This document summarizes the evolution of operating systems from the first to fourth generations. The first generation from 1940-1950 involved manually loading programs to control computers without an operating system. The second generation from 1955-1965 introduced batch processing systems like GMOS. The third generation from 1965-1980 developed multiprogramming operating systems to serve multiple users simultaneously. The fourth generation from 1980 to present saw the rise of personal computers and graphical user interfaces, popular operating systems including Windows, Mac OS, and Linux. The history of operating systems over the past 50+ years has largely been determined by advances in hardware and the need to process increasing amounts of data more efficiently.

2. Index
SL. No. Title Page No.
1 Introduction 1
2 Evolution Of Operating System 2-3
3 Conclusion 4

3. 1
INTRODUCTION
The operating system is a system program that serves as an interface
between the computing system and the end-user. Operating systems is
the software which performs the basic tasks like input, output, disk
management, controlling peripherals and create an environment
where the user can run any programs or communicate with software
or applications in a comfortable and well-organized way.
Operating systems have evolved from slow and expensive systems to
present-day technology where computing power has reached
exponential speeds and relatively inexpensive costs. In the beginning,
computers were manually loaded with program code to control
computer functions and process code related to business logic.

4.  First generation OS (1940 - 1950): The first electronic computer was developed in 1940. This
computer was created without any operating system. In that time, programs were written in
machine language for each task . It was used to solve only simple mathematical calculations and
this calculations didn’t require an operating system. It is the beginning of the development of
electronic computing systems which are substitutes for mechanical computing systems due to the
drawbacks in mechanical computing systems like, the speed of humans for calculation is limited
and they can easily make mistakes.
Example - Plug Boards.
 Second Generation OS (1955 - 1965): The second generation represent the first operating system
known as GMOS. The first operating system used for real work GM-NAA I/O was produced by
General Motors' Research division for its IBM 704 in 1956. In this generation the Batch processing
system was introduced, where a job or a task that can be done in a series, and then it was executed
sequentially. GMOS was based on single stream batch processing system, because it collects all
similar jobs in groups or batches and then submits the jobs to the operating system using a punch
card to complete all jobs in a machine. Operating system is cleaned after completing one job and
then continues to read and initiates the next job in punch card. In that time, machines were very
big and not everyone could use them, but only professional operators. There was several operating
system functions like FMS and IBSYS.
Example - Batch Processing. 2
Evolution Of Operating System :

5.  Third generation OS (1965 - 1980): In this generation new operating system was developed that
could perform multiple tasks in a single computer program and this capability is called
multiprogramming. It was developed to serve multiple users at once. In this OS interactive users can
communicate through an online terminal to a computer, so the operating system becomes
multiprogramming and multi-user. The development of minicomputers with DEC PDP-1 leads to
developing of personal computers in fourth generation .
Example - Multiprogramming.
 Fourth Generation OS (1980 - Now): The fourth generation represents the development of personal
computer. The Personal computer was very costly back then. In this generation the operating system
is used for computer networks where users are aware of the existence of computers that are
connected to one another. In this generation Graphical User Interface (GUI) was also introduced,
which is an extremely comfortable graphical computer interface, and the era of distributed
computing has also begun. Microsoft and the Windows operating system were related to creating
personal computers. Some of the popular operating systems are Microsoft Windows, Mac OS, Linux.
Linux operating system was created in early 1990s. The first Windows operating system was created
by Microsoft in 1975. Windows realized operating systems such as Windows 95, Windows 98,
Windows XP. Most Windows users use the Windows 10 operating system. Apple realized another
popular operating system developed in the 1980s which is named as Macintosh OS or Mac OS. As the
technology advances and new wearable devices like Smart Watches, Smart Glasses, VRGears, and
others, the demand for conventional operating systems has also increased. Which operating system is
the best for programming depends on the career domain of the programmer, because every OS has
advantages and limitations.
Example - Microsoft Windows, Mac OS, Linux. 3

6. Conclusion
The history of the OS has about half a century. It was
largely determined and determined by the development
of the element base and computing equipment. At the
moment, the global computer industry is developing very
rapidly. System performance is increasing, and therefore
the ability to process large amounts of data is increasing.
Therefore, in recent years there has been a transition to
more powerful and most advanced operating systems and
the research and development work still goes on, with
new operating systems being developed and existing ones
being improved to enhance the overall user experience
while making operating systems fast and efficient like they
have never been before. 4