SlideShare a Scribd company logo
Presented By:
Sohaib Yousaf
BBA
University of peshawar
ABSTRACT
 Many computer science research projects, system
outcomes may be influenced by computerized or
human agents with different economic incentives
 Traditional computer science techniques, in isolation,
may overlook factors that are critical to the overall
outcome.
 These efforts can benefit from the large body of work
that has been conducted in the field of experimental
economics in the last 30 to 40 years.
INTRODUCTION (1/3)
 Computer science is a quickly evolving field covering
diverse areas such as computer networks,
nanotechnology, and computer architecture.
 Observed differences between theory and fact can
motivate incremental progress or even create new
paths for overcoming strict beliefs held within
disciplines.
 Formal methods of economic modeling and analysis
were extended to many fields in computer science.
INTRODUCTION (2/3)
 Like computer science, economics has both theoretical
and experimental modes of inquiry.
 Theoretical economics has fundamental limitations
that are relevant to the computer science researcher.
 Many issues of concern to computer scientists cannot
meet the standard that results in the highest utility.
 Although recent work in economics offers relaxations
from full rationality.
INTRODUCTION (3/3)
 Economic theory, much like computer science theory,
necessarily leaves open questions regarding practical
deployment.
 Economic experimentation provides insight into
realistic behaviors by human participants and their
expected impact on system outcomes.
 A wide range of economics research is relevant to
computer science.
What is Experimental Economics?
Experimental Economics is an empirical tool that
enable economists to understand the extent to which an
individual's decision and behavior are affected by various
factor in controlled specifically designed environment.
 Qualitative Method
 Econometrics/statistical analysis of existing data or
new data collected through survey.
 Experimental methods (lab or field)
Each has its relative strength/weaknesses
Cont’d
“The trick is to notice that economies created in the
laboratories might b very simple relative to those found
in nature, but they are just as real. Real people motivated
by real money make real decision, real mistakes and
suffer real frustration and delights because of their real
talents and real limitation.”
By Professor Charles Plott
What is Computer Science?
Many definitions
 Study of algorithmic processes that describe and
transform information
 Study of phenomena related to computers
 Study of information structures
 Study and management of complexity
 Mechanization of abstraction
Cont’d
Mixture of
 Engineering
 Mathematics
 Logic
 Management
Generally CS is,
“Information theory concerned on transformation and
interpretation of information”
Scientific methods of computer
science
SimulationTheoretical
Computer Science
Experimental
What is theoretical computer
Science?
 Subset of general computer science and mathematics
 focus on more abstract or mathematical aspects of computing
 Includes the theory of computation
 Follows a very classical methodology of building theories
with rigid definitions of
 Objects
 operations
What is experimental computer
science?
 Three components define experimental science
 Observation
 Hypothesis testing
 Reproducibility
 Experimental computer science
 Mathematical modeling of the behavior of computer
systems
Fields of computer science use
experiments
Search
Automatic theorem proving
Planning
NP complete problems
Natural language
Vision
Games
Machine learning
CONCLUSSION
 All studies presented here follow the outlined principles
closely.
 Some aspects of the studies could be improved with a
different manipulation of treatment variables and more
thorough exploration of hypotheses in advance.
 Many aspects of experimental practice in economics are
worth considering for experimental computer scientists
 The relationship between experimental economics and
computer science is not a one-way street
 Experimental economics is just one helpful addition to the
experimental computer science toolkit.
References
 http://www.gly.uga.edu/railsback/1122sciencedefns.ht
ml
 Computing as a Discipline, Denning, P.J. et al.
Commune. ACM 32, 1 (January 1989), 9
 http://www.cs.mtu.edu/~john/whatiscs.html
Thank you

More Related Content

Similar to experimental economics and experimental computer science

Scientific methods in computer science
Scientific methods in computer scienceScientific methods in computer science
Scientific methods in computer science
Parinda Rajapaksha
 
A Review of Intelligent Agent Systems in Animal Health Care
A Review of Intelligent Agent Systems in Animal Health CareA Review of Intelligent Agent Systems in Animal Health Care
A Review of Intelligent Agent Systems in Animal Health Care
IJCSIS Research Publications
 
Figuring out Computer Science
Figuring out Computer ScienceFiguring out Computer Science
Figuring out Computer Science
nTier Custom Solutions
 
Computer science -
Computer science -Computer science -
Computer science -
RAKSHA SRIVASTAVA
 
A preliminary survey on optimized multiobjective metaheuristic methods for da...
A preliminary survey on optimized multiobjective metaheuristic methods for da...A preliminary survey on optimized multiobjective metaheuristic methods for da...
A preliminary survey on optimized multiobjective metaheuristic methods for da...
ijcsit
 
Machine Learning and Model-Based Optimization for Heterogeneous Catalyst Desi...
Machine Learning and Model-Based Optimization for Heterogeneous Catalyst Desi...Machine Learning and Model-Based Optimization for Heterogeneous Catalyst Desi...
Machine Learning and Model-Based Optimization for Heterogeneous Catalyst Desi...
Ichigaku Takigawa
 
Mathematical models and algorithms challenges
Mathematical models and algorithms challengesMathematical models and algorithms challenges
Mathematical models and algorithms challenges
ijctcm
 
ON SOFT COMPUTING TECHNIQUES IN VARIOUS AREAS
ON SOFT COMPUTING TECHNIQUES IN VARIOUS AREASON SOFT COMPUTING TECHNIQUES IN VARIOUS AREAS
ON SOFT COMPUTING TECHNIQUES IN VARIOUS AREAS
cscpconf
 
On Machine Learning and Data Mining
On Machine Learning and Data MiningOn Machine Learning and Data Mining
On Machine Learning and Data Miningbutest
 
La trasformazione eco sistemica - Pier Luigi Gentili
La trasformazione eco sistemica - Pier Luigi GentiliLa trasformazione eco sistemica - Pier Luigi Gentili
La trasformazione eco sistemica - Pier Luigi Gentili
Complexity Institute
 
Academia-to-Industry Transition of Search and Learning- Based Software Engine...
Academia-to-Industry Transition of Search and Learning- Based Software Engine...Academia-to-Industry Transition of Search and Learning- Based Software Engine...
Academia-to-Industry Transition of Search and Learning- Based Software Engine...
Dr.Bestoun S. Ahmed
 
Application of Mathematics
Application of MathematicsApplication of Mathematics
Application of Mathematics
Karthik Murali
 
Chapter 7 basics of computational thinking
Chapter 7 basics of computational thinkingChapter 7 basics of computational thinking
Chapter 7 basics of computational thinking
Praveen M Jigajinni
 
Materi 10 - Penelitian Pemodelan Komputer.pdf
Materi 10 - Penelitian Pemodelan Komputer.pdfMateri 10 - Penelitian Pemodelan Komputer.pdf
Materi 10 - Penelitian Pemodelan Komputer.pdf
MahesaRioAditya
 
Research in Computer Science and Engineering
Research in Computer Science and EngineeringResearch in Computer Science and Engineering
Research in Computer Science and Engineering
OdiaPua1
 
Crimson Publishers-On the Advantages of Simulation based Approach in Engineering
Crimson Publishers-On the Advantages of Simulation based Approach in EngineeringCrimson Publishers-On the Advantages of Simulation based Approach in Engineering
Crimson Publishers-On the Advantages of Simulation based Approach in Engineering
Crimsonpublishers-Electronics
 
Computation of Neural Network using C# with Respect to Bioinformatics
Computation of Neural Network using C# with Respect to BioinformaticsComputation of Neural Network using C# with Respect to Bioinformatics
Computation of Neural Network using C# with Respect to Bioinformatics
Sarvesh Kumar
 

Similar to experimental economics and experimental computer science (20)

Scientific methods in computer science
Scientific methods in computer scienceScientific methods in computer science
Scientific methods in computer science
 
A Review of Intelligent Agent Systems in Animal Health Care
A Review of Intelligent Agent Systems in Animal Health CareA Review of Intelligent Agent Systems in Animal Health Care
A Review of Intelligent Agent Systems in Animal Health Care
 
Figuring out Computer Science
Figuring out Computer ScienceFiguring out Computer Science
Figuring out Computer Science
 
What iscs
What iscsWhat iscs
What iscs
 
Computer science -
Computer science -Computer science -
Computer science -
 
A preliminary survey on optimized multiobjective metaheuristic methods for da...
A preliminary survey on optimized multiobjective metaheuristic methods for da...A preliminary survey on optimized multiobjective metaheuristic methods for da...
A preliminary survey on optimized multiobjective metaheuristic methods for da...
 
Machine Learning and Model-Based Optimization for Heterogeneous Catalyst Desi...
Machine Learning and Model-Based Optimization for Heterogeneous Catalyst Desi...Machine Learning and Model-Based Optimization for Heterogeneous Catalyst Desi...
Machine Learning and Model-Based Optimization for Heterogeneous Catalyst Desi...
 
Mathematical models and algorithms challenges
Mathematical models and algorithms challengesMathematical models and algorithms challenges
Mathematical models and algorithms challenges
 
ON SOFT COMPUTING TECHNIQUES IN VARIOUS AREAS
ON SOFT COMPUTING TECHNIQUES IN VARIOUS AREASON SOFT COMPUTING TECHNIQUES IN VARIOUS AREAS
ON SOFT COMPUTING TECHNIQUES IN VARIOUS AREAS
 
On Machine Learning and Data Mining
On Machine Learning and Data MiningOn Machine Learning and Data Mining
On Machine Learning and Data Mining
 
Computer
ComputerComputer
Computer
 
La trasformazione eco sistemica - Pier Luigi Gentili
La trasformazione eco sistemica - Pier Luigi GentiliLa trasformazione eco sistemica - Pier Luigi Gentili
La trasformazione eco sistemica - Pier Luigi Gentili
 
Academia-to-Industry Transition of Search and Learning- Based Software Engine...
Academia-to-Industry Transition of Search and Learning- Based Software Engine...Academia-to-Industry Transition of Search and Learning- Based Software Engine...
Academia-to-Industry Transition of Search and Learning- Based Software Engine...
 
Application of Mathematics
Application of MathematicsApplication of Mathematics
Application of Mathematics
 
Chapter 7 basics of computational thinking
Chapter 7 basics of computational thinkingChapter 7 basics of computational thinking
Chapter 7 basics of computational thinking
 
Pierre tchounikine
Pierre tchounikinePierre tchounikine
Pierre tchounikine
 
Materi 10 - Penelitian Pemodelan Komputer.pdf
Materi 10 - Penelitian Pemodelan Komputer.pdfMateri 10 - Penelitian Pemodelan Komputer.pdf
Materi 10 - Penelitian Pemodelan Komputer.pdf
 
Research in Computer Science and Engineering
Research in Computer Science and EngineeringResearch in Computer Science and Engineering
Research in Computer Science and Engineering
 
Crimson Publishers-On the Advantages of Simulation based Approach in Engineering
Crimson Publishers-On the Advantages of Simulation based Approach in EngineeringCrimson Publishers-On the Advantages of Simulation based Approach in Engineering
Crimson Publishers-On the Advantages of Simulation based Approach in Engineering
 
Computation of Neural Network using C# with Respect to Bioinformatics
Computation of Neural Network using C# with Respect to BioinformaticsComputation of Neural Network using C# with Respect to Bioinformatics
Computation of Neural Network using C# with Respect to Bioinformatics
 

Recently uploaded

Cracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptx
Cracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptxCracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptx
Cracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptx
Workforce Group
 
5 Things You Need To Know Before Hiring a Videographer
5 Things You Need To Know Before Hiring a Videographer5 Things You Need To Know Before Hiring a Videographer
5 Things You Need To Know Before Hiring a Videographer
ofm712785
 
Improving profitability for small business
Improving profitability for small businessImproving profitability for small business
Improving profitability for small business
Ben Wann
 
RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...
RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...
RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...
BBPMedia1
 
The Parable of the Pipeline a book every new businessman or business student ...
The Parable of the Pipeline a book every new businessman or business student ...The Parable of the Pipeline a book every new businessman or business student ...
The Parable of the Pipeline a book every new businessman or business student ...
awaisafdar
 
Maksym Vyshnivetskyi: PMO Quality Management (UA)
Maksym Vyshnivetskyi: PMO Quality Management (UA)Maksym Vyshnivetskyi: PMO Quality Management (UA)
Maksym Vyshnivetskyi: PMO Quality Management (UA)
Lviv Startup Club
 
Premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions for Modern Businesses
Premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions for Modern BusinessesPremium MEAN Stack Development Solutions for Modern Businesses
Premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions for Modern Businesses
SynapseIndia
 
Brand Analysis for an artist named Struan
Brand Analysis for an artist named StruanBrand Analysis for an artist named Struan
Brand Analysis for an artist named Struan
sarahvanessa51503
 
Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptx
Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptxPutting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptx
Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptx
Cynthia Clay
 
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdf
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfEnterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdf
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdf
KaiNexus
 
ENTREPRENEURSHIP TRAINING.ppt for graduating class (1).ppt
ENTREPRENEURSHIP TRAINING.ppt for graduating class (1).pptENTREPRENEURSHIP TRAINING.ppt for graduating class (1).ppt
ENTREPRENEURSHIP TRAINING.ppt for graduating class (1).ppt
zechu97
 
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...
dylandmeas
 
CADAVER AS OUR FIRST TEACHER anatomt in your.pptx
CADAVER AS OUR FIRST TEACHER anatomt in your.pptxCADAVER AS OUR FIRST TEACHER anatomt in your.pptx
CADAVER AS OUR FIRST TEACHER anatomt in your.pptx
fakeloginn69
 
Search Disrupted Google’s Leaked Documents Rock the SEO World.pdf
Search Disrupted Google’s Leaked Documents Rock the SEO World.pdfSearch Disrupted Google’s Leaked Documents Rock the SEO World.pdf
Search Disrupted Google’s Leaked Documents Rock the SEO World.pdf
Arihant Webtech Pvt. Ltd
 
Skye Residences | Extended Stay Residences Near Toronto Airport
Skye Residences | Extended Stay Residences Near Toronto AirportSkye Residences | Extended Stay Residences Near Toronto Airport
Skye Residences | Extended Stay Residences Near Toronto Airport
marketingjdass
 
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.ppt
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptMemorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.ppt
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.ppt
seri bangash
 
ikea_woodgreen_petscharity_cat-alogue_digital.pdf
ikea_woodgreen_petscharity_cat-alogue_digital.pdfikea_woodgreen_petscharity_cat-alogue_digital.pdf
ikea_woodgreen_petscharity_cat-alogue_digital.pdf
agatadrynko
 
一比一原版加拿大渥太华大学毕业证(uottawa毕业证书)如何办理
一比一原版加拿大渥太华大学毕业证(uottawa毕业证书)如何办理一比一原版加拿大渥太华大学毕业证(uottawa毕业证书)如何办理
一比一原版加拿大渥太华大学毕业证(uottawa毕业证书)如何办理
taqyed
 
Sustainability: Balancing the Environment, Equity & Economy
Sustainability: Balancing the Environment, Equity & EconomySustainability: Balancing the Environment, Equity & Economy
Sustainability: Balancing the Environment, Equity & Economy
Operational Excellence Consulting
 
20240425_ TJ Communications Credentials_compressed.pdf
20240425_ TJ Communications Credentials_compressed.pdf20240425_ TJ Communications Credentials_compressed.pdf
20240425_ TJ Communications Credentials_compressed.pdf
tjcomstrang
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Cracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptx
Cracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptxCracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptx
Cracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptx
 
5 Things You Need To Know Before Hiring a Videographer
5 Things You Need To Know Before Hiring a Videographer5 Things You Need To Know Before Hiring a Videographer
5 Things You Need To Know Before Hiring a Videographer
 
Improving profitability for small business
Improving profitability for small businessImproving profitability for small business
Improving profitability for small business
 
RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...
RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...
RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...
 
The Parable of the Pipeline a book every new businessman or business student ...
The Parable of the Pipeline a book every new businessman or business student ...The Parable of the Pipeline a book every new businessman or business student ...
The Parable of the Pipeline a book every new businessman or business student ...
 
Maksym Vyshnivetskyi: PMO Quality Management (UA)
Maksym Vyshnivetskyi: PMO Quality Management (UA)Maksym Vyshnivetskyi: PMO Quality Management (UA)
Maksym Vyshnivetskyi: PMO Quality Management (UA)
 
Premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions for Modern Businesses
Premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions for Modern BusinessesPremium MEAN Stack Development Solutions for Modern Businesses
Premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions for Modern Businesses
 
Brand Analysis for an artist named Struan
Brand Analysis for an artist named StruanBrand Analysis for an artist named Struan
Brand Analysis for an artist named Struan
 
Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptx
Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptxPutting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptx
Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptx
 
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdf
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfEnterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdf
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdf
 
ENTREPRENEURSHIP TRAINING.ppt for graduating class (1).ppt
ENTREPRENEURSHIP TRAINING.ppt for graduating class (1).pptENTREPRENEURSHIP TRAINING.ppt for graduating class (1).ppt
ENTREPRENEURSHIP TRAINING.ppt for graduating class (1).ppt
 
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...
 
CADAVER AS OUR FIRST TEACHER anatomt in your.pptx
CADAVER AS OUR FIRST TEACHER anatomt in your.pptxCADAVER AS OUR FIRST TEACHER anatomt in your.pptx
CADAVER AS OUR FIRST TEACHER anatomt in your.pptx
 
Search Disrupted Google’s Leaked Documents Rock the SEO World.pdf
Search Disrupted Google’s Leaked Documents Rock the SEO World.pdfSearch Disrupted Google’s Leaked Documents Rock the SEO World.pdf
Search Disrupted Google’s Leaked Documents Rock the SEO World.pdf
 
Skye Residences | Extended Stay Residences Near Toronto Airport
Skye Residences | Extended Stay Residences Near Toronto AirportSkye Residences | Extended Stay Residences Near Toronto Airport
Skye Residences | Extended Stay Residences Near Toronto Airport
 
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.ppt
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptMemorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.ppt
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.ppt
 
ikea_woodgreen_petscharity_cat-alogue_digital.pdf
ikea_woodgreen_petscharity_cat-alogue_digital.pdfikea_woodgreen_petscharity_cat-alogue_digital.pdf
ikea_woodgreen_petscharity_cat-alogue_digital.pdf
 
一比一原版加拿大渥太华大学毕业证(uottawa毕业证书)如何办理
一比一原版加拿大渥太华大学毕业证(uottawa毕业证书)如何办理一比一原版加拿大渥太华大学毕业证(uottawa毕业证书)如何办理
一比一原版加拿大渥太华大学毕业证(uottawa毕业证书)如何办理
 
Sustainability: Balancing the Environment, Equity & Economy
Sustainability: Balancing the Environment, Equity & EconomySustainability: Balancing the Environment, Equity & Economy
Sustainability: Balancing the Environment, Equity & Economy
 
20240425_ TJ Communications Credentials_compressed.pdf
20240425_ TJ Communications Credentials_compressed.pdf20240425_ TJ Communications Credentials_compressed.pdf
20240425_ TJ Communications Credentials_compressed.pdf
 

experimental economics and experimental computer science

  • 2. ABSTRACT  Many computer science research projects, system outcomes may be influenced by computerized or human agents with different economic incentives  Traditional computer science techniques, in isolation, may overlook factors that are critical to the overall outcome.  These efforts can benefit from the large body of work that has been conducted in the field of experimental economics in the last 30 to 40 years.
  • 3. INTRODUCTION (1/3)  Computer science is a quickly evolving field covering diverse areas such as computer networks, nanotechnology, and computer architecture.  Observed differences between theory and fact can motivate incremental progress or even create new paths for overcoming strict beliefs held within disciplines.  Formal methods of economic modeling and analysis were extended to many fields in computer science.
  • 4. INTRODUCTION (2/3)  Like computer science, economics has both theoretical and experimental modes of inquiry.  Theoretical economics has fundamental limitations that are relevant to the computer science researcher.  Many issues of concern to computer scientists cannot meet the standard that results in the highest utility.  Although recent work in economics offers relaxations from full rationality.
  • 5. INTRODUCTION (3/3)  Economic theory, much like computer science theory, necessarily leaves open questions regarding practical deployment.  Economic experimentation provides insight into realistic behaviors by human participants and their expected impact on system outcomes.  A wide range of economics research is relevant to computer science.
  • 6. What is Experimental Economics? Experimental Economics is an empirical tool that enable economists to understand the extent to which an individual's decision and behavior are affected by various factor in controlled specifically designed environment.  Qualitative Method  Econometrics/statistical analysis of existing data or new data collected through survey.  Experimental methods (lab or field) Each has its relative strength/weaknesses
  • 7. Cont’d “The trick is to notice that economies created in the laboratories might b very simple relative to those found in nature, but they are just as real. Real people motivated by real money make real decision, real mistakes and suffer real frustration and delights because of their real talents and real limitation.” By Professor Charles Plott
  • 8. What is Computer Science? Many definitions  Study of algorithmic processes that describe and transform information  Study of phenomena related to computers  Study of information structures  Study and management of complexity  Mechanization of abstraction
  • 9. Cont’d Mixture of  Engineering  Mathematics  Logic  Management Generally CS is, “Information theory concerned on transformation and interpretation of information”
  • 10. Scientific methods of computer science SimulationTheoretical Computer Science Experimental
  • 11. What is theoretical computer Science?  Subset of general computer science and mathematics  focus on more abstract or mathematical aspects of computing  Includes the theory of computation  Follows a very classical methodology of building theories with rigid definitions of  Objects  operations
  • 12. What is experimental computer science?  Three components define experimental science  Observation  Hypothesis testing  Reproducibility
  • 13.  Experimental computer science  Mathematical modeling of the behavior of computer systems
  • 14. Fields of computer science use experiments Search Automatic theorem proving Planning NP complete problems Natural language Vision Games Machine learning
  • 15. CONCLUSSION  All studies presented here follow the outlined principles closely.  Some aspects of the studies could be improved with a different manipulation of treatment variables and more thorough exploration of hypotheses in advance.  Many aspects of experimental practice in economics are worth considering for experimental computer scientists  The relationship between experimental economics and computer science is not a one-way street  Experimental economics is just one helpful addition to the experimental computer science toolkit.
  • 16. References  http://www.gly.uga.edu/railsback/1122sciencedefns.ht ml  Computing as a Discipline, Denning, P.J. et al. Commune. ACM 32, 1 (January 1989), 9  http://www.cs.mtu.edu/~john/whatiscs.html

Editor's Notes

  1. He trick is o notice throfffesor at e
  2. Scientific methods of computer science