Abstract: Experimentation is used differently in science, engineering, and science education. The aim of many science fairs is to encourage young talent in scientific inquiry. Based on 57 interviews with participants of a German youth science fair, this article points out typical students’ conceptions about the procedure and the purpose of experimentation. The analysis of the interview data revealed that the derived concepts firstly depend on each other and secondly reflect the differences in the way of thinking and working between scientists and engineers. Since experiences with experimentation provide the basis for learning and thus for the conceptual knowledge about science, we conclude that it is essential, for science education, to distinguish the engineer’s and the scientist’s point of view and to implement more authentic inquiry in science lessons at school.
How do Scholars Evaluate and Promote Research Outputs? An NTU Case Study
Authors: Han Zheng, Mojisola Erdt, Yin-Leng Theng
Workshop Website: http://www.altmetrics.ntuchess.com/AROSIM2018/
How do Scholars Evaluate and Promote Research Outputs? An NTU Case Study
Authors: Han Zheng, Mojisola Erdt, Yin-Leng Theng
Workshop Website: http://www.altmetrics.ntuchess.com/AROSIM2018/
EMERGING TRENDS ON THE TOPIC OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE FIELD ...Mostafa Gawdat
Education in the Knowledge Society (EKS)
EMERGING TRENDS ON THE TOPIC OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES: A BIBLIOMETRIC
EXPLORATION
Carlos Luis González
-
Valiente
Grupo Empresarial de la Industria Sidero Mecánica,
Department
of
Informatics
and Management of Information
carlos.valiente@fcom.uh.cu
ABSTRACT
The paper
presents a bibliometric analysis on the topic of Information Technology
(IT) in the field of Educational Sciences, aimed at envisioning the research emerging
trends
. The ERIC data base is used as a consultation
source;
the results were subjected
to product
ivity by authors, journals, and term co
-
occurrence analysis i
ndicators for the
period 2009
-
2013. The productivity of Computers & Education, and Turkish Online
Jour
nal of Educational Technology
-
TOJET
, as well as the preceding authors from
Canada, have been
emphasized. The more used terms are the following: Information
technology, foreign countries, educational technology, technology integration, and
student attitudes. Researches performed here seem to have a largely qualitative
character,
highlighting comput
ers and i
nternet as the mostly explored technological
objects. The largest subject matter trend refers to the integration of IT in the higher
education learning context, and its incidence over the teaching methods.
A Research problem is a problem that a researcher wants to solve moreover, it is an issues or a concern that an investigator / researcher presents and justifies in a research study.
Health research is the process of scientifically investigating a particular well-defined aspect of physical, mental, or social well-being of individuals.
EMERGING TRENDS ON THE TOPIC OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE FIELD ...Mostafa Gawdat
Education in the Knowledge Society (EKS)
EMERGING TRENDS ON THE TOPIC OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES: A BIBLIOMETRIC
EXPLORATION
Carlos Luis González
-
Valiente
Grupo Empresarial de la Industria Sidero Mecánica,
Department
of
Informatics
and Management of Information
carlos.valiente@fcom.uh.cu
ABSTRACT
The paper
presents a bibliometric analysis on the topic of Information Technology
(IT) in the field of Educational Sciences, aimed at envisioning the research emerging
trends
. The ERIC data base is used as a consultation
source;
the results were subjected
to product
ivity by authors, journals, and term co
-
occurrence analysis i
ndicators for the
period 2009
-
2013. The productivity of Computers & Education, and Turkish Online
Jour
nal of Educational Technology
-
TOJET
, as well as the preceding authors from
Canada, have been
emphasized. The more used terms are the following: Information
technology, foreign countries, educational technology, technology integration, and
student attitudes. Researches performed here seem to have a largely qualitative
character,
highlighting comput
ers and i
nternet as the mostly explored technological
objects. The largest subject matter trend refers to the integration of IT in the higher
education learning context, and its incidence over the teaching methods.
A Research problem is a problem that a researcher wants to solve moreover, it is an issues or a concern that an investigator / researcher presents and justifies in a research study.
Health research is the process of scientifically investigating a particular well-defined aspect of physical, mental, or social well-being of individuals.
Opponent's questions in the public examination of Marcus Duveskog's doctoral dissertation, School of Computing, University of Eastern Finland, January 29, 2015.
Science Process Skills in Relation to Values Gained through Learning Scienceijtsrd
Science is not only of acquiring knowledge about facts, theories, or gaining text book’s theoretical generalizations. Doing Science means applying the processes to reach the knowledge and process data. The process of doing science should bring in holistic development of the children including the development of values. The process of doing science involves Science process skills. So in this study, the researcher has attempted to find the relationship between science process skills and science values of class 8 students in Mysuru, Karnataka State. Research findings have shown that there is a positive relationship between science process skills and science values. And gender has no influence on the relationship between science process skills and science values. The implications of the study are discussed in this paper. Vasudha C R "Science Process Skills in Relation to Values Gained through Learning Science" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49089.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/49089/science-process-skills-in-relation-to-values-gained-through-learning-science/vasudha-c-r
Research Opportunities and Benefits/ Undergraduate Research/ How to start wit...Mehak Azeem
These slides were presented to the IEEE Sai Sriram Engineering College webinar in collaboration with IEEE PES and IEEE WIE.
For more information:
[mehakazeem@ieee.org]
Drying of agricultural products using forced convection indirect solar dryerIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:- Drying of three agricultural products namely potato slices, onion slices and whole grapes was done using an indigenously designed and fabricated forced convection indirect solar dryer and under open sunlight. The diurnal variation of temperature, relative humidity in the solar dryer was also compared with the ambient temperature and relative humidity during March and April 2017 for all the three products. The study showed increase of temperature and lower humidity inside the drying chamber at different time interval. Hourly moisture loss for all the three agricultural products in the drying chamber and open sun drying was also compared and the percentage of moisture loss in the drying chamber was found to be higher compared to open sun drying for all the products. The mass of water removed for all the three products in the drying chamber was also found to be higher than the open sun drying. Results of the study showed that forced convection indirect solar dryer is better than the open sun drying method for drying the agricultural products more efficiently.
The Problems of Constructing Optimal Onboard Colored RGB Depicting UAV SystemsIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:-The problems of constructing optimal adaptive onboard color RGB depictingUAV systems have been analyzed. The problem of optimal formation of color signals of RGB color system has been formulated and solved by implementing the adaptive flight mode of UAVs containing an onboard imaging system. An adaptive UAV mode with an imaging system on board is proposed, which consists of adaptive changes in flight altitude depending on the wavelength of the received color signal. As a result of the optimization of the proposed operating mode of the UAV imaging system, an analytic formula for adaptive device control has been obtained. Recommendations have been given on the practical implementation of the proposed method.
Flexible Design Processes to Reduce the Early Obsolescence of BuildingsIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:- This work intends to analyze the processes of flexibility to improve the adaptability to the users and to define some strategies to delay building obsolescence. Some approaches that address the architectural flexibility processes are studied to understand the rapid transformation of user lifestyles and changes in needs and performance building requirements. Obsolescence is often characterized by the lack of flexibility in the structure and walls, as well as services that change rapidly according to the different uses of buildings. This poses a threat to the built environment, since a large number of buildings are demolished having still years of useful life. In this way, different types of obsolescence are analyzed, focusing on some structural, economic, functional and social aspects of the construction and the use of buildings, seeking the capacity to design and produce adaptive buildings that are more resilient to obsolescence. Thus, some concepts of flexibility and flexible process are presented to promote adaptability in buildings. However, flexibility is a complex process, a long way to achieve adaptability to the built environment and the changing needs of users. The method used in this analysis takes into account the diversity of the design process, making some considerations about the interrelation of the social, functional and technical aspects. Finally, some conclusions about the design methods faced by a flexible approach process can lead to more useful and adaptable spaces for future transformations in order to extend the life cycle and prevent early obsolescence of buildings.
Study on Performance Enhancement of Solar Ejector Cooling SystemIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: Cooling sector is dominating by vapor compression cooling sector which uses refrigerant which are harmful to environment. The solar ejector cooling system is alternative for vapor compression cycle which uses solar energy to give heat to the generator, which is a viable method for heat generation. The solar ejector cooling system not only fulfills cooling requirement but also helps in energy conservation and protection of environment. It reduces the generator work and decrease the throttling losses. Maintenance requirement and cost is low for ejector cooling system .In this paper, theoretically study is done on enhancement of the performance of solar ejector cooling system. Various system configuration are presented with detailed design. This system still needed a lot of research work to make it alternative for vapor compression cycle based cooling system completely.
Flight Safety Case Study: Adi Sucipto Airport Jogjakarta - IndonesiaIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: Adi Sucipto Airport-Jogyakarta is an airport with enclave civil status or as TNI-AU airbase (civilian airport within the military area) has limited infrastructure with Azimuth Runway 09-27, has no RESA (Runway End Safety Area). The calculation results using Acceptable Safety Level (ASL) standard 1 x 10-7 shows that the probability of accident risk at wet runway condition is greater than in dry condition. Runway Excursion occurs at the airport, especially when the runway is wet and overrun due to hydroplaning and the plane deviates from the center of runway as well as the aircraft wheels are in contact with ground or obstacle surface outside the runway. It means the thicker layer of water above the runway will cause increased risk of accidents on the runway. This is why standing water should be immediately removed from the runway as quickly as possible. Mitigation efforts need to be done simultaneously with recovery by adding RESA and other preventive efforts in order to water patch and standing water does not exceed 2 mm and apply the mandatory of SOP consistently at the airport.
A Review of Severe Plastic DeformationIRJESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This article reviews about Ultrafine grained (UFG) materials processed by Severe Plastic
Deformation. From the period of 1950’s, the researchers made a fountain stone for this technique. Over the last
decades, this SPD technique experienced an enormous growth among the research field. There was a
development of different methods of SPD, production of various materials by SPD with improved and
interesting results based on our requirement. Moreover, different post processing techniques will also help to
enhance the property of the SPD processed material. This paper reviews the overall development of this
technique, various methods of SPD, discussed about the enhancement of the properties and finally concluded
with some specific challenges and issues faced by the modern researchers. It may be helpful to those who wants
specialise in bulk nanomaterials produced by SPD.
Annealing Response of Aluminum Alloy AA6014 Processed By Severe Plastic Defor...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: In this paper the study of micro structural stability during annealing with respect to time of conventionally grains (CG) and ultrafine-grained (UFG) of Aluminum AA6014 i s carried out. It has been observed that, the effect of the second phase magnesium-silicon particles in the CG and UFG AA6014 samples leads to a rapid hardness which increases from 40HV10 to 70HV10 within 7 days. Artificial aging shows that the material hardness even increased after 20 hours of annealing at 180°C. In total 30 hours of annealing, the hardness arrives at its maximum and then reduces due to the formation of Mg2Si precipitates, which rise in size and change their coherency. The precipitates cannot efficiently pin the dislocations and act as barriers to the dislocation motion which indicate an overall decrease in the hardness. It also has been found that the ultrafinegrained AA6014 alloy loses its thermal stability at approximately 200°C and recrystallized at 300°C. Thermal stability is strongly dependent on the material purity, second phase particles and/or oxide particles which may break up during rolling and lead to some dispersion strengthening.
Evaluation of Thresholding Based Noncontact Respiration Rate Monitoring using...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: - A noncontact method for respiration rate monitoring using thermal imaging was developed and evaluated. Algorithms to capture images, detect the location of the face, locate the corners of the eyes from the detected face and thereafter locate the tip of the nose in each image were developed. The amount of emitted infrared radiation was then determined from the detected tip of the nose. Signal processing techniques were then utilised to obtain the respiration rate in real-time. The method was evaluated on 6 enrolled subjects after obtaining all ethical approvals. The evaluations were conducted against two existing contact based methods; thoracic and abdominal bands. Results showed a correlation coefficient of 0.9974 to 0.9999 depending on the location of the ROI relative to the detected tip of the nose. The main contributions of the work was the successful development and evaluation of the facial features tracking algorithms in thermal imagining, the evaluation of thermal imaging as a technology for respiration monitoring in a hospital environment against existing respiration monitoring systems as well as the real time nature of the method where the frame processing time was 40 ms from capture to respiration feature plotting.
Correlation of True Boiling Point of Crude OilIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract :- The knowledge of the crude boiling point is very important for the refining process design and optimization. In this project the aim is to find the correlation of true boiling points. The study will be very useful in crude transportation and downstream operations. Correlation is tried to obtain by testing a number of crude oil samples from heavy to light. The comparisons of boiling point of different crude samples obtained is tried to compare with already existing correlations. Framol, Destmol and Riazi’s, these three correlation models have taken. The result showed that comparison of three correlation models and which is more accurate.
Combined Geophysical And Geotechnical Techniques For Assessment Of Foundation...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: This study was carried out to assess the subsurface conditions around the school of technology complex in Lagos State Polytechnic, Ikorodu, using integrated geophysical and geotechnical techniques. The site lies within the Sedimentary terrain of southwestern Nigeria. Allied Ohmega Resistivity meter was used for data collection of 1-D and 2-D resistivitymeasurement while WinResist software and Dipro software were used for the processing respectively.The results of the vertical electrical sounding indicate that the depth to basement values ranges between 27.6 and 39.5m. The 2D resistivitysurvey has provided valuable information on the lateral and vertical variation of the layer competent for erecting foundation of engineering structures. The CPT probed an average depth of 4.8m and has identified material of very high shear strength associated with dense sand materials. The correlation of the three techniques used revealed similar soil layering consisting of topsoilsandy clay, coarse sand and sand.A mechanically stable coarse sand material was discovered as weathered layer which indicates high load bearing capacity suitable for foundation in the area and can support massive structures.
Abstract:- research stands out because it is provided by the model of Al-Mobaideen (2009) critics to analyze for the governance of information and communications technology (ICT) at the National University of Chimborazo factors which raises the factors such as: strategies and policies, infrastructure and networks, financing and sustainability, and institutional culture that should be taken into account if desired govern the successful integration of ICT in the school. The study is exploratory, the almost total lack of previous studies on Governance of ICT integration at the University. It is concluded that there is a set of organizations with addresses IT markedly different roles in their duties with regard to its orientation to administrative, academic and research. The University has failed to define the strategic role of ICT in their academic, because there is no objective referred to IT academia in 2013-2016 pedi, but also because there is not a pedi-oriented IT the formation. The limited effectiveness of IT organizations in academic activities is provided by the low rate of use of educationalplatformsb_learning.
Gobernanzade las TIC en la Educacion SuperiorIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:-Se destaca la investigación debido a que se da a conocer mediante el modelo de Al-Mobaideen (2009) los factores críticos a analizar para la gobernanza de las Tecnologías de la información y la Comunicación (TIC) en la Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo donde plantea los factores como:estrategias y políticas, infraestructura y redes, financiación y sostenibilidad, y cultura institucional, que se debe tomar en cuenta si se desea gobernar la integración exitosa de las TIC en la institución educativa. El estudio es exploratoria, por la poca presencia de estudios previos sobre Gobernanza de la integración de las TIC en la Universidad. Se concluye que existe un conjunto de organismos con direcciones de TI con roles notoriamente diferenciados en sus funciones con respecto a su orientación a procesos administrativos, académicos y de investigación. La Universidad no ha logrado definir el rol estratégico de las TIC en su desarrollo académico, porque no existe ningún objetivo referido a TI para el ámbito académico en el PEDI 2013-2016, sino porque además, no se cuenta con un PEDI de TI orientado a la formación. La poca eficacia de los organismos de TI en actividades académicas se da a conocer por la baja tasa de uso de plataformas educativas b_learning.
The Analysis and Perspective on Development of Chinese Automotive Heavy-duty ...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: In recent years, under the influence of both China's domestic market demand and emissions standard improvement, Chinese manufacturers put great effort on the research and design of automotive heavy-duty diesel engine. This paper analyzes the technical parameters of heavy duty diesel engine in 11 / 13L displacement section and introduces its performance. At the same time, combined with the development of foreign heavy-duty diesel engine, the future development direction of Chinese heavy-duty diesel engine is forecasted.
Research on The Bottom Software of Electronic Control System In Automobile El...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: With the development of science and technology, car replacement faster and faster. The development of the automotive industry has a contradiction, on the one hand, the speed of upgrading the car technology can not keep up with the speed of the performance requirements of the car, on the other hand, the country's automobile exhaust emission standards become more stringent. In addition, the depletion of oil resources led to the rise in gasoline prices, the traditional car is facing a crisis. Considering the situation of gas fuel resource structure and supply situation in China, it is feasible to promote gas fuel engine[1].However, the pollution caused by the car has become one of the major pollution sources in the urban environment and the atmospheric environment, and this trend continues to deteriorate[2].Therefore, alternative energy vehicles and hybrid cars is the main direction of development, and any improvement in the car will be car electronics and software replacement for the premise. On the one hand, natural gas as an alternative to gasoline, with its low prices, excellent combustion emissions, the relative sustainable development and other characteristics of more and more car manufacturers favor;On the other hand, the mainstream of the automotive electronic control unit ECU software development to AUTOSAR structure, low power consumption, functional safety for the development direction. Based on the actual development of natural gas engine control unit, the structure and function of ECU software are studied with reference to AUTOSAR software design standard. This paper studies the structure of the application of the software layer of the electronic control system and the main control strategy under the various conditions of the structure, and puts forward the underlying software resources needed by the application layer software. This paper analyzes the internal and peripheral resources of Infineon XC2785x microcontroller and designs hardware abstraction layer software and ECU abstraction layer software. The current characteristics of the jet valve driven by the natural gas multi-point injection engine were investigated. Automotive electronics technology has been widely used in modern vehicles which, and gradually become the development of new models, improve the performance of the key technical factors[3] .
Evaluation of Specialized Virtual Health Libraries in Scholar Education Evalu...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:- The aim is to evaluate the impact on academic training with specialized virtual health libraries (databases and catalogs) available in Institutions of Scholar Education, because there is uncertainty about the appropriate use of these libraries. The research was conducted on the databases available on 2 universities during the academic period August 2015 - February 2016. Using criteria and indicators for evaluating virtual libraries, model quality of university libraries based on fuzzy techniques, Bibliometric and criteria for virtual libraries in health. The study had the participation of 188 students from two universities or groups. The research reveals that for the first group and the second group almost always (60.45%) find the information, the (57.2%) have relevance to the topic, access (45.8%) once a month, and Elseiver and BiblioMedica are the most commonly used, however, mostly ie (78.55%) use traditional libraries versus (58.2%) which are virtual. Descriptive analysis was performed using the software SPSSv20. This experience allows us to confirm that the use of libraries contributes discreetly in academic education, therefore, it requires training plans, reference guides, strengthen the socialization of this resource, free access from anywhere.
Linking Ab Initio-Calphad for the Assessment of the AluminiumLutetium SystemIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: First-principles calculations within density functional theory (DFT) were used to investigate intermetallics in the Al-Lu system at 0 K. The five compounds of the system were investigated in their observed experimental structures. Thermodynamic modelling of the Au–Lu system was carried out by means of the CALPHAD (calculation of phase diagrams) method. The liquid phase and the intermetallic compounds Al3Lu, Al2Lu, AlLu, Al2Lu3 and AlLu2 are taken into consideration in this optimization. The substitutional solution model was used to describe the liquid phase. The five compounds are treated as stoichiometric phases. The enthalpies of formation of the compounds were found by the ab initio calculations and used in the optimization of the phase diagram.
Thermodynamic Assessment (Suggestions) Of the Gold-Rubidium SystemIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: Thermodynamic modellings of the Au–Rb system was carried out by means of the CALPHAD (calculation of phase diagrams) method. The liquid phase and the intermetallic compounds Au5Rb, Au2Rb, AuRb and Au7Rb3 and Au3Rb2 (new compounds) in addition to the compound AuRb2 (suspected compound) are taken into consideration in this optimization. The substitutional solution model was used to describe the liquid phase. The six compounds are treated as stoichiometric phases. The enthalpies of formation used in these optimizations were calculated within ab-initio method in precedent work
Elisa Test for Determination of Grapevine Viral Infection in Rahovec, KosovoIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: Vineyard in Kosovo is estimated to have a great economic potential. There are thousands of hectares of vineyards that contribute to the economic potential of Rahovec by expanding the cultivation area year by year. The vines are affected by a number of viral diseases or pathologies similar to them, which significantly have an impact against the plant life and their production. Therefore, this study was conducted in several farms in Rahovec to determine whether there is a presence of viral infection in the vines. Application of Das-Elisa, Protein A-DAS and Antigen Direct Binding - DASI verified the final identification of viral infection in the collected material. The yellow colour reaction shown on the plate showed the positive result of the Elisa assay for viruses GFLV, ArMV, GLRaV-1, GLRaV-2, GLRaV-3, GVA and GVB in varieties Vranac, Smederevka, Prokup, Afuzali, Grocaka, Demir Kapi, Plovdina, Melika, Zhillavka. The use of specific antibodies will enable the examination of viral diseases in plant materials collected from vineyards and will be oriented to their phytosanitary status.
Abstract. Ensuring of permanent and continuous working process of oil-gas and field equipment alongside with the other factors, depends also on reliability of sealing units. A problem of deterioration modeling of a sealing element of a packer including into an oil field equipment complex is considered in this paper.
Determining Loss of Liquid from Different Types of Mud by Various Addictives ...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract :- Filtration is used in many industries to separate water from the solid. It is important to find fluid loss in drilling, cementing, fracturing, and almost every other type of downhole treatment design. The filter cake characterization is very essential for well selection of drilling fluid problems and formation damage. Therefore this study is taken up to experimentally investigate the effect of different concentrations of CMC, Starch, Wood fibers, Soda ash, Caustic soda, Bentonite and Barite on filtration loss and formation damages. Three different samples are used in this study at different concentration and a comparison is made. Although the discussion presented here is confined to fluid loss during drilling. Water-based drilling mud’s including Bentonite is wellknown and is being widely used in the petroleum industry. Among the important functions of water-based drilling fluid were to form filter cake on the wall of the well bore, prevent water leakage, and maintain the stability of the well wall. The properties of the water-based drilling fluid, such as the rheology and filtration loss, are affected by the fluid loss additive. Polymers, which are nontoxic, degradable, and environment friendly, are the best choice to be used as drilling fluids additives.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
AKS UNIVERSITY Satna Final Year Project By OM Hardaha.pdf
Experimentation in science, engineering, and education
1. International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)
ISSN (Online) 2319-183X, (Print) 2319-1821
Volume 6, Issue 6 (June 2017), PP.22-27
www.irjes.com 22 | Page
Experimentation in science, engineering, and education
Jürgen Paul1
, Jorge Groß1
1
(Department of Science Education, University of Bamberg, Germany)
Abstract: Experimentation is used differently in science, engineering, and science education. The aim of many
science fairs is to encourage young talent in scientific inquiry. Based on 57 interviews with participants of a
German youth science fair, this article points out typical students’ conceptions about the procedure and the
purpose of experimentation. The analysis of the interview data revealed that the derived concepts firstly depend
on each other and secondly reflect the differences in the way of thinking and working between scientists and
engineers. Since experiences with experimentation provide the basis for learning and thus for the conceptual
knowledge about science, we conclude that it is essential, for science education, to distinguish the engineer’s
and the scientist’s point of view and to implement more authentic inquiry in science lessons at school.
Keywords: conceptual change, experiments, inquiry-based learning, science education
I. INTRODUCTION
Experimentation is crucial for engineering, natural and computer science, as well as for science
education. The aim of this article is to draw attention to the difference in understanding experimentation within
these fields and to point out the difficulties for science education generated by that difference. Engineering and
science complement and inspire each other. Research in natural science provides the scientific basis for
implementing technical ideas, for inventing new technologies, for thinking and working as an engineer. Specific
technical applications and more precise devices enable scientists to measure, capture, and understand nature
more and more profoundly. In a sense, engineering and science thus form a symbiosis. As a consequence of this
merging, a problem of teaching experimentation as one of the most important scientific inquiry methods occurs
[1]. We therefore assumed that students have problems to distinguish experimentation between engineering and
science in terms of procedure and purpose.
Scientific experimentation is defined as an orderly procedure carried out with the goal of testing a
hypothesis by systematically manipulating the conditions of the observed processes or variables to be measured
[2, 3]. This scientific procedure generally, but not necessarily, contains the following steps: (1) formulating a
research question, (2) generating a theory-based hypothesis, (3) designing the experiment, (4) conducting the
experiment and collecting data, (5) preparing and evaluating the data, (6) interpretation and discussion of the
results and their conclusions, and (7) communication of findings. Of course, we do not claim that this sequence
is the one and only scientific method. However, there is a broad consensus nationally and internationally within
the science education community on the need to convey such a basic understanding of scientific thinking and
working [4, 5].
At school, experiments function in a variety of ways such as motivating students, testing hypotheses, or
illustrating concepts [6]. Here, the teacher generally knows the outcome of the experiment, whereas the result of
a research experiment is unknown. However, the key element in classroom instruction is whether the teacher has
communicated to students what the expected result should be. We therefore distinguish the typical “school
experiment” with explicit instructions and known results from the “research experiment”, which is part of the
scientific process described above.
A scientist asks a question to nature and works to get an answer to this question. Based on a theory, the
scientist’s aim is to test a hypothesis. Whereas for scientists, the purpose of experimentation is knowledge gain
(“open-ended”), engineers usually carry out experiments for technical improvements (“intended”). To fulfil the
requirements of a task, engineers want to achieve a specific effect. Since they have different goals, scientists and
engineers may additionally use different procedures for experimentation. During everyday life, most people
think and act more like an engineer than a scientist, because they daily use things, especially technical devices
as a result of social and technological change, as a means to an end and thus want to achieve a certain effect,
too.
Experimentation is also the core element of many science fairs. In order to retrace scientific inquiry,
students can compete with each other by presenting their own small research projects. In many countries,
science fairs have a long tradition to expand normal classroom teaching [7]. On the one hand, to support and
challenge students individually, and on the other hand, to enhance lessons and also to build the external profile
of the school. Researchers have investigated various aspects of science competitions in the context of science
education. Some of them focused on different factors that lead to successful participation [8]. Gender effects
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among participants were found in some motivational respects such as self-concept of own competence and
social role attributions [9] or in the choice of science field [10]. Task-oriented science olympiads reach other
types of students than project-centred science fairs [11].
In Germany, the most popular youth science fair with over 10,000 students participating annually is
“Jugend forscht” (which literally translates to “Youth Does Research”). The non-profit organisation behind this
competition sees the education and encouragement of young adults in mathematics, computer science, natural
science, and engineering as a key task to provide a basis for future research and innovation in our society. The
main goal of the competition is to encourage young talent in scientific thinking and working. The competition
follows a periodic annual structure (November 30th: closing date; February: regional competitions;
March/April: state competitions; May: national competition). For their submitted projects, students are free to
work alone or in small groups of 2-3. Scientific experimentation is most commonly at the centre of the projects.
Participants assign their projects to seven different subjects: biology, chemistry, physics, earth sciences,
mathematics or computer science, engineering, and working environment. On the competition days, the students
present their projects to a jury. This presentation in front of the project poster is usually a mixture of a short talk
and a discussion among experts.
In our nationwide study about Jugend forscht, we analysed learning processes about experimentation
and the nature of science (NOS) triggered or supported by a science fair. We used both oral interviews (n = 57)
and software-based questionnaires (n = 1,070; pre-, post-, follow-up-test). Some of these data are already
published [12].
The science fair, Jugend forscht, seems to be a suitable environment for the investigation of student
conceptions about experimentation within the fields of science and engineering, because of the defined
objectives, the focus on experimentation, and the project-centred approach of this competition. To this end, the
present article addresses the two questions: Which conceptions exist about experimentation among the
participating students in terms of procedure and purpose? Do these conceptions reflect differences in the way of
thinking between scientists and engineers? Considering the possible influence of previous experiences with
experiments at school and during everyday life, we assumed that students are used to the engineer’s point of
view and mainly understand experiments to achieve a desired effect. However, the awareness of the difference
between experimentation in science and engineering is seen as an essential basis for an advanced conceptual
knowledge about scientific inquiry and natural science in general.
II. THEORY AND METHODOLOGY
In a moderate constructivist sense, learners need to learn actively [13]. Additionally, we understand
learning by means of a revised conceptual change approach [14, 15], which considers a situated perspective
[16]. We see students as individual learners who construct their knowledge in an active and self-regulated
process on the basis of existing conceptions. These conceptions derived from everyday experiences can be
beneficial or obstructive for learning [17]. Thus, we understand conceptual changes as reconstructions of
conceptions [18], where conceptions can be further developed, changed, or newly formed, depending on the
context and the individual.
To obtain students’ conceptions about experimentation, we used guided interviews as a qualitative
research tool also applying the method of the retrospective query on learning processes (Paul, Lederman, &
Groß, 2016). A total of 57 individual interviews were conducted during regional competition days. For that
purpose, all 872 participating students of five different regional competitions in Bavaria and Thuringia were
contacted beforehand, concerning their willingness to be interviewed. From the 263 positive responses, 57
volunteering students from 10-18 years were randomly chosen for the interviews to produce an approximately
equal distribution of interviewees with respect to location, age, gender, and the topic of their work with an
emphasis on natural sciences (average age: 14,9 ± 2,6 years; 28 males, 29 females; topics: 19 biology, 18
chemistry, 14 physics, 2 engineering, 2 geoscience, 2 mathematics and computer science). All personalized data
were made anonymous.
An interview lasted for about 30 minutes and started in a time frame of 30-60 minutes after the visit of
the competition jury. We used a structured guideline to align the 57 interviews for reproducibility. Two different
researchers conducted the interviews. The interview guideline integrates two methodological approaches: firstly
problem-oriented, open and half-open questions to collect the current conceptions about scientific
experimentation and secondly the retrospective query on the individual learning process. Several basic questions
were drawn from validated questionnaires [19, 20, 21], from which subsequent questions were developed. The
interviews were captured using a voice recorder. The interrelationship between questions and answers was
validated by three different researchers based on qualitative content analysis (in line with [22, 23]). In addition,
an internal triangulation process with similar questions on the same issue was integrated into the guideline. For
reliability, coding and interpretation of students’ statements were analysed by two researchers working
independently. The findings of both were then reconciled if necessary. The organized statements of the students
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were summarized into tables, where the conceptions mentioned retrospectively were differentiated from the
current conceptions. By comparing these conceptions, we were able to construct the learning process on the
basis of the detected conceptual changes or the additionally accrued concepts. In order to reconstruct the
sequences of the learning processes, the concepts identified were linked with each other step by step according
to the conceptual changes made by the subjects.
III. RESULTS
Students’ statements about experimentation
In order to represent typical students’ experiences and their associated statements about
experimentation, three characteristic examples are quoted. Alicia, a 12-year-old, experiences experiments in
school differently from the ones at Jugend forscht (see Table 1, example 1). During the experiments in school,
she gets detailed instruction how to carry out the experiment or is only a spectator, where the teacher presents
experiments as a demonstration for the entire class. At Jugend forscht, Alicia not only takes matters in her own
hands, she also does so without explicit guidelines from the teaching staff and without written instructions. 54 of
the 57 students questioned usually carry out experiments at school as part of a group, or with a partner following
written instructions.
The 16-year-old Peter tells about his individual learning process (see Table 1, example 2). Formerly,
Peter saw experiments as entertaining, they were rather spectacular (“flash”). His additional experience was to
use experiments for trying various ways in order to construct something with a specific aim. Both conceptions
have in common, that a certain effect should be achieved via experiments. During the course of the science fair,
it became clear to him that the result of a scientific experiment is previously unknown and may be different from
the expectation. Through experiments, you can “prove things” or you can “get new findings” to answer a
question. With this, Peter is an example of the learning process from the conception that experiments serve as
entertainment or to achieve a desired effect, towards the conception that the purpose of scientific
experimentation lies in knowledge production.
Talking to other participants, the 15-year-old Dan figured out that distinct types of experimentation
exist (see Table 1, example 3). He noticed other students who pursued to construct a specific device and tried to
improve its properties. Thus, he differentiates between experiments serving the purpose of a technical
improvement and those, carried out by “scientists”, serving the purpose of knowledge gain. The possibility of
alternative appropriate conceptions of the purpose of experimentation was mentioned by 8 participants
interviewed at the science fair. The three students, Alicia, Peter, and Dan represent typical conceptions of
experimentation found in this study.
Table 1: Three representative student statements from the 57 individual interviews conducted about
experimentation (translated extracts from the original transcripts, key passages are marked as shaded text,
the time display is given in hours:minutes:seconds).
1. Experiments in School and at Jugend forscht
00:10:38
00:10:42
00:11:36
00:11:41
Interviewer: “How do you experience experiments in school?”
Alicia (12 years-old): “Sometimes we do experiments in biology. Last time we observed the germination of
cress seeds. We had a detailed instruction how to do so and worked together in groups of 3 or 4. But in most
cases, when we had experiments, we simply watched the teacher while he was doing the experiment. (...)“
Interviewer: “And how do you see experimentation at Jugend forscht?”
Alicia: “Differently. We did not have a guideline and did everything alone. (…) Without concrete instruction,
but on our own and freely.”
2. Learning processes for the purpose of experimentation
00:25:23
00:25:29
00:27:26
00:27:37
Interviewer: “What did you know about experimentation before you did your Jugend forscht assignment?”
Peter (16 years-old): “Before, I thought experiments are just entertaining, maybe a nice flash for example. (...)
Or you want to construct something and you try different ways, waiting for that what you want. (…)“
Interviewer: “Earlier on, you said that you learned something through the science fair. What did you mean?
What did you learn about science?”
Peter: “When you do real experiments, you don’t know what comes out. Experiments can run differently than
expected. And you have to accept your result, also if it is different. (…) You can prove things by yourself, and
sometimes you get new findings. You ask a question and you can find something. And there is still a lot to
explore.”
3. Difference between engineering and science
00:18:11
00:18:16
Interviewer: “Have you talked to other participants?”
Dan (15 years-old): “Yes, there was another group. They tried to construct a small rocket, just with a plastic
bottle, water, and effervescent tablets. They did a great job. (…) They used experiments for technical
improvements. We had, more or less, a scientific question. (…) As a scientist, you carry out experiments to
expand your knowledge.”
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Concepts about the procedure and the purpose of experimentation
Participants in the science fair had a comprehensive understanding of experimentation, and thus they
referred to very different features. We know from our previous research that learning processes may occur
within five distinct subdomains of learning [12]. These subdomains are procedure, purpose, material, control,
and time. The related main concepts are the following: experimentation needs a step-by-step procedure;
experiments have a purpose; experiments need materials; an experiment requires a control; experimentation
takes time.
Focusing on procedure and purpose, we found 9 different concepts regarding experimentation (Fig. 1
and 2). The concepts #1-5 are assigned to procedure, the concepts #6-9 pertain to purpose. Several of the
interviewees reported that their conceptions changed during the course of the science fair. Some of these
changes reflect replacements of previous concepts with new concepts. Alternatively, new concepts arose in
addition to the previous concepts or merely modified or complemented the existing concepts. We linked the
concepts identified with each other according to the conceptual changes made by the students and derived
typical pathways and steps of learning (Fig. 1 and 2). A comparison of the steps of learning shown in Fig. 1 with
our understanding of the scientific approach during experimentation (cf. introduction) reveals that cumulative
learning has taken place. The interview data showed that, when participants expressed a higher concept, this
always implied knowledge of the other aspects below in the sense of a sequence during experimentation
(QHERD, Fig. 1). With the final concept (# 5), the students approached the scientifically usual view of the
procedure of experimentation, including formulating a research question (Q).
We furthermore compared the two subdomains of learning with each other and found a strong
correlation between their concepts. If a participant held the concept #8 (“Experiments serve the purpose of a
technical improvement”) or below within the subdomain purpose, he never revealed the concept #5 (“Finding a
question is part of experimentation”). Typically, concept #8 was linked to concept #3 (“Experimentation means
trying out variations”). If a student reached the concept #5 and alluded to the purpose of experiments anyhow,
he always attained the concept #9 (“Experiments serve the purpose of knowledge gain”). Characteristically,
concept #7 (“Experiments are conducive to illustration and comprehension”) accompanied concept #2 (“For
experiments, detailed instruction is needed”). In summary, the two subdomains procedure and purpose
obviously depend on each other.
Figure 1, 2: Concepts and steps of learning about the procedure (Fig. 1, n = 54) and the purpose (Fig.
2, n = 34) of experimentation. Single concepts are numbered consecutively (1-9, at the bottom left within each
box). Learning processes are performed according to arrows by a specific number of participants (numbers
within arrows). Returning arrows imply that concepts did not change. At the bottom right within each box, dark
grey cells show the number of participants who held the respective concept before the science fair (r,
retrospective view). The light grey cells show the number of participants who revealed the respective concept on
the day of the competition (c, current concept, during the interview). White letters in Fig. 1 correspond to the
scientific procedure of experimentation: Q = question; H = hypothesis; E = execution of experiment, collecting
data; R = results, evaluating the data; D = discussion and conclusion.
IV. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
Above, we showed the various concepts about the procedure and the purpose of experimentation found
in this study. The Figures 1 and 2 illustrate typical steps of learning experimentation. Two main reasons for
conceptual developments could be detected [12]: Firstly, within the framework of the science fair, the
participating students have the opportunity to work using methodology similar to the commonly accepted
scientific path of knowledge. Secondly, due to communication processes during the science fair, a purposive
reflection of their own project is promoted.
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The most vital new finding presented in this article is that the concepts of the procedure and the
purpose of experimentation are strongly linked to each other. Learning experimentation is often described as a
straight line stepped process with different levels of complexity. Our findings reveal that concepts develop
rather according to a cross-linked map. This leads to our second research question: Do the students’ conceptions
about experimentation reflect differences in the way of thinking between scientists and engineers? Yes, they do.
The linked concepts # 3 and 8 perfectly correspond to the “engineer’s model of thinking”, since an engineer
typically wants to produce a desired and interesting phenomenon by testing variations [1]. An engineer heeds
those variables and results that seem to be relevant to achieve the goal, which often is a technical improvement.
Besides, the linked concepts # 5 and 9 cogently reflect the “scientist’s model of thinking”. A scientist usually
intends to understand cause-effect relationships to extend knowledge by designing an experiment suitable to
answer a specific question. Based on a theory, a scientist systematically tests hypotheses under controlled
conditions. Epistemologically, scientific theories cannot be verified but can only be disproved [24]. Of course,
the two ways of thinking are not rated here, rather than analysed in the sense of science education. Anyhow,
students are predominantly used to the engineer’s point of view (16 of 34 students represented the concept #8;
19 of 54 students referred to concept #3), although only 4 of 57 participants had assigned their projects to the
subjects engineering, mathematics or computer science. The projects of the other 53 participants belong to
natural science subjects. In addition, we found that concept #8 never accompanies concept #5. Thinking and
acting as an engineer differs from scientific inquiry. Some students contrasted these different approaches and
were aware of the differences (Table 1, examples 2 and 3). In order to enable a deeper comprehension of
science, a question must be in the foreground. If this concept was developed (concept #5), also the sense of
science was better understood (concept #9).
The influence of experience on learning and development is beyond any doubt [25]. Here, the previous
experiences about experimentation provide the basis for the conceptual knowledge about science. In the media
and at school, experiments often serve the purpose of entertainment (concept #6). The TV host or teacher
demonstrates an experiment as a spectacular event. At school, experiments are mostly used for illustration and
comprehension (#7). For this, a detailed instruction is needed, at least if the students carry out the experiment.
During everyday life (cf. introduction) and even at a science fair, which is supposed to encourage students in
scientific thinking and working, experimentation is experienced as it serves to achieve a specific effect or goal,
e.g. a technical improvement (#8). The experience of authentic inquiry, including a research question and a
hypothesis, conveys the insight that scientific experimentation serves the purpose of knowledge gain (#9). The
existence or the manner of the question particularly makes the difference between the engineer’s and the
scientist’s point of view. For science education, there are consequently two important steps, which should be
taken before an experiment is carried out: Firstly, a problem should be recognized and limited in order to
formulate a question. Secondly, after devising a hypothesis, the experiment should be planned with respect to
the question and to theory [24].
In conclusion, it is essential for science education, both for teachers and for students, to distinguish the
two different ways of thinking and working during experimentation, on the one hand as an engineer, and on the
other hand as a scientist. Together with a stronger anchoring of authentic inquiry in science lessons at school,
this will smooth the way for a fundamental understanding of science.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank the foundation Jugend forscht e.V. for cooperation during our research project, particularly Dr. Sven
Baszio (managing director), Sigrid Müller-Balhorn (head of competition management), and Stefan Gagel (head
of one regional competition).
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