Here are 3 open-ended questions that aim to get accurate testimony from the 6-year old while accounting for the key factors affecting accuracy in children:
1. Can you tell me in your own words what happened when you were in the shop? I don't want to give you any ideas, I just want to know what you remember.
2. I know it can be hard to remember everything. Can you tell me more about what the man looked like? It's okay if you don't remember or are unsure about some details.
3. You did a great job remembering what happened. Is there anything else you want to add, even if you're not totally sure? You can say if something is just a guess
This lecture slide concerns the accuracy report of eye witness testimony. How accurate are eye-witness testimonials? And how can we interview witness so that their reports can be more accurate? It identifies the 'Cognitive Interview Model' which is a interview approach for increasing accuracy of reports while minimizes false information. One of the main mistake of interviewers are asking misleading questions. For instance, 'did you see the gun?' as opposed to 'did you see 'a' gun?' First part was misleading because it implies that a gun was witnessed when in fact there may not have been a gun present.
Add your comments and questions below.
Definition of forensic Psychology
History of forensic Psychology
Forensic Psychology in court
Subfields of forensic Psychology
Difference in the function of forensic and clinical psychology
Difference in forensic and clinical assessment
Roles of forensic Psychology
Ethical considerations
This lecture slide concerns the accuracy report of eye witness testimony. How accurate are eye-witness testimonials? And how can we interview witness so that their reports can be more accurate? It identifies the 'Cognitive Interview Model' which is a interview approach for increasing accuracy of reports while minimizes false information. One of the main mistake of interviewers are asking misleading questions. For instance, 'did you see the gun?' as opposed to 'did you see 'a' gun?' First part was misleading because it implies that a gun was witnessed when in fact there may not have been a gun present.
Add your comments and questions below.
Definition of forensic Psychology
History of forensic Psychology
Forensic Psychology in court
Subfields of forensic Psychology
Difference in the function of forensic and clinical psychology
Difference in forensic and clinical assessment
Roles of forensic Psychology
Ethical considerations
Cognitive psychology is a relatively young branch of psychology, yet it has quickly grown to become one of the most popular subfields. Few Practical Application of Cognitive Psychology(Science),Thinking, decision-making/increasing decision making accuracy, problem-solving, learning /structuring educational curricula to enhance learning , attention,Memory/Improving memory, forgetting, and
language acquisition.
But what exactly is cognitive psychology?
What do cognitive psychologists do?
Human Development:
The Self-Concept
The Self-Esteem
The Child In The Family
Sibling Relationships
The Child In The Peer Group
Stages Of Friendship
Aggression And Bullying
Risk Assessment concerns prediction and management of people who are at risk of committing a criminal act. This includes Acturial reports which statistically determine the top risk factors, structured and unstructured interviews.
Notes on one of the IB HL Psychology options: Health. All about stress: its biological, cognitive, and social factors. Good advice too for those of us stressed out by IB testing!
Cognitive psychology is a relatively young branch of psychology, yet it has quickly grown to become one of the most popular subfields. Few Practical Application of Cognitive Psychology(Science),Thinking, decision-making/increasing decision making accuracy, problem-solving, learning /structuring educational curricula to enhance learning , attention,Memory/Improving memory, forgetting, and
language acquisition.
But what exactly is cognitive psychology?
What do cognitive psychologists do?
Human Development:
The Self-Concept
The Self-Esteem
The Child In The Family
Sibling Relationships
The Child In The Peer Group
Stages Of Friendship
Aggression And Bullying
Risk Assessment concerns prediction and management of people who are at risk of committing a criminal act. This includes Acturial reports which statistically determine the top risk factors, structured and unstructured interviews.
Notes on one of the IB HL Psychology options: Health. All about stress: its biological, cognitive, and social factors. Good advice too for those of us stressed out by IB testing!
It is a nptel course pdf made available here from its official nptel website . Its full credit goes to nptel itself . I am just sharing it here as i thought it would help someone in need of it . It is a course of INTRODUCTION TO ADVANCED COGNITIVE PROCESSES
Running head FALSE MEMORIES AND OLDER ADULTS 1 .docxwlynn1
Running head: FALSE MEMORIES AND OLDER ADULTS 1
Older Adults Experience More False Memories Compared to Other Age Groups
Amanda Sinclair 11036772
University of Saskatchewan
Psychology 255.3 61: Human Memory
3 November 2013
FALSE MEMORIES AND OLDER ADULTS 2
Proclamation
In submitting this paper, I attest that this paper, and any version of this paper, has not previously
or concurrently been submitted for credit in another course by myself or anyone else.
FALSE MEMORIES AND OLDER ADULTS 3
Abstract
Compared to other age groups (e.g. child, teenager, young adult) older adults experience a
greater amount of false memories. This was shown in Fandakova, Shing, and Lindenberg (2013)
with the use of proactive interference. In Jacoby, Bishara, Hessels, & Toth (2005) retroactive
interference was used to create false memories in young and older adults resulting in higher false
memories for older adults. Shing, Werkle-Bergner, Li, & Lindenberger (2009) found that not
only did older adults have a greater amount of false memories but were also disproportionately
more confident in their false memories than children. A neurological study done by Dennis, Kim,
& Cabeza (2008) found that, compared to young adults, older adults showed both a reduction in
true memories and an increase in false memories. It was also shown that a neurological
explanation could be found for the age difference in false memories. In summary, modern
research shows clear evidence in support of older adults having a greater proportion of false
memories than other age groups.
FALSE MEMORIES AND OLDER ADULTS 4
Older Adults Have More False Memories Than Other Age Groups
Recent research has shown that the likelihood of remembering false events increases as a
person ages, this paper aims to flush out this research and find a clear correlation between age
and false memories. False memories, erroneously remembering episodes that did not occur, have
been an area of interest since Elizabeth Loftus created the “Lost in the Mall” technique in 1994.
This technique involved Loftus implanting a false memory into a child of being lost in a mall at a
younger age (Loftus, 1995). At that point it was thought that only children were susceptible to
false memories (then said to be repressed memories) and not adults. Since then it has been shown
that not only do children create false memories, and are susceptible to implantation, but also
young and older adults (Lindsay, Hagen, Read, Wade, & Garry, 2004). For example, Wade,
Garry, Read, & Lindsay (2002) successfully implanted a false memory of being in a hot air
balloon as a child into twenty subjects whose age ranged from 18-28.
Recently, researchers have begun studying age related differences and changes in false
memories between age groups (Anastasi & Rhodes, 2008; Brainerd & Reyna, 2002; Norman &
Schacter, 1997; Tun, Wingfield, Rosen, & B.
1. Age and EWT: Children
L/O: To be able to describe what research has shown about
children and the accuracy of testimony.
Starter
True or false?
Age is an important factor in the accuracy of EWT. True
As we grow older, the amount of memories we have to store increases. True
As we grow older, the space we have to store memories increases. False
Our memory size itself stays the same; we find new ways to store new memories.
Our age can influence the types of things we remember and forget. True
Our memories never change. False Memory changes as we age and we use
it differently as we age.
2. L/O: To be able to describe what research has shown about
children and the accuracy of testimony.
Children as eyewitnesses
The younger the child, the less eyewitness information they will
provide spontaneously (without questions).
Therefore, children are often interviewed so as to get a more
detailed account of events.
Why is this
Influence of cognitive factors: problematic?
The way questions are asked.
Influence of social factors:
Power and status of interviewer.
3. L/O: To be able to describe what research has shown about
children and the accuracy of testimony.
Children as eyewitnesses
3 factors you need to know about
1. Suggestibility
Children are more sensitive to leading questions.
The younger the child, the bigger the influence.
Ceci et al. (2000)
• Researched children aged 3-12 years.
• Found 3-4 year olds were most susceptible to leading questions.
• Argued that 3-5 year olds form ‘weaker’ memories and so they are
more vulnerable to reconstruction.
4. L/O: To be able to describe what research has shown about
children and the accuracy of testimony.
Children as eyewitnesses
3 factors you need to know about
2. Language abilities
The ability to comprehend (understand) the question affects recall
ability.
Goodman and Schaaf (1997)
• Found: the more complex the question, the more likely a child was to
give an inaccurate answer. The pirate engaged in
blowing bubbles during
The pirate blew the course of the
bubbles, didn’t he? puppet show, is that not
true?
• Suggests that children should not be questioned using language
above their developmental age.
5. L/O: To be able to describe what research has shown about
children and the accuracy of testimony.
Children as eyewitnesses
3 factors you need to know about
3. Memory processes
Young children form and recall more simple memories than older
children.
Saywitz (1987)
• Asked children aged 8-15 years to listen to a crime tape recording.
• After 5 days, they had to recall the incident.
• Found: The youngest ones (8 year olds) recalled less detail but no less
accurately than the oldest (11-15 year olds) who recalled more
details.
• Also found: The 8 year olds were more likely to embellish and
exaggerate.
6. L/O: To be able to describe what research has shown about
children and the accuracy of testimony.
QUICK TEST
What are the 3 key factors affecting accuracy of EWT
in children?
One study for each?
7. You will not be asked
This question does specifically about children or
not ask you to the elderly.
outline and evaluate
as a 12 marker
You will be asked about
would.
‘age’.
It asks you to
describe the If is a 6 marker, just one.
research. So you For a 12 marker, best to
should plan your address both.
answer using
research to guide
you. Plan:
Children.
3 factors lead by 3 studies
(maybe just 2 in detail?).
8. • You have a 6 year old to interview.
• She was in a shop buying a curly wurly when a
man came in and held up the shop for the cash in
the till.
• She remained in the shop for the robbery.
Compose a series of questions that allow for the 3
factors that affect accuracy of eye witness
testimony in children. Your aim is to get the most
accurate testimony.
9. This question requires evaluation of the research findings.
For top marks, you could also include the contrary research by Brainerd and Reyna and The
Fuzzy Trace Theory (article page 58-59 study guide) – to be studied in your own time.