This is a 6 series Powerpoint presentation basically referring to the work of Dr. Abu Ameena Bilal Philips book 'Evolution of Fiqh'. It could be helpful for students as well as teachers.

1. Evolution of Fiqh
Part II
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2. Index
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3. THE BASIS OF LEGISLATION IN THE QURAN
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4. The Basis of Legislation in the Quran
• The Quran Revealed to reform human conditions
• It did not erase all the pre-islamic customs
• Changed or reformed those which cause physical,
psychological or spiritual damage of an individual or
the society
• Ex:
• Forbade
• Interest
• Fornication
• Alcohol
• Reformed
• Trade system
• Marriage system
• Divorce method pptx prepared by Dr. Mayeser
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5. Surah Araaf 7:157
ُ‫ال‬ َّ‫ي‬ِ‫ب‬َّ‫ن‬‫ال‬ َ‫ل‬‫و‬ُ‫س‬َّ‫الر‬ َ‫ون‬ُ‫ع‬ِ‫ب‬َّ‫ت‬َ‫ي‬ َ‫ين‬ِ‫ذ‬َّ‫ال‬
‫و‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ك‬َ‫م‬ ُ‫ه‬َ‫ن‬‫ُو‬‫د‬ ِ‫ج‬َ‫ي‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ذ‬َّ‫ال‬ َّ‫ي‬ِ‫م‬
ْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬َ‫د‬‫ن‬ِ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ب‬
ْ‫ال‬ِ‫ب‬ ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ُ‫ر‬ُ‫م‬ْ‫أ‬َ‫ي‬ ِ‫ل‬‫ي‬ ِ‫ج‬ْ‫ن‬ِ‫اإل‬ َ‫و‬ ِ‫ة‬‫ا‬َ‫ر‬ ْ‫و‬َّ‫ت‬‫ال‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬
ُ‫م‬ْ‫ال‬ ِ‫ن‬َ‫ع‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬‫ا‬َ‫ه‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ي‬ َ‫و‬ ِ‫وف‬ُ‫ر‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫م‬
ِ
‫ر‬َ‫ك‬‫ن‬
َ‫ع‬ ُ‫م‬ ِ
‫ر‬َ‫ح‬ُ‫ي‬ َ‫و‬ ِ‫ت‬‫ا‬َ‫ب‬ِ‫ي‬َّ‫الط‬ ُ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬َ‫ل‬ ُّ‫ل‬ ِ‫ح‬ُ‫ي‬ َ‫و‬
َ‫ث‬ِ‫ئ‬‫آ‬َ‫ب‬َ‫خ‬ْ‫ال‬ ُ‫م‬ِ‫ه‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ل‬
"Those who follow the apostle, the unlettered
Prophet, whom they find mentioned in their
own (scriptures),- in the law and the Gospel;-
for he commands them what is just and
forbids them what is evil; he allows them as
lawful what is good (and pure) and prohibits
them from what is bad (and impure);
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6. The Basis of Legislation in the Quran
• Islam’s Confirmation of some Arab customs
– does not mean that it has taken its laws and principles from other
means
– nor does it mean that those principles are not a part of Islam
• Islam confirms because
Some practices inherited from earlier
prophets eg: Hajj
They recognize the useful result of
human intellectual activity
If they were not present Islam would
have instituted them
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7. The Basis of Legislation in the Quran
Principles
for
enactment
of law
The Removal
of Difficulty
The Reduction
of religious
obligations
• Naskh
The
Realization of
Public welfare
The
Realization of
Universal
Justice
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8. 1. THE REMOVAL OF DIFFICULTY
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9. 1. The Removal of Difficulty
Evidence from the Quran
•2:286 ‫ا‬َ‫ه‬َ‫ع‬ْ‫س‬ ُ‫و‬ َّ‫ال‬ِ‫إ‬ ‫ا‬ً‫س‬ْ‫ف‬َ‫ن‬ ُ‫ّللا‬ ُ‫ف‬ِ‫ل‬َ‫ك‬ُ‫ي‬ َ‫ال‬On no soul doth Allah Place a burden greater than it can bear.
•2:185 َ‫ْر‬‫س‬ُ‫ع‬ْ‫ال‬ ُ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬ِ‫ب‬ ُ‫د‬‫ي‬ ِ
‫ُر‬‫ي‬ َ‫ال‬ َ‫و‬ َ‫ْر‬‫س‬ُ‫ي‬ْ‫ال‬ ُ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬ِ‫ب‬ ُ‫ّللا‬ ُ‫د‬‫ي‬ ِ
‫ُر‬‫ي‬Allah intends every facility for you; He does not want to put to difficulties.
•22:78 ِ‫ِين‬‫الد‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬ َ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬َ‫ج‬ ‫ا‬َ‫م‬ َ‫و‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬‫ا‬َ‫ب‬َ‫ت‬ْ‫اج‬ َ‫و‬ُ‫ه‬ ِ‫ه‬ِ‫د‬‫ا‬َ‫ه‬ ِ‫ج‬ َّ‫ق‬َ‫ح‬ ِ َّ
‫ّللا‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬ ‫ُوا‬‫د‬ِ‫ه‬‫ا‬َ‫ج‬ َ‫و‬And strive in His cause as ye ought to strive, (with sincerity and
under discipline). He has chosen you, and has imposed no difficulties on you in religion
•4:28 ‫ا‬ً‫ف‬‫ي‬ِ‫ع‬َ‫ض‬ ُ‫ان‬َ‫س‬‫ن‬ِ‫اإل‬ َ‫ِق‬‫ل‬ُ‫خ‬ َ‫و‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬‫ن‬َ‫ع‬ َ‫ف‬ِ‫َف‬‫خ‬ُ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬َ‫أ‬ ُ‫ّللا‬ ُ‫د‬‫ي‬ ِ
‫ُر‬‫ي‬Allah doth wish to lighten your (difficulties): For man was created Weak (in
flesh)
Variety of Legal Concession
•Validity to break fast and join prayers during travelling
•Consumption of prohibited food in case of dire necessity
The Prophet chose the easier path of the two good paths
Governors to Yemen were instructed to make things easier for people
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10. 2. THE REDUCTION OF RELIGIOUS OBLIGATIONS
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11. 2. The Reduction of Religious Obligations
• In case of Prohibition
• The sub-categories are named and listed
• In case of Permission
• A general allowance is given
• Therefore
• Prohibited acts and substances are very few
compared to the allowed by direct
command or the absence of any command
or prohibition
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12. 2. The Reduction of Religious Obligations
Surah an-Nisaa 4:23
ْ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬ُ‫ت‬‫ا‬َ‫ه‬َّ‫م‬ُ‫أ‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬ ْ‫ت‬َ‫م‬ ِ
‫ر‬ُ‫ح‬
ُ‫ك‬ُ‫ت‬‫ا‬ َ‫َو‬‫خ‬َ‫أ‬ َ‫و‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬ُ‫ت‬‫َا‬‫ن‬َ‫ب‬ َ‫و‬
ْ‫م‬
Prohibited to you (For marriage) are:- Your mothers, daughters, sisters;…
Surah an-Nisaa 4:24
َ‫أ‬ِ‫ب‬ ْ‫ا‬‫و‬ُ‫غ‬َ‫ت‬ْ‫ب‬َ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬َ‫أ‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬ِ‫ل‬َ‫ذ‬ ‫اء‬َ‫ر‬ َ‫و‬ ‫ا‬َّ‫م‬ ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬َ‫ل‬ َّ‫ل‬ ِ‫ح‬ُ‫أ‬ َ‫و‬
ِ‫ف‬‫ا‬َ‫س‬ُ‫م‬ َ‫ْر‬‫ي‬َ‫غ‬ َ‫ين‬ِ‫ن‬ ِ
‫ص‬ْ‫ح‬ُّ‫م‬ ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬ِ‫ل‬‫ا‬ َ‫و‬ْ‫م‬
َ‫ين‬ ِ‫ح‬
Except for these, all others are lawful, provided ye seek (them in marriage) with gifts
from your property,- desiring chastity, not lust, seeing that ye derive benefit from
them
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13. 2. The Reduction of Religious Obligations
Surah al-Maidah 5:3
َ‫م‬َ‫و‬ ِّ
‫ير‬ ِّ
‫ز‬ْ‫ن‬ ِّ‫خ‬ْ‫ل‬‫ا‬ ُ‫م‬ْ‫ح‬َ‫ل‬َ‫و‬ ُ‫م‬َّ‫د‬ْ‫ل‬‫ا‬َ‫و‬ ُ‫ة‬َ‫ت‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫م‬ْ‫ل‬‫ا‬ ُ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬ ْ‫ت‬َ‫م‬ ِّ
‫ر‬ُ‫ح‬
ْ‫ل‬‫ا‬َ‫و‬ ُ‫ة‬َ‫ق‬ِّ‫ن‬َ‫خ‬ْ‫ن‬ُ‫م‬ْ‫ل‬‫ا‬َ‫و‬ ِّ‫ه‬ِّ‫ب‬ ِّ‫ّللا‬ ِّ
‫ر‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫غ‬ِّ‫ل‬ َّ‫ل‬ِّ‫ه‬ُ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬
ْ‫و‬َ‫م‬
ُ‫ة‬َ‫ذ‬‫و‬ُ‫ق‬
ُ‫ة‬َ‫ح‬‫ي‬ِّ‫ط‬َّ‫ن‬‫ال‬َ‫و‬ ُ‫ة‬َ‫ي‬ِّ‫د‬َ‫ر‬َ‫ت‬ُ‫م‬ْ‫ل‬‫ا‬َ‫و‬
Forbidden to you (for food) are: dead meat, blood, the flesh of swine, and that on which
hath been invoked the name of other than Allah. that which hath been killed by
strangling, or by a violent blow, or by a headlong fall, or by being gored to death;
Surah Maidah 5:5
‫و‬ُ‫أ‬ َ‫ين‬ِّ‫ذ‬َّ‫ل‬‫ا‬ ُ‫م‬‫ا‬َ‫ع‬َ‫ط‬َ‫و‬ ُ‫ات‬َ‫ب‬ِّ‫ي‬َّ‫ط‬‫ال‬ ُ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬َ‫ل‬ َّ‫ل‬ ِّ‫ح‬ُ‫أ‬ َ‫م‬ ْ‫و‬َ‫ي‬ْ‫ل‬‫ا‬
ْ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬ُ‫م‬‫ا‬َ‫ع‬َ‫ط‬َ‫و‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬َّ‫ل‬ ٌّ‫ل‬ ِّ‫ح‬ َ‫اب‬َ‫ت‬ِّ‫ك‬ْ‫ل‬‫ا‬ ْ‫ا‬‫و‬ُ‫ت‬
ْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬َّ‫ل‬ ُّ‫ل‬ ِّ‫ح‬
This day are (all) things good and pure made lawful unto you. The food of the People of
the Book is lawful unto you and yours is lawful unto them.
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14. 2. The Reduction of Religious Obligations
• Surah Baqarah 2:173
• َ‫م‬ْ‫ح‬َ‫ل‬َ‫و‬ َ‫م‬َّ‫د‬‫ال‬َ‫و‬ َ‫ة‬َ‫ت‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫م‬ْ‫ل‬‫ا‬ ُ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬ َ‫م‬َّ‫ر‬َ‫ح‬ ‫ا‬َ‫م‬َّ‫ن‬ِ‫إ‬
ِ َّ
‫ّللا‬ ِ
‫ر‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫غ‬ِ‫ل‬ ِ‫ه‬ِ‫ب‬ َّ‫ل‬ِ‫ه‬ُ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬َ‫م‬َ‫و‬ ِ
‫ير‬ ِ
‫نز‬ ِ‫خ‬ْ‫ل‬‫ا‬
ِ‫ن‬َ‫م‬َ‫ف‬ ۖ
ۚ ِ‫ه‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬ َ‫م‬ْ‫ث‬ِ‫إ‬ َ
‫َل‬َ‫ف‬ ٍ‫د‬‫َا‬‫ع‬ َ
‫َل‬َ‫و‬ ٍ‫اغ‬َ‫ب‬ َ‫ر‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫غ‬ َّ‫ر‬ُ‫ط‬ْ‫ض‬‫ا‬
ٌ‫م‬‫ي‬ ِ‫ح‬َّ‫ر‬ ٌ‫ور‬ُ‫ف‬َ‫غ‬ َ َّ
‫ّللا‬ َّ‫ن‬ِ‫إ‬
(
173
)
• He hath only forbidden you dead meat, and blood,
and the flesh of swine, and that on which any other
name hath been invoked besides that of Allah. But
if one is forced by necessity, without wilful
disobedience, nor transgressing due limits,- then is
he guiltless. For Allah is Oft-forgiving Most Merciful.
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15. 2. The Reduction of Religious Obligations
• If made plain to you will cause you trouble
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16. 2. The Reduction of Religious Obligations
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17. 2. The Reduction of Religious Obligations
In case of Business Transaction a general precept is laid suitable for all
circumstances
Surah Maidah 5:1
• ۚ ِّ‫د‬‫و‬ُ‫ق‬ُ‫ع‬ْ‫ل‬‫ا‬ِّ‫ب‬ ‫وا‬ُ‫ف‬ ْ‫و‬َ‫أ‬ ‫وا‬ُ‫ن‬َ‫م‬‫آ‬ َ‫ِّين‬‫ذ‬َّ‫ل‬‫ا‬ ‫ا‬َ‫ه‬ُّ‫ي‬َ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬َ‫ي‬
• O ye who believe! fulfil (all) obligations.
Surah Baqarah 2: 275
• ۚ ‫ا‬َ‫ب‬ ِّ
‫الر‬ َ‫م‬َّ‫ر‬َ‫ح‬ َ‫و‬ َ‫ع‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ب‬ْ‫ل‬‫ا‬ ُ َّ
‫ّللا‬ َّ‫ل‬َ‫ح‬َ‫أ‬َ‫و‬
• Allah hath permitted trade and forbidden usury.
Surah Nisaa 4:29
• ِّ‫ت‬ َ‫ُون‬‫ك‬َ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬َ‫أ‬ َّ
‫َل‬ِّ‫إ‬ ِّ‫ل‬ِّ‫اط‬َ‫ب‬ْ‫ل‬‫ا‬ِّ‫ب‬ ‫ُم‬‫ك‬َ‫ن‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ب‬ ‫ُم‬‫ك‬َ‫ل‬‫ا‬َ‫و‬ْ‫م‬َ‫أ‬ ‫وا‬ُ‫ل‬ُ‫ك‬ْ‫أ‬َ‫ت‬ َ
‫َل‬ ‫وا‬ُ‫ن‬َ‫م‬‫آ‬ َ‫ِّين‬‫ذ‬َّ‫ل‬‫ا‬ ‫ا‬َ‫ه‬ُّ‫ي‬َ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬َ‫ي‬
ُ‫ك‬‫ن‬ِّ‫م‬ ٍ
‫اض‬َ‫ر‬َ‫ت‬ ‫َن‬‫ع‬ ً‫ة‬َ‫ار‬َ‫ج‬
َّ‫ن‬ِّ‫إ‬ ۚ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬َ‫س‬ُ‫ف‬‫ن‬َ‫أ‬ ‫وا‬ُ‫ل‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ق‬َ‫ت‬ َ
‫َل‬َ‫و‬ ۚ ْ‫م‬
َ‫َان‬‫ك‬ َ َّ
‫ّللا‬
‫ا‬ً‫م‬‫ي‬ ِّ‫ح‬َ‫ر‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬ِّ‫ب‬ (
29
) O ye who believe! Eat not up your property among yourselves in
vanities: But let there be amongst you Traffic and trade by mutual good-will: Nor kill (or
destroy) yourselves: for verily Allah hath been to you Most Merciful
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18. 3. THE REALIZATION OF
PUBLIC WELFARE
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19. 3. The Realization of Public welfare
• ُ‫ل‬‫و‬ُ‫س‬َ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ِّ‫ن‬ِّ‫إ‬ ُ‫اس‬َّ‫ن‬‫ال‬ ‫ا‬َ‫ه‬ُّ‫ي‬َ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬َ‫ي‬ ْ‫ل‬ُ‫ق‬
ً‫ع‬‫ي‬ِّ‫م‬َ‫ج‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ل‬ِّ‫إ‬ ِّ َّ
‫ّللا‬
‫ا‬
• Say: "O men! I am sent unto you all, as the
Messenger of Allah
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20. NASKH AND MANSUKH
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21. Definition
• 1) To remove, to abolish or abrogate
• Surah Baqarah 2:106
• 2) To transcribe, to copy
• Surah Jathiyah 45:29
• 3)To replace, to superede
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22. Definition by Islamic Sciences
• The abrogation of a ruling by a ruling
that was revealed after it
• Therefore, two rulings must be involved
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23. Difference between Naskh And Takhsees
Naskh
• Only to laws
• Mansookh not applied after
the Nasikh
• Nasikh should be revealed
after mansukh
• Naskh only with respect ot
Quran and Sunnah
Takhsees
• Other matters as well eg:
Asr
• The aam applied after the
Takhsees eg: entering
houses
• No time restriction for
revelation
• Applies the Quran, Sunnah,
Ijma or Qiyaas
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24. The Breakdown of Definition
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25. The Breakdown of Definition
Naskh can only take place on Laws and not on the Aqeedah
The ruling that is abrogated (the mansookh) must originate in the Quran and the
Sunnah, naskh cannot accur with regards to ijmaa (consenses) and qiyaas ( analogy)
The understanding of the verse(mafhoom) can also be abrogated, even though its
explicit wording (mantooq) remains applicable.
Ijtihaad or Qiyaas cannot abrogate the Quran and the Sunnah
The mansookh ruling must precede the nasikh ruling
Naskh is primarily a Madinese phenomenon.
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26. pptx prepared by Dr. Mayeser
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27. The Sources of the Naskh and The Mansukh
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28. The Quran Abrogating the Quran
Waiting Period for a Widowed Lady
Surah Baqarah 2:240 and 2:234
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29. The Quran abrogating the Sunnah
The initial direction of Prayers
Surah Baqarah 2:144
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30. The Sunnah Abrogating the Quran
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31. The Sunnah Abrogating the Quran
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32. The Sunnah abrogating the Sunnah
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33. The Verse and Ruling in the Quran
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34. The ruling of the Nasikh and the Mansukh
The Nasikh ruling is more difficult or more constrained
than the mansukh
• Punishment for adultery
The nasikh ruling is equivalent to the mansukh ruling in
difficulty
• Change in Qiblah
The nasikh ruling is a concession from the mansukh
• Waiting period for widow
There is no nasikh command in place of the mansukh
• Spend before you speak to the prophet
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35. Blessing of Naskh
General
Naskh
• Abrogated the Previous
Scripture
• Better life in this world
and the everlasting life
in the hereafter
Specific
Naskh
• All that discussed
earlier
• For the betterment of
mankind
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36. The Benefits of Knowing Naskh and mansookh
To understand and
implement the Quran
properly
The knowledge of the
gradual revelation of
the shareeah
The defense of the
Quran and the
Sunnah
• Ali (RA) said to a judge you
have been destroyed
• 2:269 – who has been blessed
with wisdom has indeed been
given a great blessing
• Easy for implementation
• Appreciate Allah’s wisdom
• Enemies of Islam use it
• Not to be deceived by their
distortion
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37. THE SCHOLARS HAVE DIFFERED WITH REGARDS TO
THE NUMBER OF VERSES IN THE QURAN THAT ARE
MANSUKH- RANGING FROM 297 TO 5
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38. pptx prepared by Dr. Mayeser
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39. General welfare
over individual
• Polygyny
Change in
circumstances
• Umar (RA)
abolished
Zakah for
Muallafatul
Qulub
General laws for
universal benefit
• Maimed
Abyssinian
Slave
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40. 4. THE REALIZATION OF UNIVERSAL JUSTICE
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41. 4. The Realization of Universal Justice
• Surah Nahl 16 :90
• Surah Nisaa 4:58
• Surah Maidah 5: 9
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42. 4. The Realization of Universal Justice
• Surah Maidah 5:9
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43. 4. The Realization of Universal Justice
• A woman from the powerful tribe of
Makhzoom who stole some Jewellery and
Usamah bin Zaid was sent to intercede
pptx prepared by Dr. Mayeser
drmayeser@gmail.com

44. JAZAKALLAHUKHAIR
pptx prepared by Dr. Mayeser
drmayeser@gmail.com