Ethics in Accounting
Keys to Reducing Fraud
Abstract: The major problem facing accounting today is the ethical and moral decline of accounting professionals. The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) has published ethical rules to guide accounts and protect the trustworthiness of their decisions in the event an ethical dilemma arises. However today, the profession remains challenged with the need to invest in the growth and development of ethical and moral reasoning of accounting professionals to protect them from veering from ethical standards. This paper will explore ethical concepts such as professional conduct and integrity and how emphasis on these ethical values will affect fraud.
Table of Contents
I. Executive Summary 1
II. Introduction 1
III. Review of Literature 1
IV. Analysis 1
V. Recommendations 1
VI. Summary and Conclusions 1
VII. Appendix x 1
VIII. References 1
ACCT 601 – Accounting Capstone
Ethics in accounting
Page 0 of 3I. Executive Summary
Due week 7II. Introduction
Problem statement and how the topic fits with the course, the degree, and your focus area.
Include a reason for the audience to read the paper. Include an overview of what you are going to cover in your paper and the importance of the material.
Preview the main ideas and the order in which they will be covered.
Establish a tone of the document.
Accounting is the process by which financial transactions are monitored, tracked and examined. It aims to provide a means of determining the expenditure levels of an institution and it provides a means of maintaining transparency and honesty in the recording of business transactions. While most accounting is completed using technology, software is easily manipulated by people. Thus, individuals are the least reliable part of the process, as they are susceptible to influence from outside sources and defiant personal decisions. Therefore, the major problem facing accounting is the ethics and morals of the individual accountants. This paper will determine the importance of specific aspects, such as autonomy, confidentiality, professional conduct and integrity and establish the overall ethical characteristic necessary to ensure proper accounting and inhibit fraud.
Autonomy
According to Kant's moral philosophy, autonomy is the capacity of an individual to act based on objective morality rather than personal desires or other influences. In accounting, managers make decisions on their own without the input or approval of higher authorities. In some cases, this self-rule or individuality may affect decisions made due to pressures of the moment rather than the right decisions for the company. In other words, singular decisions made with the aim of bias in the outcome in favour of either a party involved in the process or the decision maker rather than for the greater good is in itself corrupt. Therefore, to ensure decisions are made with the best intentions of the organization, rather than othe.
Ethics in Accounting Keys to Reducing Fraud Table .docxhumphrieskalyn
Ethics in Accounting
Keys to Reducing Fraud
Table of Contents
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………..3
Executive Summary………………………………………………………………………….4
Literature Review ……………………………………………………………………………7
Analysis…………………………………………………………………………………………….8
Recommendations……………………………………………………………………………9
Summary and Conclusion……………………………………………………………….10
References …………………………………………………………………………………….11
Introduction
Accounting is the process of monitoring, tracking and examining financial transactions. While most accounting transactions today are completed using automated technology, software can easily be manipulated by unethical people. This is why individual intervention is the least reliable part of the process.
Reason for Research
The major problem facing accounting today is the ethical and moral decline of accounting professionals. The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) has published ethical rules to guide accountants and protect the trustworthiness of their decisions in the event an ethical dilemma arises. However today, the profession remains challenged with the need to invest in the growth and development of ethical and moral reasoning to protect them from veering from ethical standards. This paper will explore ethical concepts such as professional conduct and integrity and how emphasis on these ethical values will affect fraud.
Steps Taken
3
Executive Summary
The American Institute of Certified Public Accounting (AICPA) is at the heart of promoting professional and ethical behavior. Professional and ethical behavior involves being upright, honest and is the responsibility of accountants to safeguarding the truthfulness of the financial statements.
However, in financial settings, circumstances can arise that will cause individuals to questions their motives, actions and choices. These ethical dilemmas test the moral system and the attitude of professionals and require the professional to choose between what is right and wrong.
In a professional ethical environment there are key moral values necessary to impact fraud which are:
Confidentiality
Integrity
Professional Conduct
Autonomy
This paper looks at the significance of ethical behaviors in the corporate world, mostly in the accounting sector. The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) is at the heart of promoting ethical behaviors in professional environments and the market at large. Accounting ethics are different from the objectives of employee or workplace ethics. Professional and ethical accounting standards involve being upright and honest and the responsibility of accountants to safeguard the truthfulness of financial information and results. These are especially important to protect the public interest as stakeholders, creditors and investors are entitled to valid, transparent and reliable financial data. However, in financial settings, circumstances can arise that cause individuals .
Running Head ETHICS IN ACCOUNTINGETHICS IN ACCOUNTING 7.docxtodd271
Running Head: ETHICS IN ACCOUNTING
ETHICS IN ACCOUNTING 7
Ethics in Accounting
ETHICS IN ACCOUNTING
Accounting is the process by which financial transactions are monitored, tracked and examined. It aims to provide a means of determining the expenditure levels of an institution and it provides a means of maintaining transparency and honesty in the recording of business transactions. As most accounting is completed though the aid of computers, the computer software may be manipulated by humans. Humans are the least reliable part of the process, as they are susceptible to influence from outside sources and defiant personal decisions. Therefore, the major problem facing accounting is the ethics and morals of the individual accountant. This paper will examine the role of specific aspects of ethics in ensuring proper accounting and deterring fraud. These ethical aspects include: professional conduct, autonomy, confidentiality and integrity and will examine how failed ethical standards result in fraud.
Autonomy
According to Kant's moral philosophy, autonomy is the capacity of an individual to act based on objective morality rather than personal desires or other influences. In accounting, managers can make decisions on their own without having to seek the approval of higher authorities. Autonomy is an existing condition in most instances, therefore, provides the individual with the latitude to determine the course of action to take. In some instances, the decisions made may be due to the pressures of the moment rather than the right decisions for the company. The decisions may also be made with the aim of bias in the outcome in favor of either a party involved in the process or the decision maker rather than for the greater good. The outcomes of the decisions would, therefore, be used in determining the ethics of the decision. To ensure the decisions made are with the best intentions of the organization rather than other influences, the integrity of the individual will be a necessary component (Metzger, 2011). By embracing a moral approach to the decision-making process by the autonomous individual, the decisions made would be less susceptible to being unethical (Vig, 2019). The requirement of autonomy in audit processes (CPA, 2018) ensures the results are fair and accurate.
Confidentiality
Confidentiality is the state of maintaining secrecy or privacy on specific issues. In accounting, confidentiality entails the details of the client being protected from the public. The privacy of the details of the client is the foundation that allows the clients to open all of their accounts to scrutiny in audit processes. The outcomes of the audit are also required to be kept in confidence as well as all information gathered during the process. The accountant, being in a position that provides access to information requires discretion as the information they have is not protected by law (Snyder, 2011). For the ethical conduct of the accountant, .
Running head ETHICS IN ACCOUNTING1ETHICS IN ACCOUNTING.docxtodd271
Running head: ETHICS IN ACCOUNTING 1
ETHICS IN ACCOUNTING 2
Ethics in Accounting
Literature Review
Bobek, D., Hageman, A., & Radtke, R. (2015). The Effects of Professional Role, Decision Context, and Gender on the Ethical Decision Making of Public Accounting Professionals. Behavioral Research In Accounting, 27(1), 55-78. doi: 10.2308/bria-51090
In this article, the applied study investigates the scale to which professional roles, decision perspectives, and gender affect ethical decision making of governmental accountants. Considering they are in the same profession as other financiers and accountants; the outcomes of the study can still be implemented in the paper. Nevertheless, the study consisted of over 130 public accountants and concluded that the accountants had a lower probability of conceding with clients in an antagonistic situation. Moreover, they were also less likely to recommend yielding when they were auditing as compared to calculating taxes. It was also identified that, in the context of auditing, public accountants were less likely to yield to clients. When the data was broken down to their basic gender-based analysis, women seemed to demonstrate better decision-making abilities. Overall, the study was designed to estimate the likelihood of public accountants compromising their ethics and conducting activities that can be deemed illegal. By understanding the dynamics that result in unethical behaviors, policies could be developed to curb the probability of unethical professional conduct taking place.
When evaluating the ethical framework or the ethical training needs in the accounting department, managers should break down the entire process in terms of; the professional role of the accountants, the different contexts in which the accountant’s practice and type of gender involved in the accounting situations. Secondly, the management should consider whether the accountant is either an auditor or a tax professional, male or female and whether they operate in the audit or tax environment.
Burcham, J. (2015, August 06). Business Ethics From the Top Down Can Prevent Fraud. Retrieved from http://www.fightingidentitycrimes.com/business-ethics-from-the-top-down-can-prevent-fraud/
This article will provide information on why some individuals turn to fraud. It will provide insight on how certain situations push other employees to fraudulent activities. This reference revolves around the idea of “Tone at the Top”. Burcham’s article suggests that fraud can be caused by the actions of the higher executives in a company. The way executives portray ethical behavior manifests how the rest of the employees behave. Understandably, most people would agree on the importance of a job and career. Individuals work hard to keep their position once they are hired in position, they feel is suitable. When the executives are doing unethical tasks, it ends up trickling down to the rest of the employees as they are afraid t.
EFFECTS OF ETHICS ON FRAUD 1
EFFECTS OF ETHICS ON FRAUD 2
Ethical Analysis
Effects of ethical behaviors in an economy are far reaching to individuals, firms and the economy at large. Accountants play a vital role in ensuring the reliability and trustworthiness of accounting data and affect the moral culture of business and society. In order to achieve this, accountants are advised to observe the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA), Professional Code of Conduct. Undoubtedly, private and public organizations employ professional accountants who are mandated to provide financial information regarding its business cycles. In some situations, an accountant may feel compelled or pressured to provide false financial information or alter financial results. In these cases, this creates a threat to the moral and ethical character of an accountant and is known as an ethical dilemma. Ethical dilemmas constitute a circumstance in which an individual faces a situation or a decision that test his/her moral system or ethical code. In these circumstances, an individual must choose whether to live out consistent moral attitudes or act contrary to what one personally believes or what has been established by ethical code. Ethical accounting codes require accountants to have a high level of integrity, to maintain confidentiality and behave according to a high degree of professional standards.
This dissertation will discuss how ethical accounting standards impact accounting fraud. Accounting fraud involves the intentional manipulation of financial information, which misleads shareholders, creditors, investors and the general public. These actions are premeditated attempts to deceive and attract investors by intentionally altering financial statements. Often, this is accomplished by overstating revenue and assets and under reporting expenses and liabilities. The perpetrators of accounting fraud are employees, managers, accountants and top executives. Thus, to reduce business fraud, ethical codes have been instituted within corporations, industries and state and national accounting boards. For certified public accountants, the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct has been adopted to tackle the ethics of accounting.
Professional Conduct Diminishes Fraud
An accountant’s professional conduct is a key quality used to minimize fraud. As mentioned, state accountancy boards and the AICPA are mandated to formulate and enforce professional standards for all accounting members who are responsible for providing financial services. The AICPA Code of Professional Conduct was recodified in June 2014, and became fully effective in December 2015. This code of conduct requires all accountants to act with integrity, due care, objectivity, competency and ensure confidentiality for their client. In ad.
Memphis business journal. strengthening the ethical culture of your organizat...Barbara Richman, SPHR
The document discusses the findings of the 2011 National Business Ethics Survey which found that while some positive indicators exist, such as low misconduct and high reporting of issues, there are also warning signs of a potential decline in ethics. Specifically, the survey found a sharp rise in retaliation against whistleblowers, increased pressure on employees to compromise standards, and weakening ethical cultures at companies. As the economy improves, companies may lose focus on ethics and misconduct could rise unless strong ethical cultures are maintained. The document provides recommendations for strengthening organizational ethical cultures, such as ensuring leadership commitment to ethics, developing clear policies, preventing retaliation, training employees, and regularly discussing workplace ethics.
Memphis business journal. strengthening the ethical culture of your organizat...Barbara Richman, SPHR
According to a 2011 survey, the ethical culture of American workplaces is declining. While some positive indicators like low misconduct and high reporting were found, retaliation against whistleblowers increased along with pressure on employees to compromise standards. The economy was identified as influencing this shift, as past economic recoveries led companies to lose focus on ethics and misconduct rose. Strengthening organizational ethical culture should be a priority to address these trends, with actions like ensuring leadership commitment to ethics, establishing clear policies, protecting whistleblowers, training employees, and regularly discussing workplace ethics.
Memphis Business Journal. Strengthening The Ethical Culture Of Your Organizat...Barbara Richman, SPHR
The document discusses the findings of the 2011 National Business Ethics Survey which found that while some positive indicators exist, such as low misconduct and high reporting of issues, there are also warning signs of a potential decline in ethics. Specifically, the survey found a sharp rise in retaliation against whistleblowers, increased pressure on employees to compromise standards, and weakening ethical cultures at companies. As the economy improves, companies may lose focus on ethics and misconduct could rise unless strong ethical cultures are maintained. The document provides recommendations for strengthening organizational ethical cultures, such as ensuring leadership commitment to ethics, developing clear policies, preventing retaliation, training employees, and regularly discussing workplace ethics.
financial leadershipETHICALC O N D U C TWHAT FINANC.docxvoversbyobersby
financial leadership'
ETHICAL
C O N D U C T
WHAT FINANCIAL EXECUTIVES
Do To LEAD
BY FREDERICK MILITELLO AND MICHAEL SCHWALBERG
T
oday's so-called "crisis" of
accountability or financial
integrity has been met with a
flurry of laws and regulations
designed to restore public confidence
in corporations. Likewise, many
financial institutions and some corpo-
rations seem to be trying to outdo one
another in announcing new policies
demonstrating their commitment to
integrity and ethical behavior.
Yet, a new Executive Report by the
Financial Executives Research Founda-
tion finds that the vast majority of cor-
porations and financial executives
express strong beliefs that ethical
behavior and financial integrity
remain the rule of the day. Rather than
believing that investor confidence can
be restored by external regulation,
they see the importance of "staying
the course" and "walking the walk" as
both the ethical gatekeeper and con-
science of their organizations.
In the study, Integrity-Based Finan-
cial Leadership and Ethical Behavior: A
Professional Response to Meeting the
Challenges and Responsibilities, finan-
cial executives from a wide range of
companies openly share thoughts,
insights and practices that relate to
the "crisis" of financial integrity.
While the findings are vast, and at
times controversial, two ideal por-
traits of ethical behavior emerged; the
"Ethically Intelligent Financial Execu-
tive" (EIFE) and the "Ethically Intelli-
gent Finance Organization" (EIFO).
The Ethically Intelligent
Financial Executive
He or she is aware of the multiple
pressures that may potentially
impinge upon the maintenance of
X, /
one's integrity, and is further aware of
the ubiquitous presence of ethical
dilemmas faced by leaders in daily
business life, and takes the time to
reflect upon these dilemmas.
George Boyadjis, EVP, CFO and
Treasurer of American TeleCare Inc.,
speaks for many in the study when he
observes, "So much of what we do is
driven by the creation of value
through increasing the speed of busi-
ness — shortening time to market,
accelerating growth rates, cutting
cycle times, etc. But, if we as financial
executives are truly focused on value
creation for the enterprise, then we
must also reflect on the ethics and
transparency of transactions and rela-
tionships."
The EIFE is a valued business part-
ner who actively assists the business-
es in planning, development and
T w o IDEAL PORTRAITS OF ETHICAL BEHAVIOR EMERGED FROM A NEW
REPORT BY THE FINANCIAL EXECUTIVES RESEARCH FOUNDATION: THE
"ETHICALLY INTELLIGENT FINANCIAL EXECUTIVE" (EIFE) A N D THE
"ETHICAL INTELLIGENT FirviANCE ORGANIZATION" ( E I F O ) .
www.fei.org January/February 2003 49
Arnold l-ldnish,
Executive Director, Finance and Chief
Accounting Officer, Eli Lilly and Co.
George Boyadjis,
EVP, CFO and Treasurer,
American TeleCare Inc,
Gary L. Ellis,
VP, Corporate Controller and Treasurer,
Medtronic Inc.
implementation of projects and goals,
and as the c ...
Ethics in Accounting Keys to Reducing Fraud Table .docxhumphrieskalyn
Ethics in Accounting
Keys to Reducing Fraud
Table of Contents
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………..3
Executive Summary………………………………………………………………………….4
Literature Review ……………………………………………………………………………7
Analysis…………………………………………………………………………………………….8
Recommendations……………………………………………………………………………9
Summary and Conclusion……………………………………………………………….10
References …………………………………………………………………………………….11
Introduction
Accounting is the process of monitoring, tracking and examining financial transactions. While most accounting transactions today are completed using automated technology, software can easily be manipulated by unethical people. This is why individual intervention is the least reliable part of the process.
Reason for Research
The major problem facing accounting today is the ethical and moral decline of accounting professionals. The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) has published ethical rules to guide accountants and protect the trustworthiness of their decisions in the event an ethical dilemma arises. However today, the profession remains challenged with the need to invest in the growth and development of ethical and moral reasoning to protect them from veering from ethical standards. This paper will explore ethical concepts such as professional conduct and integrity and how emphasis on these ethical values will affect fraud.
Steps Taken
3
Executive Summary
The American Institute of Certified Public Accounting (AICPA) is at the heart of promoting professional and ethical behavior. Professional and ethical behavior involves being upright, honest and is the responsibility of accountants to safeguarding the truthfulness of the financial statements.
However, in financial settings, circumstances can arise that will cause individuals to questions their motives, actions and choices. These ethical dilemmas test the moral system and the attitude of professionals and require the professional to choose between what is right and wrong.
In a professional ethical environment there are key moral values necessary to impact fraud which are:
Confidentiality
Integrity
Professional Conduct
Autonomy
This paper looks at the significance of ethical behaviors in the corporate world, mostly in the accounting sector. The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) is at the heart of promoting ethical behaviors in professional environments and the market at large. Accounting ethics are different from the objectives of employee or workplace ethics. Professional and ethical accounting standards involve being upright and honest and the responsibility of accountants to safeguard the truthfulness of financial information and results. These are especially important to protect the public interest as stakeholders, creditors and investors are entitled to valid, transparent and reliable financial data. However, in financial settings, circumstances can arise that cause individuals .
Running Head ETHICS IN ACCOUNTINGETHICS IN ACCOUNTING 7.docxtodd271
Running Head: ETHICS IN ACCOUNTING
ETHICS IN ACCOUNTING 7
Ethics in Accounting
ETHICS IN ACCOUNTING
Accounting is the process by which financial transactions are monitored, tracked and examined. It aims to provide a means of determining the expenditure levels of an institution and it provides a means of maintaining transparency and honesty in the recording of business transactions. As most accounting is completed though the aid of computers, the computer software may be manipulated by humans. Humans are the least reliable part of the process, as they are susceptible to influence from outside sources and defiant personal decisions. Therefore, the major problem facing accounting is the ethics and morals of the individual accountant. This paper will examine the role of specific aspects of ethics in ensuring proper accounting and deterring fraud. These ethical aspects include: professional conduct, autonomy, confidentiality and integrity and will examine how failed ethical standards result in fraud.
Autonomy
According to Kant's moral philosophy, autonomy is the capacity of an individual to act based on objective morality rather than personal desires or other influences. In accounting, managers can make decisions on their own without having to seek the approval of higher authorities. Autonomy is an existing condition in most instances, therefore, provides the individual with the latitude to determine the course of action to take. In some instances, the decisions made may be due to the pressures of the moment rather than the right decisions for the company. The decisions may also be made with the aim of bias in the outcome in favor of either a party involved in the process or the decision maker rather than for the greater good. The outcomes of the decisions would, therefore, be used in determining the ethics of the decision. To ensure the decisions made are with the best intentions of the organization rather than other influences, the integrity of the individual will be a necessary component (Metzger, 2011). By embracing a moral approach to the decision-making process by the autonomous individual, the decisions made would be less susceptible to being unethical (Vig, 2019). The requirement of autonomy in audit processes (CPA, 2018) ensures the results are fair and accurate.
Confidentiality
Confidentiality is the state of maintaining secrecy or privacy on specific issues. In accounting, confidentiality entails the details of the client being protected from the public. The privacy of the details of the client is the foundation that allows the clients to open all of their accounts to scrutiny in audit processes. The outcomes of the audit are also required to be kept in confidence as well as all information gathered during the process. The accountant, being in a position that provides access to information requires discretion as the information they have is not protected by law (Snyder, 2011). For the ethical conduct of the accountant, .
Running head ETHICS IN ACCOUNTING1ETHICS IN ACCOUNTING.docxtodd271
Running head: ETHICS IN ACCOUNTING 1
ETHICS IN ACCOUNTING 2
Ethics in Accounting
Literature Review
Bobek, D., Hageman, A., & Radtke, R. (2015). The Effects of Professional Role, Decision Context, and Gender on the Ethical Decision Making of Public Accounting Professionals. Behavioral Research In Accounting, 27(1), 55-78. doi: 10.2308/bria-51090
In this article, the applied study investigates the scale to which professional roles, decision perspectives, and gender affect ethical decision making of governmental accountants. Considering they are in the same profession as other financiers and accountants; the outcomes of the study can still be implemented in the paper. Nevertheless, the study consisted of over 130 public accountants and concluded that the accountants had a lower probability of conceding with clients in an antagonistic situation. Moreover, they were also less likely to recommend yielding when they were auditing as compared to calculating taxes. It was also identified that, in the context of auditing, public accountants were less likely to yield to clients. When the data was broken down to their basic gender-based analysis, women seemed to demonstrate better decision-making abilities. Overall, the study was designed to estimate the likelihood of public accountants compromising their ethics and conducting activities that can be deemed illegal. By understanding the dynamics that result in unethical behaviors, policies could be developed to curb the probability of unethical professional conduct taking place.
When evaluating the ethical framework or the ethical training needs in the accounting department, managers should break down the entire process in terms of; the professional role of the accountants, the different contexts in which the accountant’s practice and type of gender involved in the accounting situations. Secondly, the management should consider whether the accountant is either an auditor or a tax professional, male or female and whether they operate in the audit or tax environment.
Burcham, J. (2015, August 06). Business Ethics From the Top Down Can Prevent Fraud. Retrieved from http://www.fightingidentitycrimes.com/business-ethics-from-the-top-down-can-prevent-fraud/
This article will provide information on why some individuals turn to fraud. It will provide insight on how certain situations push other employees to fraudulent activities. This reference revolves around the idea of “Tone at the Top”. Burcham’s article suggests that fraud can be caused by the actions of the higher executives in a company. The way executives portray ethical behavior manifests how the rest of the employees behave. Understandably, most people would agree on the importance of a job and career. Individuals work hard to keep their position once they are hired in position, they feel is suitable. When the executives are doing unethical tasks, it ends up trickling down to the rest of the employees as they are afraid t.
EFFECTS OF ETHICS ON FRAUD 1
EFFECTS OF ETHICS ON FRAUD 2
Ethical Analysis
Effects of ethical behaviors in an economy are far reaching to individuals, firms and the economy at large. Accountants play a vital role in ensuring the reliability and trustworthiness of accounting data and affect the moral culture of business and society. In order to achieve this, accountants are advised to observe the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA), Professional Code of Conduct. Undoubtedly, private and public organizations employ professional accountants who are mandated to provide financial information regarding its business cycles. In some situations, an accountant may feel compelled or pressured to provide false financial information or alter financial results. In these cases, this creates a threat to the moral and ethical character of an accountant and is known as an ethical dilemma. Ethical dilemmas constitute a circumstance in which an individual faces a situation or a decision that test his/her moral system or ethical code. In these circumstances, an individual must choose whether to live out consistent moral attitudes or act contrary to what one personally believes or what has been established by ethical code. Ethical accounting codes require accountants to have a high level of integrity, to maintain confidentiality and behave according to a high degree of professional standards.
This dissertation will discuss how ethical accounting standards impact accounting fraud. Accounting fraud involves the intentional manipulation of financial information, which misleads shareholders, creditors, investors and the general public. These actions are premeditated attempts to deceive and attract investors by intentionally altering financial statements. Often, this is accomplished by overstating revenue and assets and under reporting expenses and liabilities. The perpetrators of accounting fraud are employees, managers, accountants and top executives. Thus, to reduce business fraud, ethical codes have been instituted within corporations, industries and state and national accounting boards. For certified public accountants, the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct has been adopted to tackle the ethics of accounting.
Professional Conduct Diminishes Fraud
An accountant’s professional conduct is a key quality used to minimize fraud. As mentioned, state accountancy boards and the AICPA are mandated to formulate and enforce professional standards for all accounting members who are responsible for providing financial services. The AICPA Code of Professional Conduct was recodified in June 2014, and became fully effective in December 2015. This code of conduct requires all accountants to act with integrity, due care, objectivity, competency and ensure confidentiality for their client. In ad.
Memphis business journal. strengthening the ethical culture of your organizat...Barbara Richman, SPHR
The document discusses the findings of the 2011 National Business Ethics Survey which found that while some positive indicators exist, such as low misconduct and high reporting of issues, there are also warning signs of a potential decline in ethics. Specifically, the survey found a sharp rise in retaliation against whistleblowers, increased pressure on employees to compromise standards, and weakening ethical cultures at companies. As the economy improves, companies may lose focus on ethics and misconduct could rise unless strong ethical cultures are maintained. The document provides recommendations for strengthening organizational ethical cultures, such as ensuring leadership commitment to ethics, developing clear policies, preventing retaliation, training employees, and regularly discussing workplace ethics.
Memphis business journal. strengthening the ethical culture of your organizat...Barbara Richman, SPHR
According to a 2011 survey, the ethical culture of American workplaces is declining. While some positive indicators like low misconduct and high reporting were found, retaliation against whistleblowers increased along with pressure on employees to compromise standards. The economy was identified as influencing this shift, as past economic recoveries led companies to lose focus on ethics and misconduct rose. Strengthening organizational ethical culture should be a priority to address these trends, with actions like ensuring leadership commitment to ethics, establishing clear policies, protecting whistleblowers, training employees, and regularly discussing workplace ethics.
Memphis Business Journal. Strengthening The Ethical Culture Of Your Organizat...Barbara Richman, SPHR
The document discusses the findings of the 2011 National Business Ethics Survey which found that while some positive indicators exist, such as low misconduct and high reporting of issues, there are also warning signs of a potential decline in ethics. Specifically, the survey found a sharp rise in retaliation against whistleblowers, increased pressure on employees to compromise standards, and weakening ethical cultures at companies. As the economy improves, companies may lose focus on ethics and misconduct could rise unless strong ethical cultures are maintained. The document provides recommendations for strengthening organizational ethical cultures, such as ensuring leadership commitment to ethics, developing clear policies, preventing retaliation, training employees, and regularly discussing workplace ethics.
financial leadershipETHICALC O N D U C TWHAT FINANC.docxvoversbyobersby
financial leadership'
ETHICAL
C O N D U C T
WHAT FINANCIAL EXECUTIVES
Do To LEAD
BY FREDERICK MILITELLO AND MICHAEL SCHWALBERG
T
oday's so-called "crisis" of
accountability or financial
integrity has been met with a
flurry of laws and regulations
designed to restore public confidence
in corporations. Likewise, many
financial institutions and some corpo-
rations seem to be trying to outdo one
another in announcing new policies
demonstrating their commitment to
integrity and ethical behavior.
Yet, a new Executive Report by the
Financial Executives Research Founda-
tion finds that the vast majority of cor-
porations and financial executives
express strong beliefs that ethical
behavior and financial integrity
remain the rule of the day. Rather than
believing that investor confidence can
be restored by external regulation,
they see the importance of "staying
the course" and "walking the walk" as
both the ethical gatekeeper and con-
science of their organizations.
In the study, Integrity-Based Finan-
cial Leadership and Ethical Behavior: A
Professional Response to Meeting the
Challenges and Responsibilities, finan-
cial executives from a wide range of
companies openly share thoughts,
insights and practices that relate to
the "crisis" of financial integrity.
While the findings are vast, and at
times controversial, two ideal por-
traits of ethical behavior emerged; the
"Ethically Intelligent Financial Execu-
tive" (EIFE) and the "Ethically Intelli-
gent Finance Organization" (EIFO).
The Ethically Intelligent
Financial Executive
He or she is aware of the multiple
pressures that may potentially
impinge upon the maintenance of
X, /
one's integrity, and is further aware of
the ubiquitous presence of ethical
dilemmas faced by leaders in daily
business life, and takes the time to
reflect upon these dilemmas.
George Boyadjis, EVP, CFO and
Treasurer of American TeleCare Inc.,
speaks for many in the study when he
observes, "So much of what we do is
driven by the creation of value
through increasing the speed of busi-
ness — shortening time to market,
accelerating growth rates, cutting
cycle times, etc. But, if we as financial
executives are truly focused on value
creation for the enterprise, then we
must also reflect on the ethics and
transparency of transactions and rela-
tionships."
The EIFE is a valued business part-
ner who actively assists the business-
es in planning, development and
T w o IDEAL PORTRAITS OF ETHICAL BEHAVIOR EMERGED FROM A NEW
REPORT BY THE FINANCIAL EXECUTIVES RESEARCH FOUNDATION: THE
"ETHICALLY INTELLIGENT FINANCIAL EXECUTIVE" (EIFE) A N D THE
"ETHICAL INTELLIGENT FirviANCE ORGANIZATION" ( E I F O ) .
www.fei.org January/February 2003 49
Arnold l-ldnish,
Executive Director, Finance and Chief
Accounting Officer, Eli Lilly and Co.
George Boyadjis,
EVP, CFO and Treasurer,
American TeleCare Inc,
Gary L. Ellis,
VP, Corporate Controller and Treasurer,
Medtronic Inc.
implementation of projects and goals,
and as the c ...
financial leadershipETHICALC O N D U C TWHAT FINANC.docxAKHIL969626
financial leadership'
ETHICAL
C O N D U C T
WHAT FINANCIAL EXECUTIVES
Do To LEAD
BY FREDERICK MILITELLO AND MICHAEL SCHWALBERG
T
oday's so-called "crisis" of
accountability or financial
integrity has been met with a
flurry of laws and regulations
designed to restore public confidence
in corporations. Likewise, many
financial institutions and some corpo-
rations seem to be trying to outdo one
another in announcing new policies
demonstrating their commitment to
integrity and ethical behavior.
Yet, a new Executive Report by the
Financial Executives Research Founda-
tion finds that the vast majority of cor-
porations and financial executives
express strong beliefs that ethical
behavior and financial integrity
remain the rule of the day. Rather than
believing that investor confidence can
be restored by external regulation,
they see the importance of "staying
the course" and "walking the walk" as
both the ethical gatekeeper and con-
science of their organizations.
In the study, Integrity-Based Finan-
cial Leadership and Ethical Behavior: A
Professional Response to Meeting the
Challenges and Responsibilities, finan-
cial executives from a wide range of
companies openly share thoughts,
insights and practices that relate to
the "crisis" of financial integrity.
While the findings are vast, and at
times controversial, two ideal por-
traits of ethical behavior emerged; the
"Ethically Intelligent Financial Execu-
tive" (EIFE) and the "Ethically Intelli-
gent Finance Organization" (EIFO).
The Ethically Intelligent
Financial Executive
He or she is aware of the multiple
pressures that may potentially
impinge upon the maintenance of
X, /
one's integrity, and is further aware of
the ubiquitous presence of ethical
dilemmas faced by leaders in daily
business life, and takes the time to
reflect upon these dilemmas.
George Boyadjis, EVP, CFO and
Treasurer of American TeleCare Inc.,
speaks for many in the study when he
observes, "So much of what we do is
driven by the creation of value
through increasing the speed of busi-
ness — shortening time to market,
accelerating growth rates, cutting
cycle times, etc. But, if we as financial
executives are truly focused on value
creation for the enterprise, then we
must also reflect on the ethics and
transparency of transactions and rela-
tionships."
The EIFE is a valued business part-
ner who actively assists the business-
es in planning, development and
T w o IDEAL PORTRAITS OF ETHICAL BEHAVIOR EMERGED FROM A NEW
REPORT BY THE FINANCIAL EXECUTIVES RESEARCH FOUNDATION: THE
"ETHICALLY INTELLIGENT FINANCIAL EXECUTIVE" (EIFE) A N D THE
"ETHICAL INTELLIGENT FirviANCE ORGANIZATION" ( E I F O ) .
www.fei.org January/February 2003 49
Arnold l-ldnish,
Executive Director, Finance and Chief
Accounting Officer, Eli Lilly and Co.
George Boyadjis,
EVP, CFO and Treasurer,
American TeleCare Inc,
Gary L. Ellis,
VP, Corporate Controller and Treasurer,
Medtronic Inc.
implementation of projects and goals,
and as the c ...
This document discusses professional ethics and the ANZASW Code of Ethics. It defines professional ethics as guidelines that outline the mission, values, and principles of a profession to direct acceptable conduct. Understanding a profession's code of ethics is important for maintaining ethical practice. The ANZASW Code of Ethics provides guidance for social workers but does not prescribe rules, as ethical behavior requires balancing obligations in gray areas. Situations like gift giving can present ethical dilemmas, and social workers must use judgment based on their values and knowledge of professional obligations.
The document discusses ethical dilemmas that may face professional accountants working in public practice. It provides an overview of the accountant's responsibilities to act with integrity and in the public interest, while also serving clients. When resolving ethical issues, the accountant should consider threats to fundamental principles like objectivity and confidentiality, and seek advice if needed. Case studies then illustrate how an accountant can apply a conceptual framework to identify, evaluate, and manage threats to determine an appropriate response. Overall, the document aims to help accountants navigate competing demands and resolve ethical conflicts in line with their professional codes of conduct.
Audits have changed their traditional focus from cost control towards a global strategy of risk management, governance, value creation, and organizational culture. Auditing is a representative element of corporate culture because it defines how companies think and act, but manage decisions are the true reflection of how a company thinks and acts. Thus, this area expands its importance thanks to its direct participation in risk management and value creation.
THE ADEQUACY OF ETHICS IN ACCOUNTING PRACTICE IN NIGERIAIAEME Publication
The document examines the adequacy of ethics in accounting practice in Nigeria. It discusses the importance of ethics for the accounting profession given its role in society. The study evaluates whether the existing code of ethics is adequate for professional accounting practice in Nigeria and identifies factors that inhibit strict adherence to ethical standards.
The literature review discusses the role and responsibilities of accountants. It outlines the five fundamental principles from the IESBA Code of Ethics that accountants must follow: integrity, independence and objectivity, confidentiality, professional competence and due care. The relevance of ethical codes for the accounting profession is also discussed as it establishes standards and maintains public trust.
The objectives of the study are to examine if the existing code of ethics is
Running head business governance in an industry1 business govDIPESH30
This document discusses business governance in industries. It defines business governance and its major components, including proper definition, clear vision/strategy, roles and responsibilities, policies/procedures, and communication. An effective governance plan requires leadership commitment to integrity, accountability and transparency. Issues can arise from a lack of integrity, but organizations can develop practices to promote integrity from the board level down, such as embedding values and ethics into daily operations through culture and communication. Leadership support is key to overcoming resistance and successfully implementing integrity-building strategies.
The document discusses the code of ethics for the accountancy profession in Malaysia. It covers several topics: the role of professional accountants and concepts like blind loyalty; types of fraud and white-collar crimes; relevant acts and policies; expectations of accountants regarding integrity, competence and independence; sources of ethical guidance like the IFAC code; and effective implementation of codes of conduct. It also provides a case study scenario involving ethical dilemmas related to financial misrepresentation, conflicts of interest, and suspected fraud at a client organization.
Are CEO's an Unmanaged Risk to the Organisation's they Steer?David Mallard
Are leaders, and the cultures they spawn, an unmanaged risk to the enterprises they steer? Research shows not
only the costs of failure to pay attention to business ethics
costs but the financial benefits of a focus on business ethics. Board reliance on good compliance policies
can only signal intent. The Board’s critical role in building organisational integrity involves four key activities.
Given that CPAs do not agree with the changed expectations of their.pdfanandf0099
Given that CPAs do not agree with the changed expectations of their role, and the limits on the
auditor\'s possible role in controlling fraud, other considerations in the prevention and detection
of corporate fraud should be discussed. These include managerial controls, employee screening,
forensic accounting, and others.
Managerial Controls. Organizations with one hundred or fewer employees have the greatest
median losses per capita. The primary reason for this is because internal controls are less
sophisticated and stringent in smaller organizations. So what, if any, are management%u2019s
responsibilities when it comes to the prevention or detection of fraud? Annual reports of
management clearly state that management is responsible for the preparation and integrity of the
financial information presented, and the company and management maintain a system of internal
controls to provide for administrative and accounting controls. All professional literature makes
it clear that the responsibility of internal controls, proper reporting, and the adoption of sound
accounting policies rests solely with management, not the auditors.
To combat the problem of fraud, a crucial element in deterring theft is strict internal controls,
segregation of duties, and separation of functions. For example, simple procedures such as not
letting the person writing the checks reconcile the bank statement, not letting the receiving
department maintain physical inventory records, not letting the person initiating the purchase
order approve the payment, and not letting the person maintaining the personnel database also
issue payroll checks, may help separate incompatible functions within a business. Thus, internal
controls may be strengthened and fraud deterred by separation of functions.
Screening. Another element to combat fraud is adequate employee screening. Although this
statement might seem obvious, a good rule to follow to minimize the risk of fraud is to hire
honest employees. There are many organizations specializing in pre-employment screening.
These screening tests include lie detector and drug tests and fingerprinting of employees.
Through adequate background checks of information on resumes and applications, an employer
can elicit significantly more information and determine if the original information is accurate.
Organizational Climate. A third component to deterring fraud is creating a business environment
that reduces the perceived need of a pressured employee to commit fraud. This environment
includes creating open and consistent communications for hiring, evaluating employee
performance, and assessing employees for promotion. These factors, along with counseling
programs and employee enrichment efforts, might curtail the perceived need of an employee to
commit fraud.
Others. Finally, a few additional components to business fraud prevention include setting up a
hotline whereby fellow employees can report improper conduct, having a high level employee
.
This document presents a framework for developing ethical business through cooperation among owners, managers, and accountants from an Islamic perspective. It discusses how a lack of ethics can hinder business and the roles that owners, managers, and accountants play. Owners evaluate information from managers and accountants to make decisions, managers implement, and accountants provide financial information and alternatives. The framework aims to guide these parties to work together ethically for the benefit of all stakeholders.
Combining Corporate Governance with Internal LeadershipDwayne Jorgensen
This document discusses corporate governance and internal leadership. It defines corporate governance as monitoring all stakeholders, including employees, to protect interests and ensure compliance. Good governance provides systems and processes to direct the company toward its goals while benefiting stakeholders. Ultimately, senior leaders and boards are responsible for governance, while employees must comply.
The document argues that combining strong corporate governance with internal leadership can revolutionize a company's competitive edge. Internal leadership focuses on strategically engaging and aligning all employees to help the business grow. When employees understand and are motivated to help the business, it can significantly reduce costs from issues like turnover and improve productivity and innovation.
Combining Corporate Governance with Internal Leadershipjobdoctors
Internal Leadership helps competitiveness, profit, and growth. But without a strong Governance program, the company can risk failure and, at a minimum, damage to profits, reputation, and government requirements.
Governance can reduce risk, improve compliance, and provide shareholder and board level continuous monitoring. But without a strong Internal Leadership program, people issues are usually the weak link for governance effectiveness.
That is why we believe Internal Leadership and Corporate Governance are two sides of the same coin for revolutionizing a company’s competitive edge for sustainable growth.
Read this white paper to see how we leverage both solutions to help company growth.
This document discusses ethics for accountants working in corporations. It begins by providing context on corporate ethics challenges like those faced by Enron. It then discusses the role of accountants in monitoring corporate finances and ensuring ethical practices. The document outlines some of the tools accountants use, like financial statements, and challenges they may face from pressure from management. It argues accountants must prioritize ethics to avoid catastrophes caused by unethical behavior.
Ron Peyton argues that implementing high ethical standards in the investment industry is important and beneficial. He outlines principles-based ethics as more effective than rules-based, noting firms should develop ethical guidelines based on principles rather than rules. Peyton recommends regularly reminding professionals about ethics to encourage ethical behavior, and that culture plays a key role by promoting mission and values beyond just financial incentives. Firms should strive to act with integrity to build trust with clients and the public.
Impact of Accounting Ethics on the Practice of Accounting Profession In Nigeria.IOSR Journals
This study is an empirical investigation of the impact of ethical values on the practice of accounting
profession in Nigeria. To achieve the purpose of this study, research questions were raised, hypotheses were
formulated, and a review of related literature was made. The main objective of this study is to examine if
accounting ethics have much impact on the practice of accounting profession in Nigeria, the factors that make
the accountants breach accounting rules and if ethical codes of conduct address all the issues that border on
ethical practices. The study employed a synthesis of descriptive and survey research methods. The major
instrument used for generating the primary data was the questionnaire, which was designed in five-response
option of likert-scale. Two hundred and fifty (250) questionnaires were administered, two hundred and nineteen
(219) questionnaires were completed and returned. The data generated for this study were analysed through
mean scores while the stated hypotheses were statistically tested with z-test. Our findings revealed that there are
other major influence which accountants believe have impact on their professional conducts like policies and
rules of companies where accountants work, religion were found not to have major influence in the professional
conduct of accountants. The legal system and societal value systems also inter-played in the accountants’
professional conduct. It was recommended among others that the accountant in practice needs to pay attention
to good ethical conduct and there is the need to adhere strictly to the ethical code of conduct.
Corporate Codes of Ethics, National Culture, and EarningsDis.docxfaithxdunce63732
Corporate Codes of Ethics, National Culture, and Earnings
Discretion: International Evidence
Chu Chen1 • Giorgio Gotti2 • Tony Kang3 • Michael C. Wolfe4
Received: 10 September 2015 / Accepted: 13 May 2016 / Published online: 6 June 2016
� Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016
Abstract This study examines the role of codes of ethics
in reducing the extent to which managers act opportunis-
tically in reporting earnings. Corporate codes of ethics, by
clarifying the boundaries of ethical corporate behaviors and
making relevant social norms more salient, have the
potential to deter managers from engaging in opportunistic
financial reporting practices. In a sample of international
companies, we find that the quality of corporate codes of
ethics is associated with higher earnings quality, i.e., lower
discretionary accruals. Our results are confirmed for a
subsample of firms more likely to be engaging in oppor-
tunistic reporting behavior, i.e., firms that just meet or beat
analysts’ forecasts. Further, codes of ethics play a greater
role in reducing earnings management for firms in coun-
tries with weaker investor protection mechanisms. Our
results suggest that corporate codes of ethics can be a
viable alternative to country-level investor protection
mechanisms in curbing aggressive reporting behaviors.
Keywords Corporate ethics policy � Code of ethics �
Business ethics � Earnings discretion � Accruals
JEL Classifications G300 � L210 � M140 � M410
Introduction
Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) impart a
variety of accounting choices and judgments on managers.
Although this discretion is a necessary component of
financial reporting, it leads to concern from investors and
regulators since it can allow opportunistic managers to
deliberately misrepresent the financial performance of the
company. Prior studies have identified various firm- and
country-level determinants of opportunistic financial
reporting by managers (e.g., Leuz et al. 2003; Bowen et al.
2008; Han et al. 2010), but the role of corporate codes of
ethics, which has a clear implication for ethical manager
behavior, has not been separately documented. The pur-
pose of this study is to fill this gap in the literature and
examine the role of codes of ethics in reducing the extent to
which managers act opportunistically in reporting earnings.
A code of ethics is a formal document that states an
organization’s primary values and the ethical rules it
expects its employees to follow (Robbins 1988). Until
recently, codes of ethics were found primarily in American
companies; however, the number of companies in other
countries with a code of ethics is increasing (Boatright
2009; McDonald 2009). A recent KPMG survey (2014)
notes that a properly implemented code is an increasingly
important instrument for today’s companies, as they
Data Availability Data used in this study are available from public
sources identified in the study. .
Corporate Codes of Ethics, National Culture, and EarningsDis.docxvoversbyobersby
Corporate Codes of Ethics, National Culture, and Earnings
Discretion: International Evidence
Chu Chen1 • Giorgio Gotti2 • Tony Kang3 • Michael C. Wolfe4
Received: 10 September 2015 / Accepted: 13 May 2016 / Published online: 6 June 2016
� Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016
Abstract This study examines the role of codes of ethics
in reducing the extent to which managers act opportunis-
tically in reporting earnings. Corporate codes of ethics, by
clarifying the boundaries of ethical corporate behaviors and
making relevant social norms more salient, have the
potential to deter managers from engaging in opportunistic
financial reporting practices. In a sample of international
companies, we find that the quality of corporate codes of
ethics is associated with higher earnings quality, i.e., lower
discretionary accruals. Our results are confirmed for a
subsample of firms more likely to be engaging in oppor-
tunistic reporting behavior, i.e., firms that just meet or beat
analysts’ forecasts. Further, codes of ethics play a greater
role in reducing earnings management for firms in coun-
tries with weaker investor protection mechanisms. Our
results suggest that corporate codes of ethics can be a
viable alternative to country-level investor protection
mechanisms in curbing aggressive reporting behaviors.
Keywords Corporate ethics policy � Code of ethics �
Business ethics � Earnings discretion � Accruals
JEL Classifications G300 � L210 � M140 � M410
Introduction
Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) impart a
variety of accounting choices and judgments on managers.
Although this discretion is a necessary component of
financial reporting, it leads to concern from investors and
regulators since it can allow opportunistic managers to
deliberately misrepresent the financial performance of the
company. Prior studies have identified various firm- and
country-level determinants of opportunistic financial
reporting by managers (e.g., Leuz et al. 2003; Bowen et al.
2008; Han et al. 2010), but the role of corporate codes of
ethics, which has a clear implication for ethical manager
behavior, has not been separately documented. The pur-
pose of this study is to fill this gap in the literature and
examine the role of codes of ethics in reducing the extent to
which managers act opportunistically in reporting earnings.
A code of ethics is a formal document that states an
organization’s primary values and the ethical rules it
expects its employees to follow (Robbins 1988). Until
recently, codes of ethics were found primarily in American
companies; however, the number of companies in other
countries with a code of ethics is increasing (Boatright
2009; McDonald 2009). A recent KPMG survey (2014)
notes that a properly implemented code is an increasingly
important instrument for today’s companies, as they
Data Availability Data used in this study are available from public
sources identified in the study. .
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Running head: MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING
1
MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING
2
Financial account and managerial accounts involves career paths that are different. Financial accounting can be described as a combination of all accounting information into the financial statements which includes the statement of financial position, the income statement among other while managerial accounting is described as the processes which are internal which are useful in accounting for the business transactions. Financial accounts provide its report based on the result of the whole business while the managerial account is more detailed and could base its report on the product, profit, geographical region, or a customer. In relation the information used to develop a report, financial accounting uses proven information that can be produced as evidence while needed while managerial accounts mostly deals uses estimates which can neither be proven or verified (Weygandt, Kimmel, & Kieso, 2015,).
The other notable difference is about the users of the two information where the financial is used both internally and externally by stakeholders such as managers and investors while reports in managerial accounting are used within the company for management purposes.it is a requirement that financial accounting reports to act in accordance with the accounting standard such as the generally accepted accounting principle ( GAAP) while in the case of managerial accounting the information compiled for internal consumption does not have to comply with any standards thus the reports could be informal. The training for the two types of accounting is also different as the financial accountants are trained as certified public accountants while the managerial accountants are trained as certified management accountants (Pistoni & Songini, 2017).
The difference between these two can be explained in the following points:
i. Aggregation: the financial accounting reports on the whole business results whereas managerial accounting provides a more detailed report on aspects such as product line, product profits and consumer base.
ii. Efficiency: Financial accounting majorly reports of an organiz.
Evaluate the role of leadership on organizational behaviorProv.docxhumphrieskalyn
Evaluate the role of leadership on organizational behavior
Provide the name of the corporation you will be using as the basis for this project.
Provide the organization’s purpose or mission statement.
Describe the organization's industry.
Provide the name and position of the person interviewed during this portion of the assignment (indicate as much pertinent information (e.g., length of service with company, previous roles in the company, educational background, etc.).
Provide the list of interview questions you asked the manager/executive.
Indicate which two - three of the following concepts from this competency that you intend to evaluate the organization/team on and describe the company’s/team’s current situation with each topic you’ve selected:
Power and politics
Communication
Organizational leadership
Organizational structure
Organizational change
Provide citations in APA format for any references.
.
Evaluate the role that PKI plays in cryptography.Ensure that you.docxhumphrieskalyn
Evaluate the role that PKI plays in cryptography.
Ensure that your initial discussion posting has been created by Thursday of each week and then you respond to a minimum of two other learners during the week. Your response must build upon the initial learner's comments. Please ensure that you properly APA format your writing. 500 words.
You must also use a scholarly source
.
Evaluate the presence and effects of alteration in the homeostatic s.docxhumphrieskalyn
Evaluate the presence and effects of alteration in the homeostatic state secondary to gender, genetic, ethnic and temporal variables
Select one of the case studies below, and include in your discussion an evaluation of the presence and effects of alteration in the homeostatic state secondary to gender, genetic, ethnic, and temporal variables.
Requirements:
Make sure all of the topics in the case study have been addressed.
Cite at least three sources; journal articles, textbooks or evidenced-based websites to support the content.
All sources must be within 5 years.
Do not use .com, Wikipedia, or up-to-date, etc., for your sources.
Case Study 1
Structure and Function of the Respiratory System
Brad is 45 years old and has been working as a coal cutter in a mine for the last 25 years. He likes the job because it pays well and the same mine had employed his father. Like many of his colleagues, Brad has had problems with a chronic cough. He has avoided his annual checkups for fear that he will be told he has “black lung,” or coal worker’s pneumoconiosis. The disease causes fibrosis, decreased diffusing capacity, and permanent small airway dilation. In later stages, pulmonary capillaries, alveoli, and airways are destroyed.
How can the disease described above create a mismatch between ventilation and perfusion? Use your understanding of alveolar dead space and physiologic shunt to explain your answer.
Individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have more difficulty exhaling than inhaling. Why is this so?
In general terms, what mechanisms in lung disease can affect diffusing capacity across alveolar membranes? Use the Fick law to explain your answer.
Case Study 2
Respiratory Tract Infections, Neoplasms, and Childhood Disorders
Patricia was called at work by a woman at the local daycare center. She told Patricia to come and pick up her son because he was not feeling well. Her son, three-and-a-half-year-old Marshall, had been feeling tired and achy when he woke up. While at daycare, his cheeks had become red and he was warm to touch. He did not want to play with his friends, and by the time Patricia arrived, he was crying. Later that afternoon, Marshall’s condition worsened. He had fever, chills, a sore throat, runny nose, and a dry hacking cough. Suspecting Marshall had influenza, Patricia wrapped him up and took him to the community health care clinic.
Why did Marshall’s presentation lead Patricia to think he had influenza and not a cold? Why is it important to medically evaluate and diagnose a potential influenza infection?
Describe the pathophysiology of the influenza virus. Outline the properties of influenza A antigens that allow them to exert their effects in the host.
Marshall may be at risk at contracting secondary bacterial pneumonia. Why is this so? Explain why cyanosis may be a feature associated with pneumonia.
Case Study 3
Disorders of Ventilation and Gas Exchange
Emmanuel and his mother live in an.
Evaluate the role of a digital certificate in cryptography. How doe.docxhumphrieskalyn
Evaluate the role of a digital certificate in cryptography. How does it impact the security posture of an organization?
Write a minimum of 2 to pages
The Paper must include scholarly references of 2
Make sure to follow APA Guidelines
.
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WHAT FINANCIAL EXECUTIVES
Do To LEAD
BY FREDERICK MILITELLO AND MICHAEL SCHWALBERG
T
oday's so-called "crisis" of
accountability or financial
integrity has been met with a
flurry of laws and regulations
designed to restore public confidence
in corporations. Likewise, many
financial institutions and some corpo-
rations seem to be trying to outdo one
another in announcing new policies
demonstrating their commitment to
integrity and ethical behavior.
Yet, a new Executive Report by the
Financial Executives Research Founda-
tion finds that the vast majority of cor-
porations and financial executives
express strong beliefs that ethical
behavior and financial integrity
remain the rule of the day. Rather than
believing that investor confidence can
be restored by external regulation,
they see the importance of "staying
the course" and "walking the walk" as
both the ethical gatekeeper and con-
science of their organizations.
In the study, Integrity-Based Finan-
cial Leadership and Ethical Behavior: A
Professional Response to Meeting the
Challenges and Responsibilities, finan-
cial executives from a wide range of
companies openly share thoughts,
insights and practices that relate to
the "crisis" of financial integrity.
While the findings are vast, and at
times controversial, two ideal por-
traits of ethical behavior emerged; the
"Ethically Intelligent Financial Execu-
tive" (EIFE) and the "Ethically Intelli-
gent Finance Organization" (EIFO).
The Ethically Intelligent
Financial Executive
He or she is aware of the multiple
pressures that may potentially
impinge upon the maintenance of
X, /
one's integrity, and is further aware of
the ubiquitous presence of ethical
dilemmas faced by leaders in daily
business life, and takes the time to
reflect upon these dilemmas.
George Boyadjis, EVP, CFO and
Treasurer of American TeleCare Inc.,
speaks for many in the study when he
observes, "So much of what we do is
driven by the creation of value
through increasing the speed of busi-
ness — shortening time to market,
accelerating growth rates, cutting
cycle times, etc. But, if we as financial
executives are truly focused on value
creation for the enterprise, then we
must also reflect on the ethics and
transparency of transactions and rela-
tionships."
The EIFE is a valued business part-
ner who actively assists the business-
es in planning, development and
T w o IDEAL PORTRAITS OF ETHICAL BEHAVIOR EMERGED FROM A NEW
REPORT BY THE FINANCIAL EXECUTIVES RESEARCH FOUNDATION: THE
"ETHICALLY INTELLIGENT FINANCIAL EXECUTIVE" (EIFE) A N D THE
"ETHICAL INTELLIGENT FirviANCE ORGANIZATION" ( E I F O ) .
www.fei.org January/February 2003 49
Arnold l-ldnish,
Executive Director, Finance and Chief
Accounting Officer, Eli Lilly and Co.
George Boyadjis,
EVP, CFO and Treasurer,
American TeleCare Inc,
Gary L. Ellis,
VP, Corporate Controller and Treasurer,
Medtronic Inc.
implementation of projects and goals,
and as the c ...
This document discusses professional ethics and the ANZASW Code of Ethics. It defines professional ethics as guidelines that outline the mission, values, and principles of a profession to direct acceptable conduct. Understanding a profession's code of ethics is important for maintaining ethical practice. The ANZASW Code of Ethics provides guidance for social workers but does not prescribe rules, as ethical behavior requires balancing obligations in gray areas. Situations like gift giving can present ethical dilemmas, and social workers must use judgment based on their values and knowledge of professional obligations.
The document discusses ethical dilemmas that may face professional accountants working in public practice. It provides an overview of the accountant's responsibilities to act with integrity and in the public interest, while also serving clients. When resolving ethical issues, the accountant should consider threats to fundamental principles like objectivity and confidentiality, and seek advice if needed. Case studies then illustrate how an accountant can apply a conceptual framework to identify, evaluate, and manage threats to determine an appropriate response. Overall, the document aims to help accountants navigate competing demands and resolve ethical conflicts in line with their professional codes of conduct.
Audits have changed their traditional focus from cost control towards a global strategy of risk management, governance, value creation, and organizational culture. Auditing is a representative element of corporate culture because it defines how companies think and act, but manage decisions are the true reflection of how a company thinks and acts. Thus, this area expands its importance thanks to its direct participation in risk management and value creation.
THE ADEQUACY OF ETHICS IN ACCOUNTING PRACTICE IN NIGERIAIAEME Publication
The document examines the adequacy of ethics in accounting practice in Nigeria. It discusses the importance of ethics for the accounting profession given its role in society. The study evaluates whether the existing code of ethics is adequate for professional accounting practice in Nigeria and identifies factors that inhibit strict adherence to ethical standards.
The literature review discusses the role and responsibilities of accountants. It outlines the five fundamental principles from the IESBA Code of Ethics that accountants must follow: integrity, independence and objectivity, confidentiality, professional competence and due care. The relevance of ethical codes for the accounting profession is also discussed as it establishes standards and maintains public trust.
The objectives of the study are to examine if the existing code of ethics is
Running head business governance in an industry1 business govDIPESH30
This document discusses business governance in industries. It defines business governance and its major components, including proper definition, clear vision/strategy, roles and responsibilities, policies/procedures, and communication. An effective governance plan requires leadership commitment to integrity, accountability and transparency. Issues can arise from a lack of integrity, but organizations can develop practices to promote integrity from the board level down, such as embedding values and ethics into daily operations through culture and communication. Leadership support is key to overcoming resistance and successfully implementing integrity-building strategies.
The document discusses the code of ethics for the accountancy profession in Malaysia. It covers several topics: the role of professional accountants and concepts like blind loyalty; types of fraud and white-collar crimes; relevant acts and policies; expectations of accountants regarding integrity, competence and independence; sources of ethical guidance like the IFAC code; and effective implementation of codes of conduct. It also provides a case study scenario involving ethical dilemmas related to financial misrepresentation, conflicts of interest, and suspected fraud at a client organization.
Are CEO's an Unmanaged Risk to the Organisation's they Steer?David Mallard
Are leaders, and the cultures they spawn, an unmanaged risk to the enterprises they steer? Research shows not
only the costs of failure to pay attention to business ethics
costs but the financial benefits of a focus on business ethics. Board reliance on good compliance policies
can only signal intent. The Board’s critical role in building organisational integrity involves four key activities.
Given that CPAs do not agree with the changed expectations of their.pdfanandf0099
Given that CPAs do not agree with the changed expectations of their role, and the limits on the
auditor\'s possible role in controlling fraud, other considerations in the prevention and detection
of corporate fraud should be discussed. These include managerial controls, employee screening,
forensic accounting, and others.
Managerial Controls. Organizations with one hundred or fewer employees have the greatest
median losses per capita. The primary reason for this is because internal controls are less
sophisticated and stringent in smaller organizations. So what, if any, are management%u2019s
responsibilities when it comes to the prevention or detection of fraud? Annual reports of
management clearly state that management is responsible for the preparation and integrity of the
financial information presented, and the company and management maintain a system of internal
controls to provide for administrative and accounting controls. All professional literature makes
it clear that the responsibility of internal controls, proper reporting, and the adoption of sound
accounting policies rests solely with management, not the auditors.
To combat the problem of fraud, a crucial element in deterring theft is strict internal controls,
segregation of duties, and separation of functions. For example, simple procedures such as not
letting the person writing the checks reconcile the bank statement, not letting the receiving
department maintain physical inventory records, not letting the person initiating the purchase
order approve the payment, and not letting the person maintaining the personnel database also
issue payroll checks, may help separate incompatible functions within a business. Thus, internal
controls may be strengthened and fraud deterred by separation of functions.
Screening. Another element to combat fraud is adequate employee screening. Although this
statement might seem obvious, a good rule to follow to minimize the risk of fraud is to hire
honest employees. There are many organizations specializing in pre-employment screening.
These screening tests include lie detector and drug tests and fingerprinting of employees.
Through adequate background checks of information on resumes and applications, an employer
can elicit significantly more information and determine if the original information is accurate.
Organizational Climate. A third component to deterring fraud is creating a business environment
that reduces the perceived need of a pressured employee to commit fraud. This environment
includes creating open and consistent communications for hiring, evaluating employee
performance, and assessing employees for promotion. These factors, along with counseling
programs and employee enrichment efforts, might curtail the perceived need of an employee to
commit fraud.
Others. Finally, a few additional components to business fraud prevention include setting up a
hotline whereby fellow employees can report improper conduct, having a high level employee
.
This document presents a framework for developing ethical business through cooperation among owners, managers, and accountants from an Islamic perspective. It discusses how a lack of ethics can hinder business and the roles that owners, managers, and accountants play. Owners evaluate information from managers and accountants to make decisions, managers implement, and accountants provide financial information and alternatives. The framework aims to guide these parties to work together ethically for the benefit of all stakeholders.
Combining Corporate Governance with Internal LeadershipDwayne Jorgensen
This document discusses corporate governance and internal leadership. It defines corporate governance as monitoring all stakeholders, including employees, to protect interests and ensure compliance. Good governance provides systems and processes to direct the company toward its goals while benefiting stakeholders. Ultimately, senior leaders and boards are responsible for governance, while employees must comply.
The document argues that combining strong corporate governance with internal leadership can revolutionize a company's competitive edge. Internal leadership focuses on strategically engaging and aligning all employees to help the business grow. When employees understand and are motivated to help the business, it can significantly reduce costs from issues like turnover and improve productivity and innovation.
Combining Corporate Governance with Internal Leadershipjobdoctors
Internal Leadership helps competitiveness, profit, and growth. But without a strong Governance program, the company can risk failure and, at a minimum, damage to profits, reputation, and government requirements.
Governance can reduce risk, improve compliance, and provide shareholder and board level continuous monitoring. But without a strong Internal Leadership program, people issues are usually the weak link for governance effectiveness.
That is why we believe Internal Leadership and Corporate Governance are two sides of the same coin for revolutionizing a company’s competitive edge for sustainable growth.
Read this white paper to see how we leverage both solutions to help company growth.
This document discusses ethics for accountants working in corporations. It begins by providing context on corporate ethics challenges like those faced by Enron. It then discusses the role of accountants in monitoring corporate finances and ensuring ethical practices. The document outlines some of the tools accountants use, like financial statements, and challenges they may face from pressure from management. It argues accountants must prioritize ethics to avoid catastrophes caused by unethical behavior.
Ron Peyton argues that implementing high ethical standards in the investment industry is important and beneficial. He outlines principles-based ethics as more effective than rules-based, noting firms should develop ethical guidelines based on principles rather than rules. Peyton recommends regularly reminding professionals about ethics to encourage ethical behavior, and that culture plays a key role by promoting mission and values beyond just financial incentives. Firms should strive to act with integrity to build trust with clients and the public.
Impact of Accounting Ethics on the Practice of Accounting Profession In Nigeria.IOSR Journals
This study is an empirical investigation of the impact of ethical values on the practice of accounting
profession in Nigeria. To achieve the purpose of this study, research questions were raised, hypotheses were
formulated, and a review of related literature was made. The main objective of this study is to examine if
accounting ethics have much impact on the practice of accounting profession in Nigeria, the factors that make
the accountants breach accounting rules and if ethical codes of conduct address all the issues that border on
ethical practices. The study employed a synthesis of descriptive and survey research methods. The major
instrument used for generating the primary data was the questionnaire, which was designed in five-response
option of likert-scale. Two hundred and fifty (250) questionnaires were administered, two hundred and nineteen
(219) questionnaires were completed and returned. The data generated for this study were analysed through
mean scores while the stated hypotheses were statistically tested with z-test. Our findings revealed that there are
other major influence which accountants believe have impact on their professional conducts like policies and
rules of companies where accountants work, religion were found not to have major influence in the professional
conduct of accountants. The legal system and societal value systems also inter-played in the accountants’
professional conduct. It was recommended among others that the accountant in practice needs to pay attention
to good ethical conduct and there is the need to adhere strictly to the ethical code of conduct.
Corporate Codes of Ethics, National Culture, and EarningsDis.docxfaithxdunce63732
Corporate Codes of Ethics, National Culture, and Earnings
Discretion: International Evidence
Chu Chen1 • Giorgio Gotti2 • Tony Kang3 • Michael C. Wolfe4
Received: 10 September 2015 / Accepted: 13 May 2016 / Published online: 6 June 2016
� Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016
Abstract This study examines the role of codes of ethics
in reducing the extent to which managers act opportunis-
tically in reporting earnings. Corporate codes of ethics, by
clarifying the boundaries of ethical corporate behaviors and
making relevant social norms more salient, have the
potential to deter managers from engaging in opportunistic
financial reporting practices. In a sample of international
companies, we find that the quality of corporate codes of
ethics is associated with higher earnings quality, i.e., lower
discretionary accruals. Our results are confirmed for a
subsample of firms more likely to be engaging in oppor-
tunistic reporting behavior, i.e., firms that just meet or beat
analysts’ forecasts. Further, codes of ethics play a greater
role in reducing earnings management for firms in coun-
tries with weaker investor protection mechanisms. Our
results suggest that corporate codes of ethics can be a
viable alternative to country-level investor protection
mechanisms in curbing aggressive reporting behaviors.
Keywords Corporate ethics policy � Code of ethics �
Business ethics � Earnings discretion � Accruals
JEL Classifications G300 � L210 � M140 � M410
Introduction
Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) impart a
variety of accounting choices and judgments on managers.
Although this discretion is a necessary component of
financial reporting, it leads to concern from investors and
regulators since it can allow opportunistic managers to
deliberately misrepresent the financial performance of the
company. Prior studies have identified various firm- and
country-level determinants of opportunistic financial
reporting by managers (e.g., Leuz et al. 2003; Bowen et al.
2008; Han et al. 2010), but the role of corporate codes of
ethics, which has a clear implication for ethical manager
behavior, has not been separately documented. The pur-
pose of this study is to fill this gap in the literature and
examine the role of codes of ethics in reducing the extent to
which managers act opportunistically in reporting earnings.
A code of ethics is a formal document that states an
organization’s primary values and the ethical rules it
expects its employees to follow (Robbins 1988). Until
recently, codes of ethics were found primarily in American
companies; however, the number of companies in other
countries with a code of ethics is increasing (Boatright
2009; McDonald 2009). A recent KPMG survey (2014)
notes that a properly implemented code is an increasingly
important instrument for today’s companies, as they
Data Availability Data used in this study are available from public
sources identified in the study. .
Corporate Codes of Ethics, National Culture, and EarningsDis.docxvoversbyobersby
Corporate Codes of Ethics, National Culture, and Earnings
Discretion: International Evidence
Chu Chen1 • Giorgio Gotti2 • Tony Kang3 • Michael C. Wolfe4
Received: 10 September 2015 / Accepted: 13 May 2016 / Published online: 6 June 2016
� Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016
Abstract This study examines the role of codes of ethics
in reducing the extent to which managers act opportunis-
tically in reporting earnings. Corporate codes of ethics, by
clarifying the boundaries of ethical corporate behaviors and
making relevant social norms more salient, have the
potential to deter managers from engaging in opportunistic
financial reporting practices. In a sample of international
companies, we find that the quality of corporate codes of
ethics is associated with higher earnings quality, i.e., lower
discretionary accruals. Our results are confirmed for a
subsample of firms more likely to be engaging in oppor-
tunistic reporting behavior, i.e., firms that just meet or beat
analysts’ forecasts. Further, codes of ethics play a greater
role in reducing earnings management for firms in coun-
tries with weaker investor protection mechanisms. Our
results suggest that corporate codes of ethics can be a
viable alternative to country-level investor protection
mechanisms in curbing aggressive reporting behaviors.
Keywords Corporate ethics policy � Code of ethics �
Business ethics � Earnings discretion � Accruals
JEL Classifications G300 � L210 � M140 � M410
Introduction
Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) impart a
variety of accounting choices and judgments on managers.
Although this discretion is a necessary component of
financial reporting, it leads to concern from investors and
regulators since it can allow opportunistic managers to
deliberately misrepresent the financial performance of the
company. Prior studies have identified various firm- and
country-level determinants of opportunistic financial
reporting by managers (e.g., Leuz et al. 2003; Bowen et al.
2008; Han et al. 2010), but the role of corporate codes of
ethics, which has a clear implication for ethical manager
behavior, has not been separately documented. The pur-
pose of this study is to fill this gap in the literature and
examine the role of codes of ethics in reducing the extent to
which managers act opportunistically in reporting earnings.
A code of ethics is a formal document that states an
organization’s primary values and the ethical rules it
expects its employees to follow (Robbins 1988). Until
recently, codes of ethics were found primarily in American
companies; however, the number of companies in other
countries with a code of ethics is increasing (Boatright
2009; McDonald 2009). A recent KPMG survey (2014)
notes that a properly implemented code is an increasingly
important instrument for today’s companies, as they
Data Availability Data used in this study are available from public
sources identified in the study. .
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Running head: MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING
1
MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING
2
Financial account and managerial accounts involves career paths that are different. Financial accounting can be described as a combination of all accounting information into the financial statements which includes the statement of financial position, the income statement among other while managerial accounting is described as the processes which are internal which are useful in accounting for the business transactions. Financial accounts provide its report based on the result of the whole business while the managerial account is more detailed and could base its report on the product, profit, geographical region, or a customer. In relation the information used to develop a report, financial accounting uses proven information that can be produced as evidence while needed while managerial accounts mostly deals uses estimates which can neither be proven or verified (Weygandt, Kimmel, & Kieso, 2015,).
The other notable difference is about the users of the two information where the financial is used both internally and externally by stakeholders such as managers and investors while reports in managerial accounting are used within the company for management purposes.it is a requirement that financial accounting reports to act in accordance with the accounting standard such as the generally accepted accounting principle ( GAAP) while in the case of managerial accounting the information compiled for internal consumption does not have to comply with any standards thus the reports could be informal. The training for the two types of accounting is also different as the financial accountants are trained as certified public accountants while the managerial accountants are trained as certified management accountants (Pistoni & Songini, 2017).
The difference between these two can be explained in the following points:
i. Aggregation: the financial accounting reports on the whole business results whereas managerial accounting provides a more detailed report on aspects such as product line, product profits and consumer base.
ii. Efficiency: Financial accounting majorly reports of an organiz.
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Provide the name of the corporation you will be using as the basis for this project.
Provide the organization’s purpose or mission statement.
Describe the organization's industry.
Provide the name and position of the person interviewed during this portion of the assignment (indicate as much pertinent information (e.g., length of service with company, previous roles in the company, educational background, etc.).
Provide the list of interview questions you asked the manager/executive.
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Power and politics
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Organizational structure
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Provide citations in APA format for any references.
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Select one of the case studies below, and include in your discussion an evaluation of the presence and effects of alteration in the homeostatic state secondary to gender, genetic, ethnic, and temporal variables.
Requirements:
Make sure all of the topics in the case study have been addressed.
Cite at least three sources; journal articles, textbooks or evidenced-based websites to support the content.
All sources must be within 5 years.
Do not use .com, Wikipedia, or up-to-date, etc., for your sources.
Case Study 1
Structure and Function of the Respiratory System
Brad is 45 years old and has been working as a coal cutter in a mine for the last 25 years. He likes the job because it pays well and the same mine had employed his father. Like many of his colleagues, Brad has had problems with a chronic cough. He has avoided his annual checkups for fear that he will be told he has “black lung,” or coal worker’s pneumoconiosis. The disease causes fibrosis, decreased diffusing capacity, and permanent small airway dilation. In later stages, pulmonary capillaries, alveoli, and airways are destroyed.
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Individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have more difficulty exhaling than inhaling. Why is this so?
In general terms, what mechanisms in lung disease can affect diffusing capacity across alveolar membranes? Use the Fick law to explain your answer.
Case Study 2
Respiratory Tract Infections, Neoplasms, and Childhood Disorders
Patricia was called at work by a woman at the local daycare center. She told Patricia to come and pick up her son because he was not feeling well. Her son, three-and-a-half-year-old Marshall, had been feeling tired and achy when he woke up. While at daycare, his cheeks had become red and he was warm to touch. He did not want to play with his friends, and by the time Patricia arrived, he was crying. Later that afternoon, Marshall’s condition worsened. He had fever, chills, a sore throat, runny nose, and a dry hacking cough. Suspecting Marshall had influenza, Patricia wrapped him up and took him to the community health care clinic.
Why did Marshall’s presentation lead Patricia to think he had influenza and not a cold? Why is it important to medically evaluate and diagnose a potential influenza infection?
Describe the pathophysiology of the influenza virus. Outline the properties of influenza A antigens that allow them to exert their effects in the host.
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Disorders of Ventilation and Gas Exchange
Emmanuel and his mother live in an.
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EV 551 Hazardous Materials Assessment – Summer2020
Homework 1 – 40 points
1. Which of the following is not a part of the HAZWOPER process:
a.
Recognition of hazards
b.
Evaluation of hazards
c.
Control of hazards
d.
Information gathering
e.
Safety from hazards
f.
All are part of the process
2.
Hazardous waste site workers must:
a.
Receive 40-hour OSHA 1910.120 training plus 24 hours of field supervision if exposed over the PEL
b.
Receive 40-hour training plus 8 hours field supervision if exposed below the PEL and when respirators are not required
c.
8-hour annual refresher training
d.
All of the above
3.
First Responder Operations level training allows persons to:
a.
Witness or discover a release
b.
Perform defensive actions
c.
Stop the release
d.
A and B are true
e.
All of the above
4.
Recognition of hazards includes:
a.
Identifying the materials involved in the release
b.
Identifying the degree of hazards present
c.
Provide the level of protection needed for site workers
d.
A and B are correct
e.
All of the above
5.
The most important response activity at a hazardous waste work site is:
a.
Evaluation of hazards
b.
Control of hazards
c.
Recognition of hazards
d.
Safety precautions
6.
Frequent hazard types found at response sites include:
a.
Physical hazards
b.
Biological hazards
c.
Chemical hazards
d.
Mechanical hazards
e.
All of the above
7.
The purpose of initial control activities is to:
a.
Immediately assess clean up alternatives
b.
Provide time to responders to address long-term hazards
c.
Slowly size up response activities
d.
Both A and B are correct
e.
None of the above
8.
Spill reporting is covered by which of these federal regulations:
a.
Superfund
b.
DOT
c.
RCRA
d.
Clean Water Act
e.
A, B, and D are correct
9.
The effects of toxic materials on the human body are determined by:
a.
Routes of exposure
b.
Dose
c.
Duration and frequency of exposure
d.
All of the above
10.
What are the four major pathways that chemical substances can enter the body?
a.
___________________________________________________
b.
___________________________________________________
c.
___________________________________________________
d.
___________________________________________________
11.
What is the primary route of exposure to hazardous waste site workers or incident
responders?
a.
Ingestion
b.
Dermal absorption
c.
Inhalation
d.
Both a and b are correct
12.
Dermal absorption may occur with which form(s) of a chemical:
a.
Solid
b.
Liquid
c.
Aerosol
d.
Mist
e.
All of the above
13.
The dose-response curve illustrates:
a.
The indirect relationship between dose and response
b.
The direct relationship between dose and response
c.
The average number of affected individuals
d.
None of the above
14.
For most chemicals, a low dose does that does not show an appreciable hazard to exposed individuals is called the:
a.
LOAEL
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Health History and Medical Information
Health History
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Subjective Data
Is very anxious and asks whether she is going to die.
Denies pain but says she feels like she cannot get enough air.
Says her heart feels like it is "running away."
Reports that she is exhausted and cannot eat or drink by herself.
Objective Data
Height 175 cm; Weight 95.5kg.
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Intervention
The following medications administered through drug therapy control her symptoms:
IV furosemide (Lasix)
Enalapril (Vasotec)
Metoprolol (Lopressor)
IV morphine sulphate (Morphine)
Inhaled short-acting bronchodilator (ProAir HFA)
Inhaled corticosteroid (Flovent HFA)
Oxygen delivered at 2L/ NC
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In the second week, discuss the major challenges in continuous monitoring of information systems security.
*will send 2 classmates after completion of discussion so you can respond!
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Quality of Work Submitted:
The purpose of the paper is clear.--
Written Expression and Formatting
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Evaluate the parameters of various ethical decision-making approaches.
Competency 3: Evaluate organizational policy within the framework of ethical standards.
Analyze an ethical dilemma using an ethical decision-making approach.
Assess the validity of a resolution suggested by a selected ethical decision-making approach.
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Imagine you are considering investing in a corporation. Examine the key information you would look for in a company’s financial statements and explain why this information would be important to you. Suggest at least two (2) financial statement analysis tools you would use to evaluate this company’s financial statements. Provide a rationale for your suggestions.
.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
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For more information about PECB:
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Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
Ethics in AccountingKeys to Reducing FraudAbstra.docx
1. Ethics in Accounting
Keys to Reducing Fraud
Abstract: The major problem facing accounting today is the
ethical and moral decline of accounting professionals. The
American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) has
published ethical rules to guide accounts and protect the
trustworthiness of their decisions in the event an ethical
dilemma arises. However today, the profession remains
challenged with the need to invest in the growth and
development of ethical and moral reasoning of accounting
professionals to protect them from veering from ethical
standards. This paper will explore ethical concepts such as
professional conduct and integrity and how emphasis on these
ethical values will affect fraud.
Table of Contents
I. Executive Summary 1
II. Introduction 1
III. Review of Literature 1
IV. Analysis 1
V. Recommendations 1
VI. Summary and Conclusions 1
VII. Appendix x 1
VIII. References 1
2. ACCT 601 – Accounting Capstone
Ethics in accounting
Page 0 of 3I. Executive Summary
Due week 7II. Introduction
Problem statement and how the topic fits with the course, the
degree, and your focus area.
Include a reason for the audience to read the paper. Include an
overview of what you are going to cover in your paper and the
importance of the material.
Preview the main ideas and the order in which they will be
covered.
Establish a tone of the document.
Accounting is the process by which financial transactions are
monitored, tracked and examined. It aims to provide a means of
determining the expenditure levels of an institution and it
provides a means of maintaining transparency and honesty in
the recording of business transactions. While most accounting is
completed using technology, software is easily manipulated by
people. Thus, individuals are the least reliable part of the
process, as they are susceptible to influence from outside
sources and defiant personal decisions. Therefore, the major
problem facing accounting is the ethics and morals of the
individual accountants. This paper will determine the
importance of specific aspects, such as autonomy,
confidentiality, professional conduct and integrity and establish
the overall ethical characteristic necessary to ensure proper
accounting and inhibit fraud.
Autonomy
According to Kant's moral philosophy, autonomy is the capacity
of an individual to act based on objective morality rather than
personal desires or other influences. In accounting, managers
make decisions on their own without the input or approval of
higher authorities. In some cases, this self-rule or individuality
3. may affect decisions made due to pressures of the moment
rather than the right decisions for the company. In other words,
singular decisions made with the aim of bias in the outcome in
favour of either a party involved in the process or the decision
maker rather than for the greater good is in itself corrupt.
Therefore, to ensure decisions are made with the best intentions
of the organization, rather than other influences, an individual’s
integrity becomes the main defense against unethical actions
(Metzger, 2011).
Confidentiality
Confidentiality is the state of maintaining secrecy or privacy on
specific issues. In accounting, confidentiality entails the details
of the client being protected from the public. The privacy of the
details of the client is the foundation that allows the clients to
open all their accounts to scrutiny in the audit process. The
accountant, being in a position that provides access to
information, requires discretion when storing information, as
the information they maintain is not protected by law (Snyder,
2011). Ethical problems arise when accounts leverage
confidential information for personal benefit, such as sharing or
selling client information. Furthermore, ethical dilemmas may
surface when fraud is discovered since reporting fraudulent
activities takes priority over maintaining confidence. Currently,
undefined professional expectations with regard to what must be
held in confidence and what should be reported has led to an
increase of unintentional and intentional unethical conduct.
Once more, focusing on moral values, such as integrity and
responsible professional conduct, ethics will be promoted.
Professional conduct
The lack of motivation in fully observing professional conduct
may be the cause for discord that has been noted to result in
financial crises (Melé, Rosanas, & Fontrodona, 2016).
Professional conduct is the regulation of a profession by a
regulatory body that guides the members of the body.
Professional conduct provisions are standards created for
members of a professional body to ensure the quality of services
4. delivered and sets a threshold that is required to meet. The
professional conduct of accountants may at times conflict, such
as when integrity and confidentiality collide. Instances of fraud
may result in the accountant having to debate between
maintaining confidentiality as required by the professional
conduct or reporting fraud, which may affect conduct. The need
to apply ethics in decision-making regarding professional
conduct points to an individual being more susceptible to
disregarding professional conduct when they deem the
infringement to be low level (Bobek, Hageman, & Radtke,
2015). Therefore, it is crucial to highlight the magnitude of
moral strength of finance students in professional conduct and
decision-making (Shawver & Miller, 2015).
Integrity
Integrity is the binding ingredient that holds the accounting
profession together. It is the attribute of being morally upright
through the strict observance of moral principles and generally
being an honest person. Integrity is the binding moral value that
all accounting ethics and professional standards are built upon.
It is the essential quality that emboldens accountants to
faithfully perform their duties and focus on the good of their
client without seeking personal gain. An accountant is required
to be candid, honest and direct regarding the financial situation
of a client. The breakdown of integrity in accounting can be the
result of two factors, lack of ethical standards within an
organization or the moral decay of an individual (Metzger,
2011). The existence of organizational and professional
standards aids in establishing the levels of integrity expected of
an individual. III. Review of Literature
The Effects of Professional Role, Decision Context, and Gender
on the Ethical
Decision Making of Public Accounting Professionals
In the article, The Effects of Professional Role, Decision
Context, and Gender on the Ethical Decision Making of Public
Accounting Professionals, the authors, Bobek, Hageman and
Radtke investigate the scale to which professional roles,
5. decision perspectives, and gender affect ethical decision making
of governmental accountants. Considering they are in the same
profession as other financiers and accountants; the outcomes of
the study can still be implemented in the paper. Nevertheless,
the study consisted of over 130 public accountants and
concluded that the accountants had a lower probability of
conceding with clients in an antagonistic situation. Moreover,
they were also less likely to recommend yielding when they
were auditing as compared to calculating taxes. It was also
identified that, in the context of auditing, public accountants
were less likely to yield to clients. When the data was broken
down to their basic gender-based analysis, women seemed to
demonstrate better decision-making abilities. Overall, the study
was designed to estimate the likelihood of public accountants
compromising their ethics and conducting activities that can be
deemed illegal. By understanding the dynamics that result in
unethical behaviors, policies could be developed to curb the
probability of unethical professional conduct taking place.
When evaluating the ethical framework or the ethical training
needs in the accounting department, managers should break
down the entire process in terms of; the professional role of the
accountants, the different contexts in which the accountant’s
practice and type of gender involved in the accounting
situations. Secondly, the management should consider whether
the accountant is either an auditor or a tax professional, male or
female and whether they operate in the audit or tax
environment.
Business Ethics From the Top Down Can Prevent Fraud
Business Ethics from the Top Down Can Prevent Fraud by
Burcham, J. provides information on why some individuals turn
to fraud. It will provide insight on how certain situations push
other employees to fraudulent activities. This reference revolves
around the idea of “Tone at the Top”. Burcham’s article
suggests that fraud can be caused by the actions of the higher
executives in a company. The way executives portray ethical
behavior manifests how the rest of the employees behave.
6. Understandably, most people would agree on the importance of
a job and career. Individuals work hard to keep their position
once they are hired in position, they feel is suitable. When the
executives are doing unethical tasks, it ends up trickling down
to the rest of the employees as they are afraid to do something
about it, for fear of losing their jobs. Everyone fears the
thought of standing up to the CFO or even trying to tell
someone about what is happening. The article goes on to list
what steps should be taken in a workplace to create an ethical
environment.
Climate for Scandal: Corporate Environments that Contribute to
Accounting Fraud
In the article, Climate for Scandal: Corporate Environments that
Contribute to Accounting Fraud, the authors, Crutchley, Jensen
and Marshall, examine multiple factors in 97 firms that were
under investigation for corporate accounting scandals, to
determine the characteristics of the corporate environment that
is most likely to support accounting fraud. The firms selected
for this research had active investigations ongoing for
accounting scandals. The authors found that in most cases, the
corporate environment that supports fraud is characterized by
speedy growth where extreme earnings appear to be smoothing.
In addition, the firms are likely to have very few outsiders on
the audit committee while there is some degree of over-
commitment by outside directors.
The findings of this study suggest that firms that have a good
ethical rating on their accounting practices have a definable
corporate environment. This means that by monitoring the
environment, managers can predict the likelihood of whether
their accountants will engage in corporate fraud. These
characteristics can be used as indicators of fraud and could
therefore be useful in ensuring that accounting ethics are
observed.
Why Good People Do Bad Things: How Fraud Can Happen to
Any of Us
In the article, Why Good People Do Bad Things: How Fraud
7. Can Happen to Any of Us, Leslie Kirsch does an excellent job
of explaining everything accountants and business leaders need
to know about fraud. This article includes statistics of fraud and
it goes into detail of why people commit fraud. The topic of
fraud prevention is covered as well. Leslie Kirsch makes you
understand that there is not one perfect way to prevent fraud.
On the other hand, it is crucial to prevent fraud and take the
proper steps in the direction of fraud prevention. Leslie
Kirsch’s article provides insight geared to answering how
ethical standards and other preventative measures reduce fraud.
Kirsch’s article will lead us to an answer or several resolutions
to the statement we have at hand.
Ethics in Finance and Accounting: Editorial Introduction
The authors of Ethics in Finance and Accounting: Editorial
Introduction, Melé and Fontrodona, evaluate the recent financial
crisis the nation, as well as the globe experienced in 2007-2008
and states that it is vital for the relationship between finance
and accounting to be reflected upon as well as their ethics and
efficiencies. Moreover, in order to apply proper ethics and
efficiencies, they have to both motivate and empower
practitioners in the financial industry. As a result, the
practitioners will commit their activities to adhere to the law,
fairness, and enhancement of understanding and improvement of
personal veracity. The author of the article further introduces
works that can be used by various financial and accounting
companies to control and measure ethical behaviors and
misconduct in the financial sector and overall professional. This
is without excluding ethical investments and coverage. This
article performs an analysis on the essentials of ethics and
partisanship in the financial sector and demonstrates, through
examples, how those factors can affect the domestic fiscal
environment as well as external economies. Ethics is a necessity
when it comes to professional conduct, such as the handling of
monetary assets. By understanding how professional conduct
and other dependent systems relate, the article identifies the
importance of ethics in accounting and finance.
8. In order to enhance ethics in the contemporary accounting
environment, the technical aspects of accounting and finance
should be integrated into the actual business activity. This
implies that ethics should not only be limited to the accounting
rules but also extend to an interdependent system of values that
ought to be observed. The accounting and finance departments
must promote the ethical values that define the practice of
accounting to discourage fraud.
The Keys to Integrity and a Sense of Well-being for Accounting
Professionals
In the article, Keys to Integrity and a Sense of Well-being
for Accounting Professionals, the author, Lawrence Metzger,
defines integrity and discusses briefly the barriers and
stumbling blocks that place an accountant’s independence,
objectivity and integrity in danger. More importantly, the
author defines integrity and observes that a person who chooses
to act with integrity, in situations which demands a choice, will
create a “sense” of well-being. This sense of well-being is
instrumental to an accountant’s professional conduct and overall
sense of satisfaction in oneself and one’s profession. The key
ingredient, of course, is integrity and the key areas of
professional wellness are: sense of agency, sense of the
appropriate, sense of wholeness, sense of positive influence,
sense of creativity, sense of purpose, sense of character, sense
of trust, sense of self and sense of happiness. The intent of this
reference is to examine how a deeper understanding of personal
and professional integrity will influence and guide the
accounting professional through critical ethical decisions they
may encounter. Furthermore, the author reiterates that integrity
is doing what it is right, even if it results in “negative
consequences” and acts of omission are just as unethical as acts
of commission. This is important when discerning whether to
investigate or report suspected fraud or whether to willfully
participate or ignore fraud. More importantly, personal and
professional integrity contributes to the sustainability of the
elite reputation the accounting profession has strived to foster.
9. Moral Intensity Revisited: Measuring the Benefit of Accounting
Ethics Interventions
In the article, Moral Intensity Revisited: Measuring the Benefit
of Accounting Ethics Interventions, the authors of this study,
Shawyer and Miller, were determined to understand whether
accounting students’ acuity of moral strength could be improved
with the aid of ethical interventions in one of their advanced
classes. This article plays a critical role in the overall
understanding of ethics in accounting as it determines if
students from school can perceive ethics and its importance.
Nonetheless, from the study, it was identified that ethical
decision-making is influenced heavily by the moral strength
problem. The controlled experiment measured the change in
perception of moral intensity utilizing pre and post-testing
instruments. The authors also appreciated the results of other
studies stating that they identified moral intensity determined
ethics, but the class experiment noted additional data.
Depending on the ethical content being presented to the
students, it affected their acuity of moral intensity. This
information is important as it could be utilized to create a trace
to the source of unethical conduct. In general, the study was set
to determine if unethical behaviors can be limited through
school education thereby having the overall effect of limited
unethical behaviors in the financial sector. The data from the
study provided the students with a learning opportunity to
understand how education can impact ethical professional
conduct.
The article suggests that an educational process that follows an
advanced accounting course can be used to enhance moral
intensity or ethical awareness. In contemporary organizations,
professional training can be modeled using such a course.
Accountants can be subjected to seminars and workshops where
the knowledge gained from the courses is used to solve
accounting case studies. This will improve decision making in
the context of accounting ethics.
Client Confidentiality and Fraud
10. “Client Confidentiality and Fraud” written by Herbert
Snyder is an article about confidentiality and the potential
conflict posed when fraud is detected. The article explored
whether the public interest take precedence over confidentiality
and looked at instances of other professions which require
confidentiality such as lawyers, and doctors. According to
AICPA Code of Ethics 1.700.001, Confidential Client
Information Rule prohibits the disclosure of any client
information without the expressed consent of the client
(Accountants, 2016). The exceptions which allow disclosure of
the client’s information are for peer review, summons, subpoena
and inquiry by AICPA or State Board of Accountancy.
During an audit engagement we should provide great care to
protect the client confidential information from being exposed
or easily accessed. According to Scott Hillson an audit
engagement is independent. The Auditor relationship with the
client to render an opinion on the financial statement is not
privileged. However, if fraud is discovered the client may want
to take steps to protect certain information from being divulge
during court proceeding. “A fraud examiner should consider
ways in which attorney-client privilege can be protected”
(Snyder, 2011).
· Not allowing attendance of a third person to a meeting.
· Not recording information which can destroy confidentiality.
· Limit copies of documents and mark do not duplicate
· Label documents – Privilege and Confidential
According to Snyder a conflict between following a professional
obligation to not divulge information or report the fraud when
discovered due to ethical values. Just as there is a conflict
between professional obligation and ethical values there is also
a delicate balance between client confidentiality and the
public’s trust. The balance should be on the side of the
public’s trust. The nature of accountant-client relationships and
the grievous harm when financial misconduct is allowed to
occurred makes it difficult to support the professional claim of
confidentiality in the face of fraud” (Snyder, 2011).
11. Embracing Ethics and Morality: An Analytic Essay for the
Accounting Profession
In the article, Embracing Ethics and Morality; An Analytic
Essay for the Accounting Profession, the authors, Stephens,
Vance and Pettegrew, look beyond the standards, principles and
laws that were undoubtedly disregarded in accounting scandals
of yesterday; such as Enron, WorldCom, AOL and Lehman
Brothers and evaluates the failed morality of the accounting
profession and society as a whole. In particular, it delves into
the ethical behavior and ethical readiness of the present and
next generation of accounting professionals. The author
searches for reasons that explain why moral values have
declined and asserts the purpose of ethical training should be
about conduct and decision-making that seeks the good of
others and doing what is right because it is right. He contrasts
the decision for right behavior based on values and virtue
against morals that imposed by rules and behavior modification
based on fear of punishment of breaking said rules.
Accordingly, the article explores high-school students’ tendency
toward cheating, lying, and stealing, which paints a bleak
picture for the future of accounting professionals. More
specifically, it suggests that students believe there are not
absolute standards for moral and ethics, and have a disregard
for personal responsibility and accountability. It further gives
negative outlook on the effects of ethical education and
standards, as “most ethicists agree that an individual’s value
system is fully developed by the time he reaches college and
that further education can do little to change that” (Stephens,
Vance & Pettegrew, 2012). As such, the author analyzes the six
stages of moral reasoning and explains that most people fail to
reach the last two stages. Thus, the article exposes the
desperate need for a professional class of accountants that will
exhibit a higher level of integrity and higher moral reasoning,
that moves beyond being ethical because it’s the rule, regulation
or law. The intent of this reference is to further our underlying
theory that integrity and the careful development of said virtue
12. is the cornerstone of ethical accounting. Honesty,
trustworthiness and decision to do what is right are the super
powers to win the battle against fraud.
Accounting Ethics in Unfriendly Environments: The
Educational Challenge
In the article, Accounting Ethics in Unfriendly Environments,
the authors Tormo-Carbó, Seguí-Mas and Oltra engaged 551
students at a Spanish University to investigate the significance
of accounting ethics. They investigated how the students viewed
the goals of accounting ethics education in unfriendly
environments. They also investigated the role of gender,
previous business ethics courses and age in determining the
students’ views and perceptions about ethics’ courses. The
authors found that Students who had undertook previous
business ethics courses were more interested in introducing
accounting ethics to the curriculum. Additionally, female
students and older ones were found to be more inclined towards
ethical courses.
Based on the results of this study, organizations may desire to
screen for previous enrollment in ethics courses when
introducing advanced accounting course. Accountants with
previous experience should be identified as advocates for the
new course. Similarly, female and older accountants may be
preferred to lead teams that are involved in ethics related
training.IV. Analysis
The effects of fraudulent activities in an economy are far
reaching. Unethical behaviors harm individuals, firms and the
economy at large. Accountants play a vital role in ensuring the
reliability and trustworthiness of accounting data and influence
the moral culture of business and society. In order to achieve
this, accountants are advised to observe the American Institute
of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA), Professional Code of
Conduct. This ethical professional code requires accountants to
have a high level of integrity, to maintain confidentiality and
behave according to a high degree of professional standards.
Undoubtedly, private and public organizations employ
13. professional accountants who are required to provide financial
information regarding its business transactions. In the course of
business, accountants may encounter situations where they feel
compelled or pressured to provide false financial information
and/or alter financial results. These events create a threat to the
moral and ethical character of an accountant and are known as
ethical dilemmas. Ethical dilemmas test the moral system or
ethical code of an individual, an organization and a profession.
In these cases, individuals must choose whether to remain
steadfast in their moral values or act contrary to what they
personally believe or what has been established by ethical code.
In the event an individual chooses the later, fraud is inevitable.
Accounting fraud involves the intentional manipulation of
financial information, which misleads shareholders, creditors,
investors and the general public. These actions are premeditated
attempts to deceive and attract investors by intentionally
altering financial statements. Often, this is accomplished by
overstating revenue and assets and under reporting expenses and
liabilities. Perpetrators of accounting fraud are employees,
managers, accountants and top executives. In an effort to
reduce business fraud, ethical codes have been instituted within
corporations, industries and state and national accounting
boards. For certified public accountants, the AICPA Code of
Professional Conduct has been adopted to tackle the ethics of
accounting.
Professional Conduct Diminishes Fraud
An accountant’s professional conduct is a key quality used to
minimize fraud. As mentioned, state accountancy boards and the
AICPA are authorized to formulate and enforce professional
standards for all accounting members. The AICPA Code of
Professional Conduct was recodified in June 2014, and became
fully effective in December 2015. This code of conduct
requires all accountants to act with integrity, due care,
objectivity, competency and ensure confidentiality for their
client. In addition to this, accountants are required to disclose
any conflict of interest in their work and to ensure that their
14. clients are aware of any referral fees and commissions.
Moreover, the obligation to guard public interest is required to
be met by accountants. Steven Mintz writes, “the public relies
on the ethics and professionalism of CPAs to protect their
interests. Professionalism is demonstrated by behavior that is
consistent with the ethical obligation to serve the public
interest…” (Mintz, 2018). Reasonably, aligning the conduct of
accountants though an obligation to conduct their activities to
serve the public good, and not their employers, investors or
themselves, will reduce the temptation to commit fraud. In this
manner, strengthening the accountants’ determination to
conduct and execute their duties faithfully and confidently
thereby diminishing the opportunity for fraud.
Integrity Withers Fraud
Without a doubt, integrity is the fundamental ingredient
necessary for all professionals. It is the essential character trait
that dictates the professional and ethical actions of an
accountant. Accountants who have strong moral values and who
are honest in conduct will help to eliminate accounting fraud.
As mentioned, the AICPA has been entrusted with the
responsibility of ensuring and developing professional ethical
values in accounting. The key attribute and cornerstone to the
entire code of ethics is integrity. “Having integrity means
acting out of moral principle and doing what is right, even if
there are negative consequences” (Metzger, 2011). In basic
terms, integrity is choosing to do the right thing because it is
the right thing to do. It requires accountants to be honest in
their work, to be candid and forthright with the financial
information of a client. An accountant with high integrity
restricts themselves from any personal gain or advantage in the
cause of their work through the utilization of important
information. Moreover, integrity restricts accountants from
manipulating financial information intentionally or for any
other reason other than to correct accounting errors. Instilling
and insisting that accounting professionals maintain high levels
of integrity has a significant impact on reducing fraud.
15. Accountants with high integrity will not alter or allow any
unnecessary manipulation of financial information for personal
gain or gain of a third party. In fact, accountants with high
integrity will forego their work when pressured by employers to
manipulate financial information. Undeniably, this ethical
fortitude and commitment to professional integrity will uphold
the accounting industry and shrink fraud. V. Recommendations
Accounting fraud is estimated to cost an organization
approximately 5% of revenue per year. In 2016, the Association
of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE) found that $6.3 billion in
total losses occurred due to fraud, with an average of $2.7
million per company. These are extraordinary losses and every
possible measure should be deployed to ensure the reduction of
fraud cases. In addition to accountants and accounting
regulatory bodies essential role of adhering to and
implementing ethical rules, other measures to reduce fraud
should be engaged. According to the ACFE, the greatest
detection method of fraud is whistleblower tips. Organizations
should consider instituting hotlines or other systems of
anonymous reporting to encourage employees to report ethical
violations (ACFE, 2016). Of course, other detection methods
should also be engaged. Businesses should also consider
installing technology, such as surveillance and monitoring
systems to detect and minimize fraud. Unfortunately, these
fraud barriers alone will not eliminate fraudulent activities.
With that said, it important to encourage current professionals
and future accountants to grow in their moral reasoning.
William Stephens explains in his article, Embracing Ethics and
Morality, that most young adults have not reached the highest
levels of moral reasoning described by Kohlberg’s cognitive
framework of ethical behavior. He further explains that most
people have stopped at stage four, which says ethical behavior
is dictated by punishment and reward. Thus, it is recommended
that colleges, universities and accounting authorities develop
studies that cultivate moral teachings that will move
accountants to higher stages of reasoning, stage five and six,
16. which say that ethical actions are based on the welfare of others
and because principally moral actions are the right thing to do
(Stephens 2012). More importantly, today, accountants can
recommitment to truthfulness in financial transactions along
with the continued professional investment and development of
ethical values. Ultimately, it is human virtue and the high
righteousness of actions and deeds that will positively affect the
financial integrity of business and our society, thereby
extinguishing fraudulent activity and our overall moral
decline.VI. Summary and Conclusions
Summarize your work and your findings. The conclusion should
include a recommendation. Summarizing is similar to
paraphrasing but presents the gist of the material in fewer words
than the original. Identify the main ideas and major support
points from the body of your report. Minor details are left out.
Summarize the benefits of the ideas and how they affect the
profession, company, or public.VII. References
Accountants, A.I. (2016). AICPA Code of Professional Conduct.
AICPA.
ACFE, (2016). Report to the Nations on Occupational Fraud and
Abuse, 2016 Global Fraud Study. Retrieved from
https://www.acfe.com/rttn2016/about/executive-summary.aspx
Bobek, D., Hageman, A., & Radtke, R. (2015). The Effects of
Professional Role, Decision Context, and Gender on the Ethical
Decision Making of Public Accounting Professionals.
Behavioral Research In Accounting, 27(1), 55-78. doi:
10.2308/bria-51090
Burcham, John. “Business Ethics From the Top Down Can
Prevent Fraud.” Fighting Identity Crimes Powered by EZShield,
6 Aug. 2015, www.fightingidentitycrimes.com/business-ethics-
from-the-top-down-can-prevent-fraud/.
Crutchley, C., Jensen, M., & Marshall, B. (2007). Climate for
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17. Kirsch, L. C. (2018). Why Good People Do Bad Things: How
Fraud Can Happen to Any of Us. Benefits Magazine, 55(2), 24.
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Melé, D., Rosanas, J., & Fontrodona, J. (2016). Ethics in
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Business Ethics, 140(4), 609-613. doi: 10.1007/s10551-016-
3328-y
Metzger, L. (2011). The Keys to Integrity and a Sense of Well-
being for Accounting Professionals. CPA Journal, 81(3), 10–12.
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rect=true&db=bth&AN=65030829&site=ehost-live
Mintz, S. (2018). Accounting in the Public Interest. (cover
story). CPA Journal, 88(3), 22–29. Retrieved from
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rect=true&db=bth&AN=128446872&site=ehost-live
Shawver, T., & Miller, W. (2015). Moral Intensity Revisited:
Measuring the Benefit of Accounting Ethics Interventions.
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Snyder, H. (2011). Client Confidentiality and Fraud. Fraud
Magazine. Retrieved from https://www.fraud-
magazine.com/article.aspx?id=4294968847
Stephens, W., Vance, C. A., & Pettegrew, L. S. (2012).
Embracing Ethics and Morality; An Analytic Essay for the
Accounting Profession. CPA Journal, 82(1), 16–21. Retrieved
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rect=true&db=bth&AN=73784983&site=ehost-live
Tormo-Carbó, G., Seguí-Mas, E., & Oltra, V. (2014).
Accounting Ethics in Unfriendly Environments: The
Educational Challenge. Journal of Business Ethics, 135(1), 161-