This document summarizes a research paper on ethical dimensions in responsible professionalism and accounting procedures in Kenya. The paper examines ethical theories and their application to management accounting challenges faced by accountants in Kenya. It employed a case research design and survey of 150 participants from central and Nairobi provinces. The findings suggest that current management accounting in Kenya is weak and should employ ethical considerations to improve transparency, accountability, clarity in reporting, and responsible professionalism. Taken together, the findings indicate that ethical considerations could help reform management accounting in Kenya.
Impact of Accounting Ethics on the Practice of Accounting Profession In Nigeria.IOSR Journals
This study is an empirical investigation of the impact of ethical values on the practice of accounting
profession in Nigeria. To achieve the purpose of this study, research questions were raised, hypotheses were
formulated, and a review of related literature was made. The main objective of this study is to examine if
accounting ethics have much impact on the practice of accounting profession in Nigeria, the factors that make
the accountants breach accounting rules and if ethical codes of conduct address all the issues that border on
ethical practices. The study employed a synthesis of descriptive and survey research methods. The major
instrument used for generating the primary data was the questionnaire, which was designed in five-response
option of likert-scale. Two hundred and fifty (250) questionnaires were administered, two hundred and nineteen
(219) questionnaires were completed and returned. The data generated for this study were analysed through
mean scores while the stated hypotheses were statistically tested with z-test. Our findings revealed that there are
other major influence which accountants believe have impact on their professional conducts like policies and
rules of companies where accountants work, religion were found not to have major influence in the professional
conduct of accountants. The legal system and societal value systems also inter-played in the accountants’
professional conduct. It was recommended among others that the accountant in practice needs to pay attention
to good ethical conduct and there is the need to adhere strictly to the ethical code of conduct.
Ethical practices of the professional accountant in nigeriaAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a research study on the ethical practices of professional accountants in Nigeria. It finds that while ethical codes are documented, some accountants do not fully practice ethics. The study examines the extent to which accountants reflect ethical values in their work. It collects data through questionnaires and journals. The findings show penalties for unethical members are inadequate and accountants should adhere closely to ethical codes for their profession to endure. The study recommends accountants pay attention to good ethical conduct and strictly follow codes of conduct.
11.[1 10]earnings management and corporate governance in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that examined the relationship between earnings management and two aspects of corporate governance in Nigeria: board composition and audit committee effectiveness. The study found that boards dominated by independent outside directors are better able to monitor managers and reduce earnings management. It also found that audit committees whose members have relevant financial expertise are less likely to be associated with earnings management. The document provides background on earnings management and corporate governance requirements in Nigeria before discussing prior literature on the roles of board composition and audit committee financial expertise in reducing earnings management.
11.earnings management and corporate governance in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that examined the relationship between earnings management and two aspects of corporate governance in Nigeria: board composition and audit committee effectiveness. The study found that boards dominated by independent outside directors are better able to monitor managers and reduce earnings management. It also found that audit committees whose members have relevant financial expertise are less likely to be associated with earnings management. The document provides background on earnings management and corporate governance requirements in Nigeria before discussing prior literature on the roles of board composition and audit committee financial expertise in reducing earnings management.
Earnings managment and ownership structure evidence from nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document examines the relationship between ownership structure and earnings management in Nigeria using data from the banking sector. It discusses prior literature on earnings management and how it relates to insider ownership, institutional ownership, and external block ownership. The study aims to determine if there are significant relationships between each type of ownership and earnings management. The methodology employs a pooled data design using secondary data from 10 Nigerian banks from 2006-2010. Regression analysis will be used to analyze the relationships and test hypotheses regarding the impact of ownership structure on earnings management.
THE ADEQUACY OF ETHICS IN ACCOUNTING PRACTICE IN NIGERIAIAEME Publication
The document examines the adequacy of ethics in accounting practice in Nigeria. It discusses the importance of ethics for the accounting profession given its role in society. The study evaluates whether the existing code of ethics is adequate for professional accounting practice in Nigeria and identifies factors that inhibit strict adherence to ethical standards.
The literature review discusses the role and responsibilities of accountants. It outlines the five fundamental principles from the IESBA Code of Ethics that accountants must follow: integrity, independence and objectivity, confidentiality, professional competence and due care. The relevance of ethical codes for the accounting profession is also discussed as it establishes standards and maintains public trust.
The objectives of the study are to examine if the existing code of ethics is
Stakeholders perceptions regarding usefulness of corporate socialTapasya123
A business enterprise is considered as a social unit which conducts its activities within the
society; therefore, it is perceived that business houses should fulfil its responsibilities towards
society. Traditional management approaches have regarded the business unit as a robust
economic engine which drives shareholders wealth. But modern management approach has
hold that transparent economic and social progress should go hand in hand. This concept led
to the emergence of Corporate Social Reporting and Disclosure (CSRD). It provides better
understanding on social activities of a business towards various stakeholders like employees,
investors, consumers, government, suppliers, shareholders and the whole community which
helps an entity to make cordial relationship with its stakeholders. Unfortunately, despite of
increasing attention towards CSR, the development of CSRD is very slow especially in the
developing countries like India. There has been very little work which has studied how Indian
companies gratify perceived needs of different stakeholders for information relating to social
and environmental impacts. Thus, this paper aims at exploring the views and perceptions
amongst different stakeholders for evaluating the usefulness of corporate social reporting
and disclosure for them. The nature of study was descriptive research and data source was
primarily primary. It may also be termed as Ex post facto research because the researcher has
no control over the variables and has to report what has happened or what is happening.
Based on the research outcomes, some recommendations are suggested in relation to
corporate social reporting and disclosure practices in general and within Indian context in particular for future development of corporate social reporting and disclosures in transitional
economies like India.
Impact of Accounting Ethics on the Practice of Accounting Profession In Nigeria.IOSR Journals
This study is an empirical investigation of the impact of ethical values on the practice of accounting
profession in Nigeria. To achieve the purpose of this study, research questions were raised, hypotheses were
formulated, and a review of related literature was made. The main objective of this study is to examine if
accounting ethics have much impact on the practice of accounting profession in Nigeria, the factors that make
the accountants breach accounting rules and if ethical codes of conduct address all the issues that border on
ethical practices. The study employed a synthesis of descriptive and survey research methods. The major
instrument used for generating the primary data was the questionnaire, which was designed in five-response
option of likert-scale. Two hundred and fifty (250) questionnaires were administered, two hundred and nineteen
(219) questionnaires were completed and returned. The data generated for this study were analysed through
mean scores while the stated hypotheses were statistically tested with z-test. Our findings revealed that there are
other major influence which accountants believe have impact on their professional conducts like policies and
rules of companies where accountants work, religion were found not to have major influence in the professional
conduct of accountants. The legal system and societal value systems also inter-played in the accountants’
professional conduct. It was recommended among others that the accountant in practice needs to pay attention
to good ethical conduct and there is the need to adhere strictly to the ethical code of conduct.
Ethical practices of the professional accountant in nigeriaAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a research study on the ethical practices of professional accountants in Nigeria. It finds that while ethical codes are documented, some accountants do not fully practice ethics. The study examines the extent to which accountants reflect ethical values in their work. It collects data through questionnaires and journals. The findings show penalties for unethical members are inadequate and accountants should adhere closely to ethical codes for their profession to endure. The study recommends accountants pay attention to good ethical conduct and strictly follow codes of conduct.
11.[1 10]earnings management and corporate governance in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that examined the relationship between earnings management and two aspects of corporate governance in Nigeria: board composition and audit committee effectiveness. The study found that boards dominated by independent outside directors are better able to monitor managers and reduce earnings management. It also found that audit committees whose members have relevant financial expertise are less likely to be associated with earnings management. The document provides background on earnings management and corporate governance requirements in Nigeria before discussing prior literature on the roles of board composition and audit committee financial expertise in reducing earnings management.
11.earnings management and corporate governance in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that examined the relationship between earnings management and two aspects of corporate governance in Nigeria: board composition and audit committee effectiveness. The study found that boards dominated by independent outside directors are better able to monitor managers and reduce earnings management. It also found that audit committees whose members have relevant financial expertise are less likely to be associated with earnings management. The document provides background on earnings management and corporate governance requirements in Nigeria before discussing prior literature on the roles of board composition and audit committee financial expertise in reducing earnings management.
Earnings managment and ownership structure evidence from nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document examines the relationship between ownership structure and earnings management in Nigeria using data from the banking sector. It discusses prior literature on earnings management and how it relates to insider ownership, institutional ownership, and external block ownership. The study aims to determine if there are significant relationships between each type of ownership and earnings management. The methodology employs a pooled data design using secondary data from 10 Nigerian banks from 2006-2010. Regression analysis will be used to analyze the relationships and test hypotheses regarding the impact of ownership structure on earnings management.
THE ADEQUACY OF ETHICS IN ACCOUNTING PRACTICE IN NIGERIAIAEME Publication
The document examines the adequacy of ethics in accounting practice in Nigeria. It discusses the importance of ethics for the accounting profession given its role in society. The study evaluates whether the existing code of ethics is adequate for professional accounting practice in Nigeria and identifies factors that inhibit strict adherence to ethical standards.
The literature review discusses the role and responsibilities of accountants. It outlines the five fundamental principles from the IESBA Code of Ethics that accountants must follow: integrity, independence and objectivity, confidentiality, professional competence and due care. The relevance of ethical codes for the accounting profession is also discussed as it establishes standards and maintains public trust.
The objectives of the study are to examine if the existing code of ethics is
Stakeholders perceptions regarding usefulness of corporate socialTapasya123
A business enterprise is considered as a social unit which conducts its activities within the
society; therefore, it is perceived that business houses should fulfil its responsibilities towards
society. Traditional management approaches have regarded the business unit as a robust
economic engine which drives shareholders wealth. But modern management approach has
hold that transparent economic and social progress should go hand in hand. This concept led
to the emergence of Corporate Social Reporting and Disclosure (CSRD). It provides better
understanding on social activities of a business towards various stakeholders like employees,
investors, consumers, government, suppliers, shareholders and the whole community which
helps an entity to make cordial relationship with its stakeholders. Unfortunately, despite of
increasing attention towards CSR, the development of CSRD is very slow especially in the
developing countries like India. There has been very little work which has studied how Indian
companies gratify perceived needs of different stakeholders for information relating to social
and environmental impacts. Thus, this paper aims at exploring the views and perceptions
amongst different stakeholders for evaluating the usefulness of corporate social reporting
and disclosure for them. The nature of study was descriptive research and data source was
primarily primary. It may also be termed as Ex post facto research because the researcher has
no control over the variables and has to report what has happened or what is happening.
Based on the research outcomes, some recommendations are suggested in relation to
corporate social reporting and disclosure practices in general and within Indian context in particular for future development of corporate social reporting and disclosures in transitional
economies like India.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
This document summarizes a study on accounting practices and the perceived performance of accounting information systems (AIS) among 103 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Morocco. Previous studies on accounting practices in SMEs have shown mixed and sometimes contradictory findings. The objective of this study is to understand if Moroccan SMEs have formalized financial and accounting systems, and to evaluate managers' perceptions of AIS performance. The study develops a conceptual framework for analyzing AIS, defining it as any information system based on accounting and financial data. It also defines perceived performance as a manager's subjective assessment of satisfaction with their company's AIS. The study involves principal component analysis and factor analysis to validate research constructs
Accounting function aims at providing accurate and sufficient accounting information to facilitate proper financial reporting and management performance. Accounting information is usually in the form of periodic or annual financial statements which are products of costing, financial and management accounting prepared for the benefit of a number of external interest groups. Accounting has its roots in the stewardship approach and as a management performance tool to guide the agent and the principal over the exact status of the going concern. Accounting function also involves financial statement analysis, interpreting the accounts by computing and evaluating ratios which relate pairs of financial information or items with one another. This analysis of ratios can be cross-sectional comparing the results of one company with another or trend. In doing so close attention is usually paid to profitability ratio to help keep pace with effective management performance. The exploratory research design was adopted for the study and result showed positive correlation between accounting function and management performance. The study was not exhaustive, therefore, further study should examine the relationship between audit failure and business failure as a matter of finding a solution to the problem. It was recommended that management should always carefully study audit reports to enhance decision making and management performance.
This study examines the relationship between corporate governance attributes (board size, board independence, and audit committee size) and voluntary disclosure among 252 public-listed companies in Malaysia for the year 2018. Regression and correlation analyses were used. Descriptive statistics showed that on average, companies disclosed 85% of voluntary disclosure items, had board sizes of 9 directors, 61% board independence, and audit committee sizes of 4 members. Only board size was found to have a significant positive relationship with voluntary disclosure. Board independence and audit committee size did not have significant relationships with voluntary disclosure. The study provides evidence for regulatory bodies to further enhance corporate governance frameworks.
Effective governance leadership envisaged in King IV ReportD.C. Fulani
The document discusses effective governance leadership as envisaged in King IV, the South African code for corporate governance. It analyzes the governance outcomes in King IV - ethical culture, performance and value creation, adequate and effective control, and trust/reputation. For each outcome, it examines the related principles and how they envision effective leadership, such as through establishing an ethical culture and values, setting strategic direction, ensuring board oversight, and engaging stakeholders. The conclusion is that King IV presents governance and leadership as co-dependent, and that effective governance cannot be achieved without proper leadership or vice versa.
11.vol 0003www.iiste.org call for paper no 1 pp 26-44Alexander Decker
This study examines the level of compliance with key Indonesian accounting regulations (IARC) for inventory, fixed assets, and depreciation by analyzing 160 listed Indonesian companies' 2006 annual reports. The study finds a high level of compliance, at 71.63% for inventory, 51.13% for fixed assets, and 99.69% for depreciation. Through statistical analysis, the study investigates factors that influence compliance levels, such as firm size, ownership concentration, corporate governance structures, auditor type, return on assets, and industry. The study aims to advance understanding of accounting compliance in Indonesia and identify areas needing regulatory intervention.
This document discusses the evolution and development of accounting theories. It traces the origins of accounting to ancient civilizations like Mesopotamia and discusses early systems used in places like Greece, Rome, China, and the Middle Ages. A key development was the emergence of the "charge and discharge" system of accounting during this time period. Another important development was the introduction of double-entry bookkeeping in Italy in the 13th-14th centuries, which helped address limitations of earlier single-entry systems. The document also examines modern accounting theories and frameworks established by bodies like the IASB and discusses ongoing growth and changes in accounting standards and practices.
Influence of corporate governance on the performance of public organizations ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that examined the influence of corporate governance on the performance of public organizations, using Kenya Ports Authority (KPA) as a case study. The study found that of the four variables studied - board composition, management compensation, governance structure, and board size - board composition had the greatest influence on performance. Specifically, the representation of outsiders and professionals on the board was found to support KPA's performance, while political influence and the number of government officials on the board was viewed as less supportive of performance. The document provides background on corporate governance and reviews relevant literature before describing the research methodology and findings.
Accounting education and accountancy profession in jordanAlexander Decker
This document discusses accounting education and the accounting profession in Jordan. It aims to identify problems hindering their development and strategies to improve them. The key problems identified are inadequate use of computers in teaching, inadequate instructor salaries, and poor university infrastructure. The document also reviews literature on factors affecting accounting education quality in developing countries. These include outdated curricula, lack of practical training, and simple training objectives. Strategies recommended to improve accounting education are also discussed.
The effectiveness of the accounting information systemAlexander Decker
This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of accounting information systems for companies that adopt Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems. Specifically, it examined whether ERP improves the quality of accounting outputs and internal controls. The researcher distributed questionnaires to accountants and managers at companies located in Al Hassan Industrial Zone in Jordan that use ERP systems. The results showed that integrating the accounting information system within the ERP system improves the quality of accounting outputs and internal controls. More research is needed to support these findings and expand the literature on this topic. Companies are also recommended to adopt ERP systems due to the potential improvements in performance.
Predicting the future accounting earnings empirical evidence from the palesti...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that aimed to predict future accounting earnings of companies listed on the Palestine Securities Exchange. The study used financial data from 2004 to 2011 for 16 listed companies to examine whether past year earnings and operating cash flows can predict current year earnings. Regression analysis and autoregressive models were employed to test the relationships. The findings showed that past year earnings have a strong ability to predict future earnings, while past year operating cash flows were not useful predictors. Autoregressive models, particularly the AR(2) model, were also found to be useful for predicting firm performance. The study recommends that decision makers in Palestine rely on historical performance data when forecasting future earnings.
The effect of information technology on the quality of accounting information...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the effect of information technology on the quality of accounting information systems and the quality of accounting information. It provides background on accounting information systems and discusses how information technology impacts the quality of accounting information systems in terms of reliability, timeliness, flexibility, usefulness and sophistication. It then explores how the quality of accounting information systems influences the quality of accounting information in terms of relevance, accuracy and completeness. The study aims to develop a theoretical framework and hypotheses to empirically test these relationships.
Article: Influence of Corporate Board Characteristics on Firm Performance of ...McRey Banderlipe II
Using disclosure information from 29 listed property companies in the Philippines, the results revealed that managerial ownership positively influences firm performance. Moreover, firm size, leverage, and age influence the accounting-based measures of performance to a great extent than the market-based measures. Further research should focus on the overall impact of corporate governance using different measures of performance to better assist the decision making of the company’s stakeholders.
The impact of cooperative financing on millenniumAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a research paper that examines the impact of cooperative financing on poverty reduction in Nigeria and progress towards the Millennium Development Goals. It finds that cooperative financing through microcredit has helped alleviate poverty for many. The study analyzes data collected from cooperative organizations and their stakeholders in Nigeria. Regression and other statistical analyses show a causal relationship between cooperative credit assistance and poverty reduction. The paper concludes that Nigerian government policy should better integrate cooperatives into its microfinancing strategies to acknowledge their power in providing credit to the poor.
Influence of Top Management Support on the Quality of Accounting Information ...Arnol Awal
In order to manage a healthy organization, companies need information systems that are designed to assist
organizations in the face of competition. Companies use accounting information system as a medium or tool to
generate information that managers can make decisions. To be able to take the right decisions necessary quality
information, quality information is influenced by the quality of accounting information systems. In view of the
above this paper considers the Influence Of Top Management Support On The Quality Of Accounting
Information System and Their Impact On The Quality Of Accounting Information. The study was a theoretical
research which considered the roles of top management support in quality of accounting information system and
impact of quality accounting information. From studies carried out this paper concludes that top management
support having improved quality of accounting information system have impacted positively to quality of
accounting information, thereby improve the quality of decision-making.
The of e government role in the development of government accounting informat...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper on the role of e-government in developing government accounting information systems. The paper aims to show how applying e-government impacts government accounting systems and their components. It also seeks to propose a framework for government accounting information systems under e-government. The paper reviews literature on how electronic operations affect accounting systems and identifies challenges for accountants working with increased data volumes and processing speeds under e-government. It develops hypotheses that increasing e-government transactions will require adapting accounting systems to meet new needs, and that e-government will impact both technical and human aspects of accounting information systems.
The study of the relationship between the capital structure and the variables...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study examining the relationship between capital structure and value-based performance assessment variables in 219 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange from 2007 to 2011. The study found a negative and statistically significant relationship between capital structure and value-based performance variables including economic value added, market value added, and cash value added. The document provides background on capital structure decision making and reviews several previous related studies that also found negative relationships between capital structure metrics like leverage and performance indicators like return on assets and profitability.
Liquidity, capital adequacy and operating efficiency of commercial banks in k...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research journal article that examines the effect of liquidity and capital adequacy on the operating efficiency of commercial banks in Kenya. Specifically, it analyzes how bank liquidity ratios and capital adequacy ratios impact operational efficiency. The study found that the previous year's operational efficiency, liquid assets to short-term liabilities ratio, and total capital ratio positively and significantly affect bank operating efficiency. Regression analysis showed that 41.08% of banks' operational efficiency is explained by the study variables. Therefore, banks should focus on improving liquidity ratios and capital ratios to enhance operating efficiency.
Adoption of international financial reporting standards (ifrs) insights from ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that examined the readiness of Nigerian academics and practitioners for the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in Nigeria. The study found that there were significant differences in familiarity with IFRS between accounting students, lecturers, and practitioners, with practitioners being the most familiar. Respondents believed that Nigeria was not ready for IFRS adoption as of 2012. They felt the best transition plan would be to incorporate IFRS courses into accounting curriculums and provide IFRS training to company management and staff. The study concluded there is an urgent need to review accounting curriculums in Nigerian universities to include more IFRS content in order to better prepare students
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
This document summarizes a study on accounting practices and the perceived performance of accounting information systems (AIS) among 103 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Morocco. Previous studies on accounting practices in SMEs have shown mixed and sometimes contradictory findings. The objective of this study is to understand if Moroccan SMEs have formalized financial and accounting systems, and to evaluate managers' perceptions of AIS performance. The study develops a conceptual framework for analyzing AIS, defining it as any information system based on accounting and financial data. It also defines perceived performance as a manager's subjective assessment of satisfaction with their company's AIS. The study involves principal component analysis and factor analysis to validate research constructs
Accounting function aims at providing accurate and sufficient accounting information to facilitate proper financial reporting and management performance. Accounting information is usually in the form of periodic or annual financial statements which are products of costing, financial and management accounting prepared for the benefit of a number of external interest groups. Accounting has its roots in the stewardship approach and as a management performance tool to guide the agent and the principal over the exact status of the going concern. Accounting function also involves financial statement analysis, interpreting the accounts by computing and evaluating ratios which relate pairs of financial information or items with one another. This analysis of ratios can be cross-sectional comparing the results of one company with another or trend. In doing so close attention is usually paid to profitability ratio to help keep pace with effective management performance. The exploratory research design was adopted for the study and result showed positive correlation between accounting function and management performance. The study was not exhaustive, therefore, further study should examine the relationship between audit failure and business failure as a matter of finding a solution to the problem. It was recommended that management should always carefully study audit reports to enhance decision making and management performance.
This study examines the relationship between corporate governance attributes (board size, board independence, and audit committee size) and voluntary disclosure among 252 public-listed companies in Malaysia for the year 2018. Regression and correlation analyses were used. Descriptive statistics showed that on average, companies disclosed 85% of voluntary disclosure items, had board sizes of 9 directors, 61% board independence, and audit committee sizes of 4 members. Only board size was found to have a significant positive relationship with voluntary disclosure. Board independence and audit committee size did not have significant relationships with voluntary disclosure. The study provides evidence for regulatory bodies to further enhance corporate governance frameworks.
Effective governance leadership envisaged in King IV ReportD.C. Fulani
The document discusses effective governance leadership as envisaged in King IV, the South African code for corporate governance. It analyzes the governance outcomes in King IV - ethical culture, performance and value creation, adequate and effective control, and trust/reputation. For each outcome, it examines the related principles and how they envision effective leadership, such as through establishing an ethical culture and values, setting strategic direction, ensuring board oversight, and engaging stakeholders. The conclusion is that King IV presents governance and leadership as co-dependent, and that effective governance cannot be achieved without proper leadership or vice versa.
11.vol 0003www.iiste.org call for paper no 1 pp 26-44Alexander Decker
This study examines the level of compliance with key Indonesian accounting regulations (IARC) for inventory, fixed assets, and depreciation by analyzing 160 listed Indonesian companies' 2006 annual reports. The study finds a high level of compliance, at 71.63% for inventory, 51.13% for fixed assets, and 99.69% for depreciation. Through statistical analysis, the study investigates factors that influence compliance levels, such as firm size, ownership concentration, corporate governance structures, auditor type, return on assets, and industry. The study aims to advance understanding of accounting compliance in Indonesia and identify areas needing regulatory intervention.
This document discusses the evolution and development of accounting theories. It traces the origins of accounting to ancient civilizations like Mesopotamia and discusses early systems used in places like Greece, Rome, China, and the Middle Ages. A key development was the emergence of the "charge and discharge" system of accounting during this time period. Another important development was the introduction of double-entry bookkeeping in Italy in the 13th-14th centuries, which helped address limitations of earlier single-entry systems. The document also examines modern accounting theories and frameworks established by bodies like the IASB and discusses ongoing growth and changes in accounting standards and practices.
Influence of corporate governance on the performance of public organizations ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that examined the influence of corporate governance on the performance of public organizations, using Kenya Ports Authority (KPA) as a case study. The study found that of the four variables studied - board composition, management compensation, governance structure, and board size - board composition had the greatest influence on performance. Specifically, the representation of outsiders and professionals on the board was found to support KPA's performance, while political influence and the number of government officials on the board was viewed as less supportive of performance. The document provides background on corporate governance and reviews relevant literature before describing the research methodology and findings.
Accounting education and accountancy profession in jordanAlexander Decker
This document discusses accounting education and the accounting profession in Jordan. It aims to identify problems hindering their development and strategies to improve them. The key problems identified are inadequate use of computers in teaching, inadequate instructor salaries, and poor university infrastructure. The document also reviews literature on factors affecting accounting education quality in developing countries. These include outdated curricula, lack of practical training, and simple training objectives. Strategies recommended to improve accounting education are also discussed.
The effectiveness of the accounting information systemAlexander Decker
This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of accounting information systems for companies that adopt Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems. Specifically, it examined whether ERP improves the quality of accounting outputs and internal controls. The researcher distributed questionnaires to accountants and managers at companies located in Al Hassan Industrial Zone in Jordan that use ERP systems. The results showed that integrating the accounting information system within the ERP system improves the quality of accounting outputs and internal controls. More research is needed to support these findings and expand the literature on this topic. Companies are also recommended to adopt ERP systems due to the potential improvements in performance.
Predicting the future accounting earnings empirical evidence from the palesti...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that aimed to predict future accounting earnings of companies listed on the Palestine Securities Exchange. The study used financial data from 2004 to 2011 for 16 listed companies to examine whether past year earnings and operating cash flows can predict current year earnings. Regression analysis and autoregressive models were employed to test the relationships. The findings showed that past year earnings have a strong ability to predict future earnings, while past year operating cash flows were not useful predictors. Autoregressive models, particularly the AR(2) model, were also found to be useful for predicting firm performance. The study recommends that decision makers in Palestine rely on historical performance data when forecasting future earnings.
The effect of information technology on the quality of accounting information...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the effect of information technology on the quality of accounting information systems and the quality of accounting information. It provides background on accounting information systems and discusses how information technology impacts the quality of accounting information systems in terms of reliability, timeliness, flexibility, usefulness and sophistication. It then explores how the quality of accounting information systems influences the quality of accounting information in terms of relevance, accuracy and completeness. The study aims to develop a theoretical framework and hypotheses to empirically test these relationships.
Article: Influence of Corporate Board Characteristics on Firm Performance of ...McRey Banderlipe II
Using disclosure information from 29 listed property companies in the Philippines, the results revealed that managerial ownership positively influences firm performance. Moreover, firm size, leverage, and age influence the accounting-based measures of performance to a great extent than the market-based measures. Further research should focus on the overall impact of corporate governance using different measures of performance to better assist the decision making of the company’s stakeholders.
The impact of cooperative financing on millenniumAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a research paper that examines the impact of cooperative financing on poverty reduction in Nigeria and progress towards the Millennium Development Goals. It finds that cooperative financing through microcredit has helped alleviate poverty for many. The study analyzes data collected from cooperative organizations and their stakeholders in Nigeria. Regression and other statistical analyses show a causal relationship between cooperative credit assistance and poverty reduction. The paper concludes that Nigerian government policy should better integrate cooperatives into its microfinancing strategies to acknowledge their power in providing credit to the poor.
Influence of Top Management Support on the Quality of Accounting Information ...Arnol Awal
In order to manage a healthy organization, companies need information systems that are designed to assist
organizations in the face of competition. Companies use accounting information system as a medium or tool to
generate information that managers can make decisions. To be able to take the right decisions necessary quality
information, quality information is influenced by the quality of accounting information systems. In view of the
above this paper considers the Influence Of Top Management Support On The Quality Of Accounting
Information System and Their Impact On The Quality Of Accounting Information. The study was a theoretical
research which considered the roles of top management support in quality of accounting information system and
impact of quality accounting information. From studies carried out this paper concludes that top management
support having improved quality of accounting information system have impacted positively to quality of
accounting information, thereby improve the quality of decision-making.
The of e government role in the development of government accounting informat...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper on the role of e-government in developing government accounting information systems. The paper aims to show how applying e-government impacts government accounting systems and their components. It also seeks to propose a framework for government accounting information systems under e-government. The paper reviews literature on how electronic operations affect accounting systems and identifies challenges for accountants working with increased data volumes and processing speeds under e-government. It develops hypotheses that increasing e-government transactions will require adapting accounting systems to meet new needs, and that e-government will impact both technical and human aspects of accounting information systems.
The study of the relationship between the capital structure and the variables...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study examining the relationship between capital structure and value-based performance assessment variables in 219 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange from 2007 to 2011. The study found a negative and statistically significant relationship between capital structure and value-based performance variables including economic value added, market value added, and cash value added. The document provides background on capital structure decision making and reviews several previous related studies that also found negative relationships between capital structure metrics like leverage and performance indicators like return on assets and profitability.
Liquidity, capital adequacy and operating efficiency of commercial banks in k...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research journal article that examines the effect of liquidity and capital adequacy on the operating efficiency of commercial banks in Kenya. Specifically, it analyzes how bank liquidity ratios and capital adequacy ratios impact operational efficiency. The study found that the previous year's operational efficiency, liquid assets to short-term liabilities ratio, and total capital ratio positively and significantly affect bank operating efficiency. Regression analysis showed that 41.08% of banks' operational efficiency is explained by the study variables. Therefore, banks should focus on improving liquidity ratios and capital ratios to enhance operating efficiency.
Adoption of international financial reporting standards (ifrs) insights from ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that examined the readiness of Nigerian academics and practitioners for the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in Nigeria. The study found that there were significant differences in familiarity with IFRS between accounting students, lecturers, and practitioners, with practitioners being the most familiar. Respondents believed that Nigeria was not ready for IFRS adoption as of 2012. They felt the best transition plan would be to incorporate IFRS courses into accounting curriculums and provide IFRS training to company management and staff. The study concluded there is an urgent need to review accounting curriculums in Nigerian universities to include more IFRS content in order to better prepare students
The document provides an industry profile of microfinance institutions (MFIs) in India. It discusses that MFIs provide small loans and other financial services to low-income groups. The microfinance industry in India has experienced rapid growth in recent years, reaching over 200 million customers. However, there remains significant unmet demand as many parts of India remain underserved by MFIs. The industry is fragmented with over 3000 MFIs, though the top 10 companies account for around three-quarters of the total loan portfolio. Continued growth is expected, but regulations and competition will impact the future trajectory of MFIs in India.
underground lending business in the Barangay Batasan Hills, Q.C.annajanerr
The document discusses underground lending businesses operated by informal money lenders in Batasan Hills, Quezon City. It provides background on formal and informal financial institutions in the Philippines. Informal lenders, including Filipino and Indian money lenders, provide loans to small businesses and entrepreneurs through daily payment collection at nominal 20% interest rates. The study aims to understand the problems encountered by both lenders and borrowers in these underground lending operations through surveys and interviews with lenders and their clients in the community.
Foreign exchange risk, also known as currency risk, refers to the financial risk posed by unexpected changes in exchange rates. It affects investors and businesses involved in international trade or foreign investments. There are three main types of foreign exchange exposure: transaction, economic, and translation. Transaction exposure involves existing foreign currency transactions, economic exposure impacts future cash flows and firm value, and translation exposure affects financial reporting due to exchange rate movements between periods. Companies can use hedging strategies like forward contracts, options, and money market operations to eliminate or reduce foreign exchange risk.
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Factors Influencing Adherence to Ethical Values: A Case Study of Accountants ...VandanaSharma356
Financial scandals continue to negatively impact businesses all over the globe with Zambia not being an exception. The financial accounts of businesses are handled by accountants who are members of professional bodies and are governed by a code of ethics put in place to regulate professional conduct. This study aimed to establish the relationship between factors influencing ethical values and the accountants’ adherence to the code of ethics. The study employed a quantitative approach with the use of structured questionnaires on a population sample comprising of finance and accounting staff from the Zambian public sector. To determine the respondents, simple random sampling was used to identify the population of interest. The outcome from the study showed remuneration of accountants, internal controls within organisations and independence of accountants to be among the factors that influence adherence to ethical values. It was found that there is a positive relationship between remuneration of accountants, internal controls, independence of accountants and the accountants’ adherence to ethical values. It is therefore expected that the higher the remuneration of the accountant, the stronger the internal controls, the higher the independence of the accountant, the easier it is for the accountant to adhere to ethical values. This study contributes towards enhancing measures put in place to address the shortcomings attributed to compliance with the code of ethics for public sector accountants. It will also be beneficial to accountants as it will echo the need for accountants to uphold ethical values.
The document analyzes Enron Corporation's financial engineering from an ethical utilitarianism perspective. It discusses how Enron conducted financial engineering through misstating financials, hiding losses, and using off-balance sheet entities. This ultimately led to a collapse in Enron's stock price, thousands losing jobs and pensions, and billions in losses for financial institutions. The document concludes that from a utilitarian perspective, focusing on maximizing happiness and minimizing harm, Enron's financial engineering was unethical as it significantly harmed investors, employees, and other stakeholders.
Creative Accounting and Impact on Management Decision MakingWaqas Tariq
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This document provides an abstract for a literature review on the role of internal corporate governance mechanisms and their impact on financial reporting quality. It discusses how agency theory and institutional theory provide frameworks for understanding how governance mechanisms can enhance or reduce earnings management practices. The review aims to analyze the role of boards of directors in financial statement presentation and how earnings management impacts statement quality and stakeholder perceptions. It also summarizes literature on various earnings management measurement models and the relationship between governance mechanisms and earnings manipulation.
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Responsible purchasing and supply chain management in kenyaAlexander Decker
This document discusses responsible purchasing and supply chain management in Kenya, with a focus on ethical considerations in procurement management. It aims to investigate the role of ethics in Kenyan procurement approaches. The literature review covers ethical theories like virtue ethics, utilitarianism, and Kantian ethics applied to procurement challenges. A survey was conducted of 150 professionals. The findings suggest the current system is deficient in ethics and should incorporate ethical principles to promote transparency, fairness, accountability and responsibility in tendering processes and contractor relationships. Overall, applying ethics could help reform procurement management in Kenya.
Running head ETHICS IN ACCOUNTING1ETHICS IN ACCOUNTING.docxtodd271
Running head: ETHICS IN ACCOUNTING 1
ETHICS IN ACCOUNTING 2
Ethics in Accounting
Literature Review
Bobek, D., Hageman, A., & Radtke, R. (2015). The Effects of Professional Role, Decision Context, and Gender on the Ethical Decision Making of Public Accounting Professionals. Behavioral Research In Accounting, 27(1), 55-78. doi: 10.2308/bria-51090
In this article, the applied study investigates the scale to which professional roles, decision perspectives, and gender affect ethical decision making of governmental accountants. Considering they are in the same profession as other financiers and accountants; the outcomes of the study can still be implemented in the paper. Nevertheless, the study consisted of over 130 public accountants and concluded that the accountants had a lower probability of conceding with clients in an antagonistic situation. Moreover, they were also less likely to recommend yielding when they were auditing as compared to calculating taxes. It was also identified that, in the context of auditing, public accountants were less likely to yield to clients. When the data was broken down to their basic gender-based analysis, women seemed to demonstrate better decision-making abilities. Overall, the study was designed to estimate the likelihood of public accountants compromising their ethics and conducting activities that can be deemed illegal. By understanding the dynamics that result in unethical behaviors, policies could be developed to curb the probability of unethical professional conduct taking place.
When evaluating the ethical framework or the ethical training needs in the accounting department, managers should break down the entire process in terms of; the professional role of the accountants, the different contexts in which the accountant’s practice and type of gender involved in the accounting situations. Secondly, the management should consider whether the accountant is either an auditor or a tax professional, male or female and whether they operate in the audit or tax environment.
Burcham, J. (2015, August 06). Business Ethics From the Top Down Can Prevent Fraud. Retrieved from http://www.fightingidentitycrimes.com/business-ethics-from-the-top-down-can-prevent-fraud/
This article will provide information on why some individuals turn to fraud. It will provide insight on how certain situations push other employees to fraudulent activities. This reference revolves around the idea of “Tone at the Top”. Burcham’s article suggests that fraud can be caused by the actions of the higher executives in a company. The way executives portray ethical behavior manifests how the rest of the employees behave. Understandably, most people would agree on the importance of a job and career. Individuals work hard to keep their position once they are hired in position, they feel is suitable. When the executives are doing unethical tasks, it ends up trickling down to the rest of the employees as they are afraid t.
Ethics in accounting and the reliability of financial informationAlexander Decker
This document summarizes the importance of ethics in the accounting profession. It discusses how accounting scandals in recent decades have questioned the integrity of financial reporting and the auditing process. Unethical practices, such as creative accounting and lack of independence, can undermine the reliability of financial information. For financial statements to be a reliable source of information for decision making, accountants must adhere to principles of integrity, objectivity, and care. Ethics codes guide members of the accounting profession to act with morality and support public trust in the financial system.
Creative Accounting Dynamics and Financial Reporting Quality in Public Corpor...YogeshIJTSRD
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the influence of creative accounting practices on the quality of financial reporting in public corporations in Nigeria. The study uses data from annual reports of 10 public corporations from 2014-2016, which used old accounting standards, and 2017-2019, which used IPSAS standards.
The results show that under the old standards, indicators of revenue/cost disclosure, auditor opinions, notes/schedules, and compliance to standards had moderate or low influence on financial reporting quality. But under IPSAS, all indicators had higher average scores and were found to have high or moderate influence on quality. Specifically, revenue/cost disclosure and auditor opinions saw increases of 1.5 and 1.49 respectively in their influence under
Running head ACCOUNTINGACCOUNTING 2Internal control a.docxjoellemurphey
Running head: ACCOUNTING
ACCOUNTING
2
Internal control and accounting systems
Course
Lecturer
Institution
City, State
Date of submission
Content page and report outline
Title page
Terms of reference
Executive summary
Methodology
1.0
Introduction
2.0
Analysis and evaluation of current system
2.1
Reviewing and evaluating accounting system
2.2
Conduct an ethical evaluation of the accounting systems
2.3
Conduct a sustainability evaluation of the accounting systems
3.0
Identifying weaknesses and making recommendations for improvement
4.0
Cost-Benefit analysis
References
Appendices
I. Appendix 1: Cost-Benefit analysis
II. Appendix 1: Organization Chart
III. Appendix 1: SWOT Analysis
Terms of reference
The terms of reference of this document is to examine the current responsibilities of the internal control procedures versus the accounting systems as an obligation to detect and report the ever dynamic financial frauds that continue to dominate the integrated and contemporary commercial world. This document covers the academic demands of level four ISYS as a unit in accordance with the AAT accounting qualifications. In extension, the report critically reviews the Chic Paints limited especially its degree of commitment towards sustainability and equally highlights any possible issues are ethical in nature and prevails in the current commercial world. Finally, this report examines the matters surrounding the standards that are eminent in the Chic paints limited as well as the accounting practices thereby suggesting recommendations to assist arrest the situation.
Executive summary
This report addresses various internal control guidelines in light of the accounting systems that Chic Paints ltd organization uses especially when preparing its financial statements. In the first section, the document presents an analysis of the role taken by the accounting department within the Chic Paints ltd organization. Here, matters surrounding the accounting systems such as structure, organization and procedures regarding the accounting systems, the various functions of the financial statement as well as the external relationship and business environment are vividly developed. In the proceeding section, the use and the significance of the internal control in regard to external regulations is discussed. This part also shades more light on the possible causes, common kinds of financial frauds, techniques of detecting financial misstatements as well as the inherent impacts to the organization. Conversely, the essence of devising control types that dictate company compliance with the organizational together with regulatory requirements in support of the systems of accounting, are explored.
Section three opens out the discussion of Chic Paints ltd's accounting systems in addition to its possible areas of emphasis and improvement. A critical review, evaluation and assessment of systems of record keeping, risk areas and operating methods for sp ...
Incessant financial scandals in the corporate organizations in nigeria audito...Alexander Decker
This document discusses auditors' culpability in financial scandals in Nigerian corporate organizations. It notes that several auditing firms have been implicated in falsifying or overstating financial information for their clients. The study examines factors that may compromise auditors' integrity and independence such as long-term relationships with clients, dependence on a single client for income, and lack of training. The document reviews literature documenting cases where auditors facilitated misleading financial reporting or failed to detect accounting irregularities. It aims to understand why fraud and irregularities still occur despite audits.
The Implication of Corporate Governance on Financial Institution’s Performanc...Waqas Tariq
Application of business ethics is sine qua non to the concept of corporate governance. Corporate governance on it own has a very significant relationship with corporate performance. This is the thrust of this paper. The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) bulletin of (2006) had asserted that disagreement between the board and management of financial institutions usually gives rise to board squabbles and ineffective board oversight functions. This is why the objective of this article is to determine the extent to which corporate governance practices impacts on financial institutions performance. To validate this assertion, a sample of thirty three financial institution listed on the Nigerian stock Exchange from 2004 to 2008 was used for this study. Multiple regressions Analysis and ordinary least square (OLS) method of estimation were applied. The results showed that there is a positive correlation between corporate governance practices and firms” performance. The other two performance proxies that is, Return on Equity and two corporate governance practices namely; the firms’ board size and audit committee also showed positive relationship. However, there was a negative relationship between the net profit margin, the firms’ board size and audit committee. The study could not establish a relationship between the two performance variables, namely; Return on Equity and Net profit Margin, and the executive officers’ status. In conclusion, the findings in this study are consistent with the findings of studies conducted in other countries that business ethics and good governance practices are the bed rock of optimum. It is recommended that corporate governance mechanisms be objectively structured to enhance optimal performance of corporate institutions in Nigeria.
Ethics in AccountingKeys to Reducing FraudAbstra.docxhumphrieskalyn
Ethics in Accounting
Keys to Reducing Fraud
Abstract: The major problem facing accounting today is the ethical and moral decline of accounting professionals. The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) has published ethical rules to guide accounts and protect the trustworthiness of their decisions in the event an ethical dilemma arises. However today, the profession remains challenged with the need to invest in the growth and development of ethical and moral reasoning of accounting professionals to protect them from veering from ethical standards. This paper will explore ethical concepts such as professional conduct and integrity and how emphasis on these ethical values will affect fraud.
Table of Contents
I. Executive Summary 1
II. Introduction 1
III. Review of Literature 1
IV. Analysis 1
V. Recommendations 1
VI. Summary and Conclusions 1
VII. Appendix x 1
VIII. References 1
ACCT 601 – Accounting Capstone
Ethics in accounting
Page 0 of 3I. Executive Summary
Due week 7II. Introduction
Problem statement and how the topic fits with the course, the degree, and your focus area.
Include a reason for the audience to read the paper. Include an overview of what you are going to cover in your paper and the importance of the material.
Preview the main ideas and the order in which they will be covered.
Establish a tone of the document.
Accounting is the process by which financial transactions are monitored, tracked and examined. It aims to provide a means of determining the expenditure levels of an institution and it provides a means of maintaining transparency and honesty in the recording of business transactions. While most accounting is completed using technology, software is easily manipulated by people. Thus, individuals are the least reliable part of the process, as they are susceptible to influence from outside sources and defiant personal decisions. Therefore, the major problem facing accounting is the ethics and morals of the individual accountants. This paper will determine the importance of specific aspects, such as autonomy, confidentiality, professional conduct and integrity and establish the overall ethical characteristic necessary to ensure proper accounting and inhibit fraud.
Autonomy
According to Kant's moral philosophy, autonomy is the capacity of an individual to act based on objective morality rather than personal desires or other influences. In accounting, managers make decisions on their own without the input or approval of higher authorities. In some cases, this self-rule or individuality may affect decisions made due to pressures of the moment rather than the right decisions for the company. In other words, singular decisions made with the aim of bias in the outcome in favour of either a party involved in the process or the decision maker rather than for the greater good is in itself corrupt. Therefore, to ensure decisions are made with the best intentions of the organization, rather than othe.
A philosophical thought on sustainability accountingAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research journal article about discovering a philosophical thought on sustainable development as the foundation for sustainability accounting. The study utilizes qualitative content analysis of documents related to sustainable development to identify four integrated themes that comprise the philosophical thought: 1) human beings and development, 2) interlocking crises and ecosystem degradation, 3) system thinking and human consciousness, and 4) transformation toward harmonization through integration. The philosophical thought could provide guidance for developing sustainability accounting policies and practices in line with the spirit of sustainable development.
A philosophical thought on sustainability accountingAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research journal article about discovering a philosophical thought on sustainable development as the foundation for sustainability accounting. The study utilizes qualitative content analysis of documents related to sustainable development to examine themes. The results indicate that the philosophical thought on sustainable development consists of four integrated themes: 1) human beings and development, 2) interlocking crises and ecosystem degradation, 3) system thinking and human consciousness, and 4) transformation toward harmonization through integration. The philosophical thought could provide guidance for developing sustainability accounting policies and practices focused on economic, social, and environmental accountabilities.
This document presents a framework for developing ethical business through cooperation among owners, managers, and accountants from an Islamic perspective. It discusses how a lack of ethics can hinder business and the roles that owners, managers, and accountants play. Owners evaluate information from managers and accountants to make decisions, managers implement, and accountants provide financial information and alternatives. The framework aims to guide these parties to work together ethically for the benefit of all stakeholders.
Ph.D Viva voce presentation format (1).pptAsaah Gladys
This document is a thesis submitted to Texila American University for a Doctor of Philosophy in Investment Management. It examines the role of corporate governance on the financial performance of commercial banks in Cameroon. The study uses data from 10 commercial banks in Cameroon from 2015 to 2019. The results show that board size and proportion of non-executive directors are negatively correlated with return on equity, while corporate governance disclosure is positively correlated. The level of compliance with corporate governance disclosure requirements among the banks was found to vary. The researcher recommends further efforts to advance corporate governance practices in Cameroonian banks.
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Ethical dimensions in responsible professionalism and accounting procedures in kenya
1. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online)
Vol 3, No 2, 2012
Ethical Dimensions in Responsible Professionalism and
Accounting Procedures in Kenya: A Critical Analysis of
Theory and Practice
Githui Donatus Mathenge (corresponding author)
School of Business, Kimathi University College of Technology, P O box 657, 10100, Nyeri, Kenya.
*E-mail: frdonatusmathenge@yahoo.com
Abstract
This paper presents the concepts of transparency, rights and responsibleness in management accounting
through an examination of ethical theories and their application to managerial challenges which
typically confront management accountants in Kenya and in other countries. The main research drivers
were focused on the transparency, clear reporting standards, accountability and responsible
professionalism. The literature review employed various theories such as: Virtue Theory, Utilitarian
Theory, and Kantian Theory. Of course, these approaches are considered in relation to the accounting
implications.
Purpose: The main purpose of the paper was to investigate the role of ethical dimensions in Kenyan
management accounting trends.
Methodology and Research design: The paper employed a case research design. A survey of the
selected study population from Central and Nairobi Provinces of Kenya was carried out by the use of
questionnaires through focus group discussions. The sample size of this research was estimated at 150
participants.
Findings: The findings suggest that the current management accounting is weak and should therefore
employ ethical consideration to reengineer itself.
Conclusion: This study is focused on the ethical considerations in management accounting in Kenya.
Taken as a whole, our findings suggest that, there are some impediments associated with the current
management accounting and thus ethical consideration could help revamp the whole system.
Keywords: Ethical dimensions, management accounting, Theories and principles, Kantian theory,
virtue ethics, Utilitarian Principle, Professionalism
1.0 Introduction
The need for responsible accounting procedures and practices in Kenya is not subject to debate. While
various accounting bodies have been formed in Kenya for instance, the Institute of Certified Public
Accountants of Kenya (ICPAK), to train, nurture and regulate the conduct of accountants practicing in
Kenya, much effort is still required (Polo 2008). There is need to ensure that ethical accounting
remains to be a primary practice among all practicing accountants in Kenya. This will be a requisite to
prudent and responsible financial managers both in public and private institutions. Well-known
scandals in Kenyan public institutions as well as private based institutions coupled with alleged
unethical acts have aroused the conscious of the public and stakeholders as to the moral decline and
unethical posture of public accountants unveil a decline in moral reasoning and ethical standards of
public accountants (Gichure 1997). The result of unethical conduct among public accountants has
necessitated a change in the manner of responsibility for improving the quality of the accounting
profession (Harrington & Moussalli 2005).
It has often been suggested by some that the expression business ethics employs contradictory terms
because business seeks to optimize or maximize gains from its operations while ethics implies a very
different basis for business practices. However, although the more cynically minded would seriously
subscribe to this view, there has been a very dramatic upturn in an interest in ethical considerations by
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business leaders and professional business organizations partly as a result of the demands of societies
which have had to bear the cost of spectacular corporate collapses and the unscrupulous business
activities of a minority of business practitioners (Gomez 1999). Ethical lapses among public
accountants have necessitated a revision of the accounting profession (Rest 2002). Interestingly,
professionals working as accounting majors are faced with new challenges within the profession as a
result of the debacles of large corporations (Swift 2002). The challenges are in ethics, educational
requirements, and professional responsibility with the profession of accountancy (Fatt 1995).
Organizational cultures and environment pose a good opportunity for accountants to exploit the
loopholes in reporting and financial management.
Though all finance and accounting departments are expected to foster the growth of ethical education
and embracement in an organization, they are often faced with stiff resistance from the top level
management units and the nature of political performance in any economy (Fisher & Lovell 2009).
Ethical considerations are becoming increasingly important to finance and accounting departments in
all industries (Vickers 2005). A tension often exists between a company's financial goals and strategies
to improve profits, while ethical considerations with right-behavior concerns is not given much
emphasis and attention.
This research which is ethical in nature of approach is an exploration of responsible accounting
procedures and practices in Kenya and any other country where financial management takes place. This
process should involve citizens, who might be employees and customers that are of high caliber to fight
temptations of conducting unfair and unscrupulous business engagements. With the use of ethical
theories and principles (Gichure 1997; Gomez 1999), accounting process in Kenya can be turned into
green practice where both professional ethics and personal ethics prevail. Good accounting and
financial management practices should identify areas of potential ethics pitfalls, and address them
ahead of time so employees know what practices to avoid.
1.1 Problem statement
The rise of finance and accounting professionals in Kenya has given rise to a number of unethical
business practices that violates codes of conduct. For instance when transactions involving finances are
not executed in a transparent manner, then parties involved in the transactions may have away to
embezzle or divert some of the resources to personal gain. (Huang 2008). According to Gray et al
(1997), transparency, clear reporting standards, accountability and responsible professionalism have a
positive implication on accounting processes in any organization and could thus result into increased
performance and delivery. This is not possible without employing ethical theories and principles
(Gichure 1997) which form the basis and foundations of ethical organizations. The research will have
implications for effective and efficient accounting and financial management in Kenya and other
countries thus fostering dedication and freewill drives between organizations, stakeholders and
customers.
1.2 Objectives
The research consisted of the general objectives as well as specific objectives
1.2.1 General objective
To determine the extent with which responsible professionalism and accounting procedures prevails in
the financial and resource management in Kenya.
1.2.2 Specific objectives
(i) To investigate the extent with which responsible professionalism is practiced by accountants in
Kenya.
(ii) To identify the degree of accountability that accounting professionals hold in their actions.
(iii) To identify the extent with which transparency exists in the accounting processes in Kenya.
(iv) To investigate the degree with which clarity in reporting is exercised in Kenya.
1.2.3 Hypotheses formulation
For the purpose of this research, the following hypotheses were formulated.
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H1: If there is responsible professionalism by accountants, then the accounting systems will be green
and responsible.
H2: With respect to accountability for actions, organizational competitiveness is maintained.
H3: When an organization takes an initiative to ensure that the accounting processes are transparent
enough, its growth and competitive advantage is maintained.
H4: The sustained reliability of accounting processes in an organization will depend on how clear its
reporting standards are regulated.
1.3 Literature review
1.3.1 Overview
The ethical approaches to accounting profession are diverse (Swift 2001), so one of the interests of this
study is to depict different ethical arguments for the management of resources in the organization by
accountants before making what the most viable proposal for the present and future times. The focus of
this chapter was centered on responsible accounting and ethics as well as on theories such as: Virtue
Theory, Utilitarian Theory, and Kantian Theory. Of course, these approaches are considered in relation
to the accounting implications.
1.3.2 Ethical responsibility in accounting practices
According to Cohen & Pant (1991) firms should be responsible for the practices of their employees, to
the extent of this responsibility and how they could effectively translate such responsibilities, if any,
into practice. Its accounting processes should solely focus on espousing the moral (and sometimes
legal) connotations of the concept of responsibility (Polo 2008) and what it means to be held
responsible while relating these to accounting practices. In their research, the Graffikin & Lindawat
(2005) attempted to set limits to responsibility in accounting profession by introducing the concepts of
corporate control, transparency and corporate grouping as critical factors such as fairness.
Drawing from the works of other academics (Harrington & Moussalli 2005) characterizes
accountability in both broad and narrow sense. Broadly speaking, he describes accountability as "... the
requirement or duty to provide an account or justification for one's actions to whomever one is
answerable". In a narrow sense, Swift talks of accountability as "... being pertinent to contractual
arrangements only... where accountability is not contractually bound there can be no act of
accountability".
Furthermore, borrowing from a later work of Gray et al (1997), Swift ( 2001) notes that "... essentially
accountability is about the provision of information between two parties where the one is accountable,
explains or justifies actions to the one to whom the account is owed". This form of accountability
underlies principal-agent relationship, which is central to the firm as an economic and legal entity
(Esmond-Kiger 2004). Despite the presence of semantic variations within the notion of accountability,
the duty to account appears to convey a central meaning. The duty to account connotes institution of
rights and obligations and as such, should be able to hurt if violated (Harrington & Moussalli 2005).
1.3.2 1The need for Professional judgment as opposed to personal judgment
According to Schwartz & Davis (1981), the norms that shape the behavior of individuals and groups in
an organization are determined on the basis of organizational culture. A presupposition of this research
was that the underlying ethical decision-making characteristics inherent in the organizational culture of
the accounting profession point to professional judgment rather than personal judgment as the
appropriate decision-making approach to use in resolving accounting ethics dilemmas in accordance
with the professions Code. These ethical decision-making characteristics relate to an individual’s
(a) Ethics system, (b) ethics application perspective, (c) moral reasoning perspective, and
(d) Level of moral reasoning.
According to Geisler (1990), all ethical systems can be viewed as either deontological (duty-centered)
or teleological (end-centered). Adams et al. (1995) identified rule deontology (a deontological ethics
system) and utilitarianism (a teleological ethics system) as the prevailing ethics systems advocated for
the accounting profession in previous accounting ethics studies. Riahi-Belkaoui (1992) emphasized the
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importance of a deontological view of ethics for the accounting profession. A deontological view of
ethics is characteristic of professional judgment rather than personal judgment because it emphasizes
an individual’s duty or obligation to comply with the norms and standards of the profession.
An individual’s ethics application perspective is either holistic (a characteristic of professional
judgment) or individualistic (a characteristic of personal judgment). For purposes of this research,
holistic is defined as an ethics application perspective that is based on the norms and values of the
accounting profession, while an individualistic perspective is one that is based on an individual’s
personal value system. According to Epstein & Spalding (1993) as well as Fatt (1995), decision making
relative to the resolution of accounting ethics dilemmas is appropriately based on the shared norms of
the profession. Their contention supports a holistic ethics application perspective, which is
characteristic of professional judgment rather than personal judgment.
Hunter (1991) identified two competing moral visions (orthodox and progressive) that relate to the two
ethical systems (deontological and teleological) discussed. The orthodox view is a moral reasoning
perspective that defines moral authority in terms of an external transcendent force; while the
progressive view is a moral reasoning perspective that defines moral authority internally as conditional,
relative, and ever changing based on an individual’s experience and circumstances. Orthodox moral
reasoning perspective with its emphasis on external authority is characteristic of professional judgment
(emphasis on the profession’s norms for decision making) rather than personal judgment.
According to Fisher & Sweeney (1998), moral reasoning ability in the accounting profession has been
predominantly measured in prior studies using the Defining Issues Test (DIT) (Rest 1993) which
emphasizes a post-conventional level of moral reasoning. Post-conventional reasoning is a level of
reasoning where an internal orientation exists in which ethical decisions are made apart from group
authority or norms and in accordance with self-chosen ethical principles (Green & Webber 1997).
Post-conventional reasoning is based on an individual’s personal value system and is characteristic of
personal judgment. However, Gaa (1992) and Lampe & Finn (1992) indicated that individuals in the
accounting profession predominantly use conventional reasoning in resolving accounting ethics
dilemmas. In conventional reasoning, an external orientation exists in which ethical decisions are made
in accordance with group norms and in accordance with the rules of law (Green & Webber 1997).
Conventional reasoning, with its emphasis on group norms, is characteristic of professional judgment.
The above identification of the underlying ethical decision-making characteristics inherent in the
organizational culture of the accounting profession supports (a) a deontological (duty-centered) ethics
system, (b) a holistic ethics application perspective, (c) an orthodox moral reasoning perspective, and
(d) a conventional level of moral reasoning. All of these ethical decision-making characteristics are
associated with professional judgment rather than personal judgment. In addition, studies by Adams et
al (1995) and McCarthy (1993) have indicated that professional judgment rather than personal
judgment is appropriate for resolving ethical dilemmas in the accounting profession.
1.3.2.2. The application of ethical theories and principles in responsible accounting procedures
1.3.2.2.1 Virtue theory and responsible accountability in business
A substantive reflections on the notion of moral responsibility date back to the ancient Greek
philosophers, especially Aristotle. In Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle considered the criteria for moral
agency to include the capacity for rational choice and deliberation (Gomez 2002). A responsible act is a
voluntary act. Therefore, an agent is praiseworthy or blameworthy depending on his or her voluntary
acts and disposition of character traits. For an act to qualify as a voluntary act, the agent must be both
in full control of his or her action and must be rationally cognizant of the consequences of his or her
action. Involuntary acts are thus those acts for which the agent should not be held responsible, either
because they are executed out of ignorance, external coercion or to avoid a greater evil (Swift 2002).
Rest (2002) exposes that corporative excellence is a form of human excellence, because it is produced
by the people that believe in what they are doing. He also assures that the organizational success and
personal satisfaction require of abundant doses of those four virtues. Finally, he mentions that the basic
virtues proposed by Aristotle that allow people to work together in a good way are: Courage,
temperance, liberality, magnificence, pride, good temper, cordiality, truthfulness, justice, astuteness.
Virtue is not something that is done; it is more like a way of being.
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1..3.2.2.2 Utilitarian Theory and benevolence in business
John Stuart Mill argued that moral philosophers have left a train of unconvincing and incompatible
theories that can be coherently unified by a single standard of beneficence that allows us to decide
objectively what is right and wrong (Mill 1969). The principle of utility, or the “greatest happiness”
principle, he declares the basic foundation of morals: Actions are right in proportion to their promotion
of happiness, and wrong as they produce the reverse (Gomez 2002; Fisher & Lovell 2009). This is a
straightforward, and potentially very demanding, principle of beneficence: That action or practice is
right (when compared with any alternative action or practice) if it leads to the greatest possible balance
of beneficial consequences or to the least possible balance of bad consequences. Mill (1969) also holds
that the concepts of duty, obligation, and right are subordinated to, and determined by, that which
maximizes benefits and minimizes harmful outcomes. The principle of utility is presented by Mill as an
absolute or preeminent principle—thus making beneficence the one and only supreme principle of
ethics. It justifies all subordinate rules and is not simply one among a number of prima facie principles.
1.3.2.2.3 Kant's Theory and responsible accountability
The Kantian idea of moral responsibility also stems from the conception of person as a moral agent. A
moral agent or person is not only rational or capable of rational choice, but is one whose action is
informed by a sense of duty (Ellington 1994). The sense of duty is codified in universal law principles,
which Kant referred to as categorical imperatives (Gomez 2002, pg 18). Therefore, a responsible or
right action is not necessarily one that maximizes utility, but one that follows moral principles, which
are capable of becoming universal moral laws (Cohen & Pant 1991).
Ellington (1994) acknowledged that actions resulting from desires cannot be free. Freedom is to be
found only in rational action. Moreover, whatever is demanded by reason must be demanded of all
rational beings; hence, rational action cannot be based on a single individual's personal desires, but
must be action in accordance with something that he can will to be a universal law (Fatt 1995). Kant's
most distinctive contribution to ethics was his insistence that our actions possess moral worth only
when we do our duty for its own sake. He first introduced this idea as something accepted by our
common moral consciousness and only then tried to show that it is an essential element of any rational
morality.
Kant's ethics is based on his distinction between hypothetical and categorical imperatives. He called
any action based on desires a hypothetical imperative, meaning by this that it is a command of reason
that applies only if we desire the goal. For example, "Be honest, so that people will think well of you!"
is an imperative that applies only if you want people to think well of you. Because nothing else but
reason is left to determine the content of the moral law, the only form this law can take is the universal
principle of reason (Polo 2008; Gomez 1999). Thus the supreme formal principle of Kant's ethics is:
"Act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal
law." His ethics is a deontology. In other words, the rightness of an action depends on whether it
accords with a rule irrespective of its consequences (Ellington 1994).
1.4. Chapter Three: Research Methodology
1.4.1 Introduction
This chapter describes the proposed research design, data collection and the techniques for data
analysis that was used.
1.4.2 Research Design
The study was modeled on a case study design. Kothari (1990) defines a case study as a powerful form
of qualitative analysis and involves careful and complete observation of a social unit be it a person,
family, cultural group or an entire community and/or institution.
By using case studies, researchers were able to probe, collect data and explain phenomena more deeply
and exhaustively
1.4.2.1 Data collection procedure
A brief invitation and introduction to this research was provided to participants before they started
filling out the questionnaires. If they accepted the invitation, questionnaires were handed out to them.
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Otherwise, they did not receive any questionnaires. After 30 minutes, the completed, anonymous
questionnaires were directly collected by the researchers.
1.4.2.2 Items and measurement
The questionnaire items was developed, rephrased and selected to suit the context of the study and to
represent the variables in the research. The researcher developed four (4) research drivers with twelve
(12) research variables for study. A five-point Likert scale, with anchors ranging from “strongly
disagree” to “strongly agree”, will be used for all questions. Pre-testing of the items and their
measurement will be conducted by going through the results of the focus groups (employees) and by
asking the auditors, accounting and finance managers in the selected companies. All developed items
will be relevantly matched to the effects, critical role and benefits of ethical drivers in management
accounting, with respect to responsible professionalism, accountability, transparency and clarity in
reporting standards. The research items and variables have been presented in table 1 in the appendices
section below.
1.4.3 Sampling and Demographics
Selecting a sample is a very important step for a positivistic study. Hussey & Hussey (1997) noted that
the sample should be unbiased and large enough to satisfy the needs of the research. It is impossible to
survey the entire population of a particular study because of limited funding and time. 80 employees
(accountants) from 30 different companies based in Central and Nairobi Provinces of Kenya were
chosen as participants. Similarly 70 managers from the same 30 companies (both public and private)
were also chosen to help in data sourcing, because of the overall effects of ethical considerations to
accounting departments.
1.4.4 Sample selection
A complex process is normally involved in determining the sample size for a survey. If a sample size is
small, the results may not properly represent the entire population. If the sample size is large, the
survey may not be able to be carried out due to cost and time restraints. The sample size of this
research was estimated at 150 participants.
1.4.5 Data analysis method
The information was analyzed and evaluated to determine their usefulness, consistency, credibility and
adequacy. Quantitative data was be analyzed by using descriptive statistics and other standard
quantitative methods (Kontio, Lehtola & Bragge 2004). To analyze our data we employed descriptive
Analysis models. To get a perspective of the four research drivers that gather the 12 variables,
Descriptive statistics was employed using SPSS analysis tools. Data collected from the survey was
entered into the statistical package, SPSS (statistical package for social science) for analysis, discussion
and presentation of the results in this research.
1.5 Results and findings
One hundred and forty nine hand delivered survey accesses were recorded during the designated survey
collection period. This represents 45% of all accounting managers practicing in Central and Nairobi
Provinces of Kenya. None of the surveys were found to contain no responses or respondent duplicated
survey attempts and thus none was neglected. We noted that not all participants provided responses to
all the survey questions.
1.5.1 Respondent’s Frequency based on variables of accounting management drivers
The frequency demographic and respondents characteristics are summarized in table 2 in the
appendices section below. The analysis of the data involved a purely descriptive analysis, which had
frequency, percentage, cumulative percentage and the means of central tendencies which included
mean, median and standard deviation (Table 2). Below is a description of what the data gathered from
the survey regarding each of the variables of the research driver.
1.5.2 Responsible professionalism
The driver had variables labeled V1 to V3. With regards to V1 .it was noted to have mean score 3.57,
median of 4.00 and standard deviation 1.108. V2: noted a mean score 3.73 median of 4.00, and standard
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deviation 1.155. V3: the variable came out with a mean score 3.43, median 3.00 and standard deviation
0.934. The driver of responsible professionalism remains to be a significant dimension in the
accounting process. This confirms the hypothesis H1: H1: If there is responsible professionalism by
accountants, then the accounting systems will be green and responsible. Though the hypothesis was
confirmed, respondents proposed on the need of adopting ethical applications in the accounting
processes, where responsibility prevails.
1.5.2.1 Accountability
The driver had its variables labeled as V4 to V6. V4: had a mean score: 3.85 and, median of 4.00 and,
standard deviation: 0.857. V5: noted to have a mean score 3.65, median of 4.00 and standard deviation
0.999. V6: was observed to have a mean score 3.57, median of 4.00 and standard deviation 1.006. In
order to have efficiency and effectiveness in an organization, there should be accountability for actions
among the concerned parties in the accounting processes. This confirms the hypothesis H2: H2: With
respect to accountability for actions, organizational competitiveness is maintained.
1.5.2.2 Transparency
The driver had important variables labeled V7 to V9. V7: For this variable the median score is 3.55,
median of 4.00 and the standard deviation is 1.101. V8; noticed a mean score 3.03, median of 3.00 and
standard deviation 1.133. V9 had a mean score 3.86, median of 4.00 and standard deviation 0.956. The
result of the study shows that the transparency has a crucial impact on facilitating effectiveness in
accounting profession. For instance, some focus groups (managers) reported that transparency is not
consistent in the accounting practices in Kenya. In response to the driver we confirm the hypothesis H3:
H3: When an organization takes an initiative to ensure that the accounting processes are transparent
enough, its growth and competitive advantage is maintained.
1.5.2.3 Clarity in reporting standards
As noted from the responses of demographics in the research, the driver had variables labeled V10 to
V12. V10: From the analysis, this variable had a mean score of 3.37, median of 4.000 and standard
deviation of 1.059. V11: scooped a mean score was of 2.77, median of 2.50 and standard deviation
1.233. V12: The analysis of the data gave rise to a mean score 3.18, median of 3.00 and standard
deviation1.156. The respondents from the suppliers reported that some companies would not practice
clarity in reporting. Under the drivers of clarity in reporting standards, H4: H4: The sustained reliability
of accounting processes in an organization will depend on how clear its reporting standards are
regulated. The descriptive analysis supported this hypothesis.
1.6 Discussions and Recommendations
1.6.1 Discussions
As noted in the literature review and the research findings, achieving efficiency and effectiveness in the
accounting system in Kenya lies squarely on the moral and ethical nature of the participants. The
accounting processes should solely focus on espousing the moral (and sometimes legal) connotations of
the concept of responsibility (Polo 2008) and what it means to be held responsible while relating these
to accounting practices.
Similarly, organizational cultures and the mode of financial management should be revised to establish
new and effective approaches to accounting systems so as to shape the behavior and attitudes of their
accountants and financial managers. According to Fisher & Sweeney (1998), the norms that shape the
behavior of individuals and groups in an organization are determined on the basis of organizational
culture. A presupposition of this research was that the underlying ethical decision-making
characteristics inherent in the organizational culture of the accounting profession point to professional
judgment rather than personal judgment as the appropriate decision-making approach to use in
resolving accounting ethics dilemmas in accordance with the professions code.
Accounting professional institutions such as ICPAK can help all accountants understand ethical
dilemmas using behavioural role modelling, ethical games, personal reflection, and moral dilemma
discussions (Frankel 1989). These institutions can provide employee training on how to diagnose
potentially problematic situations. This type of training could be Code of ethics and provide clear
definitions of wrong-doing (Harrington & Moussalli 2005). These institutions can provide general
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training (employee growth) on how to apply ethical frameworks to resolve problems (Polo 2008). For
example, accountants and finance managers could be taught how to apply universal moral principles to
ethical problems at work (Forgaty 1995).
In most organizations, the largest ethical issue in the accounting process is the potential for conflict of
interest (Gomez 2002). Employees who transact on behalf of their organizations from individuals or
companies with whom they have a personal or familial relationship leave, the organization open to
fraud at the worst or overpayment for the items or services transacted for at least. A good accounting
management policy should outline what constitutes a conflict of interest, and forbid accounting system
where a conflict exists. This would lead to ethical accounting where accountability and transparency
prevails.
1.6.2 Recommendations
From the findings of the responses of the focus groups and the discussion of the research, the following
recommendations were formulated based on the ethical theories and principles.
(i)In virtue ethics, integrity is a main issue for accounting and financial management and shows up in
the discussions about responsible agents in the financial and resource management, who are able to
make rational decisions to depict their ethical and moral nature in the conduct. It is therefore relative
that an elaborative list of virtues be set and applied in the management of accounting practices in
Kenya. Integrate ethical theories and principles into existing accounting and financial management
systems.
(ii) Kantian theory also has implications for management accounting in Kenya. Kant argues that
everyone has a duty to be beneficent, i.e. to be helpful to others according to one's means, and without
hoping for any form of personal gain thereby. With this, there should be ethical accounting where
responsibility is the order of the day.
(iii) Kantian ethics also proposes the need of moral agents. A moral agent or person is not only rational
or capable of rational choice, but is one whose action is informed by a sense of duty. Therefore the
participants of the accounting systems have an obligation to be accountable and transparent to each
other and should always ensure that their practices and procedures are ethical enough.
(iv) According to Utilitarian principle, an ethical consideration in management accounting, Kenya is
wanting and relative. This is because many accountants and finance managers will seek to maximize
their interests at the expense of the organizational financial success. Therefore, clear guidelines on
ethical practices have to be established and incorporated in organizational culture and eventual
practical management accounting approaches be established in organizations to be overseen by
integrity and ethical committees.
1.6.3 Practical and Theoretical Implications of the research
Our research has implication for the accounting management by finance managers and accountants. It
shows that a specific focus should be regarding on the challenges of accounting procedures and
practices that finance managers and accountants have had to deal with. Even if this study emphasized
many challenges, it did found the reason why clients have had to increase their turnover. This has been
caused by unethical professionalism, lack of accountability and transparency in the accounting
profession as well as lack of clarity in the reporting standards. Consequently, the case of finance
managers and accountants, a specific focus should be put on ensuring that ethical considerations are
adopted in the accounting approaches. The research has implications for social action in relation to the
subject matter of accounting quality, effectiveness and efficiency. Our research also has implications
for managerial accounting action in the sense that it will be always beneficial for our organization to let
express different sensibilities and approach to problem-solving within the framework to promote
participative management among finance managers and accountants.
1.6.4 Limitations and Future Research
In the context of accounting management and ethical considerations, additional research with large
samples will be necessary to support the current findings and its validity. Additional research is
required to generalize these findings to the finance managers and accountants employed specifically in
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the government institutions and the private sector. Also global level categories have to be included in
the additional research to generalize the current research findings.
1.6.5 Conclusion
This study is focused on the responsible accounting practices and procedures in Kenya, with a critical
analysis of the ethical considerations in accounting management.Taken as a whole, our findings
suggest that, there are some impediments associated with the current financial and resource
management and thus ethical consideration could help re-engineer the whole system. Even if these
ethical principles are in multiple levels to develop and promote management accounting, it is
imperative to study with more depth obstacles faced by finance managers and accountants in order to
better understand the challenges they face and which can be eliminated if ethical consideration is
adopted into management accounting to the development of their competencies and effective
performance in general.
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Table 1: Research drivers and their variables
Table 1: Developed drivers for effective management accounting
Management driver Research variable Measurement
Responsible professionalism V1 I find the process of accounting in Kenya to be
ethical
V2 All accountants are expected to be professional in
their action
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Vol 3, No 2, 2012
V3 I do find it quite unethical to be irresponsible in
discharging professional acts
Accountability V4 All participants in the management
accountability are always accountable for their
actions
V5 Being accountable often leads to trustworthiness
in the accounting process
V6 When finances and resources are handled in an
accountable manner, both parties become
satisfied
Transparency V7 No financial embezzlement is witnessed in
Kenya.
V8 There are good policies to curb against
corruption in Kenyan accounting process
V9 There is fairness and transparency in
management accounting in Kenya
Clarity in reporting V10 Accountants in Kenya have tried to observe set
standards standards and procedures
V11 Reports are always clear and presentable.
V12 Reporting process in Kenya is done on the basis
of accounting principles
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Vol 3, No 2, 2012
Table 2: Summary of descriptive analysis of Respondent’s Frequency based on variables of
management accounting drivers
Driver Variable Frequency Percentage Measures of Central Tendency
Mean Median STD Deviation
V1 148 99.3 3.57 4.00 1.108
Ethical tendering V2 147 98.7 3.73 4.00 1.155
V3 145 97.3 3.43 3.00 0.934
V4 137 91.9 3.85 4.00 0.857
Accountability V5 136 91.3 3.65 4.00 0.999
V6 137 91.9 3.57 4.00 1.006
Transparency V7 138 92.6 3.55 4.00 1.101
V8 138 92.6 3.03 3.00 1.133
V9 137 91.9 3.86 4.00 0.956
V10 134 89.9 3.37 4.00 1.059
V11 134 89.9 2.77 2.50 1.233
Fairness in awards V12 134 89.9 3.18 3.00 1.156
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