Exam q&a atmospheric chemistry
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This document lists examination questions and answers from multiple years, showing that question 11 part c was answered with option A in 2008, 2007, and 2003, but with option B in 2009, 2005, and 2004, indicating the correct answer to this question has alternated between two options over the years.
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Case study premier periclase q & a
This document appears to be a list of examination questions and answers. However, without any context or actual questions and answers provided, it is difficult to determine the topic or content being assessed or summarized in 3 sentences or less.
Option 1 b.4
This document discusses atmospheric pollution and acid rain. It explains that acid rain has a pH between 2 and 5 due to NOx and SOx emissions from fossil fuel combustion reacting with water to form acids like nitric acid and sulfuric acid. Specifically, nitrogen oxides come from power stations, cars, and aircraft, while sulfur dioxide comes from burning coal and oil at power stations. The document demonstrates how SO2 lowers the pH of a universal indicator solution. It lists the harmful effects of acid rain such as killing fish and defoliating trees. Finally, it suggests methods to control acid rain such as using less fossil fuels and installing limestone scrubbers in chimneys.
Option 1 b learning outcomes
This document outlines the learning outcomes for the Option 1B: Atmospheric Chemistry section of the Leaving Certificate Chemistry curriculum in Ireland. It includes 5 topics: Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, Atmospheric Pollution, and The Ozone Layer. For each topic, it lists the key concepts and processes students should understand by the end of the section, such as describing how oxygen is produced through air liquefaction, explaining how carbon dioxide contributes to the greenhouse effect, and defining chlorofluorocarbons and their impact on the ozone layer. It provides boxes for students to self-assess their understanding of each learning objective as good, fair, or poor to aid in revision.
Option 1 b.3
Carbon dioxide can be produced through fermentation of yeast in brewing or by reacting calcium carbonate with hydrochloric acid in a laboratory setting. CO2 dissolves in water and forms carbonic acid and other species depending on pH. Universal indicator solution changes color from green to red as more CO2 is bubbled through it due to decreasing pH. The carbon cycle shows how carbon is continually exchanged between the atmosphere, organisms, oceans, soils and fossil fuels. The greenhouse effect occurs naturally, trapping heat from the sun and keeping the Earth warm enough to sustain life, but increased levels of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane from human activities are enhancing this effect and causing global warming.
Option 1 b.1
The document discusses the composition and properties of Earth's atmosphere and the gas oxygen. It provides details on the composition of air, describing that nitrogen and oxygen are the most abundant gases, making up 78% and 21% respectively. The document then focuses on oxygen, noting that it is the most reactive gas in air and supports combustion, forming oxides when reacting with most elements. Methods for producing oxygen through the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide or the liquefaction and fractional distillation of air are also summarized.
Option 1 b.5
1) Ozone in the stratosphere protects the Earth from harmful UV radiation but was being depleted by CFCs.
2) CFCs were stable in the lower atmosphere but broken down by UV radiation in the stratosphere, releasing chlorine atoms that destroy ozone molecules and cause chain reactions.
3) The discovery of the ozone hole over Antarctica in 1984 showed the damage caused by CFCs to the ozone layer.
Option 1 b.2
Nitrogen is the most abundant gas in air, making up 78% of the atmosphere. It exists as a stable, inert diatomic gas. Nitrogen is vital for making proteins and can be fixed from the atmosphere through natural or artificial processes. Naturally, lightning produces nitrogen oxides that dissolve in rain to form nitrates in soil for plant uptake. Artificially, the Haber-Bosch process fixes nitrogen industrially by reacting nitrogen and hydrogen gases to produce ammonia. Nitrogen gas has several industrial uses including food packaging, oil tanker purging, and ammonia production for fertilizers. Liquid nitrogen also has medical and food applications such as wart removal, organ storage, and ice cream/food
Option 1 a chemical industry
The document describes the industrial process for manufacturing magnesium oxide at Premier Periclase in Ireland. It is a continuous process that uses limestone and seawater as raw materials. The limestone is roasted to produce lime, which is then slaked with seawater to produce limewater. The limewater and purified seawater undergo a reaction to produce magnesium hydroxide, which is then heated to produce the final product, magnesium oxide. The magnesium oxide powder is used to make refractory bricks for lining high-temperature furnaces.
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Case study premier periclase q & a
This document appears to be a list of examination questions and answers. However, without any context or actual questions and answers provided, it is difficult to determine the topic or content being assessed or summarized in 3 sentences or less.
Option 1 b.4
This document discusses atmospheric pollution and acid rain. It explains that acid rain has a pH between 2 and 5 due to NOx and SOx emissions from fossil fuel combustion reacting with water to form acids like nitric acid and sulfuric acid. Specifically, nitrogen oxides come from power stations, cars, and aircraft, while sulfur dioxide comes from burning coal and oil at power stations. The document demonstrates how SO2 lowers the pH of a universal indicator solution. It lists the harmful effects of acid rain such as killing fish and defoliating trees. Finally, it suggests methods to control acid rain such as using less fossil fuels and installing limestone scrubbers in chimneys.
Option 1 b learning outcomes
This document outlines the learning outcomes for the Option 1B: Atmospheric Chemistry section of the Leaving Certificate Chemistry curriculum in Ireland. It includes 5 topics: Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, Atmospheric Pollution, and The Ozone Layer. For each topic, it lists the key concepts and processes students should understand by the end of the section, such as describing how oxygen is produced through air liquefaction, explaining how carbon dioxide contributes to the greenhouse effect, and defining chlorofluorocarbons and their impact on the ozone layer. It provides boxes for students to self-assess their understanding of each learning objective as good, fair, or poor to aid in revision.
Option 1 b.3
Carbon dioxide can be produced through fermentation of yeast in brewing or by reacting calcium carbonate with hydrochloric acid in a laboratory setting. CO2 dissolves in water and forms carbonic acid and other species depending on pH. Universal indicator solution changes color from green to red as more CO2 is bubbled through it due to decreasing pH. The carbon cycle shows how carbon is continually exchanged between the atmosphere, organisms, oceans, soils and fossil fuels. The greenhouse effect occurs naturally, trapping heat from the sun and keeping the Earth warm enough to sustain life, but increased levels of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane from human activities are enhancing this effect and causing global warming.
Option 1 b.1
The document discusses the composition and properties of Earth's atmosphere and the gas oxygen. It provides details on the composition of air, describing that nitrogen and oxygen are the most abundant gases, making up 78% and 21% respectively. The document then focuses on oxygen, noting that it is the most reactive gas in air and supports combustion, forming oxides when reacting with most elements. Methods for producing oxygen through the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide or the liquefaction and fractional distillation of air are also summarized.
Option 1 b.5
1) Ozone in the stratosphere protects the Earth from harmful UV radiation but was being depleted by CFCs.
2) CFCs were stable in the lower atmosphere but broken down by UV radiation in the stratosphere, releasing chlorine atoms that destroy ozone molecules and cause chain reactions.
3) The discovery of the ozone hole over Antarctica in 1984 showed the damage caused by CFCs to the ozone layer.
Option 1 b.2
Nitrogen is the most abundant gas in air, making up 78% of the atmosphere. It exists as a stable, inert diatomic gas. Nitrogen is vital for making proteins and can be fixed from the atmosphere through natural or artificial processes. Naturally, lightning produces nitrogen oxides that dissolve in rain to form nitrates in soil for plant uptake. Artificially, the Haber-Bosch process fixes nitrogen industrially by reacting nitrogen and hydrogen gases to produce ammonia. Nitrogen gas has several industrial uses including food packaging, oil tanker purging, and ammonia production for fertilizers. Liquid nitrogen also has medical and food applications such as wart removal, organ storage, and ice cream/food
Option 1 a chemical industry
The document describes the industrial process for manufacturing magnesium oxide at Premier Periclase in Ireland. It is a continuous process that uses limestone and seawater as raw materials. The limestone is roasted to produce lime, which is then slaked with seawater to produce limewater. The limewater and purified seawater undergo a reaction to produce magnesium hydroxide, which is then heated to produce the final product, magnesium oxide. The magnesium oxide powder is used to make refractory bricks for lining high-temperature furnaces.
1 a option learning outcomes
This document outlines the learning outcomes for students taking the Leaving Certificate Chemistry Option 1A: Additional Industrial Chemistry in Ireland. It covers two main topics: 1) general principles of industrial chemical processes and 2) case studies of specific industrial processes. For the general principles section, students should understand characteristics like feedstock, reaction rates, product yields, waste disposal, and safety considerations. For the case studies section, students will analyze in depth one of three Irish industrial processes: ammonia and urea production, nitric acid manufacture, or magnesium oxide from seawater, learning the relevant chemical equations. They should also be aware of other products made by the Irish chemical industry. The document provides a checklist for students to track their understanding of each
Section 9.2 hardness in water
The document discusses hard water and its causes. Hard water is water that does not easily form soap lathers, due to the presence of calcium and magnesium ions that react with soap. There are two types of hardness: temporary hardness caused by calcium and magnesium bicarbonates that can be removed by boiling, and permanent hardness caused by calcium and magnesium chlorides and sulfates that cannot be removed by boiling. Methods for softening hard water include using ion exchange resins that replace calcium and magnesium ions with sodium ions.
9 environmental chemistry water learning outcomes
This document outlines the learning outcomes for the environmental chemistry section of the Leaving Certificate Chemistry curriculum in Ireland. It covers four topics: 1) the pH scale, 2) hardness in water, 3) water treatment, and 4) water analysis. The key points covered include defining pH and calculating pH of solutions, identifying causes of water hardness and methods for removal, describing water treatment processes like sedimentation and chlorination, and outlining instrumental methods for water analysis including pH meters, atomic absorption spectroscopy, and colorimetry.
Section 9.3 water treatment
This document summarizes water treatment and sewage treatment processes. It describes how surface water is treated through steps like sedimentation, flocculation, filtration, chlorination and fluoridation to remove contaminants. Sewage treatment involves primary, secondary and sometimes tertiary levels to remove solids, break down organic waste biologically, and remove nutrients like nitrates and phosphates. The document also discusses how excess nutrients can cause eutrophication of waterways and pollution from heavy metals and legislation limits their levels.
Ph scale
Water undergoes self-ionization in which a small percentage of water molecules dissociate into hydronium (H3O+) and hydroxide (OH-) ions. The concentration of these ions is extremely small and the equilibrium lies very much in the forward direction. The self-ionization of water can be represented by the equilibrium constant Kw, which is equal to the product of the hydronium and hydroxide ion concentrations. Kw is temperature dependent and decreases with increasing temperature. The pH scale was developed to quantify the concentration of hydronium ions in solution and thus indicate whether a solution is acidic, basic, or neutral. pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydronium ion concentration
7.3 elimination reactions 7.3
An elimination reaction such as the dehydration of ethanol is described. In this type of reaction, an alcohol molecule reacts to form a smaller alkene molecule and a water molecule. The structure of the molecules changes from tetrahedral to planar. Specifically, ethanol can be dehydrated to ethene using heat and an aluminum oxide catalyst in order to prepare ethene.
7 organic chemistry learning outcomes
This document outlines the learning outcomes for organic chemistry covered in the Leaving Certificate Chemistry curriculum in Ireland. It is divided into three main sections - tetrahedral carbon, planar carbon and organic chemical reaction types. The sections cover topics such as alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters and aromatic compounds. Students are expected to understand bonding, naming, drawing structures, accounting for properties and discussing industrial and other uses of these organic substances. They also carry out experiments such as preparing samples of ethene, ethanal and ethanoic acid.
7.4 organic natural products 7.4
Organic natural products like aspirin, caffeine, morphine and quinine can be extracted from plants and other natural sources using techniques like steam distillation to remove clove oil from cloves or solvent extraction to separate natural products dissolved in water using an organic solvent.
7.3 redox reactions 7.3
Primary alcohols like ethanol can be oxidized to aldehydes using oxidizing agents such as potassium manganate(VII) or sodium dichromate(VI). For example, ethanol reacts to form ethanal. Ethanal is also produced when ethanol is metabolized in the human body. Sodium dichromate(VI) can be used to prepare ethanal by refluxing an excess of ethanol with an acidified solution of the oxidizing agent. The ethanal is distilled off as it is formed to prevent further oxidation to ethanoic acid. Primary alcohols are oxidized to aldehydes which can be further oxidized to carboxylic acids. Secondary alcohols
Section 7 organic practicals solutions
This document contains sample questions and answers from organic chemistry practical exams from 2002-2009. It includes questions on topics like reflux, saponification, tests for unsaturation, and separation techniques. Summaries are provided for key experiments and calculations, with emphasis on the purpose and essential observations.
7.2 planar carbon carboxylic acids 7.2
This document discusses properties of carboxylic acids including methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid, and butanoic acid. It notes that methanoic acid and ethanoic acid are liquids while propanoic acid and butanoic acid are solids. Carboxylic acids are soluble in water and non-polar solvents due to their polar COOH groups. Carboxylic acids have higher boiling points than alcohols because they form dimers held together by hydrogen bonds between their C=O and O-H groups.
7.2 bonding in benzene 7.2
Benzene has the molecular formula C6H6. Its ring structure was first deduced by Friedrich Kekulé in 1865, resolving a mystery about how the carbon atoms bond. Researchers later discovered through X-ray crystallography that the carbon-carbon bonds in benzene are all the same length, indicating resonance. This is due to six electrons being delocalized in a planar ring above and below the nuclei, allowing for stable overlapping orbits between carbon atoms.
7.1 tetrahedral carbon alkanes 7.1 (1)
This document discusses alkanes, a class of saturated hydrocarbons. It lists the general formula for alkanes as CnH2n+2 and examples of common alkanes including methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane and octane. It notes that alkanes have single bonds and tetrahedral molecular geometry. The first four alkanes are gases while pentane and higher are liquids. Alkanes are insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar solvents, and they are used as fuels in products like petrol, diesel, LPG and natural gas.
Section 7 organic practicals exam questions
The document contains questions and information about organic chemistry experiments performed in a school laboratory setting, including:
1) The preparation of soap from lard (animal fat) and sodium hydroxide involves refluxing the reactants with ethanol to allow saponification (hydrolysis of fats).
2) Ethanal can be prepared by oxidizing ethanol with sodium dichromate and sulfuric acid, producing a color change. Fehling's test confirms the product.
3) Chromatography, including paper, thin-layer, and column chromatography, can be used to separate mixtures like indicators based on differences in compounds' polarity and interactions with the mobile and stationary phases.
7.2 planar carbon aldehydes 7.2
This document discusses four common aldehydes - methanal, ethanal, propanal, and butanal. It notes that while aldehydes are liquids, methanal is a gas at room temperature. Aldehydes have higher boiling points than alkanes but lower than alcohols due to their polar carbonyl group. Short chain aldehydes are soluble in water because of this polar group, but solubility in water decreases with longer carbon chains while solubility in cyclohexane increases. The document also mentions benzaldehyde, an aromatic aldehyde found in almond kernels.
7.2 planar carbon ketones 7.2
Ketones like propanone and butanone have carbonyl groups that make them polar liquids at room temperature with higher boiling points than alkanes but lower than alcohols. Both ketones are soluble in water and non-polar solvents due to their polar carbonyl groups. Propanone specifically is used as a solvent, such as in nail varnish remover, due to its polarity.
7.2 planar carbon alkenes 7.2
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing a carbon-carbon double bond. Common alkenes include ethene, propene, but-1-ene, and but-2-ene, which have general formulas of C2H4, C3H6, C4H8, and C4H8 respectively. Alkene molecules are planar and exist as gases, being insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar solvents like cyclohexane. They are used to make plastics through polymerization and ethene is used to produce ethanol.
7.2 planar carbon esters 7.2
Esters are formed from the reaction of carboxylic acids and alcohols, with the loss of a water molecule. Their names are derived from the parent alcohol and acid, with the endings changed to -yl and -oate respectively. Esters have physical properties between their precursor alcohols and acids, such as higher boiling points than alkanes but lower than alcohols. They are soluble in both water and non-polar solvents like cyclohexane. Esters occur naturally in fruits and flowers, responsible for flavors and scents, and as fats and oils. Ethyl ethanoate is used as a solvent for printing inks and paints.
Aromatic compounds
Aromatic compounds contain benzene rings and have delocalized pi bonds between carbon atoms in the ring. Common aromatic hydrocarbons include benzene, methylbenzene, and ethylbenzene which are liquids insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar solvents. Aromatic compounds have a wide range of uses including pharmaceuticals, herbicides, detergents, dyes, and acid-base indicators. Some aromatics like benzene are carcinogenic but not all are, such as aspirin.
Instrumentation
Chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures based on how their components interact with stationary and mobile phases. There are several types of chromatography including paper chromatography, thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, and column chromatography. Chromatography uses a mobile phase to transport the analyte through a stationary phase, separating the mixture's components as they travel different distances. Spectroscopy analyzes interactions between electromagnetic radiation and matter. Different types of spectroscopy including mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, and colorimetry are used to identify substances based on their unique spectra.
National Poetry Competition
This document appears to be a collection of poems submitted for a national poetry competition. It includes 21 poems written by students on various topics. The document provides brief biographies of the students who wrote the poems and acknowledges the work of the teachers and organizers in making the competition a success. It celebrates the talents and efforts of the young writers who participated.
Poetry winners booklet website
This document appears to be a collection of poems submitted for a national poetry competition. It includes 21 poems written by students on various topics. The document provides brief biographies of the students who wrote the poems and acknowledges the work of the teachers and organizers in making the competition a success. It celebrates the talent and effort shown by the young writers.
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1 a option learning outcomes
This document outlines the learning outcomes for students taking the Leaving Certificate Chemistry Option 1A: Additional Industrial Chemistry in Ireland. It covers two main topics: 1) general principles of industrial chemical processes and 2) case studies of specific industrial processes. For the general principles section, students should understand characteristics like feedstock, reaction rates, product yields, waste disposal, and safety considerations. For the case studies section, students will analyze in depth one of three Irish industrial processes: ammonia and urea production, nitric acid manufacture, or magnesium oxide from seawater, learning the relevant chemical equations. They should also be aware of other products made by the Irish chemical industry. The document provides a checklist for students to track their understanding of each
Section 9.2 hardness in water
The document discusses hard water and its causes. Hard water is water that does not easily form soap lathers, due to the presence of calcium and magnesium ions that react with soap. There are two types of hardness: temporary hardness caused by calcium and magnesium bicarbonates that can be removed by boiling, and permanent hardness caused by calcium and magnesium chlorides and sulfates that cannot be removed by boiling. Methods for softening hard water include using ion exchange resins that replace calcium and magnesium ions with sodium ions.
9 environmental chemistry water learning outcomes
This document outlines the learning outcomes for the environmental chemistry section of the Leaving Certificate Chemistry curriculum in Ireland. It covers four topics: 1) the pH scale, 2) hardness in water, 3) water treatment, and 4) water analysis. The key points covered include defining pH and calculating pH of solutions, identifying causes of water hardness and methods for removal, describing water treatment processes like sedimentation and chlorination, and outlining instrumental methods for water analysis including pH meters, atomic absorption spectroscopy, and colorimetry.
Section 9.3 water treatment
This document summarizes water treatment and sewage treatment processes. It describes how surface water is treated through steps like sedimentation, flocculation, filtration, chlorination and fluoridation to remove contaminants. Sewage treatment involves primary, secondary and sometimes tertiary levels to remove solids, break down organic waste biologically, and remove nutrients like nitrates and phosphates. The document also discusses how excess nutrients can cause eutrophication of waterways and pollution from heavy metals and legislation limits their levels.
Ph scale
Water undergoes self-ionization in which a small percentage of water molecules dissociate into hydronium (H3O+) and hydroxide (OH-) ions. The concentration of these ions is extremely small and the equilibrium lies very much in the forward direction. The self-ionization of water can be represented by the equilibrium constant Kw, which is equal to the product of the hydronium and hydroxide ion concentrations. Kw is temperature dependent and decreases with increasing temperature. The pH scale was developed to quantify the concentration of hydronium ions in solution and thus indicate whether a solution is acidic, basic, or neutral. pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydronium ion concentration
7.3 elimination reactions 7.3
An elimination reaction such as the dehydration of ethanol is described. In this type of reaction, an alcohol molecule reacts to form a smaller alkene molecule and a water molecule. The structure of the molecules changes from tetrahedral to planar. Specifically, ethanol can be dehydrated to ethene using heat and an aluminum oxide catalyst in order to prepare ethene.
7 organic chemistry learning outcomes
This document outlines the learning outcomes for organic chemistry covered in the Leaving Certificate Chemistry curriculum in Ireland. It is divided into three main sections - tetrahedral carbon, planar carbon and organic chemical reaction types. The sections cover topics such as alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters and aromatic compounds. Students are expected to understand bonding, naming, drawing structures, accounting for properties and discussing industrial and other uses of these organic substances. They also carry out experiments such as preparing samples of ethene, ethanal and ethanoic acid.
7.4 organic natural products 7.4
Organic natural products like aspirin, caffeine, morphine and quinine can be extracted from plants and other natural sources using techniques like steam distillation to remove clove oil from cloves or solvent extraction to separate natural products dissolved in water using an organic solvent.
7.3 redox reactions 7.3
Primary alcohols like ethanol can be oxidized to aldehydes using oxidizing agents such as potassium manganate(VII) or sodium dichromate(VI). For example, ethanol reacts to form ethanal. Ethanal is also produced when ethanol is metabolized in the human body. Sodium dichromate(VI) can be used to prepare ethanal by refluxing an excess of ethanol with an acidified solution of the oxidizing agent. The ethanal is distilled off as it is formed to prevent further oxidation to ethanoic acid. Primary alcohols are oxidized to aldehydes which can be further oxidized to carboxylic acids. Secondary alcohols
Section 7 organic practicals solutions
This document contains sample questions and answers from organic chemistry practical exams from 2002-2009. It includes questions on topics like reflux, saponification, tests for unsaturation, and separation techniques. Summaries are provided for key experiments and calculations, with emphasis on the purpose and essential observations.
7.2 planar carbon carboxylic acids 7.2
This document discusses properties of carboxylic acids including methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid, and butanoic acid. It notes that methanoic acid and ethanoic acid are liquids while propanoic acid and butanoic acid are solids. Carboxylic acids are soluble in water and non-polar solvents due to their polar COOH groups. Carboxylic acids have higher boiling points than alcohols because they form dimers held together by hydrogen bonds between their C=O and O-H groups.
7.2 bonding in benzene 7.2
Benzene has the molecular formula C6H6. Its ring structure was first deduced by Friedrich Kekulé in 1865, resolving a mystery about how the carbon atoms bond. Researchers later discovered through X-ray crystallography that the carbon-carbon bonds in benzene are all the same length, indicating resonance. This is due to six electrons being delocalized in a planar ring above and below the nuclei, allowing for stable overlapping orbits between carbon atoms.
7.1 tetrahedral carbon alkanes 7.1 (1)
This document discusses alkanes, a class of saturated hydrocarbons. It lists the general formula for alkanes as CnH2n+2 and examples of common alkanes including methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane and octane. It notes that alkanes have single bonds and tetrahedral molecular geometry. The first four alkanes are gases while pentane and higher are liquids. Alkanes are insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar solvents, and they are used as fuels in products like petrol, diesel, LPG and natural gas.
Section 7 organic practicals exam questions
The document contains questions and information about organic chemistry experiments performed in a school laboratory setting, including:
1) The preparation of soap from lard (animal fat) and sodium hydroxide involves refluxing the reactants with ethanol to allow saponification (hydrolysis of fats).
2) Ethanal can be prepared by oxidizing ethanol with sodium dichromate and sulfuric acid, producing a color change. Fehling's test confirms the product.
3) Chromatography, including paper, thin-layer, and column chromatography, can be used to separate mixtures like indicators based on differences in compounds' polarity and interactions with the mobile and stationary phases.
7.2 planar carbon aldehydes 7.2
This document discusses four common aldehydes - methanal, ethanal, propanal, and butanal. It notes that while aldehydes are liquids, methanal is a gas at room temperature. Aldehydes have higher boiling points than alkanes but lower than alcohols due to their polar carbonyl group. Short chain aldehydes are soluble in water because of this polar group, but solubility in water decreases with longer carbon chains while solubility in cyclohexane increases. The document also mentions benzaldehyde, an aromatic aldehyde found in almond kernels.
7.2 planar carbon ketones 7.2
Ketones like propanone and butanone have carbonyl groups that make them polar liquids at room temperature with higher boiling points than alkanes but lower than alcohols. Both ketones are soluble in water and non-polar solvents due to their polar carbonyl groups. Propanone specifically is used as a solvent, such as in nail varnish remover, due to its polarity.
7.2 planar carbon alkenes 7.2
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing a carbon-carbon double bond. Common alkenes include ethene, propene, but-1-ene, and but-2-ene, which have general formulas of C2H4, C3H6, C4H8, and C4H8 respectively. Alkene molecules are planar and exist as gases, being insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar solvents like cyclohexane. They are used to make plastics through polymerization and ethene is used to produce ethanol.
7.2 planar carbon esters 7.2
Esters are formed from the reaction of carboxylic acids and alcohols, with the loss of a water molecule. Their names are derived from the parent alcohol and acid, with the endings changed to -yl and -oate respectively. Esters have physical properties between their precursor alcohols and acids, such as higher boiling points than alkanes but lower than alcohols. They are soluble in both water and non-polar solvents like cyclohexane. Esters occur naturally in fruits and flowers, responsible for flavors and scents, and as fats and oils. Ethyl ethanoate is used as a solvent for printing inks and paints.
Aromatic compounds
Aromatic compounds contain benzene rings and have delocalized pi bonds between carbon atoms in the ring. Common aromatic hydrocarbons include benzene, methylbenzene, and ethylbenzene which are liquids insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar solvents. Aromatic compounds have a wide range of uses including pharmaceuticals, herbicides, detergents, dyes, and acid-base indicators. Some aromatics like benzene are carcinogenic but not all are, such as aspirin.
Instrumentation
Chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures based on how their components interact with stationary and mobile phases. There are several types of chromatography including paper chromatography, thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, and column chromatography. Chromatography uses a mobile phase to transport the analyte through a stationary phase, separating the mixture's components as they travel different distances. Spectroscopy analyzes interactions between electromagnetic radiation and matter. Different types of spectroscopy including mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, and colorimetry are used to identify substances based on their unique spectra.
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This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two Hearts
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
skeleton System.pdf (skeleton system wow)
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
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تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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مصحف القراءات العشر أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdf
مصحف أحرف الخلاف للقراء العشرةأعد أحرف الخلاف بالتلوين وصلا سمير بسيوني غفر الله له
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Wound healing PPT
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
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