This document discusses rainwater harvesting. It begins by acknowledging those who helped with the project. The contents section outlines topics to be covered such as the need for rainwater harvesting, methods, current status, objectives and conclusions. It then discusses the introduction, need, reasons, advantages/disadvantages, objectives and methods of rainwater harvesting. Current status examples are provided from countries implementing rainwater harvesting programs and traditional methods used are described.
Concept Of rainwater harvesting
Why rainwater is harvested
Rainwater harvesting today
Not new to India
Johads of Rajasthan
Rain water harvesting potential in India
Rain water harvesting system
How to harvest rain water
Components of roof top rainwater harvesting system
Filters used
Methods of roof top rain water harvesting
Advantage of rainwater harvesting
Do's and Dont's
CBSE class 12 economics project work rainwater harvestingDhruviSaini
This is my class 12th economics project work which I have made on topic Rainwater harvesting- A solution to water crises by abiding to all the guidelines issued by CBSE. Hope It us informative.
Regards
This project work contains all the necessary information for class 12 accountancy project
This Project Contains three part. They are as follows.
1. Comprehensive Project
2. Specific - 01(Ratio Analysis)
3. Specific - 02(Cash Flow Statement)
Solved Cbse Class 12 Accountancy Full Project(Comprehensive Project, Ratio An...Dan John
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Solved Accounting Ratios with Balance Sheet(vertical) and Statement of Profit and Loss - Cbse Class 12 Accountancy Project
http://www.slideshare.net/dankjohn/solved-accounting-ratios-with-balance-sheetvertical-and-statement-of-profit-and-loss-cbse-class-12-accountancy-project
Solved Cash Flow Statements with Balance Sheet (vertical) and Notes to Accounts - Cbse Class 12 Accountancy Project
http://www.slideshare.net/dankjohn/solved-cash-flow-statements-with-balance-sheet-vertical-and-notes-to-accounts-cbse-class-12-accountancy-project
Concept Of rainwater harvesting
Why rainwater is harvested
Rainwater harvesting today
Not new to India
Johads of Rajasthan
Rain water harvesting potential in India
Rain water harvesting system
How to harvest rain water
Components of roof top rainwater harvesting system
Filters used
Methods of roof top rain water harvesting
Advantage of rainwater harvesting
Do's and Dont's
CBSE class 12 economics project work rainwater harvestingDhruviSaini
This is my class 12th economics project work which I have made on topic Rainwater harvesting- A solution to water crises by abiding to all the guidelines issued by CBSE. Hope It us informative.
Regards
This project work contains all the necessary information for class 12 accountancy project
This Project Contains three part. They are as follows.
1. Comprehensive Project
2. Specific - 01(Ratio Analysis)
3. Specific - 02(Cash Flow Statement)
Solved Cbse Class 12 Accountancy Full Project(Comprehensive Project, Ratio An...Dan John
I assure you that this project of mine will fetch you a very good score.
Good Luck!!
Go to the links below for the following...
Solved Comprehensive Project Cbse Class 12 Accountancy Project
http://www.slideshare.net/dankjohn/solved-comprehensive-project-cbse-class-12-accountancy-project
Solved Accounting Ratios with Balance Sheet(vertical) and Statement of Profit and Loss - Cbse Class 12 Accountancy Project
http://www.slideshare.net/dankjohn/solved-accounting-ratios-with-balance-sheetvertical-and-statement-of-profit-and-loss-cbse-class-12-accountancy-project
Solved Cash Flow Statements with Balance Sheet (vertical) and Notes to Accounts - Cbse Class 12 Accountancy Project
http://www.slideshare.net/dankjohn/solved-cash-flow-statements-with-balance-sheet-vertical-and-notes-to-accounts-cbse-class-12-accountancy-project
BUSINESS STUDIES PROJECT ON PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENTCHARAK RAY
BUSINESS STUDIES PROJECT ON PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT, BUSINESS STUDIES PROJECT REPORT ON PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT, BUSINESS STUDIES PROJECT REPORT ON PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT OF A SWEETS MAKING COMPANY.
Download Accountancy Project of Class 12th Strictly according to the latest rules and regulations of CBSE for free (including Comprehensive Problem,Specific Problem on Ratios,Specific Problem on cash Flow Statement)
Class 12, cbse, project on Vertical Farming for economics.
Thought why not help other students. Cause I didn't find any proper samples when I started on my projects.
It is a simple project which meets page criteria. A guide of sorts.
It has the Introduction, Acknowledgement and all other necessary parts.
The pictures are lacking but that is not really a problem :)
Business Environment project class 12 cbseJacky Chain
PROJECT WORK IN THE SUBJECT OF BUSINESS STUDIES ON THE TOPIC "BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT" AS THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF AISSCE, MARCH 2018 CONDUCTED BY CBSE.
This project contains the information regarding the accountancy project which is to be made by the students of class 12th boards... This project is made by jigar vaishnav for the session 2017-18 with the latest guidelines as per CBSE... Hope this will help the upcoming students who want a help regarding the business studies project....
VIEW THIS PROJECT AT YOUTUBE:- https://www.youtube.com/edit?o=U&video_id=V7b6VQQrjsg
Make in india - The Way Ahead Class 12 Economics ProjectShivamSingh1247
This is Class 12th Economics Project as per CBSE Guideline
- Introduction
- Process
- Advantages & Disadvantages
- Challenges
- Criticsm & Concerns
- Sectors Covered
- Objective of Make in india
- Manufacturing Projects
- Infrastructure Support
- News & Statistic
- Objective of Making this Project
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
If you are trying to buy a water collection tank? McMahon Concrete offers the Agricultural industries a wide selection of precast concrete rainwater harvesting tanks solutions. Rainwater harvesting tanks are designed specifically for collecting rainwater and are an excellent way to reduce your reliance on municipal water sources. Our tanks are available in various sizes and materials and can be above or below ground. Visit our website for more information and start harvesting rainwater today!
BUSINESS STUDIES PROJECT ON PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENTCHARAK RAY
BUSINESS STUDIES PROJECT ON PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT, BUSINESS STUDIES PROJECT REPORT ON PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT, BUSINESS STUDIES PROJECT REPORT ON PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT OF A SWEETS MAKING COMPANY.
Download Accountancy Project of Class 12th Strictly according to the latest rules and regulations of CBSE for free (including Comprehensive Problem,Specific Problem on Ratios,Specific Problem on cash Flow Statement)
Class 12, cbse, project on Vertical Farming for economics.
Thought why not help other students. Cause I didn't find any proper samples when I started on my projects.
It is a simple project which meets page criteria. A guide of sorts.
It has the Introduction, Acknowledgement and all other necessary parts.
The pictures are lacking but that is not really a problem :)
Business Environment project class 12 cbseJacky Chain
PROJECT WORK IN THE SUBJECT OF BUSINESS STUDIES ON THE TOPIC "BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT" AS THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF AISSCE, MARCH 2018 CONDUCTED BY CBSE.
This project contains the information regarding the accountancy project which is to be made by the students of class 12th boards... This project is made by jigar vaishnav for the session 2017-18 with the latest guidelines as per CBSE... Hope this will help the upcoming students who want a help regarding the business studies project....
VIEW THIS PROJECT AT YOUTUBE:- https://www.youtube.com/edit?o=U&video_id=V7b6VQQrjsg
Make in india - The Way Ahead Class 12 Economics ProjectShivamSingh1247
This is Class 12th Economics Project as per CBSE Guideline
- Introduction
- Process
- Advantages & Disadvantages
- Challenges
- Criticsm & Concerns
- Sectors Covered
- Objective of Make in india
- Manufacturing Projects
- Infrastructure Support
- News & Statistic
- Objective of Making this Project
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
If you are trying to buy a water collection tank? McMahon Concrete offers the Agricultural industries a wide selection of precast concrete rainwater harvesting tanks solutions. Rainwater harvesting tanks are designed specifically for collecting rainwater and are an excellent way to reduce your reliance on municipal water sources. Our tanks are available in various sizes and materials and can be above or below ground. Visit our website for more information and start harvesting rainwater today!
Water: water is renewable resource. Three- fourth of surface is covered with water but only a small proportion of it accounts for freshwater fit for use.
Some facts about water
Only 2.5% of the world’s water is fresh water and most of this are in the form of polar ice-caps.
Water use as increased by 70% since 1970.
A recent report by credit issues stated that by 2025 18 will
countries experience water demand beyond supply capabilities.
Roof-Top rainwater harvesting system for official / multistoried building wit...IJERA Editor
Rain water harvesting is received increased attention world wide as an alternative source of water. Roof-top rain water harvesting system is looked upon as one of the most feasible and economical ways of water conservation. With increasing problem of water scarcity, planning and designing roof top rain water harvesting is gaining wider importance to meet ever-increasing water demand, encouraging use of water or more sustainable basis. The rain water harvesting is the simple collection or storing of water for the domestic or the agriculture purpose. The method of rain water harvesting has been into practice since ancient times. The method is simple and cost effective too. Malda district of West Bengal is badly affected by Arsenic contamination in ground water. The present study finds its usefulness in developing awareness towards judicious use of water among masses and efficient ways to harvest roof top rain water resources at institutional / multistoried buildings in Malda district.
Natural Background Of Water Footprint Essay
Measurement Folio Task : Rainwater Harvesting
The Importance of Rainwater Producing
Water Consumption Throughout The World
Water Usage Of The Refugee Settlement Essay
During A Rain Garden Alliance (EPA)
Rainwater Harvesting: Conserving Water at DHS
Drinking Water : Human Right Or Commodity? Essay
The Current State Of Water Supply
Rain Water Harvesting
Rain Water Case Study
Rain Water Harvesting
Rainwater Harvesting: A Path to Water Sustainability360 Life
Water, the lifeblood of our planet, is a finite and increasingly scarce resource. Factors such as population growth, climate change, and over-extraction of groundwater have placed a strain on access to clean water. In response, rainwater harvesting emerges as a sustainable solution to address these pressing water challenges. This blog explores the concept of rainwater harvesting, delves into its significance, methods, and its pivotal role in promoting water sustainability.
We declare that the Case Studies entitled
“1. A case study on Rain Water Harvestment.
2. Studies on the ecological impacts of Kolleru lake (Eutrophication).
3 . A case study on Vanasamrakshana programme by Government of Andhra Pradesh
4. A case study on present condition of agricultural lands in Andhra Pradesh capital region.
5. A case study on tribal evacuation and impact on indigenous knowledge”
If you are looking to purchase a water harvesting tank? McMahon Concrete supplies a comprehensive range of precast concrete Rainwater Harvesting Tanks products to the Agricultural sectors. Water tanks are becoming increasingly popular due to numerous benefits, including environmental, water security and independence, and financial savings. Go to the website for more information.
Water conservation encompasses the policies, strategies and activities made to manage fresh water as a sustainable resource, to protect the water environment, and to meet current and future human demand. Population, household size, and growth and affluence all affect how much water is used. Factors such as climate change will increase pressures on natural water resources especially in manufacturing and agricultural irrigation.
Water conservation refers to any beneficial reduction of water usage, loss or waste.
Water conservation refers to reducing the usage of water and recycling of waste water for different purposes like domestic usage, industries, agriculture etc. This technical article highlights most of the popular methods of water conservation. A special note on rainwater harvesting is also provided.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
CLASS 11 CBSE B.St Project AIDS TO TRADE - INSURANCE
Evs rainwater harvesting calcutta university
1. Rainwater Harvesting
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2012 – 2013
Submitted by:
SASHI KANT KURMI
Roll No.: 429, Reg. No.: 122-1121-0381-10
B.COM. HONS. IN ACCOUNTING & FINANCE
CITY COLLEGE OF COMMERCE & BUSINESS ADMINSTRATION
2. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I am thankful to all respected Professors and Teachers for advice and
computation, with their guidance and supervision I have been able to
complete this project.
The project taught me a lot about Rainwater harvesting and ways to
preserve it. I am thankful to my Professor Mrs. Vineeta Gupta for
giving me this topic.
I have been able to lean a lot about it
3. Contents:
1. Introduction
2. Need for rainwater harvesting
3. Reasons for rainwater harvesting
4. Advantages and disadvantages
5. Objectives
6. Methods
7. Current Status
8. Observation & Findings
9. Conclusion
10. Suggestions
11. Bibliography
4. 1.Introduction
Millions of people throughout the world do not have access to clean
water for domestic purposes. In many parts of the world conventional
Piped water is either absent, unreliable or too expensive. One of the
biggest challenges of the 21st century is to overcome the growing water
shortage. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) has thus regained its importance
as a valuable alternative or supplementary water resource, along
with more conventional water supply technologies. Much actual or
potential water shortages can be relieved if rainwater harvesting is
Practiced more widely.
5. People collect and store rainwater in buckets, tanks, ponds and wells.
This is commonly referred to as rainwater harvesting and has been
practiced for centuries. Rainwater can be used for multiple purposes
ranging from irrigating crops to washing, cooking and drinking
Rainwater harvesting is a simple low-cost technique that requires
minimum specific expertise or knowledge and offers many benefits.
Collected rainwater can supplement other water sources when they
become scarce or are of low quality like brackish groundwater or polluted
surface water in the rainy season. It also provides a good alternative and
replacement in times of drought or when the water table drops and wells
go dry. One should, however, realize that rainfall itself cannot be managed.
Particularly in arid or semi-arid areas, the prevailing
climatic conditions make it of crucial importance to use the limited amount
of rainfall as efficiently as possible. The collected rainwater is a valuable
supplement that would otherwise be lost by surface run-off or evaporation.
6. During the past decade, RWH has been actively reintroduced by local
organizations as an option for increasing access to water in currently
underserved areas (rural or urban). Unfortunately decision-makers,
planners, engineers and builders often overlook this action. The reason that
RWH is rarely considered is often simply due to lack of informal
introduction
on feasibility both technical and otherwise. During the past decade the
technology has, however, quickly regained popularity as users realize the
benefits of a relatively clean, reliable and affordable water source at home .
In many areas RWH has now been introduced as part of an integrated
water supply, where the town water supply is unreliable, or where local
water sources dry up for a part of the year. But RWH can also be
introduced as the sole water source for communities or households.
The technology is flexible and adaptable to a very wide variety of
conditions. It is used in the richest and the poorest societies, as well as in
the wettest and the driest regions on our planet.
7. 2. Need for rainwater harvesting
Due to pollution of both groundwater and surface waters, and the
overall increased demand for water resources due to population growth,
many communities all over the world are approaching the limits of their
traditional water resources. Therefore they have to turn to alternative or
‘new’ resources like rainwater harvesting (RWH). Rainwater harvesting
has regained importance as a valuable alternative or supplementary water
resource. Utilization of rainwater is now an option along with more
‘conventional’ water supply technologies, particularly in rural areas, but
increasingly in urban areas as well.
8. RWH has proven to be of great value for arid and semi-arid countries or
regions, small coral and volcanic islands, and remote and scattered human
settlements.
Rainwater harvesting has been used for ages and examples can be found in
all the great civilisations throughout history. The technology can be very
simple or complex depending on the specific local
circumstances.Traditionally, in Uganda and in Sri Lanka rainwater is
collected from trees, using banana leaves or stems as gutters; up to 200
9. litres may be collected from a large tree in a single rain storm.With the
increasing availability of corrugated iron roofing in many developing
countries, people often place a small container under their leaves to collect
rainwater. One 20-litre container of clean water captured
from the roof can save a walk of many kilometres to the nearest
clean water source. Besides small containers, larger sub-surface andsurface
tanks are used for collecting larger amounts of rainwater.
3. Reasons for rainwater harvesting
The reasons for collecting and using rainwater for domestic use are
plentiful and varied:
Increasing water needs/demands
The increased need for water results in lower groundwater tables
and depleted reservoirs. Many piped water supply systems fail. The use of
rainwater is an useful alternative.
10. Variations in water availability
The availability of water from sources such as lakes, rivers and
shallow groundwater can fluctuate strongly. Collecting and storing
rainwater can provide water for domestic use in periods of water shortage.
Rainwater may also provide a solution when the water quality is low or
varies during the rainy season in rivers and other surface water resources
(for example in Bangladesh).
11. Advantage of collection and storage near the place of use
Traditional sources are located at some distance from the community.
Collecting and storing water close to households improves the
accessibility and convenience of water supplies and has a positive
impact on health. It can also strengthen a sense of ownership.
Quality of water supplies
Water supplies can become polluted either through industrial or
human wastes or by intrusion of minerals such as arsenic, salt
(coastal area) or fluoride. Rainwater is generally of good quality.
12. 4.Advantages and disadvantages
When considering the possibility of using rainwater catchment systems for
domestic supply, it is important to consider both the advantages and
disadvantages and to compare these with other available options. RWH is
a popular household option as the water source is close by, convenient and
requires a minimum of energy to collect. An advantage for household
systems is that users themselves maintain and control their systems
without the need to rely on other members of ‘the community. Since almost
all roofing material is acceptable for collecting water for household
purposes, worldwide many RWH systems have been implemented
successfully.
However, RWH has some disadvantages. The main disadvantage of RWH
is that one can never be sure how much rain will fall. Other disadvantages,
like the relatively high investment costs and the importance of
maintenance, can largely be overcome through proper design,
ownership and by using as much locally available material as possible to
ensure sustainability (and cost recovery). The involvement of the local
private sector and local authorities can facilitate upscaling of RWH. Some
advantages and disadvantages are given .
Advantages of rainwater harvesting: ~
13. Relatively cheap materials can be used for construction of containers
and collecting surfaces
Construction methods are relatively straightforward
Low maintenance costs and requirements
Collected rainwater can be consumed without treatment providing a
clean collecting surface has been used
Provides a supply of safe water close to homes, schools or clinics,
encourages increased consumption, reduces the time women and
children spend collecting water, reduces back strain or injuries from
carrying heavy water containers.
Simple construction: Construction of RWH systems is simple and
local people can easily be trained to build these themselves.This
reduces costs and encourages moreparticipation, ownership and
sustainability at community level.
Good Maintenance: Operation and maintenance of a household
catchment system are controlled solely by the tank owner’s family.
As such, this is a good alternative to poor maintenance and
monitoring of a centralized piped water supply.
Relatively good water quality: Rainwater is better than other
available or traditional sources (groundwater may be unusable due
to fluoride, salinity or arsenic).
14. Low environmental impact: Rainwater is a renewable resource and
no damage is done to the environment.
Convenience at household level: It provides water at the point of
consumption
Not affected by local geology or topography:Rainwater collection
always provides an alternative wherever rain falls.
Flexibility and adaptability of systems to suit local circumstances
and budgets, including the increased availability of low-cost tanks
(e.g. made of Ferro cement, plastics or stone/bricks).
Disadvantages of rainwater harvesting: ~
Supplies can be contaminated by bird/animal droppings on
catchment surfaces and guttering structures unless they are
cleaned/flushed before use.
Poorly constructed water jars/containers can suffer from algal growth
and invasion by insects, lizards and rodents.
They can act as a breeding ground for disease vectors if they are not
properly maintained
15. High investment costs: The cost of rainwater catchment systems is
almost fully incurred during initial construction. Costs can be
reduced by simple construction and the use of local materials.
Usage and maintenance: Proper operation and regular maintenance
is a very important factor that is often neglected. Regular inspection,
cleaning, and occasional repairs are essential for the success of a
system.
Water quality is vulnerable: Rainwater quality may be affected by
air pollution, animal or bird droppings, insects, dirt and organic
matter.
Supply is sensitive to droughts: Occurrence of long dry spells and
droughts can cause water supply problems.
Limited supply: The supply is limited by the amount of rainfall and
the size of the catchment area and storage reservoir.
5. Objectives of Rainwater Harvesting
16. Rainwater harvesting is a way of capturing and
storing water during rainy periods for use in
times when there is little or no rain available. In
certain regions of the world, rainwater
harvesting can be the difference between having
a plentiful crop and dried up vines. There are
several objectives behind rainwater harvesting.
Increase Available Water During Dry Season
Many ecosystems have wet and dry seasons. Because the dry seasons can
consist of weeks or months of little to no rain, it is important to capture
during the rainy season and have it available for use during the dry season.
Rainwater harvesting enables you to store rain when it is prevalent to be
used when there is no rain.
Reduce Flooding and Erosion
By capturing and storing large amounts of rainwater in reservoirs, it is
possible to reduce the amount of runoff and limit the impact on the land of
large rainfalls. By capturing rainwater you are basically reducing the
17. amount of water that is flowing across the land, which reduces flooding
chances and the impact of erosion.
Prevent Over use of Aquifers
As cities and towns grow the need for water increases. Many municipalities
rely upon aquifers deep below the ground for this water supply. The problem
is it takes a long time to replenish an aquifer if it is quickly drained. By
harvesting rainwater for later use, the demand on aquifers is reduced, which
enables them to remain full.
Save Money
Pumping water up from underground aquifers can be a fairly expensive
operation. It is estimated that for every one meter rise in water level, there is a
reduction of 0.4 KWH of electricity usage. So by having water closer to the
surface, or at the surface in reservoirs, less electricity is needed to pump it so
18. less money is spent
6.Methods of Rainwater Harvesting
Catchment :
Any surface or the paved areas can be treated as catchment. Even the
footpaths and roads can act as the catchment, as these areas too receive the
direct rainfall. Rooftops are the best among them because of the large
coefficient of run off generated from them and there are less chances of
contamination of water.
Conveyance :
19. Conveyance system basically includes rain gutters and down pipes which
collects the rain water from catchment to the storage tank. These rain
gutters are usually built during the time of construction. They need to be
designed appropriately as to avoid the loss of water during the conveyance
process.
Storage :
20. The most important part of the rain water harvesting is the storage system.
The storage system is designed according to the amount of water that is to
be stored. The design and site (location) of the storage or the recharge
system should be properly chosen. The areas which receives the rainfall
frequently, there a simple storage system could be constructed, to meet the
daily water requirements. Otherwise the areas which receive the lesser
rainfall, there the storage systems are quite essential. Rain barrels,
underground or open slumps are mostly used to collect rain water. Make
sure that the storage system is properly sealed and does nor leak. Use
Chlorine from time to time to keep the water clean.
7.Current Status
Currently in China and Brazil, rooftop rainwater harvesting is being
practiced for providing drinking water, domestic water, water for
livestock, water for small irrigation and a way to replenish ground water
levels. Gansu province in China and semi-arid north east Brazil have the
largest rooftop rainwater harvesting projects ongoing.
21. In Bermuda, the law requires all new construction to include rainwater
harvesting adequate for the residents.
The U.S. Virgin Islands have a similar law.
In Senegal and Guinea-Bissau, the houses of the Diola-people are
frequently equipped with homebrew rainwater harvesters made from
local, organic materials.
In the Irrawaddy Delta of Myanmar, the groundwater is saline and
communities rely on mud-lined rainwater ponds to meet their drinking
water needs throughout the dry season. Some of these ponds are
centuries old and are treated with great reverence and respect.
Until 2009 in Colorado, water rights laws almost completely restricted
rainwater harvesting; a property owner who captured rainwater was
deemed to be stealing it from those who have rights to take water from
the watershed. Now, residential well owners that meet certain criteria
may obtain a permit to install a rooftop precipitation collection system(SB
09-080). Up to 10 large scale pilot studies may also be permitted (HB 09-
1129).
In India, rain water harvesting was first introduced by Andhra
Pradesh ex-Chief Minister N. Chandrababu Naidu. He made a rule
that every house which is going to built in cities of that state must
have a percolation pit/rainwater harvesting system. This rule
increased the ground water level in good phase. After his term as
Chief Minister, the next leaders neglected this system.
In the state of Tamil Nadu, rainwater harvesting was made
compulsory for every building to avoid ground water depletion. It
proved excellent results within five years, and every other state took
it as role model. Since its implementation, Chennai saw a 50 percent
rise in water level in five years and the water quality significantly
improved.
In Rajasthan, rainwater harvesting has traditionally been practiced by
the people of the Thar Desert. There are many ancient water
harvesting systems in Rajasthan, which have now been revived
22. Lanka rainwater harvesting forum is leading the Sri Lanka's initiative.
Traditional methods of rain water harvesting Pits :- Recharge pits are
constructed for recharging the shallow aquifer. These are constructed 1 to 2
m, wide and to 3 m. deep which are back filled with boulders, gravels,
coarse sand.
Trenches:- These are constructed when the permeable stram is available at
shallow depth. Trench may be 0.5 to 1 m. wide, 1 to 1.5m. deep and 10 to 20
m. long depending up availability of water. These are back filled with filter.
materials.
Dug wells:- Existing dug wells may be utilised as recharge structure and
water should pass through filter media before putting into dug well.
Hand pumps :- The existing hand pumps may be used for recharging the
shallow/deep aquifers, if the availability of water is limited. Water should
pass through filter media before diverting it into hand pumps.
23. Recharge wells :- Recharge wells of 100 to 300 mm. diameter are generally
constructed for recharging the deeper aquifers and water is passed through
filter media to avoid choking of recharge wells.
Recharge Shafts :- For recharging the shallow aquifer which are located
below clayey surface, recharge shafts of 0.5 to 3 m. diameter and 10 to 15 m.
deep are constructed and back filled with boulders, gravels & coarse sand
8.Observation & Finding
Principle #1: Begin with long and thoughtful observation.
Principle #2: Start harvesting rain at the top of your watershed, then
work your way down.
Principle #3: Always plan an overflow route, and manage overflow as a
resource.
4. Start with small and simple strategies that harvest the rain as close as
possible to where it falls.
5. Spread, slow and infiltrate the flow of water into the soil.
6. Maximize living and organic groundcover.
24. 7. Maximize beneficial relationships and efficiency by “stacking
functions.”
9.Conclusion
It is a very useful process during rainy season and during the scarcity
of water.by doing this process we can safe water for domestic
purpose,drinking purpose and for future needs.it is a very simple
and affordable process.with the decreasing availability of water, rain
water harvesting is the best option.
Appropriate Project funds were used to build a small water
harvesting system for the school garden and a drip irrigation system
for the reforestation in an area designated for the newly constructed
Visitor´s Center for the local forest reserve, Bosque de Zárate, a
nationally declared protected area.
25. 10. Suggestion
The system now functions with very little water, and
serves as an example to community members as well as visitors to
the reserve of appropriate irrigation and water management
techniques. As the trees grow older and need less assistance, it is
agreed that the community will locate the tank under the roof of the
Visitor´s Center, harvesting rains that fall upon the large surface.
11. Bibliography
Coombes PJ (2007). Energy and economic impacts of rainwater tanks on
the operation of regional water systems. Australian Journal of Water
Resources 11 (2) 177 – 191.
Ferguson M (2012) a 12-month rainwater tank water savings and energy
use study for 52 real life installations. Ozwater12 COnference, Sydney,
Australia: May 2012.
Frasier, Gary, and Lloyd Myers. Handbook of Water Harvesting.
Washington D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Research
Service, 1983
Geerts, S., Raes, D. (2009). Deficit irrigation as an on-farm strategy to
maximize crop water productivity in dry areas. Agric. Water Manage 96,
1275–1284
Gould, John, and Erik Nissen-Peterson. Rainwater Catchment Systems.
UK: Intermediate Technology Publications, 1999.
26. Hemenway, Toby. Gaia’s Garden: A Guide to Home-Scale Permaculture.
Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing Company, 2000.
Lowes, P. (1987). "The Water Decade: Half Time". In in John Pickford
(ed.). Developing World Water. London: Grosvenor Press International.
pp. 16–17. ISBN 0-946027-29-3.
http://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/rainwater.htm
http://mastec.nic.in/MASTEC/Report%20Rain%20Water%20Harvesting.
pdf
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