1) E-waste generation in the EU is about 9 million tonnes per year, but only 3 million tonnes are collected, with the rest leaking out through various pathways. 2) E-waste is exported from the EU through municipal waste systems, prolonged household storage, and export of used electronics and e-waste. It leaks from collection points and management chains in Europe and is transported overseas in containers and vehicles. 3) A study found that Nigeria and Ghana are the most dominant importing countries for used electronics from the EU, especially TVs and monitors. The UK, France, and Germany export the most electronics, and Nigeria receives the most used vehicles which are used to ship e-waste.

1. E-waste Africa Project
From Europe to West-Africa
Pan-African Summit on E-waste, 14.-16.03.2012, Nairobi
By Andreas Manhart

2. Some facts:
-E-waste generation in the EU: 9 million tonnes
-collected: 3 million tonnes
Leakage
1. Municipal waste
2. Prolonged storage in households
3. Exports of used equipment & e-waste

3. Leakage pathways for exports:
1. In the EU, e-waste collection from private households varies
from country to country and from municipality to municipality
-Obligation to bring e-waste to collection points
-Bulky waste pick-up services
-New for old take back systems
-…
Leakage at source
2. Discarded EEE is mostly not directly sold to recycling
companies. Instead handled by a variety of logistics companies
and sub-contractors
Leakage in the management chain

4. Players of the trade:
•Ranging from family-based networks
•To large and well organised firms
Two types of exports: In Containers & in cars and trucks

5. Amsterdam: No. 12 in the EU
-Liner services to W-Africa
-Close to city centre
Antwerp: No. 2 in the EU
-Dominant Belgium port
-Transit port
-Receives goods from
German (overland)

6. The Belgian inspection authorities conduct many inspections in the Port of
Antwerp.
In 2008, approximately 1200 container checks were conducted of which 127
contained used and/or end-of-life EEE and 47 were sent back to the country
of origin.
Belgian customs authorities assume that 90% of illegal e-waste shipments
are conducted by co-loading into used cars.
Used and end-of-life EEE is often declared as “second-hand goods”, “private
goods”, “for charities”, “for personal use”, “miscellaneous” and “effets
personnels”
The container business is very flexible within Europe. If one port becomes
congested or port fees rise significantly, containers can be easily shifted to
other European ports.

7. Specific findings:
• Nigeria is the most dominant importing country for EEE, followed by
Ghana.
Seaborne imports of TVs
and monitors 2005-2009

8. Specific findings (continued):
• The UK is the dominant exporting country for EEE, followed with large
gaps by France and Germany.
• Nigeria is the main recipient of used vehicles. Used and obsolete EEE
are commonly co-shipped in vehicles.
• Germany and Belgium are the dominant exporting countries for
vehicles, followed by the UK and the Netherlands.
• The Netherlands show a sharp decline of data processing equipment
exports. Indication of successful customs controls.
• Benin, Côte d’Ivoire and Togo generally show a high share of French
imports.
• Export of refrigerators: Southern European countries also relevant (e.g.
Italy).

9. Specific findings (continued):
• Miscellaneous goods are a significant share of the imports to West African
countries. Predominantly originating from Belgium and Spain.
Export volumes of
electrical, electronic and
miscellaneous goods from
the EU27

10. Specific findings (continued):
• Many West African re-use markets prefer refrigerators and TVs from
Europe to those from North America (voltage, broadcasting systems).
• In some West African countries, used EEE from Europe is perceived to
have higher quality and durability as lower priced new equipment.

11. Driver of exports
Reuse is the main driver for exports

12. But: Specific situations for
fridges and CRT-devices
Here monetary “incentive”
for waste exports

13. Thank you for your attention!
Contact:
Andreas Manhart
Email: a.manhart@oeko.de
Phone: +49 (0)89 12590077