Work by F Massol and F Debarre. Presentation given at the BES-SFE meeting (joint meeting of the British and French ecological societies) in Lille (France), in December 2014. (12-minute talk) *Note* On slide 3/7, "Heterogeneous environment", the animation at the bottom on the slide, that was meant to illustrate the notion of temporal autocorrelation, does not work on slideshare.

1. Evolution of dispersal
in spatially and temporally variable environments:
the importance of life cycles
Franc¸ois Massol & Florence De´barre
@flodebarre
Massol & D´ebarre BES–Sf´ e, December 2014 1 / 7

2. Evolution of dispersal
in spatially and temporally variable environments:
the importance of life cycles
Franc¸ois Massol & Florence De´barre
@flodebarre
Bonus Qualit ´e Recherche 2014
Massol & D´ebarre BES–Sf´ e, December 2014 1 / 7

3. Evolution of dispersal
in spatially and temporally variable environments:
the importance of life cycles
Franc¸ois Massol & Florence De´barre
@flodebarre
Bonus Qualit ´e Recherche 2014
Symposium
Eco-evolutionary Feedbacks:
Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives
Friday, 13h-15h
Massol & D´ebarre BES–Sf´ e, December 2014 1 / 7

4. Why disperse?
Massol & D´ebarre BES–Sf´ e, December 2014 2 / 7

5. Why disperse?
I Avoid kin competition
Massol & D´ebarre BES–Sf´ e, December 2014 2 / 7

6. Why disperse?
I Avoid kin competition
I Avoid inbreeding
Massol & D´ebarre BES–Sf´ e, December 2014 2 / 7

7. Why disperse?
I Avoid kin competition
I Avoid inbreeding
I Find better conditions
Massol & D´ebarre BES–Sf´ e, December 2014 2 / 7

8. Why disperse?
I Avoid kin competition
I Avoid inbreeding
I Find better conditions
Massol & D´ebarre BES–Sf´ e, December 2014 2 / 7

9. Why disperse?
I Avoid kin competition
I Avoid inbreeding
I Find better conditions
Massol & D´ebarre BES–Sf´ e, December 2014 2 / 7

10. Environmental heterogeneity
Massol & D´ebarre BES–Sf´ e, December 2014 3 / 7

11. Environmental heterogeneity
Fecundity differences
No difference Large difference
Massol & D´ebarre BES–Sf´ e, December 2014 3 / 7

12. Environmental heterogeneity
Fecundity differences
No difference Large difference
Proportion of each habitat type
Massol D´ebarre BES–Sf´ e, December 2014 3 / 7

13. Environmental heterogeneity
Fecundity differences
No difference Large difference
Proportion of each habitat type
Temporal autocorrelation
Negative 0 Positive '
Massol D´ebarre BES–Sf´ e, December 2014 3 / 7

14. Life events
Massol D´ebarre BES–Sf´ e, December 2014 4 / 7

15. Life events
Reproduction
F
Massol D´ebarre BES–Sf´ e, December 2014 4 / 7

16. Life events
Reproduction
F
Dispersal
Massol D´ebarre BES–Sf´ e, December 2014 4 / 7

17. Life events
Reproduction
F
Dispersal
d d
Massol D´ebarre BES–Sf´ e, December 2014 4 / 7

18. Life events
Reproduction
F
Dispersal
d d
D
(1 - )(1 - c) (1 - c)
Massol D´ebarre BES–Sf´ e, December 2014 4 / 7

19. Life events
Reproduction
F
Dispersal
d d
D
(1 - )(1 - c) (1 - c)
Regulation
R
Massol D´ebarre BES–Sf´ e, December 2014 4 / 7

20. Life events
Reproduction
F
Dispersal
d d
D
(1 - )(1 - c) (1 - c)
Regulation
R
Massol D´ebarre BES–Sf´ e, December 2014 4 / 7

21. Life events
Reproduction
F
Dispersal
d d
D
(1 - )(1 - c) (1 - c)
Regulation
R
Environmental change
E
Massol D´ebarre BES–Sf´ e, December 2014 4 / 7

22. Different life-cycles
Massol D´ebarre BES–Sf´ e, December 2014 5 / 7

23. Different life-cycles
Levene
E
D
F
R
Soft selection
Massol D´ebarre BES–Sf´ e, December 2014 5 / 7

24. Different life-cycles
Levene
E
D
F
R
Soft selection
Ravign´e
E
F
D
R
“Model 3”
Massol D´ebarre BES–Sf´ e, December 2014 5 / 7

25. Different life-cycles
Levene
E
D
F
R
Soft selection
Ravign´e
E
F
D
R
“Model 3”
Dempster
E
F
D
Hard selection
Massol D´ebarre BES–Sf´ e, December 2014 5 / 7

26. Different life-cycles
Levene
E
D
F
R
Soft selection
Ravign´e
E
F
D
R
“Model 3”
Dempster
E
F
D
Hard selection
What is the effect of
environmental heterogeneity
on the evolution of dispersal?
Massol D´ebarre BES–Sf´ e, December 2014 5 / 7

27. Different life-cycles
Levene
E
D
F
R
Soft selection
Ravign´e
E
F
D
R
“Model 3”
Dempster
E
F
D
Hard selection
What is the effect of
environmental heterogeneity
on the evolution of dispersal?
Massol D´ebarre BES–Sf´ e, December 2014 5 / 7

28. Different life-cycles
Levene
E
D
F
R
Soft selection
Ravign´e
E
F
D
R
“Model 3”
Dempster
E
F
D
Hard selection
What is the effect of
environmental heterogeneity
'
on the evolution of dispersal? Massol D´ebarre BES–Sf´ e, December 2014 5 / 7

29. Evolution of dispersal
Levene Ravign´e Dempster
E
D
F
R
E
F
D
R
E
F
D
Massol D´ebarre BES–Sf´ e, December 2014 6 / 7

30. Evolution of dispersal
Levene Ravign´e Dempster
E
D
F
R
E
F
D
R
E
F
D
No direct cost of dispersal, c = 0
−1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
Temporal autocorrelation (j)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Dispersal (d)
Massol D´ebarre BES–Sf´ e, December 2014 6 / 7

31. Evolution of dispersal
Levene Ravign´e Dempster
E
D
F
R
E
F
D
R
E
F
D
No direct cost of dispersal, c = 0
−1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
Temporal autocorrelation (j)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Dispersal (d)
Some direct cost of dispersal, c = 0.1
−1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
Temporal autocorrelation (j)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Dispersal (d)
Massol D´ebarre BES–Sf´ e, December 2014 6 / 7

32. Evolution of dispersal
Levene Ravign´e Dempster
E
D
F
R
E
F
D
R
E
F
D
No direct cost of dispersal, c = 0
−1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
Temporal autocorrelation (j)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Dispersal (d)
−1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
Temporal autocorrelation (j)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Dispersal (d)
Some direct cost of dispersal, c = 0.1
−1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
Temporal autocorrelation (j)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Dispersal (d)
Massol D´ebarre BES–Sf´ e, December 2014 6 / 7

33. Evolution of dispersal
Levene Ravign´e Dempster
E
D
F
R
E
F
D
R
E
F
D
No direct cost of dispersal, c = 0
−1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
Temporal autocorrelation (j)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Dispersal (d)
−1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
Temporal autocorrelation (j)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Dispersal (d)
Some direct cost of dispersal, c = 0.1
−1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
Temporal autocorrelation (j)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Dispersal (d)
−1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
Temporal autocorrelation (j)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Dispersal (d)
Massol D´ebarre BES–Sf´ e, December 2014 6 / 7

34. Evolution of dispersal
Levene Ravign´e Dempster
E
D
F
R
E
F
D
R
E
F
D
No direct cost of dispersal, c = 0
−1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
Temporal autocorrelation (j)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Dispersal (d)
−1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
Temporal autocorrelation (j)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Dispersal (d)
−1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
Temporal autocorrelation (j)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Dispersal (d)
Some direct cost of dispersal, c = 0.1
−1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
Temporal autocorrelation (j)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Dispersal (d)
−1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
Temporal autocorrelation (j)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Dispersal (d)
Massol D´ebarre BES–Sf´ e, December 2014 6 / 7

35. Evolution of dispersal
Levene Ravign´e Dempster
E
D
F
R
E
F
D
R
E
F
D
No direct cost of dispersal, c = 0
−1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
Temporal autocorrelation (j)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Dispersal (d)
−1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
Temporal autocorrelation (j)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Dispersal (d)
−1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
Temporal autocorrelation (j)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Dispersal (d)
Some direct cost of dispersal, c = 0.1
−1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
Temporal autocorrelation (j)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Dispersal (d)
−1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
Temporal autocorrelation (j)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Dispersal (d)
−1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
Temporal autocorrelation (j)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Dispersal (d)
Massol D´ebarre BES–Sf´ e, December 2014 6 / 7

36. Take Home Messages
I Dispersal can evolve in a heterogeneous environment,
in the absence of kin competition.
Massol D´ebarre BES–Sf´ e, December 2014 7 / 7
http://hortusclosus.files.wordpress.com/2013/09/npp_001.jpg https://www.flickr.com/photos/lincsbirder/7711842386

37. Take Home Messages
I Dispersal can evolve in a heterogeneous environment,
in the absence of kin competition.
I Higher levels of dispersal evolve when lower temporal
autocorrelation.
Massol D´ebarre BES–Sf´ e, December 2014 7 / 7
http://hortusclosus.files.wordpress.com/2013/09/npp_001.jpg https://www.flickr.com/photos/lincsbirder/7711842386

38. Take Home Messages
I Dispersal can evolve in a heterogeneous environment,
in the absence of kin competition.
I Higher levels of dispersal evolve when lower temporal
autocorrelation.
I But: strong influence of the order of events in the life-cycle.
Massol D´ebarre BES–Sf´ e, December 2014 7 / 7
http://hortusclosus.files.wordpress.com/2013/09/npp_001.jpg https://www.flickr.com/photos/lincsbirder/7711842386

39. Take Home Messages
I Dispersal can evolve in a heterogeneous environment,
in the absence of kin competition.
I Higher levels of dispersal evolve when lower temporal
autocorrelation.
I But: strong influence of the order of events in the life-cycle.
Levene Ravign´e Dempster
E, D, F, R E, F, D, R E, F, D
E
D
F
R
E
F
D
R
E
F
D
No dispersal Intermediate ESS,
branching
All or nothing
Massol D´ebarre BES–Sf´ e, December 2014 7 / 7
http://hortusclosus.files.wordpress.com/2013/09/npp_001.jpg https://www.flickr.com/photos/lincsbirder/7711842386

40. Take Home Messages
I Dispersal can evolve in a heterogeneous environment,
in the absence of kin competition.
I Higher levels of dispersal evolve when lower temporal
autocorrelation.
I But: strong influence of the order of events in the life-cycle.
Levene Ravign´e Dempster
E, D, F, R E, F, D, R E, F, D
E
D
F
R
E
F
D
R
E
F
D
No dispersal Intermediate ESS,
branching
All or nothing
Thanks for your attention!
Merci de votre attention !
Massol D´ebarre BES–Sf´ e, December 2014 7 / 7
http://hortusclosus.files.wordpress.com/2013/09/npp_001.jpg https://www.flickr.com/photos/lincsbirder/7711842386