3. FALSIFICATION
Falsification is the changing or omission of research results
(data) to support claims, hypotheses, other data, etc.
Falsification can include the manipulation of research
instrumentation, materials, or processes. Manipulation of
images or representations in a manner that distorts the
data or “reads too much between the lines” can also be considered falsification.
5. FABRICATION
Fabrication is the construction and addition of data,
observations, or characterizations that never occurred in
data gathering or running experiments. For example,
fabrication can occur when “filling out” the rest of the
experiment runs. Claims about results need to be made on
complete data sets (as is normally assumed), whereas
claims made based on incomplete or assumed results are a
form of fabrication.
7. PLAGIARISM
Plagiarism is, perhaps, the most common form of research
misconduct. Researchers must be aware to cite all sources and
take careful notes. Using or representing the work of others as
your own work constitutes plagiarism, even if committed
unintentionally. When reviewing privileged information, such as
when reviewing grants or journal article manuscripts for peer
review, researchers must recognize that what they are reading
cannot be used for their own purposes because it cannot be cited
until the work is published or publicly available.
8. TYPES OF
PLAGIARISM
1. Global Plagiarism means passing off an entire text by
someone else as your own work.
2. Verbatim Plagiarism means directly copying someone else’s
words.
3. Paraphrasing Plagiarism means rephrasing someone else’s
ideas to present them as your own.
4. Patchwork Plagiarism means stitching together parts of
different sources to create your text.
5. Self-plagiarism means recycling your own past work.
9. THREE DIFFERENT ACTS ARE
CONSIDERED PLAGIARISM
• Failure to cite quotations and borrowed ideas.
• Failure to enclose borrowed language in quotation marks.
• Failure to put summaries and paraphrases in your own words.
