The document discusses several topics related to ethics, including different types of justice (retributive, compensatory), the ethics of care, and communitarian ethics. It provides definitions and examples for each. The ethics of care emphasizes caring for those we have close relationships with and who depend on us. It is argued that relationships, not detached impartiality, should be the focus of ethics. Conflicts can arise between caring for others and demands of justice. Guidelines note the need to balance different moral obligations. Objections to the ethics of care include potential favoritism or caregiver burnout.

1. WITH THE NAME OF ALLAH WHO
IS THE MOST BENEFICIENT
AND
MOST MERCIFUL

2. Group Members
 Shaikh Abdul Manan BBA-F15-88
 M. Mohsin Yaqoob BBA-F15-71
 M. Shehroz Afzal BBA-F15-74
 Syed Waji-ul-Hassan BBA-F15-92

3. Presentation Outlines
Types of Justice
 Distributive Justice (Already discussed)
 Retributive Justice
 Compensatory Justice
 What’s Retributive Justice ?
 What’s Compensatory Justice ?
 Explain in detail :
 The Ethics of Care
 Partially and Care
 Ethic of care (Definition)
 Communitarian ethic (Definition)
 Objections to Care

4. What’s Retributive Justice?
Definition
Fairness when blaming or punishing the person for doing
wrong.
Example:
 When someone person is snatched the purse of another person
then you should blame or punish them for that person who are
involved in snatching.
 Philosophers also make the long debate on
punishing & blaming. What’s difference between them?
But our question is not to involves in such harms

5. Our question is that
Does punish a Person right & wrong ?
1-Condition:-
If people don’t know what they are doing
they cannot punished/blamed for it.
Example:
 If the cotton mill owner mentioned at the beginning of the section
didn’t know that the condition in their mills would cause the
brown lung disease, then it would be unjust to punish them when it
turns out that their mills cause this disease.

6. Our question is that
Does punish a Person right & wrong ?
2-Condition:-
A person must be punished for actually doing
the wrong.
Example:
 Some firms use more or less complex system of due process that
are intended to ascertain whether the conduct of employees was
really such that such as to merit dismissal or some other penalty.
 Penalizing an employee on the basis of incomplete
information/evidence is considered an injustice.

7. Our question is that
Does punish a Person right & wrong ?
3-Condition:-
Punishment must be consistent and
proportioned to the wrong. Punishment is consistent when
everyone gave same penalty for same infraction.
 Punishment is proportioned to the wrong when penalty is no greater
in magnitude then the harm.
Example:
It’s wrong for a manager to become loyal with those who are closely
related and harsh with others.
 Purpose of Punishment is to avoid wrongdoer for doing the wrong
again.

8. What’s Compensatory Justice?
Definition
Fairness when restoring to a person what the person lost
when he/she was wronged by someone else.
 Compensatory justice require that the compensation leave the
victims.
 So by formula
Amount of compensation=Loss of reputation
Example:
If some person killed the another person then the family of killed
person asked the killer, If he gave the equivalent amount of money
that they demanded then they will forgive killer and never gave him
punish.
 Means amount of money considered as a punishment.

9. Not all injuries deserve compensation?
Person has moral obligation to compensate the injured party.
If three conditions are present:-
 Actions that inflicted the injury was wrong or neglegent.
 The person action was real cause of injury.
 The person inflicted the injury voluntary.
1-Condition
Example:
 If by efficiently managing my firm I undersell my competitors and
run him or her out of business, I am not morally bound to
compensate him or her since such competition is neither wrongful
nor negligent. But I steal from my employer, then I owe him or her
compensation, or I fail to exercise due care in driving, then I owe
compensation to those whom I injure.

10. 2-Condition
Example:
 If a banker loans a person money and borrower then uses it to cheat
other’s, the banker is not morally obligated to compensate the
victims; but if the banker defrauds a customer, the customer must be
compensated.
3-Condition
Example:
 If I injure someone’s property accidentally and without negligence. I
am not morally obligated to compensate the person. ( I may, however
be legally bound to do so depending on how the law choose to
distribute the social costs of injury.) But I deliberately burn down the
house of a person I dislike , then I am bound to compensate the
person for the losses I inflicted.

11. Ethics of Care
 Claims ethics need not be impartial, unlike ethical theories
which assume ethics has to be impartial.
Example:
Every person can assume the things according to your
prospective. Someone says using the mobile phone in class
is ethically wrong whereas others say it’s not.
 Emphasizes preserving and nurturing concrete valuable
relationship.
Example:
We should built concrete relation with those that are dependent on us &
we are dependent on them. Such as our parent’s, teacher’s and
factory owner’s etc
 Without them we are nothing to do that.

12.  Says we should care for those dependent on and related to
us .
 It also says caring relationships with others those
relationships are valuable and nurtured.
Example:
Workers are dependent on the owners as well as owners are
dependent on workers. Because the owners cannot produce
anything without them. And the circle of workers never
exist without owners until they pay them for their services.
 Caring is not detached but an engrossed caring for a person.
 Relationship are not valuable when characterized by
domination, harm, oppression, violence, injustice or
exploitation.

13. Example:
 Malden Mills company stared work in 1906.
 Feuerstein was it’s owner who make them.
 It’s located in Lawrence, Massachusetts.
 It’s worth was about $5million in 1982 and it’s faces a
threat of bankruptcy.
 So it improved it’s product efficiency. He make the
high quality products with low cost and it’s sales
increase up to $200million due it’s effort.
 In December 11, 1995 an explosion near a boiler room
exposed and all over the factory was burnt.
 All the plant was destroyed.
 Injuring 25 workers and 1400 People out of work
before the event of Christmas.

14.  Now the owner of company decides to rebuilt the
company again.
 He decides to rebuilt the company in that area of
Lawrence, Massachusetts. He also built the
company in other areas that labor cost are low and
generate the income of other People of third
country.
 According to utilitarian principle Feuerstein had
no obligation to rebuild the factory in Lawrence
and continue to pay it’s workers.
 But the Feuerstein decision for those that are
worked for them. He care for those persons by the
concept of ethics of care. Because without workers
he thought he never might be able to increase it’s
sales.

15.  So he get $100million dollar from insurance company
and rebuilt the company. He also pay wages of the
workers when company was rebuilt.
 And workers are on vacation during rebuilt.
 The cost of paying the wages 1400 workers are about
$20million for three months.
 In this example owner gave the care for those that are
worked for them. Without them owner is nothing.
Owner get all profit on the backed of their workers so
he cared them and pay them continuously.
 So the demands of caring and of justice can conflict
and such conflicts can be solved by commitments and
relationship with them.

16. Partially and Care
Ethic of care
Definition
An ethic that requires caring for the concrete well being of
those particular persons with whom we have valuable close
relationship, Particularly those dependent on us.
Example:
If the strangers and parents were both drowning that you have the
opportunity to preserve one of them. So you can preserve that persons
which gave more satisfaction to you. If you can preserve your parents
then it will give more satisfaction. Because parents are one who
sacrifice every thing in life for the betterment of their children's.

17.  This view says that we have develop strong relationship
with those persons that are our near & dear. That are
dependent on us. Without them we are nothing to do that.
We feel independent without them.
Example:
In the Malden Mills incident, Feuerstein felt that he had the
special obligation to take care of his workers. Because the
owner is dependant on the workers. So it’s obligation is to
develop a special relation with their employees for
preservance of care.

18. Ethics of care emphasizes two moral standards:
1. We each exist a web of relationship. Mean we
develop close relation with those that are dependent
on us. We should interconnected with each other.
2. We should exercise the special care for those to whom
we are concretely related by attending to their
particular needs, values and desires.
Example:
Feuerstein decision to remain in community of Lawrence and care
for his workers by continuing to pay them after the fire was a
response to imperative of preserving the concrete relationships
he had formed with his employees. It’s also response a special
care for special needs of those who were economically
dependent on him. Take care of the special group of
individuals is more significant.

19.  Many advocates of an ethic of care have argued that
it should also encompassing larger the kinds of
obligations that’s called Communitarian ethic.
Communitarian Ethic
An ethic that sees concrete communities and communal
relationships as having a fundamental value that should be
preserved and maintained.

20. Arguments Supporting Ethic of Care
Ethics of care based upon identity of self
Who I am ? It’s based upon relationships self with his
selves.
Example:
 I need others to feed and care for me when I am born; I
need the other’s to educate men and care for me as I grow; I
need the friends and lovers to care for me. When I mature; I
always live in a community on whose language, traditions
culture and other benefits I depend and that come to define
me.
 The value of self may be derived from value of
Community.

21. Example
Like mother Care its baby boy from childhood to its
matureness
Result
This type of caring is associate with persons not that the
things.
Care

22. Caring about someone
It include caring for things not for persons.
Example:
Caring about educational Institutes
Caring about post office
Social welfare office
Result
This type of caring is associate with things not persons
Caring after someone
It is often necessary .
It is not demanded by ethics of care.

23. Issues / Problems with caring after someone
1) Not all relationships are valuable . so they all donot
generate the demand of care.
 Reason :
Because of characteristics of relationships like ,
Oppression ( ‫زبردستی‬ )
Domination ( ‫ہونا‬ ‫)غالب‬
Harm ( ‫نقصان‬/‫تکلیف‬ )
Disrespect (‫بدتمیزی‬)
Violation (‫دینا‬ ‫دخل‬ ‫زبردستی‬)
Solution :
Here need to be exercise special care of ethics .
We should nurture ( ‫پرورش‬ )& preserve these relationships .

24. 2) Sometimes there is conflict between Demand of the
caring & the demand of justice.
Explanation with the help of Example :
• Suppose a female manager ( Aleena ) supervising several
peoples in a company .One of whom ( Amina ) is a close
friend to her.
•Now suppose she will recomended one of these subordinates
for promotion to a particularly desired position .
•Now what will she do ?
 Either she gave promotion to Amina or other subordinate who is most
qualified .
 According to the justice view:
she will follow the rules and regulation and choose someone who is
much qualified and deserve this promotion .
 According to the ethics of care view:
she must favor for the sake of her friend.

25. Solution about these conflicts
 There’s no fixed rule that can solve all conflicts
 But some guidelines we have .
 Consider when the manager was hired, she voluntarily promised those
who hired her that she would accept the position of manager along
with duties and Obligations of the position of manager.
 Manager also follow the policies of company and not violate them.
 Feminist ethicists have been responsible for development of care
approach to ethics.
Caring is not a task of women, but moral imperative ( ّ‫اخال‬‫قی‬‫ضرورت‬ )
for men and women.
Ethicist abandoned ( ‫ترک‬‫کرنا‬ ) the view that an ethics of care is for
women only and have argued, human must recognized the demand of
justice & demands of caring .

26. Objections of Care
1)An ethics of care can degenerate into favoritism.
Response:
Conflicting moral demands are an inherent characteristics
( ‫خصوصیات‬ ‫موروثی‬ ) of moral choice ( ‫انتخاب‬ ‫اخالقی‬ )
2)An ethics of care can lead to “Burnout”.
Reason :
• People exercising the caring for their, parents, children
siblings, spouse, lovers and friends.
• So People sacrifice their own needs and desire to care for
well beings of others.
Response:
Means we must maintain balance between self and selves.