This 3-day electrical exam preparation course provides 32 hours of classroom instruction to help students pass the PSI electrical licensing exam. The course covers topics including basic electrical theory, circuits, the National Electrical Code, mathematical formulas, motor and transformer calculations, advanced code calculations for dwellings, multifamily units, commercial buildings, and solar PV systems. Registration costs $400, with $350 due on the first day of class. The course does not guarantee passing the exam but is intended to provide additional knowledge and practice exams to help students gain proficiency in NEC calculations.
MPPT oscillations minimization in PV system by controlling non-linear dynamic...IJECEIAES
Solar PV power generation has achieved rapid growth in developing countries which has many merits such as absence of noise, longer life, no pollution, less time for installation, and ease of grid interface. A maximum power point tracking circuit (MPPT) consists of DC-DC power electronics converters that are used to improve the energy attainment from solar PV array. This paper presents a detailed analysis to control of chaos, a non-linear dynamic in SEPIC DC-DC converter interfaced solar PV system, to minimize the oscillations near to MPP. In SEPIC DC-DC converter, the input inductor current is continuous and capable of sweeping the whole I-V curve of a PV module from open circuit voltage (V oc ) to short circuit current (I sc ) operating points. To trace the true maximum power point and to nullify the oscillations near to MPP, the yield output voltage needs to ensure period-1 operation.
The power generation using solar photovoltaic (PV) system in microgrid requires energy storage system due to their dilute and intermittent nature. The system requires efficient control techniques to ensure the reliable operation of the microgrid. This work presents dynamic power management using a decentralized approach. The control techniques in microgrid including droop controllers in cascade with proportional-integral (PI) controllers for voltage stability and power balance have few limitations. PI controllers alone will not ensure microgrid’s stability. Their parameters cannot be optimized for varying demand and have a slow transient response which increases the settling time. The droop controllers have lower efficiency. The load power variation and steady-state voltage error make the droop control ineffective. This paper presents a control scheme for dynamic power management by incorporating the combined PI and hysteresis controller (CPIHC) technique. The system becomes robust, performs well under varying demand conditions, and shows a faster dynamic response. The proposed DC microgrid has solar PV as an energy source, a lead-acid battery as the energy storage system, constant and dynamic loads. The simulation results show the proposed CPIHC technique efficiently manages the dynamic power, regulates DC link voltage and battery’s state of charge (SoC) compared to conventional combined PI and droop controller (CPIDC).
Electricity is a major source of energy for fast growing population and the use of nonrenewable source is harmful for our environment. This reason belongs to devastating of environment, so it is required to take immediate action to solve these problems which result the solar energy development. Production of a solar energy can be maximizing if we use solar follower. The major part of solar panels is microcontroller with arrangement of LDR sensor is used to follow the sun, where the sensors is less efficient to track the sun because of the low sensitivity of LDR. We are proposing a method to track sun more effetely with the help of both LDR sensors and image processing. This type of mechanism can track sun with the help of image processing software which combines both result of sensors and processed sun image to control the solar panel. The combination of both software and hardware can control thousands of solar panels in solar power plants.
The inverter is the principal part of the photovoltaic (PV) systems that assures the direct current/alternating current (DC/AC) conversion (PV array is connected directly to an inverter that converts the DC energy produced by the PV array into AC energy that is directly connected to the electric utility). In this paper, we present a simple method for detecting faults that occurred during the operation of the inverter. These types of faults or faults affect the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic system, especially the inverter, which is the main component responsible for the conversion. Hence, we have shown first the faults obtained in the case of the short circuit. Second, the open circuit failure is studied. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. Good monitoring and detection of faults in the inverter can increase the system's reliability and decrease the undesirable faults that appeared in the PV system. The system behavior is tested under variable parameters and conditions using MATLAB/Simulink.
A hybrid DC/DC/AC converter connected to the grid without a three-phase transformer is controlled. The decentralized control method is applied to the hybrid DC-DC converter such that the maximum power of PV flows to the grid side. This controller must charge and discharge the battery at the proper time. It must also regulate DC-link voltage. An additional advantage of the proposed control is that the three-phase inverter does not need a separate controller such as PWM and SPWM. A simple technique is used for creating the desired phase shift in the three-phase inverter, which makes the active and reactive power of the inverter controllable. A new configuration is also proposed to transmit and manage the generation power of PV. In this scheme, the battery and fuel cell are employed as an auxiliary source to manage the generation power of PV. Finally, a real-time simulation is performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller and system by considering the real characteristics of PV and FC.
MPPT oscillations minimization in PV system by controlling non-linear dynamic...IJECEIAES
Solar PV power generation has achieved rapid growth in developing countries which has many merits such as absence of noise, longer life, no pollution, less time for installation, and ease of grid interface. A maximum power point tracking circuit (MPPT) consists of DC-DC power electronics converters that are used to improve the energy attainment from solar PV array. This paper presents a detailed analysis to control of chaos, a non-linear dynamic in SEPIC DC-DC converter interfaced solar PV system, to minimize the oscillations near to MPP. In SEPIC DC-DC converter, the input inductor current is continuous and capable of sweeping the whole I-V curve of a PV module from open circuit voltage (V oc ) to short circuit current (I sc ) operating points. To trace the true maximum power point and to nullify the oscillations near to MPP, the yield output voltage needs to ensure period-1 operation.
The power generation using solar photovoltaic (PV) system in microgrid requires energy storage system due to their dilute and intermittent nature. The system requires efficient control techniques to ensure the reliable operation of the microgrid. This work presents dynamic power management using a decentralized approach. The control techniques in microgrid including droop controllers in cascade with proportional-integral (PI) controllers for voltage stability and power balance have few limitations. PI controllers alone will not ensure microgrid’s stability. Their parameters cannot be optimized for varying demand and have a slow transient response which increases the settling time. The droop controllers have lower efficiency. The load power variation and steady-state voltage error make the droop control ineffective. This paper presents a control scheme for dynamic power management by incorporating the combined PI and hysteresis controller (CPIHC) technique. The system becomes robust, performs well under varying demand conditions, and shows a faster dynamic response. The proposed DC microgrid has solar PV as an energy source, a lead-acid battery as the energy storage system, constant and dynamic loads. The simulation results show the proposed CPIHC technique efficiently manages the dynamic power, regulates DC link voltage and battery’s state of charge (SoC) compared to conventional combined PI and droop controller (CPIDC).
Electricity is a major source of energy for fast growing population and the use of nonrenewable source is harmful for our environment. This reason belongs to devastating of environment, so it is required to take immediate action to solve these problems which result the solar energy development. Production of a solar energy can be maximizing if we use solar follower. The major part of solar panels is microcontroller with arrangement of LDR sensor is used to follow the sun, where the sensors is less efficient to track the sun because of the low sensitivity of LDR. We are proposing a method to track sun more effetely with the help of both LDR sensors and image processing. This type of mechanism can track sun with the help of image processing software which combines both result of sensors and processed sun image to control the solar panel. The combination of both software and hardware can control thousands of solar panels in solar power plants.
The inverter is the principal part of the photovoltaic (PV) systems that assures the direct current/alternating current (DC/AC) conversion (PV array is connected directly to an inverter that converts the DC energy produced by the PV array into AC energy that is directly connected to the electric utility). In this paper, we present a simple method for detecting faults that occurred during the operation of the inverter. These types of faults or faults affect the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic system, especially the inverter, which is the main component responsible for the conversion. Hence, we have shown first the faults obtained in the case of the short circuit. Second, the open circuit failure is studied. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. Good monitoring and detection of faults in the inverter can increase the system's reliability and decrease the undesirable faults that appeared in the PV system. The system behavior is tested under variable parameters and conditions using MATLAB/Simulink.
A hybrid DC/DC/AC converter connected to the grid without a three-phase transformer is controlled. The decentralized control method is applied to the hybrid DC-DC converter such that the maximum power of PV flows to the grid side. This controller must charge and discharge the battery at the proper time. It must also regulate DC-link voltage. An additional advantage of the proposed control is that the three-phase inverter does not need a separate controller such as PWM and SPWM. A simple technique is used for creating the desired phase shift in the three-phase inverter, which makes the active and reactive power of the inverter controllable. A new configuration is also proposed to transmit and manage the generation power of PV. In this scheme, the battery and fuel cell are employed as an auxiliary source to manage the generation power of PV. Finally, a real-time simulation is performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller and system by considering the real characteristics of PV and FC.
Real Time Implementation of Variable Step Size Based P&O MPPT for PV Systems ...IJPEDS-IAES
Nowadays Solar energy is an important energy source due to the energy crisis and environment pollution. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm improves the utilization efficiency of a photovoltaic systems. In this paper an improved P&O MPPT algorithm is developed and simulated using MATLAB / SIMULINK to control the DC/DC buck converter. The obtained simulink model is also verified using dspace tool. Both the simulated and experimental results are validated by also comparing them with conventional MPPT methods. The performance measures show the increase in the efficiency of PV system by the proposed model.
SALIENT FEATURES OF GRID-CONNECTED PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM AND ITS IMPACT ON POWE...Editor IJMTER
Solar energy is available to the world for free of cost from millions of years and it is a
basic energy source to the mankind. It is also one of largest energy source to the mankind. PV
systems are a relative new technology. The operational experience with PV systems itself is at an
acceptable high level and today’s installed PV systems are of a good quality and are able to operate
without any problems for many years. The price level of the PV modules and the Balance of System
costs (inverter included) have decreased significantly. This energy is available all around the world
in large quantity. When this energy is collected by the solar PV cells it is in the small power with the
D.C. supply, which is not compatible with the existing grid in the world. There is an inverter and the
converter stage comes before this energy can used. Grid interactive PV systems can vary
substantially in size.
This paper deals with an advanced design for a pump powered by solar energyto supply agricultural lands with water and also the maximum power point is used to extract the maximum value of the energy available inside the solar panels and comparing between techniques MPPT such as Incremental conductance, perturb & observe, fractional short current circuit, and fractional open voltage circuit to find the best technique among these. The solar system is designed with main parts: photovoltaic (PV) panel, direct current/direct current (DC/DC) converter, inverter, filter, and in addition, the battery is used to save energy in the event that there is an increased demand for energy and not to provide solar radiation, as well as saving energy in the case of generation more than demand. This work was done using the matrix laboratory (MATLAB) simulink program.
A Review of Maximum Power Point Tracking: Design and Implementationpaperpublications3
Abstract: Photovoltaic Energy is the most important Energy Resource since it is clean pollution free and inexhaustible. In recent years a large number of techniques have been proposed for tracking the Maximum Power Point. PV array has non-linear I-V characteristic and output power depends on environmental conditions such as solar irradiation and temperature. There is a point on I-V, P-V characteristic curve of PV array called as Maximum Power Point (MPP), where the PV system produces its maximum output power. Location of MPP changes with change in environmental condition. The purpose of MPPT is to adjust the solar operating voltage close to MPP under changing environmental conditions. In order to continuously gather the maximum power from the PV array, they have to operate at their MPPT despite of the inhomogeneous change in environmental conditions. The two most commonly algorithms for PV applications as they are easy to Implement are Beta method Incremental Conductance (Inc. Con.).Beta algorithm is a type of MPPT algorithm. It is having fast tracking ability. The algorithm has been verified on a photovoltaic system, A review of various MPPT algorithms is proposed with more focus on above two algorithms.
The electrical and environmental parameters of polymer solar cells (PSC) provide important information on their performance. In the present article we study the influence of temperature on the voltage-current (I-V) characteristic at different temperatures from 10 °C to 90 °C, and important parameters like bandgap energy Eg, and the energy conversion efficiency η. The one-diode electrical model, normally used for semiconductor cells, has been tested and validated for the polemeral junction. The PSC used in our study are formed by the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Our technique is based on the combination of two steps; the first use the Least Mean Squares (LMS) method while the second use the Newton-Raphson algorithm. The found results are compared to other recently published works, they show that the developed approach is very accurate. This precision is proved by the minimal values of statistical errors (RMSE) and the good agreement between both the experimental data and the I-V simulated curves. The obtained results show a clear and a monotonic dependence of the cell efficiency on the studied parameters.
When the irradiance distribution over the photovoltaic panels is uniform, the pursuit of the maximum power point is not reached, which has allowed several researchers to use traditional MPPT techniques to solve this problem Among these techniques a PSO algorithm is used to have the maximum global power point (GMPPT) under partial shading. On the other hand, this one is not reliable vis-à-vis the pursuit of the MPPT. Therefore, in this paper we have treated another technique based on a new modified PSO algorithm so that the power can reach its maximum point. The PSO algorithm is based on the heuristic method which guarantees not only the obtaining of MPPT but also the simplicity of control and less expensive of the system. The results are obtained using MATLAB show that the proposed modified PSO algorithm performs better than conventional PSO and is robust to different partial shading models.
Optimizing of the installed capacity of hybrid renewable energy with a modifi...IJECEIAES
The lack of wind speed capacity and the emission of photons from sunlight are the problem in a hybrid system of photovoltaic (PV) panels and wind turbines. To overcome this shortcoming, the incremental conductance (IC) algorithm is applied that could control the converter work cycle and the switching of the buck boost therefore maximum efficiency of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is reached. The operation of the PV-wind hybrid system, consisting of a 100 W PV array device and a 400 W wind subsystem, 12 V/100 Ah battery energy storage and LED, the PV-wind system requires a hybrid controller for battery charging and usage and load lamp and it’s conducted in experimental setup. The experimental has shown that an average increase in power generated was 38.8% compared to a single system of PV panels or a single wind turbine sub-system. Therefore, the potential opportunities for increasing power production in the tropics wheather could be carried out and applied with this model.
Harvesting energy from the sun makes the photovoltaic (PV) power generation a promising technology. To obtain a consistent state of charge (SOC), consistent energy must be harvested and efficiently directed to the battery. Overcharging or undercharging phenomena decreases the lifetime of the battery. Besides, the effect of irradiance toward solar in term of sunlight intensity effects the efficiency and hence, sluggish the SOC. The main problem of the solar panel revealed when the temperature has increased, the efficiency of solar panel will also be decreased. This manuscript reports the finding of developing an automatic active cooling system for a solar panel with a real time energy monitoring system with internet-of-things (IoT) facility. The IoT technology assists user to measure the efficiency of the solar panel and SOC of the battery in real time from any locations. The automatic active cooling system is designed to improve the efficiency of the solar panel. The effectiveness of the proposed system is proven via the analysis of the effect of active cooling toward efficiency and SOC of photovoltaic system. The results also tabulate the comparative studies of active-to-passive cooling system, as well as the effect of cooling towards SOC and efficiency of the solar panel.
This paper presents simulation and experimental results of anti-windup PI controller to improve induction machine speed control based on direct torque control (DTC) strategy. Problems like rollover can arise in conventional PI controller due to saturation effect. In order to avoid such problems anti-windup PI controller is presented. This controller is simple for implementation in practice. The proposed anti-windup PI controller demonstrates better dynamic step changes response in speed in terms of overshoots. All simulation work was done using Simulink in the MATLAB software. The experimental results were obtained by practical implementation on a dSPACE 1104 board for a 1.5 KW induction machine. Simulation and experimental results have proven a good performance and verified the validity of the presented control strategy.
Direct current (DC) electronic load is a useful equipment for testing the electrical system. It can emulate various load at a high rating. The electronic load requires a power converter to operate and a linear regulator is a common option. Nonetheless, it is hard to control due to the temperature variation. This paper proposed a DC electronic load using the boost converter. The proposed electronic load operates in the continuous current mode and control using the integral controller. The electronic load using the boost converter is compared with the electronic load using the linear regulator. The results show that the boost converter able to operate as an electronic load with an error lower than 0.5% and response time lower than 13 ms.
students can learn the operation and performance of an inverter
circuit. This senior design project aims to develop an inverter circuit experiment which addresses
several concepts and techniques used in covering DC to AC inverters.
Modeling Simulation and Design of Photovoltaic Array with MPPT Control Techni...IJAPEJOURNAL
The Renewable energy is important part of power generation system due to diminution of fossils fuel. Energy production from photovoltaic (PV) is widely accepted as it is clean, available in abundance, & free of cost. This paper deals with modeling of PV array including the effects of temperature and irradiation. The DC-DC converter is used for boosting low voltage of the PV array to high DC voltage. Since the efficiency of a PV array is around 13% which is low, it is desirable to operate the module at the peak power point to improve the utilization of the PV array. A maximum power point tracker (MPPT) is used for extracting the maximum power from the solar PV array and transferring that power to the load. To track maximum power point (MPP) Perturb & Observe (P & O) algorithm is used which periodically perturbs the array voltage or current and compare PV output power with that of previous perturbation cycle which controls duty cycle of DC-DC converter. The entire system is simulated in MATLAB /SIMULINK and simulation results are presented.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Mainly the DC motors are employed in most of the application. The main objective is to Regulate the DC motor system. A motor which displays the appearances of a DC motor but there is no commutator and brushes is called as brushless DC motor. These motors are widespread to their compensations than other motors in relationships of dependability, sound, efficiency, preliminary torque and longevity. To achieve the operation more reliable and less noisy, brushless dc motors are employed. In the proposed work, dissimilar methods of speed control are analysed. In real time submission of speed control of BLDC motor, numerous strategies are executed for the speed control singularity. The modified approaches are the employment of PI controller, use of PID controller and proposed current controller.
Real Time Implementation of Variable Step Size Based P&O MPPT for PV Systems ...IJPEDS-IAES
Nowadays Solar energy is an important energy source due to the energy crisis and environment pollution. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm improves the utilization efficiency of a photovoltaic systems. In this paper an improved P&O MPPT algorithm is developed and simulated using MATLAB / SIMULINK to control the DC/DC buck converter. The obtained simulink model is also verified using dspace tool. Both the simulated and experimental results are validated by also comparing them with conventional MPPT methods. The performance measures show the increase in the efficiency of PV system by the proposed model.
SALIENT FEATURES OF GRID-CONNECTED PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM AND ITS IMPACT ON POWE...Editor IJMTER
Solar energy is available to the world for free of cost from millions of years and it is a
basic energy source to the mankind. It is also one of largest energy source to the mankind. PV
systems are a relative new technology. The operational experience with PV systems itself is at an
acceptable high level and today’s installed PV systems are of a good quality and are able to operate
without any problems for many years. The price level of the PV modules and the Balance of System
costs (inverter included) have decreased significantly. This energy is available all around the world
in large quantity. When this energy is collected by the solar PV cells it is in the small power with the
D.C. supply, which is not compatible with the existing grid in the world. There is an inverter and the
converter stage comes before this energy can used. Grid interactive PV systems can vary
substantially in size.
This paper deals with an advanced design for a pump powered by solar energyto supply agricultural lands with water and also the maximum power point is used to extract the maximum value of the energy available inside the solar panels and comparing between techniques MPPT such as Incremental conductance, perturb & observe, fractional short current circuit, and fractional open voltage circuit to find the best technique among these. The solar system is designed with main parts: photovoltaic (PV) panel, direct current/direct current (DC/DC) converter, inverter, filter, and in addition, the battery is used to save energy in the event that there is an increased demand for energy and not to provide solar radiation, as well as saving energy in the case of generation more than demand. This work was done using the matrix laboratory (MATLAB) simulink program.
A Review of Maximum Power Point Tracking: Design and Implementationpaperpublications3
Abstract: Photovoltaic Energy is the most important Energy Resource since it is clean pollution free and inexhaustible. In recent years a large number of techniques have been proposed for tracking the Maximum Power Point. PV array has non-linear I-V characteristic and output power depends on environmental conditions such as solar irradiation and temperature. There is a point on I-V, P-V characteristic curve of PV array called as Maximum Power Point (MPP), where the PV system produces its maximum output power. Location of MPP changes with change in environmental condition. The purpose of MPPT is to adjust the solar operating voltage close to MPP under changing environmental conditions. In order to continuously gather the maximum power from the PV array, they have to operate at their MPPT despite of the inhomogeneous change in environmental conditions. The two most commonly algorithms for PV applications as they are easy to Implement are Beta method Incremental Conductance (Inc. Con.).Beta algorithm is a type of MPPT algorithm. It is having fast tracking ability. The algorithm has been verified on a photovoltaic system, A review of various MPPT algorithms is proposed with more focus on above two algorithms.
The electrical and environmental parameters of polymer solar cells (PSC) provide important information on their performance. In the present article we study the influence of temperature on the voltage-current (I-V) characteristic at different temperatures from 10 °C to 90 °C, and important parameters like bandgap energy Eg, and the energy conversion efficiency η. The one-diode electrical model, normally used for semiconductor cells, has been tested and validated for the polemeral junction. The PSC used in our study are formed by the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Our technique is based on the combination of two steps; the first use the Least Mean Squares (LMS) method while the second use the Newton-Raphson algorithm. The found results are compared to other recently published works, they show that the developed approach is very accurate. This precision is proved by the minimal values of statistical errors (RMSE) and the good agreement between both the experimental data and the I-V simulated curves. The obtained results show a clear and a monotonic dependence of the cell efficiency on the studied parameters.
When the irradiance distribution over the photovoltaic panels is uniform, the pursuit of the maximum power point is not reached, which has allowed several researchers to use traditional MPPT techniques to solve this problem Among these techniques a PSO algorithm is used to have the maximum global power point (GMPPT) under partial shading. On the other hand, this one is not reliable vis-à-vis the pursuit of the MPPT. Therefore, in this paper we have treated another technique based on a new modified PSO algorithm so that the power can reach its maximum point. The PSO algorithm is based on the heuristic method which guarantees not only the obtaining of MPPT but also the simplicity of control and less expensive of the system. The results are obtained using MATLAB show that the proposed modified PSO algorithm performs better than conventional PSO and is robust to different partial shading models.
Optimizing of the installed capacity of hybrid renewable energy with a modifi...IJECEIAES
The lack of wind speed capacity and the emission of photons from sunlight are the problem in a hybrid system of photovoltaic (PV) panels and wind turbines. To overcome this shortcoming, the incremental conductance (IC) algorithm is applied that could control the converter work cycle and the switching of the buck boost therefore maximum efficiency of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is reached. The operation of the PV-wind hybrid system, consisting of a 100 W PV array device and a 400 W wind subsystem, 12 V/100 Ah battery energy storage and LED, the PV-wind system requires a hybrid controller for battery charging and usage and load lamp and it’s conducted in experimental setup. The experimental has shown that an average increase in power generated was 38.8% compared to a single system of PV panels or a single wind turbine sub-system. Therefore, the potential opportunities for increasing power production in the tropics wheather could be carried out and applied with this model.
Harvesting energy from the sun makes the photovoltaic (PV) power generation a promising technology. To obtain a consistent state of charge (SOC), consistent energy must be harvested and efficiently directed to the battery. Overcharging or undercharging phenomena decreases the lifetime of the battery. Besides, the effect of irradiance toward solar in term of sunlight intensity effects the efficiency and hence, sluggish the SOC. The main problem of the solar panel revealed when the temperature has increased, the efficiency of solar panel will also be decreased. This manuscript reports the finding of developing an automatic active cooling system for a solar panel with a real time energy monitoring system with internet-of-things (IoT) facility. The IoT technology assists user to measure the efficiency of the solar panel and SOC of the battery in real time from any locations. The automatic active cooling system is designed to improve the efficiency of the solar panel. The effectiveness of the proposed system is proven via the analysis of the effect of active cooling toward efficiency and SOC of photovoltaic system. The results also tabulate the comparative studies of active-to-passive cooling system, as well as the effect of cooling towards SOC and efficiency of the solar panel.
This paper presents simulation and experimental results of anti-windup PI controller to improve induction machine speed control based on direct torque control (DTC) strategy. Problems like rollover can arise in conventional PI controller due to saturation effect. In order to avoid such problems anti-windup PI controller is presented. This controller is simple for implementation in practice. The proposed anti-windup PI controller demonstrates better dynamic step changes response in speed in terms of overshoots. All simulation work was done using Simulink in the MATLAB software. The experimental results were obtained by practical implementation on a dSPACE 1104 board for a 1.5 KW induction machine. Simulation and experimental results have proven a good performance and verified the validity of the presented control strategy.
Direct current (DC) electronic load is a useful equipment for testing the electrical system. It can emulate various load at a high rating. The electronic load requires a power converter to operate and a linear regulator is a common option. Nonetheless, it is hard to control due to the temperature variation. This paper proposed a DC electronic load using the boost converter. The proposed electronic load operates in the continuous current mode and control using the integral controller. The electronic load using the boost converter is compared with the electronic load using the linear regulator. The results show that the boost converter able to operate as an electronic load with an error lower than 0.5% and response time lower than 13 ms.
students can learn the operation and performance of an inverter
circuit. This senior design project aims to develop an inverter circuit experiment which addresses
several concepts and techniques used in covering DC to AC inverters.
Modeling Simulation and Design of Photovoltaic Array with MPPT Control Techni...IJAPEJOURNAL
The Renewable energy is important part of power generation system due to diminution of fossils fuel. Energy production from photovoltaic (PV) is widely accepted as it is clean, available in abundance, & free of cost. This paper deals with modeling of PV array including the effects of temperature and irradiation. The DC-DC converter is used for boosting low voltage of the PV array to high DC voltage. Since the efficiency of a PV array is around 13% which is low, it is desirable to operate the module at the peak power point to improve the utilization of the PV array. A maximum power point tracker (MPPT) is used for extracting the maximum power from the solar PV array and transferring that power to the load. To track maximum power point (MPP) Perturb & Observe (P & O) algorithm is used which periodically perturbs the array voltage or current and compare PV output power with that of previous perturbation cycle which controls duty cycle of DC-DC converter. The entire system is simulated in MATLAB /SIMULINK and simulation results are presented.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Mainly the DC motors are employed in most of the application. The main objective is to Regulate the DC motor system. A motor which displays the appearances of a DC motor but there is no commutator and brushes is called as brushless DC motor. These motors are widespread to their compensations than other motors in relationships of dependability, sound, efficiency, preliminary torque and longevity. To achieve the operation more reliable and less noisy, brushless dc motors are employed. In the proposed work, dissimilar methods of speed control are analysed. In real time submission of speed control of BLDC motor, numerous strategies are executed for the speed control singularity. The modified approaches are the employment of PI controller, use of PID controller and proposed current controller.
Automatic power factor_improvement_and_monitoring_by_using_plc[1]ferozpatowary
Power factor correction (PFC) is a process of negotiating the unwanted effects of electric loads that create a power factor less than one. Power factor correction may be applied either by an electrical power transmission utility to enhance the efficiency of transmission network. In this paper three transformers of different ratings have been used which acts as inductive load each of which produce different power factor variation. The power factor of the supply line is directly monitored by the Power Meter which is connected in parallel to the supply line. The value of the capacitance (capacitor bank) required for correcting the power factor variation due to each transformer and their combination is found out separately. Capacitor bank for the respective load is triggered by using PLC.
“MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF DC-DC CONVERTER FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM” Final...8381801685
This project portrays a comparative analysis of DC-DC Converters for Renewable Energy System. The electrolysis method which increases the hydrogen production and storage rate from wind-PV systems. It has been proved that DC-DC converter with transformer has the desirable features for electrolyser application. The converter operates in lagging PF mode for a very wide change in load and supply voltage variations, thus ensuring ZVS for all the primary switches. The peak current through the switches decreases with load current.This paper portrays a comparative analysis of DC-DC Converters for Renewable Energy System . The simulation and experimental results show that the power gain obtained by this method clearly increases the hydrogen production and storage rate from wind-PV systems. It has been proved that DC-DC converter with transformer has the desirable features for electrolyser application. Theoretical predictions of the selected configuration have been compared with the MATLAB simulation results. The simulation and experimental results indicate that the output of the inverter is nearly sinusoidal. The output of rectifier is pure DC due to the presence of LC filter at the output. It can be seen that the efficiency of DC-DC converter with transformer is 15% higher than the converter without transformer.
IMPROVED MPPT METHOD TO INCREASE ACCURACY & SPEED IN PHOTOVOLTAIC UNDER VARIA...Naimesh Rama
This study proposes a novel MPPT method and the detailed performance comparison with FLC techniques is achieved. Under sudden change in atmospheric operating conditions, the proposed MPPT method performs better performance the proposed MPPT method has achieved the lowest oscillation rate at the MPP compared to commonly used methods.
Brushles DC motor are one type of motors that are rapidly gaining the popularity and are penetrating in industrial applications, home appliances, automotive, consumer, medical etc. Because of there many advantages such as high efficiency ,silent operation, compact form ,reliability, low maintenance (due to the absence of brushess), long operating life, high speed ranges etc. for the proper commution of current in inverter the rotar position information is necessary, this information is usually provided by the mechanical position sensors mounted within the motor. however it is well known that these position sensors have many drawbacks therefore a sensor less control of BLDC motor is developed which eliminates the sensing equipment ,reduces the cost of motor and increases the reliability of the BLDC motor. In this paper the position information is obtained from the zero crossing detection of the back EMF which is also called as the terminal voltage sensing method which is the simplest ,method of detecting the back EMF zero crossing ,here the motor voltages are sensed and give to the lowpass filter whose output is give to the ZCD which determines the zero crossing of the back EMF waveform and ZCD generates the signal required for the controller to provide the pulses for the inverter operation the controller used is a high performance controller(DSPic30F4011) which as both the features of microcontroller and digital signal processor .The complete model is simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK software. the proposed hardware and simulation program are found to be efficient and the results are promising
DFIG control of WECS using indirect matrix converter Kuldeep Behera
The connection and operation of wind power plants produce some problems that are rising partly owing to large changeability of environment conditions, influencing the electrical energy supply from these sources. To be possible to study phenomena that are connected with wind power plants and impacts of their operation on the operation of distribution and transmission systems, it is necessary to do such as in other branches, different computer simulations. A grid connected wind power generation scheme using doubly fed induction generator is studied. The aim is modelling and simulation of DFIG operating in two quadrants (torque-speed) by a suitable control technique to control the rotor current. This method will also replace the conventional converter by Indirect Matrix Converter.
DFIG control of WECS using indirect matrix converter
Exam Preparation Syllabus
1. NEC Electrical Exam Preparation Syllabus
1
This Master/Journeyman Electrician Course consists of 32 classroom hours to help you
pass the PSI Exam.
This electrical training course was designed to bring students up to speed on their
knowledge of the National Electrical Code® as quickly and efficiently as possible. It also
teaches students working in industrial and commercial facilities how to navigate, use and
understand the NEC® as it applies to the electrical work they do. Inspectors and
residential electricians will also find this course extremely valuable. During this unique
training program the NEC’s® most recent changes are addressed as well as the students’
specific work situations and most challenging code questions.
Overall, this class is designed to help electrical workers make practical use and
application of the important standards found in the National Electrical Code®.
Registration is $400.00. We require a $50 deposit; the balance of $350.00 is due the first
morning of the class. We CANNOT GUARANTEE that you will pass the Electrical
License Exam, but we do GUARANTEE that you will gain additional knowledge during
this class that will assist in passing the Electrical License Exam.
The registration fee includes the Exam Preparation Workbook and practice exams. If
you haven’t already purchased, you will need a copy of the 2011 NEC®.
For qualifying the PSI exam, you need experience verification/approval from State of
Virginia Licensing Board (DPOR); please check the State website www.dpor.virginia.gov
All fees and registration are non-refundable
2. NEC Electrical Exam Preparation Syllabus
2
DAY 1
In Day One – During this course the students will review of basic mathematics and
electrical formulas. They will gain a basic understanding of how electricity works and
theory. They will gain an understanding of electrical circuits and alternating current. The
students will finish the day one by reviewing basic motors and transformers. Students
will be assigned practice exams to be completed prior to next class. Topics to be
discussed in day one include…
UNIT 1—ELECTRICIAN’S MATH AND BASIC ELECTRICAL FORMULAS
7:00am—7:30 am
Part A—Electrician’s Math
1.1 Whole Numbers
1.2 Decimals
1.3 Fractions
1.4 Percentages
1.5 Multiplier
1.6 Percent Increase
1.7 Reciprocals
1.8 Squaring a Number
1.9 Parentheses
1.10 Square Root
1.11 Volume
1.12 Kilo
1.13 Rounding Off
7:30am—8:00am
Part B—Basic Electrical Formulas
1.15 Electrical Circuit
1.16 Power Source
1.17 Conductance
1.18 Circuit Resistance
1.19 Ohm’s Law
1.20 Ohm’s Law and Alternating Current
1.21 Ohm’s Law Formula Circle
1.22 PIE Formula Circle
1.23 Formula Wheel
1.24 Using the Formula Wheel.
1.25 Power Losses of Conductors
1.26 Cost of Power.
1.27 Power Changes with the Square of
the Voltage
8:00am—8:30am
Practice Questions for Unit 1
8:30am—9:00am
UNIT 2—ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
Part A—Series Circuits
2.1 Practical Uses of the Series Circuit
2.2 Understanding Series
Calculations
2.3 Series Circuit Calculations
2.4 Power Calculations
2.5 Variations
2.6 Series Circuit Notes
2.7 Series-Connected Power Supplies
9:00am—9:30am
Part B—Parallel Circuits
2.8 Practical Uses of the Parallel Circuit
2.9 Understanding Parallel Calculations
2.10 Circuit Resistance
2.11 Parallel Circuit Notes
2.12 Parallel-Connected Power Supplies
3. NEC Electrical Exam Preparation Syllabus
3
9:30am—10:00am
Part C—Series-Parallel Circuits
2.13 Review of Series and Parallel
Circuits
2.14 Working With Series-Parallel
Circuits
2.15 Voltage
10:00am—10:30am
Part D—Multiwire BranchCircuits
2.16 Neutral Conductor
2.17 Grounded Conductor
2.18 Current Flow on the Neutral
Conductor
2.19 Balanced Systems
2.20 Unbalanced Current
2.21 Multiwire Branch Circuits
2.22 Dangers of Multiwire Branch
Circuits
2.23 NEC Requirements
10:30am —11:00am
Practice Questions for Unit 2.
11:00am —12:00pm
LUNCH
UNIT 3—UNDERSTANDING
ALTERNATING CURRENT
12:00pm—12:30pm
Part A—UnderstandingAlternating
Current
3.1 Current Flow
3.2 Why Alternating Current Is
Used
3.3 How Alternating Current Is Produced
3.4 Alternating-Current Generator
3.5 Waveform
3.6 Sine Wave
3.7 Frequency
3.8 Phase
3.9 Degrees
3.10 Lead or Lag
3.11 Values of Alternating Current
12:30pm—1:00pm
Part B—Capacitance
3.12 Charged Capacitor
3.13 Electrical Field
3.14 Discharging a Capacitor
3.15 Determining Capacitance
3.16 Uses of Capacitors
3.17 Phase Relationship
1:00pm—1:30pm
Part C—Induction
3.18 Self-Induction
3.19 Induced Voltage and Applied
Current
3.20 Conductor Alternating-Current
Resistance
3.21 Conductor Shape
3.22 Magnetic Cores
3.23 Self-Induced and Applied Voltage
3.24 Inductive Reactance
3.25 Phase Relationship
3.26 Uses of Induction
1:30pm—2:00pm
Part D—Power Factor
3.27 Apparent Power (Volt-Amperes)
3.28 True Power (Watts)
3.29 Power Factor
3.30 Unity Power Factor
3.31 Power Factor Formulas
3.32 Cost of True Power
3.33 Effects of Power Factor
3.34 Efficiency Formulas
Practice Questions for Unit 3.
4. NEC Electrical Exam Preparation Syllabus
4
UNIT 4—MOTORS AND TRANSFORMERS
2:00pm—2:30pm
Part A—Motor Basics
4.1 Motor Principles
4.2 Dual-Voltage Alternating-Current Motors
4.3 Motor Horsepower Ratings
4.4 Motor Current Ratings
4.5 Calculating Motor FLA
4.6 Motor-Starting Current
4.7 Motor-Running Current
4.8 Motor Locked-Rotor Current (LRC)
4.9 Motor Overload Protection
4.10 Direct-Current Motor Principles
4.11 Direct-Current Motor Types
4.12 Reversing the Rotation of a Direct-Current Motor
4.13 Alternating-Current Induction Motor
4.14 Alternating-Current Motor Types
4.15 Reversing the Rotation of an Alternating-Current Motor
2:30pm-3:00pm
Part B—Transformers
4.16 Transformer Basics
4.17 Secondary Induced Voltage
4.18 Efficiency
4.19 Transformer Turns Ratio
4.20 Autotransformers
4.21 Power Losses
4.22 Transformer kVA Rating
4.23 Current Flow
4.24 Current Rating
Practice Questions for Unit 4
5. NEC Electrical Exam Preparation Syllabus
5
DAY 2
In Day Two – Students will learn the basic NEC calculations for licensing
exam. Students will review all of the required calculations. Students will be
assigned practice exams to be completed prior to next class. Topics to be
discussed in day two include…
CHAPTER 2—NEC CALCULATIONS
UNIT 5—RACEWAY AND BOX
CALCULATIONS
7:00am—7:30am
Part A—Raceway Fill
5.1 Understanding the NEC, Chapter 9
Tables
5.2 Raceway Calculations
5.3 Wireways
5.4 Tips for Raceway Calculations
7:30am—8:00am
Part B—Outlet BoxFill Calculations
[314.16]
5.5 Sizing Box—Conductors All the
Same Size [Table 314.16(A)]
5.6 Conductor Equivalents
5.7 Outlet Box Sizing [314.16(B)]
8:00am—8:30am
Part C—Pull Boxes, Junction Boxes,
and Conduit Bodies.
5.8 Pull/Junction Box Sizing
Requirements
5.9 Pull/Junction Box Sizing Tips
5.10 Pull Box Examples
Practice Questions for Unit 5
UNIT 6—CONDUCTOR SIZING AND
PROTECTION CALCULATIONS
8:30am—9:00am
Part A—General Conductor
Requirements
6.1 Conductor Insulation [Table
310.104(A)]
6.2 Conductor Sizing [110.6]
6.3 Smallest Conductor Size
[310.106(A)]
6.4 Conductor Size—Terminal
Temperature Rating [110.14(C)]
6.5 Conductors in Parallel
6.6 NEC Requirements for Conductors
in Parallel [310.10(H)]
6.7 Overcurrent Protection [Article 240]
6.8 Overcurrent Protection of
Conductors—General Requirements
[240.4]
6.9 Overcurrent Protection of
Conductors—Specific Requirements
9:00am—9:30am
Part B—Conductor Ampacity
6.10 Conductor Ampacity
6.11 Ambient Temperature Correction
Factors [Table 310.15(B)(2)(a)]
6.12 Conductor Bundling Ampacity
Adjustment Factors [Table
310.15(B)(3)(a)]
6.13 Ambient and Conductor Bundling
6. NEC Electrical Exam Preparation Syllabus
6
Adjustment
6.14 Current-Carrying Conductors
6.15 Wireway Conductor Ampacity
[376.22(B)]
6.16 Conductor Sizing Summary
9:30am—10:00am
Part C—Article 690 Solar PV systems
6.17 Maximum Voltage [690.7]
6.18 Circuit Sizing and Protection
[690.8]
6.19 Overcurrent Protection [690.9]
Practice Questions for Unit 6
UNIT 7—MOTOR AND AIR-
CONDITIONING CALCULATIONS.
10:30am—11:00am
Part A—Motor Calculations
7.1 Scope of Article 430
7.2 FLC versus Motor Nameplate
7.3 Highest Rated Motor [430.17]
7.4 Branch-Circuit Conductor Size
7.5 Feeder Conductor Size [430.24]
7.6 Overload Protection [430.6(A)(2) and
430.32(A)]
7.7 Branch-Circuit Short-Circuit and
Ground-Fault Protection [430.51]
7.8 Branch-Circuit Summary
7.9 Feeder Protection [430.62]
7.10 Motor VA Calculations
11:00am—12:00pm
Lunch
12:00pm—12:30pm
Part B—Air-ConditioningCalculations
7.12 Scope of Article 440
7.13 Other Articles
7.14 Short-Circuit and Ground-Fault
Protection
7.15 Conductor Sizing for a Single
Motor-Compressor
Practice Questions for Unit 7
UNIT 8—VOLTAGE-DROP
CALCULATIONS
12:30pm—1:00pm
Part A—Conductor Resistance
Calculations
8.1 Conductor Resistance
8.2 Conductor Resistance—Direct-
Current Circuits [Chapter 9, Table 8]
8.3 Conductor Resistance—Alternating-
Current Circuits
8.4 Alternating-Current Resistance
8.5 Alternating-Current Resistance as
Compared to Direct-Current Resistance
1:00—1:30
Part B—Voltage-Drop Considerations
8.6 NEC Voltage-Drop
Recommendations
8.7 Determining Circuit Conductors’
Voltage Drop—Ohm’s Law Method
8.8 Determining Circuit Conductors’
Voltage Drop— Formula Method
8.9 Sizing Conductors to Prevent
Excessive Voltage Drop
8.10 Limiting Conductor Length to
Minimize Voltage Drop
8.11 Limiting Current to Limit Voltage
Drop
Practice Questions For Unit 8
7. NEC Electrical Exam Preparation Syllabus
7
UNIT 9—DWELLING UNIT CALCULATIONS
1:30pm—2:00pm
Part A—General Requirements
9.1 General Requirements
9.2 Voltages [220.5(A)]
9.3 Fraction of an Ampere [220.5(B)]
9.4 Lighting and Receptacles
9.5 Cooking Equipment—Branch Circuit [Table 220.55, Note 4]
2:00pm—2:30pm
Part B—Standard Method—
Feeder/Service Load Calculations
9.6 Dwelling Unit Feeder/Service Load Calculations (Article 220, Part III)
9.7 Dwelling Unit Example
9.8 Dwelling Unit Optional Calculations [220.82]
9.9 Optional Calculation Example
2:30pm—3:00pm
Part D—Other Topics of Interest
9.10 Neutral Calculations [220.61]
9.11 Grounding and Bonding of Service Equipment
Practice Questions for Unit 9
8. NEC Electrical Exam Preparation Syllabus
8
DAY 3
In Day Three – Students will learn the advance NEC calculations for
licensing exam. Students will work problems throughout the day that are
required calculations. Students will be provided with practice exams to use
during class. Topics to be discussed in day two include…
CHAPTER 3—ADVANCED NEC CALCULATIONS
7:00am—8:00am
UNIT 10—MULTIFAMILY
DWELLING CALCULATIONS
10.1 Multifamily Dwelling
Calculations—General
10.2 Multifamily Dwelling Calculation
Examples— Standard Method
8:00am—9:00am
Part A—Standard Method—
Feeder/Service Load Calculations
10.3 Multifamily Dwelling
Calculations—Standard Method
Example
9:00am—10:00am
Part B—Optional Method—
Feeder/Service Load Calculations.
10.4 Multifamily Dwelling Unit
Calculations [220.84]— Optional
Method
10.5 Multifamily—Optional Method
Example 1 [220.84]
10.6 Multifamily—Optional Method
Example 2 [220.84]
10.7 Two-Family Dwelling Units
[220.85]
Practice Questions for Unit 10
10:00am—11:00am
UNIT 11—COMMERCIAL
CALCULATIONS
Part A—General
11.1 General Requirements
11.2 Conductor Ampacity [Article 100]
11.3 Conductor Overcurrent
Protection [240.4]
11.4 Voltages [220.5(A)].
11.5 Fractions of an Ampere [220.5(B)]
11.6 Lighting—Demand Factors
[Tables 220.12 and 220.42]........ 347
11.7 Lighting Without Demand
Factors [215.2(A) (1), 230.42(A)(1), and
Table 220.12]
11.8 Sign Circuit [220.14(F) and 600.5]
11.9 Lighting—Miscellaneous
11.10 Multioutlet Receptacle
Assembly [220.14(H)]
11.11 Receptacle VA Load
11.12 Banks and Offices—General
Lighting and Receptacles [220.14(K)]
11:00am—12:00pm
Lunch
12:00pm—1:00pm
9. NEC Electrical Exam Preparation Syllabus
9
Part B—Examples
11.13 Bank/Office Building Example
11.14 Mobile/Manufactured Home Park [550.31]
11.15 Recreational Vehicle Park [551.73]
11.16 Marina [555.12]
Practice Questions for Unit 11
UNIT 12—TRANSFORMER CALCULATIONS
1:00pm—2:00pm
Part A–General
12.1 Transformer Basics
12.2 Secondary Induced Voltage
12.3 Autotransformers
12.4 Power Losses
12.5 Efficiency
12.6 Delta/Delta Connected Transformers
12.7 Delta/Wye Connected
Transformers
12.8 Transformer Turns Ratio
12.9 Transformer kVA Rating
12.10 Current Flow
12.11 Line Currents
2:00pm—3:00pm
Part B–NECRequirements
12.12 Transformer Overcurrent Protection
12.13 Primary Conductor Sizing
12.14 Secondary Conductor Sizing
12.15 Grounding and Bonding
Practice Questions for Unit 12