pavel Iosad
This document outlines Pavel Iosad's talk on laryngeal phonology in Breton. The talk aims to reanalyze aspects of Breton phonology that have been problematic under traditional accounts, including incomplete neutralization in final devoicing and unorthodox markedness patterns. The talk will examine the received view of Breton sandhi and devoicing processes, explore alternative analyses based on privative feature theory and contrastive specification, and discuss implications for the representation of laryngeal features in Breton.
Final devoicing and vowel lengthening in the north of Italy: a representation...Pavel Iosad
The document discusses vowel length in Northern Italian dialects such as Friulian. It analyzes vowel lengthening patterns in Friulian, where vowels are long before underlying voiced consonants. This creates a theoretical challenge, as final devoicing leads to incomplete neutralization between voiced and voiceless consonants. The analysis seeks to provide a parallel optimality theory account that solves representational issues regarding the interaction of final devoicing and vowel lengthening.
Explaining licensing mismatches in WelshPavel Iosad
The document discusses licensing mismatches in Welsh phonology. It begins by presenting basic data on the Welsh vowel system, stress patterns, and vowel alternations. It then discusses the concept of heads in Welsh words and proposes that the penultimate syllable is the head, seeking to license prominence on the final syllable through binarity requirements. The document argues that prominence is a feature that can associate separately from headedness.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
Laryngeal phonology in Plougrescant Breton: sandhi, mutation, and contrastPavel Iosad
The document summarizes research on laryngeal phonology in the Breton dialect of Plougrescant. It discusses:
1) Previous work on laryngeal features in Breton dialects and the analysis of final devoicing and sandhi rules.
2) The consonant and vowel inventory of Plougrescant Breton and restrictions on laryngeal features. Final devoicing in monosyllables is analyzed as incomplete neutralization rather than true devoicing.
3) Sandhi rules involving voicing and devoicing of initial consonants between words. Failure of sandhi is also observed and discussed.
Russian palatalization: the true(r) storyPavel Iosad
The document outlines Pavel Iosad and Bruce Morén-Duolljá's plan to present their talk on Russian palatalization. The plan includes discussing the surface consonant and vowel inventories, traditional generative approaches, evidence against common assumptions, and presenting their own approach. Their approach argues that palatalization is autosegmental and can be adequately explained by phonological models without needing substance-specific rules or derivations. They will also provide evidence in favor of substance-free phonology.
How good is the internal evidence for multiple-level phonological computation...Pavel Iosad
This document outlines Pavel Iosad's talk on evidence from Russian phonology for multiple levels of representation. The talk introduction provides context on Russian's importance in the history of generative phonology. The outline then lists the main sections: context, case studies from Russian including palatalization and backness switch, the value of internal evidence, and why internal evidence is not enough. The document includes slides with phonological examples and analyses from Russian.
Incomplete neutralization and unorthodox markedness in Breton laryngeal phono...Pavel Iosad
This document outlines Pavel Iosad's talk on laryngeal phonology in Breton. The talk aims to reanalyze aspects of Breton phonology that have been problematic under traditional accounts, including incomplete neutralization in final devoicing and unorthodox markedness patterns. The talk will examine the received view of Breton sandhi and devoicing processes, explore alternative analyses based on privative feature theory and contrastive specification, and discuss implications for the representation of laryngeal features in Breton.
Final devoicing and vowel lengthening in the north of Italy: a representation...Pavel Iosad
The document discusses vowel length in Northern Italian dialects such as Friulian. It analyzes vowel lengthening patterns in Friulian, where vowels are long before underlying voiced consonants. This creates a theoretical challenge, as final devoicing leads to incomplete neutralization between voiced and voiceless consonants. The analysis seeks to provide a parallel optimality theory account that solves representational issues regarding the interaction of final devoicing and vowel lengthening.
Explaining licensing mismatches in WelshPavel Iosad
The document discusses licensing mismatches in Welsh phonology. It begins by presenting basic data on the Welsh vowel system, stress patterns, and vowel alternations. It then discusses the concept of heads in Welsh words and proposes that the penultimate syllable is the head, seeking to license prominence on the final syllable through binarity requirements. The document argues that prominence is a feature that can associate separately from headedness.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
Creative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
Organizational culture includes values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits that influence employee behaviors and how people interpret those behaviors. It is important because culture can help or hinder a company's success. Some key aspects of Netflix's culture that help it achieve results include hiring smartly so every position has stars, focusing on attitude over just aptitude, and having a strict policy against peacocks, whiners, and jerks.
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
PepsiCo provided a safe harbor statement noting that any forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties. It also provided information on non-GAAP measures and directing readers to its website for disclosure and reconciliation. The document then discussed PepsiCo's business overview, including that it is a global beverage and convenient food company with iconic brands, $91 billion in net revenue in 2023, and nearly $14 billion in core operating profit. It operates through a divisional structure with a focus on local consumers.
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
This document provides an overview of content methodology best practices. It defines content methodology as establishing objectives, KPIs, and a culture of continuous learning and iteration. An effective methodology focuses on connecting with audiences, creating optimal content, and optimizing processes. It also discusses why a methodology is needed due to the competitive landscape, proliferation of channels, and opportunities for improvement. Components of an effective methodology include defining objectives and KPIs, audience analysis, identifying opportunities, and evaluating resources. The document concludes with recommendations around creating a content plan, testing and optimizing content over 90 days.
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
The document provides guidance on preparing a job search for 2024. It discusses the state of the job market, focusing on growth in AI and healthcare but also continued layoffs. It recommends figuring out what you want to do by researching interests and skills, then conducting informational interviews. The job search should involve building a personal brand on LinkedIn, actively applying to jobs, tailoring resumes and interviews, maintaining job hunting as a habit, and continuing self-improvement. Once hired, the document advises setting new goals and keeping skills and networking active in case of future opportunities.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
The document provides career advice for getting into the tech field, including:
- Doing projects and internships in college to build a portfolio.
- Learning about different roles and technologies through industry research.
- Contributing to open source projects to build experience and network.
- Developing a personal brand through a website and social media presence.
- Networking through events, communities, and finding a mentor.
- Practicing interviews through mock interviews and whiteboarding coding questions.
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentLily Ray
1. Core updates from Google periodically change how its algorithms assess and rank websites and pages. This can impact rankings through shifts in user intent, site quality issues being caught up to, world events influencing queries, and overhauls to search like the E-A-T framework.
2. There are many possible user intents beyond just transactional, navigational and informational. Identifying intent shifts is important during core updates. Sites may need to optimize for new intents through different content types and sections.
3. Responding effectively to core updates requires analyzing "before and after" data to understand changes, identifying new intents or page types, and ensuring content matches appropriate intents across video, images, knowledge graphs and more.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
1. Setting the scene
The data
Analysis
Implications
Feature geometry meets contrastive specification:
incomplete neutralization reloaded
Pavel Iosad
Universitetet i Tromsø/CASTL
pavel.iosad@uit.no
18vet Emgav Fonologiezh Manchester (18mfm)
20 a viz Mae 2010
Skol-Veur Manchester
Pavel Iosad Incomplete neutralization reloaded
2. Setting the scene
The data
Analysis
Implications
Talk outline
Warning: this talk is large, it contains multitudes
1 Incomplete neutralization in “final devoicing”: phonetics
and phonology
Pavel Iosad Incomplete neutralization reloaded
3. Setting the scene
The data
Analysis
Implications
Talk outline
Warning: this talk is large, it contains multitudes
1 Incomplete neutralization in “final devoicing”: phonetics
and phonology
2 Two cases of phonological incomplete neutralization:
Friulian, Breton
Pavel Iosad Incomplete neutralization reloaded
4. Setting the scene
The data
Analysis
Implications
Talk outline
Warning: this talk is large, it contains multitudes
1 Incomplete neutralization in “final devoicing”: phonetics
and phonology
2 Two cases of phonological incomplete neutralization:
Friulian, Breton
3 Representational approach of the Lombardi/Avery kind
Pavel Iosad Incomplete neutralization reloaded
5. Setting the scene
The data
Analysis
Implications
Talk outline
Warning: this talk is large, it contains multitudes
1 Incomplete neutralization in “final devoicing”: phonetics
and phonology
2 Two cases of phonological incomplete neutralization:
Friulian, Breton
3 Representational approach of the Lombardi/Avery kind
4 Privative features and meaningful bare nodes account for
markedness hierarchies and much more besides
Pavel Iosad Incomplete neutralization reloaded
6. Setting the scene
The data
Analysis
Implications
Talk outline
Warning: this talk is large, it contains multitudes
1 Incomplete neutralization in “final devoicing”: phonetics
and phonology
2 Two cases of phonological incomplete neutralization:
Friulian, Breton
3 Representational approach of the Lombardi/Avery kind
4 Privative features and meaningful bare nodes account for
markedness hierarchies and much more besides
5 Bare nodes come from contrastive specification
Pavel Iosad Incomplete neutralization reloaded
7. Setting the scene
The data Incomplete neutralization
Analysis Phonological cues for incomplete neutralization
Implications
Outline
1 Setting the scene
2 The data
3 Analysis
4 Implications
Pavel Iosad Incomplete neutralization reloaded
8. Setting the scene
The data Incomplete neutralization
Analysis Phonological cues for incomplete neutralization
Implications
So, “final devoicing”?
The textbook analysis of final devoicing:
[+voice]→[−voice]/_# or somesuch
A significant number of phonetic studies claim that
word-final laryngeal neutralization is in fact incomplete, cf.
especially Port & Leary (2005)
Fourakis & Iverson (1984): neutralization is normally
complete, incomplete neutralization is an artefact of lab
conditions
Supported: study of Afrikaans by van Rooy et al. (2003),
complete neutralization in natural speech, disambiguation
in the lab
Pavel Iosad Incomplete neutralization reloaded
9. Setting the scene
The data Incomplete neutralization
Analysis Phonological cues for incomplete neutralization
Implications
Incomplete neutralization in phonetics and phonology
Van Oostendorp (2008): where/if incomplete neutralization
is real, the subtle phonetic differences reflect a difference in
phonological representations
All well and good, but is there robust phonological evidence
for incomplete neutralization?
And might it give us insights into what sort of phonological
representation we are talking about?
Pavel Iosad Incomplete neutralization reloaded
10. Setting the scene
The data Incomplete neutralization
Analysis Phonological cues for incomplete neutralization
Implications
Incomplete neutralization in phonetics and phonology
Van Oostendorp (2008): where/if incomplete neutralization
is real, the subtle phonetic differences reflect a difference in
phonological representations
All well and good, but is there robust phonological evidence
for incomplete neutralization?
And might it give us insights into what sort of phonological
representation we are talking about?
As you might have guessed, my answer is yes and yes
Pavel Iosad Incomplete neutralization reloaded
11. Setting the scene
The data Incomplete neutralization
Analysis Phonological cues for incomplete neutralization
Implications
What are we looking for?
“Phonetic” incomplete neutralization of laryngeal contrasts
often involves vowel and consonant length
Specifically, (underlyingly) voiced consonants are associated
with longer preceding vowels, and vice versa
We might expect this tendency to be phonologized
So, we are looking for languages with
Phonological distinction between long and short vowels
Final devoicing
13. Setting the scene
The data Incomplete neutralization
Analysis Phonological cues for incomplete neutralization
Implications
A priori expectations
Laryngeal change may feed vowel change
Rule /a:d/ /at/
(1) Devoicing /a:t/
Vowel shortening /at/ /at/
14. Complete neutralization, not really interesting for the
purposes of this talk
Laryngeal change may counterfeed vowel change
Rule /a:d/ /at/
(2) Vowel shortening
Laryngeal change /a:t/ /at/
16. Opacity?
Pavel Iosad Incomplete neutralization reloaded
17. Setting the scene
The data Friulian
Analysis Breton
Implications
Outline
1 Setting the scene
2 The data
3 Analysis
4 Implications
Pavel Iosad Incomplete neutralization reloaded
18. Setting the scene
The data Friulian
Analysis Breton
Implications
Vowel lengthening in Friulian
Data from Baroni & Vanelli (2000)
Unstressed vowels are short; stressed vowels are normally
short:
(3) a. [a"mi] ‘friend
b. ["mEt] ‘(s)he puts’
c. [can"tade] ‘sung (fem.)’
d. ["gust] ‘taste’
e. ["maN] ‘hand’
>
f. ["bratS] ‘arm’
Pavel Iosad Incomplete neutralization reloaded
19. Setting the scene
The data Friulian
Analysis Breton
Implications
Vowel lengthening in Friulian
Stressed vowels can be long:
(4) a. [vi:f] ‘alive’ (masc.)’ _C#
b. ["spO:rk] ‘dirty (masc.)’ _r
c. ["ne:ri] ‘black’
Minimal pairs: final syllables before single consonants:
(5) a. (i) ["la:t] ‘gone (masc.)’
(ii) ["va:l] ‘(it is) worth’
b. (i) ["lat] ‘milk’
(ii) ["val] ‘valley’
Generalization: the vowel before an obstruent is lengthened
if the obstruent is underlyingly voiced
(6) a. ["lade] ‘gone (fem.)’
b. [la"ta] ‘to breastfeed’
Pavel Iosad Incomplete neutralization reloaded
20. Setting the scene
The data Friulian
Analysis Breton
Implications
Vowel lengthening in Friulian
Stressed vowels can be long:
(4) a. [vi:f] ‘alive’ (masc.)’ _C#
b. ["spO:rk] ‘dirty (masc.)’ _r
c. ["ne:ri] ‘black’
Minimal pairs: final syllables before single consonants:
(5) a. (i) ["la:t] ‘gone (masc.)’
(ii) ["va:l] ‘(it is) worth’
b. (i) ["lat] ‘milk’
(ii) ["val] ‘valley’
Generalization: the vowel before an obstruent is lengthened
if the obstruent is underlyingly voiced
(6) a. ["lade] ‘gone (fem.)’
b. [la"ta] ‘to breastfeed’
Pavel Iosad Incomplete neutralization reloaded
21. Setting the scene
The data Friulian
Analysis Breton
Implications
Phonological redux
In final stressed syllables, vowel length is distinctive in one
position, namely before [l]
There is also distinctive length in non-final syllables
Otherwise, length is predictable
Final devoicing opacifies lengthening (assuming it is not
shortening. . . ) but provides cues for disambiguation
In a sense, then, Friulian is like any “incomplete
neutralization” language writ large
Pavel Iosad Incomplete neutralization reloaded
22. Setting the scene
The data Friulian
Analysis Breton
Implications
Real data
Baroni & Vanelli (2000) provide data on the realization of
devoiced final obstruents
Acoustic data do not show voicing
Acoustic data show weaker bursts w. r. t. true voiceless
stops
Statistically significant difference in vowel length w. r. t.
word-internal stops
Significant difference in vowel quality. Generally gradient
and very variable, but before voiceless stops the vowel
inventory is best described as [a O E U I], and before
devoiced stops it is rather [A o e u i]
Significant difference in placement of F0 peak on the vowel:
before devoiced stops, a HL tone; before voiceless stops, a
relatively late H peak
Devoiced stops significantly shorter than voiceless ones,
about the same duration as word-medial voiced stops
Vowels before word-medial voiced stops are also lengthened,
though by much less than before devoiced word-final stops:
“half-long”
Pavel Iosad Incomplete neutralization reloaded
23. Setting the scene
The data Friulian
Analysis Breton
Implications
Friulian: summary
Phonological contrast between long and short vowels in
final syllables
24. I assume lengthening before word-medial voiced stops is
phonetic (a correlate of stress?), but distinct from
phonological lengthening-as-bimoraicity; cf. D’Imperio &
Rosenthall (1999); Krämer (2009b) for Italian
The consonantal representations of voiceless and devoiced
obstruents are distinct: underlying /lad/ is surface /la:d/
and /lat/ is /lat/ ˚
Analysis further on
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25. Setting the scene
The data Friulian
Analysis Breton
Implications
Breton
Work in progress
Significant dialectal variation
Jackson (1953), “new quantity system” in Proto-Brythonic:
stressed vowels are (mostly) short before voiceless
obstruents and all types of clusters, long otherwise
In Welsh, this remains a strong synchronic generalization,
though minimal pairs exist, and dialectal variation runs
amok (Wells, 1979; Awbery, 1984)
Breton: different story, various incarnations: Falc’hun
(1951); Kervella (1946); Jackson (1960); Carlyle (1988)
Pavel Iosad Incomplete neutralization reloaded
26. Setting the scene
The data Friulian
Analysis Breton
Implications
Length in Breton: the big picture
Here: dialect of Plougrescant (Trégorrois dialect group),
described by Jackson (1960); Le Dû (1978)
Vowels and sonorants may be long or short
Voiced obstruents can only be short
Voiceless obstruents may be long or short
27. Le Dû (1978) does not note length differences in consonants.
Pavel Iosad Incomplete neutralization reloaded
28. Setting the scene
The data Friulian
Analysis Breton
Implications
Length in Breton: the big picture
In non-final stressed syllables (in practice, penults):
Short vowels can be followed only by long consonants (or
clusters): no voiced obstruents
(7) a. ["tap:ut] ‘to take’
b. ["jaX:OX] ‘more healthy’
c. [skY"dEl:o] ‘basins’
Long vowels can only be followed by short consonants, and
voiceless obstruents are disallowed
(8) a. ["o:ber] ‘to do; to make; to work’
b. ["li:z@r] ‘letter’
c. ["me:l@n] ‘yellow’
Consequence: we expected devoicing to lead to vowel length
adjustments. This prediction is confirmed
(9) a. [lO"go:d@n] ‘mouse’
b. [lO"gOt:a] ‘to hunt mice’
Pavel Iosad Incomplete neutralization reloaded
29. Setting the scene
The data Friulian
Analysis Breton
Implications
Length in Breton: final devoicing
If final devoicing were a change from voiced to voiceless, we
thus expect it to shorten the preceding vowel
This is disconfirmed:
(10) a. ["to:go] ‘hats’
b. ["to:k] ‘hat’
Underlying voiceless obstruents word-finally are long:
(11) a. ["kas:] ‘send!’
b. ["ka:s] ‘cat’
¯
c. k [a:]zez ‘female cat’
d. *[kas]
Pavel Iosad Incomplete neutralization reloaded
30. Setting the scene
The data Friulian
Analysis Breton
Implications
Final devoicing: sandhi
The traditional description of sandhi: all obstruents are
voiced before sonorants and voiced obstruents (Stephens,
1993; Favereau, 2001)
Devoicing sandhi (Krämer, 2000; Hall, 2008): a different
story
The real picture seems to be significant variation:
inconsistent transcriptions in texts; explicit statements to
the effect of “sometimes it happens and sometimes is
doesn’t” (Wmffre, 1998); “weak voicing” and suchlike
Work in progress: it seems that sandhi voicing can be
partial, especially in a vowel-sonorant context
Pavel Iosad Incomplete neutralization reloaded
31. Setting the scene
The data Friulian
Analysis Breton
Implications
pardon_braz_lanhouarne
p h a K d u n b K a: z l a n
74.5 75.31
Time (s)
[ ph aödun "böa:z lan. . . ]
‘the big church feast ˚ Lanhouarne’
of
66% unvoiced frames (Praat), pulses stop about 1/3 into the consonant
Pavel Iosad Incomplete neutralization reloaded
32. Setting the scene
The data Friulian
Analysis Breton
Implications
Breton: summary
Vowel length cues underlying voicing in final position
Phonetically there also seems to be incomplete
neutralization
Essentially the same conclusion as for Friulian: the output
of final devoicing is a third category
Pavel Iosad Incomplete neutralization reloaded
33. Setting the scene
Representation
The data
Analysis of Friulian
Analysis
Analysis of Breton
Implications
Outline
1 Setting the scene
2 The data
3 Analysis
4 Implications
Pavel Iosad Incomplete neutralization reloaded
34. Setting the scene
Representation
The data
Analysis of Friulian
Analysis
Analysis of Breton
Implications
Representations
I adopt a representational system reminiscent of Lombardi
(1995, passim), Avery (1996), also Avery & Idsardi (2001)
× × ×
Lar Lar
[F]
Contrastive Contrastive
No specification
non-specification specification
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35. Setting the scene
Representation
The data
Analysis of Friulian
Analysis
Analysis of Breton
Implications
Representations
Assuming a difference between an empty node and lack of
node
Markedness/faithfulness constraints may refer to either
nodes or features
Substance-free (Morén, 2003; Blaho, 2008): [F] can be
whatever you need for this particular language
Presence of nodes associated with contrastive specification
à la Toronto
Thus: no node = no contrast
Pavel Iosad Incomplete neutralization reloaded
36. Setting the scene
Representation
The data
Analysis of Friulian
Analysis
Analysis of Breton
Implications
Friulian: good old-fashioned analysis
Head foot must be bimoraic
Weight-by-Position for laryngeally specified coda segments
38. [F] in Friulian is [voiceless] (Blaho, 2008):
Markedness = structure.
De Lacy (2006): whatever is preserved is more marked,
neutralization is to less marked
Final devoicing: deletion of [Lar] but preservation of [vcl]
Pavel Iosad Incomplete neutralization reloaded
39. Setting the scene
Representation
The data
Analysis of Friulian
Analysis
Analysis of Breton
Implications
Friulian: OT analysis
Main-to-Weight (Bye & de Lacy, 2008): stressed
syllables are bimoraic
Constraints on weight following Morén (2001)
*µ([seg]): (certain segment types) cannot be moraic
Max-µ: do not delete morae
Dep-µ: do not insert morae
MaxLink-µ([seg]): do not delete moraic associations (for
certain segment types)
DepLink-µ([seg]): do not insert moraic associations (for
certain segment types)
I propose: Weight by Position[Lar]: coda segments
with a Lar node should be moraic (a variety of Morén’s
“BeMoraic”)
Pavel Iosad Incomplete neutralization reloaded
40. Setting the scene
Representation
The data
Analysis of Friulian
Analysis
Analysis of Breton
Implications
No lengthening in /at/
Final devoicing driven by *Lar/_]Wd (whatever...)
Obstruent projects a mora
Final [vcl] is protected by Max[vcl]
Ft
µ µ
a t
Lar
[vcl]
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41. Setting the scene
Representation
The data
Analysis of Friulian
Analysis
Analysis of Breton
Implications
No lengthening in /at/: OT analysis
lat MtW Max[vcl] WbP(Lar) *Lar/_]Wd
a.
42. laµ tµ *
b. la:µµ t *! *
c. laµ dµ *!
d. ˚
la:µµ d *!
˚
Loss of laryngeal contrasts impossible, so WbP decides
Pavel Iosad Incomplete neutralization reloaded
43. Setting the scene
Representation
The data
Analysis of Friulian
Analysis
Analysis of Breton
Implications
Lengthening in /ad/
In the case of /ad/, final devoicing must happen
Final devoicing creates segments with no Lar node, so
WbP(Lar) is inactive, and there is no reason for Vµ Cµ ⇒
lengthening
Ft
µ µ
a t
=
Lar
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44. Setting the scene
Representation
The data
Analysis of Friulian
Analysis
Analysis of Breton
Implications
Lengthening in /ad/: OT analysis
lad MtW *µ[cons] WbP(Lar) *Lar/_]Wd Max(Lar)
a. laµ d *! *
b. la:µµ d * *!
c. laµ dµ *! *
d.
45. ˚
la:µµ d *
˚
There is no constraint that could force a mora to surface on
the Lar-less devoiced obstruent
The extra structure effectively licenses moraicity;
high-ranking *µ[cons] (or *µ[obst]) is necessary anyway to
prevent gratuitous mora insertion
Pavel Iosad Incomplete neutralization reloaded
46. Setting the scene
Representation
The data
Analysis of Friulian
Analysis
Analysis of Breton
Implications
Residual issues
Richness of the Base:
Voiced moraic obstruents: taken care of by markedness over
faithfulness, WbP inactive since FS is surface-true
Voiceless moraic obstruents also surface correctly
Moraic Lar-less obstruents ruled out by *µ[obst] Max-µ
Distinctive length before /l/: underlyingly moraic and
nonmoraic /l/
Underlying nonmoraic /l/ behaves like the Lar-less
obstruents
Makes sense if Lar is redundant and thus absent from the
representation
The final nasal [N] (presumably glottal/placeless; de Lacy,
2006) is always moraic: undominated WbP[nasal]
Coda [r] is always nonmoraic (?): Pandora’s box
Pavel Iosad Incomplete neutralization reloaded
47. Setting the scene
Representation
The data
Analysis of Friulian
Analysis
Analysis of Breton
Implications
Residual issues
Further evidence for final voiceless obstruents as moraic:
Italian borrowings (Baroni & Vanelli, 2000):
(12) a. (i) [a"fit] ‘rent’ (It. affitto)
(ii) [afi"tut] ‘small rent’
b. (i) [impje"ga:t] ‘clerk’ (It. impiegato)
(ii) [impjegade] ‘female clerk’ (It.
impiegata)
Non-final stress: bisyllabic foot, WbP inactive anyway
Final affricates: for further research
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48. Setting the scene
Representation
The data
Analysis of Friulian
Analysis
Analysis of Breton
Implications
Friulian: conclusion
Crucial difference: underlying voiceless stops can surface as
moraic, underlying voiced stops cannot
Proposed analysis: voiceless obstruents have most structure
which allows them to hold on to morae, voiced ones lose
structure
49. The analysis is similar to that of Hualde (1990), but does
not rely on opacity or compensatory lengthening. Also
affinities with the analysis of Milanese by Prieto i Vives
(2000)
Obvious affinities with what de Lacy (2006) says about
“markedness”
But the markedness relations follow from the structure
rather than being stipulated by fiat
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50. Setting the scene
Representation
The data
Analysis of Friulian
Analysis
Analysis of Breton
Implications
Cursory analysis of Breton I
Work in progress
Recall that voiceless obstruents can geminate but voiced
ones cannot
True voiceless obstruents shorten preceding vowels,
devoiced ones do not
Same representations as for Friulian
Additional observation: distribution of voiceless obstruents
very restricted
Essentially initial syllables, stressed syllables and
sometimes word-final position (but not as a result of final
devoicing)
52. Setting the scene
Representation
The data
Analysis of Friulian
Analysis
Analysis of Breton
Implications
Cursory analysis of Breton II
Lar obstruents lose laryngeal specification and cannot
license morae, vowel lengthens because of Main to
Weight: /ad/→/a:µµ d/
˚
Lar,[vcl] obstruents stay put and license morae, so no
lengthening: /at/→[aµ t:µ ]
Word-medially voiceless obstruents become moraic in order
to be parsed into the stressed syllable and survive the
markedness constraint
Pavel Iosad Incomplete neutralization reloaded
53. Setting the scene
Representation
The data
Analysis of Friulian
Analysis
Analysis of Breton
Implications
Cursory analysis of Breton III
σ
´ σ
µ µ
t a p u t
Lar
[vcl]
Hopefully you get the picture
In Breton, the drive is to save the marked feature by
trying to parse it in a positional-faithfulness position
Pavel Iosad Incomplete neutralization reloaded
54. Setting the scene Empirical consequences
The data Feature geometry and markedness
Analysis Feature geometry and contrastive specification
Implications Conclusion
Outline
1 Setting the scene
2 The data
3 Analysis
4 Implications
Pavel Iosad Incomplete neutralization reloaded
55. Setting the scene Empirical consequences
The data Feature geometry and markedness
Analysis Feature geometry and contrastive specification
Implications Conclusion
Why is this useful empirically? I
It is widely acknowledged that ternary contrasts in
laryngeal phonology are a genuine problem for
privative-feature theories (Wetzels & Mascaró, 2001)
My aim here is to show that feature geometry is not just a
formal gimmick to save the theory but gives us genuinely
interesting ways to analyze the patterns
Phonetic ternary contrasts: Taiwanese (Hsu, 1998)
More phonological cases:
Help?
One claim is that Modern German has lengthening
before word-final ‘lenes’, and it’s a final-devoicing
language. . .
Pavel Iosad Incomplete neutralization reloaded
56. Setting the scene Empirical consequences
The data Feature geometry and markedness
Analysis Feature geometry and contrastive specification
Implications Conclusion
Why is this useful empirically? II
. . . but see Seiler (2009) on why this isn’t (primarily) a
question of laryngeal features
SVLR (?), Northern Irish English (Krämer, 2009a)
If the accounts of final devoicing presented here are correct,
this allows us to reconcile two existing claims
FD is weakening or loss of structure (Harris, 2009)
“FD” is nonassimilatory addition of structure (Jessen &
Ringen, 2002; Iverson & Salmons, 2007)
Note that Breton has both phonological
devoicing-as-weakening and imposition of a [vcl] feature in
some morphological contexts, best analyzed as mora
affixation (cf. Trommer & Zimmermann this conference)
Pavel Iosad Incomplete neutralization reloaded
57. Setting the scene Empirical consequences
The data Feature geometry and markedness
Analysis Feature geometry and contrastive specification
Implications Conclusion
Why is this useful empirically? III
Finally, at least in Breton word-final obstruents seem to
be phonologically underspecified for laryngeal features:
consistent with Keating (1988)
But this might be problematic for systems such as German
(Jessen & Ringen, 2002) with passive voicing (hence bare
node) versus [spread]; see also Beckman et al. (2009) on
redundant [voice].
Pavel Iosad Incomplete neutralization reloaded
58. Setting the scene Empirical consequences
The data Feature geometry and markedness
Analysis Feature geometry and contrastive specification
Implications Conclusion
Feature geometry vs. markedness hierarchies I
De Lacy (2006) argues forcefully against representational
approaches to markedness
Much of his criticism is to the point, but much is an attack
on the cross-linguistic validity of markedness statements
(“Coronal is universally unmarked” vs. “Velar is universally
unmarked”)
Way out: markedness hierarchies
These are also supposed to be universally valid, which is
empirically problematic
Here: feature geometry + substance-free phonology =
theory of markedness effects
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59. Setting the scene Empirical consequences
The data Feature geometry and markedness
Analysis Feature geometry and contrastive specification
Implications Conclusion
Feature geometry vs. markedness hierarchies II
I accept the insights of de Lacy (2006) on effects such as
markedness reduction, conflation and preservation (what he
calls the xo Theory)
But I reject his insistence on the universality of featural
representations and markedness relationships
Many languages clearly need a [voice] feature rather than
[voiceless]. The markedness effects should still be valid
within a language (e. g. devoicing as loss of [voice] and
consequent neutralization with Lar is still markedness
reduction)
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60. Setting the scene Empirical consequences
The data Feature geometry and markedness
Analysis Feature geometry and contrastive specification
Implications Conclusion
Stringent constraint violations: markedness
*Root *Lar *[voi]
× *
×, Lar * *
×, Lar, [voi] * * *
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61. Setting the scene Empirical consequences
The data Feature geometry and markedness
Analysis Feature geometry and contrastive specification
Implications Conclusion
Stringent constraint violations: faithfulness
×, Lar, [voi] Max[Root] Max[Lar] Max[voi]
∅ * * *
× * *
×, Lar *
×, Lar, [voi]
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62. Setting the scene Empirical consequences
The data Feature geometry and markedness
Analysis Feature geometry and contrastive specification
Implications Conclusion
Substance-free markedness
Essentially a Trubetzkoyan approach: markedness is merely
the presence of structure
More empirically adequate: the hypothesis is that given a
proper theory of how features are assigned, it is possible to
account for the patterns without stipulations on substantive
markedness hierarchies. . .
. . . and preserve the advantages of xo Theory
Hypothesis: features are assigned on the basis of
phonological activity (Dresher, 2009, and many more)
Language-internal versus cross-linguistic markedness
Pavel Iosad Incomplete neutralization reloaded
63. Setting the scene Empirical consequences
The data Feature geometry and markedness
Analysis Feature geometry and contrastive specification
Implications Conclusion
Unanswered questions so far
Where do the empty nodes come from?
Where does the difference between node-less and
feature-less segments come from?
How can one reconcile this representational proliferation
with the avowed minimalist perspective?
Proposal: feature geometry is a way to capture the
generalization that only distinctive feature specifications
are phonologically active (Dresher, 2009)
Presence or absence of node makes the difference
between contrastive non-specification and redundant
non-specification (hence absent features)
Pavel Iosad Incomplete neutralization reloaded
64. Setting the scene Empirical consequences
The data Feature geometry and markedness
Analysis Feature geometry and contrastive specification
Implications Conclusion
Feature geometry as successive division I
If feature [F] is contrastive for a subset of the inventory,
then the subset is further divided into two subsets
Those features which receive [F] also receive the node it is
associated with
The complement of the set of [F] segments receives the
node but not the feature
Similar proposals: Ghini (2001a,b)
Given standard autosegmental assumptions, this derives the
generalization that only segments contrastively specified
for a feature are active in phonological processes
involving that feature
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65. Setting the scene Empirical consequences
The data Feature geometry and markedness
Analysis Feature geometry and contrastive specification
Implications Conclusion
Feature geometry as successive division II
This ties in with the standard assumption that tiers define
locality domains: so in order for a segment to be able to
accept some feature it has to be present on that feature’s
tier
But the predictions are still restrictive in a
feature-geometric way: within a language, one can have a
maximum distinction between activity of one feature and
activity of the whole tier
Contrast binary-feature theories, which open the possibility
of three types of processes, those involving [+F], [−F]
and [αF]
Pavel Iosad Incomplete neutralization reloaded
66. Setting the scene Empirical consequences
The data Feature geometry and markedness
Analysis Feature geometry and contrastive specification
Implications Conclusion
Wrap-up
Final devoicing in Friulian and Breton involves a ternary
contrast, and thus phonological incomplete neutralization
Proposed account in terms of feature geometry with
privative features
Advantages:
Less stipulative account of markedness hierarchies
Reconciliation of contrastive specification with feature
geometry
Feature geometry is not just a way to “get” ternary effects
All very programmatic, but I believe it is a reasonable set of
initial assumptions
Further questions
Does the phonetic account of Breton hold up? (In progress)
Can we dispense with tiers and have features depend on
features (Blaho, 2008)?
Does this thing work at all?
Pavel Iosad Incomplete neutralization reloaded
67. Setting the scene Empirical consequences
The data Feature geometry and markedness
Analysis Feature geometry and contrastive specification
Implications Conclusion
Granmarcè!
Trugarez mat!
Thank you!
Pavel Iosad Incomplete neutralization reloaded