The purpose of autobiography is: the recreation, the nostalgic or not-so-nostalgic closure, or the simple delineation, of a life. This is without doubt, at least for me. But it is also much else and many writers describe the purpose of autobiography and of its several country-cousins: memoirs, diary or journal writing and even essays and poetry. A search for some clearer understanding of the autobiographer’s identity is a commonly found aim in the now massive literature on the subject of why autobiographers write. For some autobiographers of a scientific bent their work is animated by the purpose of proving that their lives are ultimately purposeless. The philosopher Alfred North Whitehead states, with his tongue in his cheek in his book The Function of Reason, that the examination of such autobiographies would constitute an interesting subject for study. My autobiography, in contrast, is animated by a significant sense of purpose and by a meta-narrative in which I do not possess an incredulity. Mine would not therefore be among those that Whitehead might find interesting in that context.
This document discusses literature and female identity. It argues that female identity has been influenced by patriarchal notions that view women as "the other". French feminists view women as the other subject rather than object. The document outlines two modes of feminist criticism - ideological criticism that offers feminist readings, and the study of women writers. It argues that for women to establish their authentic identity, they must actively engage in formulating and analyzing critical theories from a women-centered perspective, independent of male critical theory.
Edith Wharton was an influential American author born in 1862 who contributed significantly to American literature through her serious works. She is best known for novels that reflected New York aristocratic life such as The Age of Innocence and The House of Mirth. Wharton developed major themes around the effects of social class and women's place in society. She employed unique writing styles using techniques like imagery, third-person perspective, and dramatic irony. Wharton's background influenced her realistic portrayal of social structures in her fiction writing. She was a pioneering female author who achieved great success despite challenges and criticism, establishing herself as a leading figure in American literature.
The document provides an overview and analysis of various critical essays relating to Henry David Thoreau's Walden. It summarizes the key perspectives of different critics. Some critics, like George Sibley, were negative and argued Thoreau's teachings were impractical. Others, like Ronald Schwartz, focused on Thoreau's literary talents. Loren Eiseley attempted to define Thoreau's teachings as a mode of thinking derived from nature. Finally, some scholars, like Judith Saunders and Michael Gilmore, examined Walden as an economic critique, though they disagreed on its implications.
"Promoting Happiness, Demoting Authority: Richard Rorty's Pragmatic Turn Revisited"/"Pragmatism and the Pursuit of Hope and Happiness"... presented Feb.25-26, 2022, American Philosophical Association Central Division, Palmer House Chicago--William James Society/Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy (SAAP)
This document analyzes book reviews of Walden from different time periods. Early reviews from 1854 praised Thoreau's skillful writing and descriptions of nature. Later reviews expressed reluctant appreciation for Walden's message of self-reliance but acknowledged the beauty of Thoreau's writing. Reviews from the 1960s reflected this same attitude, seeing Thoreau as an eccentric but also as a voice for social ethics. Even later reviews note that advances in society made Thoreau's philosophy harder to follow but that his writing remained evocative and opened new meanings for words. The document examines how Walden has endured through history by relating to core human truths beneath changes in society.
Howdy! Today we have for you a great research concept paper example. If you need more information, go to https://www.phdthesiswriting.biz/research-concept-paper-tips-and-tricks/
This document provides an agenda and background information for an EWRT 1C class discussing literary theory, specifically feminist criticism. It begins with an overview of intrinsic and extrinsic literary theories, defining intrinsic as focusing on a work's essence in isolation and extrinsic as relating a work to its external context. It then discusses feminist criticism, which examines how literature reinforces or undermines the patriarchal oppression of women. It provides context on the waves of feminism and objectives of feminist criticism, including developing a female literary tradition.
This article is written by Simone de Beauvoir .
[ it is clearly explain in this article that rights include to live free from violence ,slavery and discrimination ; to be educated ;to own property ;to vote and to earn a fair and equal wage ..
[ women are entitled to all of these rights ]
This document discusses literature and female identity. It argues that female identity has been influenced by patriarchal notions that view women as "the other". French feminists view women as the other subject rather than object. The document outlines two modes of feminist criticism - ideological criticism that offers feminist readings, and the study of women writers. It argues that for women to establish their authentic identity, they must actively engage in formulating and analyzing critical theories from a women-centered perspective, independent of male critical theory.
Edith Wharton was an influential American author born in 1862 who contributed significantly to American literature through her serious works. She is best known for novels that reflected New York aristocratic life such as The Age of Innocence and The House of Mirth. Wharton developed major themes around the effects of social class and women's place in society. She employed unique writing styles using techniques like imagery, third-person perspective, and dramatic irony. Wharton's background influenced her realistic portrayal of social structures in her fiction writing. She was a pioneering female author who achieved great success despite challenges and criticism, establishing herself as a leading figure in American literature.
The document provides an overview and analysis of various critical essays relating to Henry David Thoreau's Walden. It summarizes the key perspectives of different critics. Some critics, like George Sibley, were negative and argued Thoreau's teachings were impractical. Others, like Ronald Schwartz, focused on Thoreau's literary talents. Loren Eiseley attempted to define Thoreau's teachings as a mode of thinking derived from nature. Finally, some scholars, like Judith Saunders and Michael Gilmore, examined Walden as an economic critique, though they disagreed on its implications.
"Promoting Happiness, Demoting Authority: Richard Rorty's Pragmatic Turn Revisited"/"Pragmatism and the Pursuit of Hope and Happiness"... presented Feb.25-26, 2022, American Philosophical Association Central Division, Palmer House Chicago--William James Society/Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy (SAAP)
This document analyzes book reviews of Walden from different time periods. Early reviews from 1854 praised Thoreau's skillful writing and descriptions of nature. Later reviews expressed reluctant appreciation for Walden's message of self-reliance but acknowledged the beauty of Thoreau's writing. Reviews from the 1960s reflected this same attitude, seeing Thoreau as an eccentric but also as a voice for social ethics. Even later reviews note that advances in society made Thoreau's philosophy harder to follow but that his writing remained evocative and opened new meanings for words. The document examines how Walden has endured through history by relating to core human truths beneath changes in society.
Howdy! Today we have for you a great research concept paper example. If you need more information, go to https://www.phdthesiswriting.biz/research-concept-paper-tips-and-tricks/
This document provides an agenda and background information for an EWRT 1C class discussing literary theory, specifically feminist criticism. It begins with an overview of intrinsic and extrinsic literary theories, defining intrinsic as focusing on a work's essence in isolation and extrinsic as relating a work to its external context. It then discusses feminist criticism, which examines how literature reinforces or undermines the patriarchal oppression of women. It provides context on the waves of feminism and objectives of feminist criticism, including developing a female literary tradition.
This article is written by Simone de Beauvoir .
[ it is clearly explain in this article that rights include to live free from violence ,slavery and discrimination ; to be educated ;to own property ;to vote and to earn a fair and equal wage ..
[ women are entitled to all of these rights ]
Themes of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young ManFatima Gul
The document discusses several major themes in James Joyce's novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. These include Stephen's rejection of authority and struggle for independence, his development as an artist, his pride and egotism, sin as a liberating force, life as a maze of confusion, his search for identity, dissatisfaction with his surroundings, the role of language and communication, criticism of religion and spirituality, the instability of home, and the centrality of literature and writing to Stephen's life and journey.
Forgiveness.Philosophy, Psychology, and Application.FitellydDevi Fitelly
This document provides an overview of a thesis on the topic of forgiveness. It discusses concepts like isolation, relationship, and existentialism through the works of thinkers like Sartre, Buber, Dumm, and Moltmann. It contrasts isolated "I-It" relationships with meaningful "I-Thou" relationships. The document argues that forgiveness can help overcome isolation by reengaging the wronged and wrongdoer in an authentic relationship. It lays the foundation for understanding forgiveness as an ongoing process of reconciliation through interdependence, vulnerability and relationship.
This document summarizes Jerome Bruner's view that people construct narratives to make sense of their lives and experiences. Bruner argues that we have no way to describe lived experiences other than through narrative form. He also argues that life and narrative influence each other, with narratives imitating life and life imitating narratives. According to Bruner, autobiographies are interpretive constructions rather than objective accounts, and are shaped by cultural narratives and storytelling conventions.
This document summarizes the inspiration and concept for a third year fashion design student's collection. The collection takes inspiration from the book "A Self-Made Man" by Norah Vincent, about her experience living disguised as a man for 18 months. The overarching theme is playing with identity and societal pressures to conform. The design elements are color and structure. Colors like black, grey, white and red will represent stages of disguise and self-acceptance. Pleats and boxy silhouettes will symbolize layers of identity and disguise. The goal is to show universal human struggles with identity and society, beyond differences between men and women.
The creature in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein struggles with questions of personhood due to being created in an unnatural way from various body parts. He lacks autonomy and a sense of self due to having no biological family, name, or place in society. While intelligent and self-aware, the creature's grotesque appearance and isolation resulting from his circumstances leave him feeling less than human and unable to truly achieve personhood. All of his anxieties around his birth, looks, and lack of belonging stem from a lack of autonomy defined by relationships and social integration that most consider essential to being a person.
The document outlines an English class schedule and assignments for the week of April 19th. It includes reviewing different literary criticism models like feminist criticism and analyzing short stories like "The Storm" through those lenses. Students will also analyze speeches by Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois using historical criticism, comparing their arguments. They will write essays analyzing stories and speeches seen through various literary criticism perspectives.
Archetypal criticism examines literature through the lens of universal symbols, images, and story patterns known as archetypes. This approach originated from Jung's theory of a collective unconscious containing archetypes inherited from a remote past. Key proponents like Frye applied the theory to literature by identifying common archetypes like the hero's journey. Archetypal critics believe these archetypes reveal literature's power by tapping into shared human experiences, fears, and desires. Readers can recognize archetypes and find meaning by connecting works to basic patterns in mythology and the human condition. However, some critics argue it ignores individual authors and historical/cultural influences.
The document summarizes J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter novels and their critique of celebrity culture on two levels - the affectivity of celebrity culture and the commodification of cultural celebrities. While the novels indict these aspects of celebrity, they also rely on celebrity culture for their own success, representing a paradox in Rowling's critique. The novels establish Harry's constant quest for real virtue over celebrity status as he rejects the emotional reactions his fame provokes. They also condemn inauthentic celebrities like Gilderoy Lockhart who is artificially manufactured for profit.
The document discusses Toni Morrison's novel Beloved and the concept of "re-membering" in relation to slavery and African American identity. It argues that Beloved allows Morrison to explore notions of black identity suppressed in white American thought. The novel acts as a site for remembering the horrors of slavery through the fragmented memories of characters still trapped by the trauma. Re-membering involves both reflecting on the past and reconnecting what was broken, allowing the black community to heal from slavery's legacy by sharing their collective experiences.
This document provides a literature review and analysis of Kazuo Ishiguro's novels An Artist of the Floating World and The Remains of the Day. It discusses how the novels use narrative techniques like disnarration to represent political contexts and histories that the characters have repressed or forgotten. Through analyzing silences and omitted details, the novels highlight how individuals can become entangled in larger historical forces and political ideologies. The document aims to uncover the political scenarios of postwar Japan and Britain through a disnarrative reading of the texts.
This document discusses various archetypes and archetypal symbols that commonly recur across different cultures and time periods in literature, art, and mythology. It provides examples of archetypes like "The Flood" story and defines archetypes as original patterns or models that are found in different works. It also lists some common archetypal symbols like colors, numbers, nature elements and explains their symbolic meanings.
Cheryl Strayed's advice to an aspiring writer on faith and humility....Ashok Kumar
“Writing is hard for every last one of us… Coal mining is harder. Do you think miners stand around all day talking about how hard it is to mine for coal? They do not. They simply dig.”
This thesis analyzes the popularity and success of the first four Harry Potter books by J.K. Rowling. It examines their publication history, marketing strategies, and how they draw from different literary genres like the school story, epic/romance, and modern fantasy. The thesis argues that Rowling's unique blending of these genres through her use of morality and values contributes to the books' complexity and widespread appeal to both children and adults. It aims to understand why the Harry Potter series has become such a global phenomenon.
Elit 48 c class 5 post qhq composed vs comprisedjordanlachance
1. The document discusses feminist criticism, lesbian and gay criticism, and queer theory. It explains that feminist criticism examines how literature reinforces the oppression of women, while lesbian/gay criticism addresses sexism and heterosexism.
2. Queer theory views sexuality as fluid rather than defined by categories like heterosexual and homosexual. It asserts that sexuality is influenced by factors like race and class and cannot be defined by biological sex or gender roles.
3. Lesbian, gay, and queer criticism often rely on textual evidence like homoerotic imagery, same-sex relationships, and subtle cues to suggest a homoerotic atmosphere in a text. A
1. African American criticism examines works through the lens of the black experience with oppression and marginalization. It notes how black writing emerges from a sociocultural context marked by these factors.
2. It also draws from postcolonial theory regarding the representation of the "other" and identity reclamation. African American criticism is aware of how black experience relates to African influences and the legacy of slavery and racism in shaping black artistic production in white cultures.
3. A key concern is who can speak for or understand black literature and whether black works demand a specific ideological lens or can be analyzed using traditional theories. It questions the essence of race and how racial identity has been constructed and understood over time.
This document provides a summary and reflection of Bell Hooks' chapter from her book Teaching to Transgress. The author discusses how the reading provided insight into understanding privilege and oppression. They realized biases they may hold unconsciously. The reading also emphasized the importance of praxis - taking action and reflecting critically. It prompted questions about who is oppressed in society and the role of critical theorists in understanding oppression.
This document discusses archetypal criticism as a type of literary theory. Archetypal criticism examines recurring myths, symbols, and character types in narratives by focusing on patterns embedded in the collective unconscious. It assumes there are universal archetypes that elicit similar responses in all people. Proponents of archetypal criticism like Carl Jung and Northrop Frye believe it can help readers connect with basic human anxieties and desires represented in literature. Archetypal criticism provides a universalistic approach to analyzing works that are highly symbolic.
A Narrative Perspective On The Development Of Narcissism And Anxiety Through ...Shawn Ellis, B.A. and M.S.
This document provides a literature review on narcissism and anxiety from a narrative perspective. It summarizes research showing that social networking sites may be facilitating the development of narcissism and anxiety among users. The document reviews definitions of narcissism from clinical literature and outlines sources of anxiety across the lifespan. It proposes exploring whether portraying dual narratives on and offline contributes to issues like narcissism and anxiety through social media use.
Archetypal literary criticism is based on the works of Carl Jung and Joseph Campbell and examines recurring characters, themes, and plots in literature that are derived from ancient mythology and religion. Key concepts in archetypal criticism include archetypes, which are original patterns or figures like "The Hero" that reappear across stories. A fundamental archetypal plot is the hero's journey, where a protagonist moves from innocence to experience by descending into danger, battling monsters, and returning home transformed. Critics following this approach believe it reveals deep truths in literature but it is limited as it only analyzes works through the lens of archetypes.
Realism and existentialism were popular literary movements in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Realism focuses on realistic depictions of ordinary life, while existentialism examines individual existence and meaning. Famous authors who wrote in these styles include Stephen Crane, known for realistic fiction, and Albert Camus and Franz Kafka, who explored existential themes. T.S. Eliot also used existentialism in works like The Wasteland. These writers brought philosophical ideas to life through their realistic and existential fiction.
Two hundred years before the death of Roger White in 1993, Shaykh Ahmad-i-Ahsai "arose to dedicate the remaining days of his life to the task" of preparing the way, as one of the two critical precursors of the Baha'i Revelation, "for the advent of a new Manifestation." In the next several years of that fin de siecle he began to write a great deal about the metaphorical nature of the prophecies relating to the birth of a new and independent Revelation of God.
There was a strong poetic strain in the Shakyh's writings: symbolism and metaphor abounded. Shaykh Ahmad was very unorthodox and many "professed themselves incapable of comprehending the meaning of his mysterious allusions." This poetic, symbolic, strand has continued through the writings of the two precursors of the Babi Revelation, the Revelation of the two Manifestations of God and the writings of 'Abdu'l-Baha, all part of what you might call the poetic tradition in the Baha'i Era.
There has been, too, a series of poets beginning with Tahireh in the 1840s, to Na'im late in the nineteenth and early in the twentieth centuries, to George Townshend up to mid-twentieth century and later Robert Hayden, Roger White, Bahiyyih Nahkjavani, John Hatcher and Michael Fitzgerald, among others, who have made important contributions to the literature and commentary on the Cause in a poetic idiom. In some ways it could be said that the passing of Roger White in 1993 marks and end of two centuries of intense and significant poetic writing in a tradition centred on the appearance of two Manifestations of God in the nineteenth century. It is not the purpose of this book or this chapter to describe this long history, this tradition, of poetic influence, of poetic writing. The experience of poetry begins anew with each generation.
Since the first teaching Plan, 1937-1944, poetry written by Baha'is has slowly become a part of world literature, first through Robert Hayden and second through Roger White, the subject of this study. The poetry of White is seen as continuation and development, as part of "the decisive, the most significant, contemporary life of tradition," as poetry critic F.R. Leavis once described the poetry of the present. White should be seen, too, as part of that rich treasure of human life which is now stored within the pale of a new and emerging world religion. White had much of the culture of this embryonic Force, this Movement, fermenting, crystallizing, in his head and it took him on a voyage over the deep of poetry with its delicacy and tenderness, with its inexhaustible resources, infinitely new and striking.
This part of my autobiography is APPENDIX 1. It begins with the Introduction to SECTION IX OF
PIONEERING OVER FOUR EPOCHS:
NOTEBOOKS
The material below, not originally part of the 6th edition of my autobiography, has been added as an appendix. This appendix may be useful for future autobiographical, biographical and historical work. Since such a substantial part of my life has been spent compiling and utilizing notebooks in my teaching, my personal study and my writing, it seemed relevant to include this commentary on my notebooks in this 6th edition of my memoirs or autobiography.
Notebook is the general name I give to each file that I now have in my study and to the files and notebooks I once had as a teacher and student as far back as 1949. One can spend much time defining precisely what constitutes a file or a notebook. I do that in several places in my literary resource base and especially here in this Notebooks:
Volume 5. This Volume 5 of my Notebooks focuses on the Notebooks of other writers and provides an overview of some 300 of my own Notebooks.
Themes of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young ManFatima Gul
The document discusses several major themes in James Joyce's novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. These include Stephen's rejection of authority and struggle for independence, his development as an artist, his pride and egotism, sin as a liberating force, life as a maze of confusion, his search for identity, dissatisfaction with his surroundings, the role of language and communication, criticism of religion and spirituality, the instability of home, and the centrality of literature and writing to Stephen's life and journey.
Forgiveness.Philosophy, Psychology, and Application.FitellydDevi Fitelly
This document provides an overview of a thesis on the topic of forgiveness. It discusses concepts like isolation, relationship, and existentialism through the works of thinkers like Sartre, Buber, Dumm, and Moltmann. It contrasts isolated "I-It" relationships with meaningful "I-Thou" relationships. The document argues that forgiveness can help overcome isolation by reengaging the wronged and wrongdoer in an authentic relationship. It lays the foundation for understanding forgiveness as an ongoing process of reconciliation through interdependence, vulnerability and relationship.
This document summarizes Jerome Bruner's view that people construct narratives to make sense of their lives and experiences. Bruner argues that we have no way to describe lived experiences other than through narrative form. He also argues that life and narrative influence each other, with narratives imitating life and life imitating narratives. According to Bruner, autobiographies are interpretive constructions rather than objective accounts, and are shaped by cultural narratives and storytelling conventions.
This document summarizes the inspiration and concept for a third year fashion design student's collection. The collection takes inspiration from the book "A Self-Made Man" by Norah Vincent, about her experience living disguised as a man for 18 months. The overarching theme is playing with identity and societal pressures to conform. The design elements are color and structure. Colors like black, grey, white and red will represent stages of disguise and self-acceptance. Pleats and boxy silhouettes will symbolize layers of identity and disguise. The goal is to show universal human struggles with identity and society, beyond differences between men and women.
The creature in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein struggles with questions of personhood due to being created in an unnatural way from various body parts. He lacks autonomy and a sense of self due to having no biological family, name, or place in society. While intelligent and self-aware, the creature's grotesque appearance and isolation resulting from his circumstances leave him feeling less than human and unable to truly achieve personhood. All of his anxieties around his birth, looks, and lack of belonging stem from a lack of autonomy defined by relationships and social integration that most consider essential to being a person.
The document outlines an English class schedule and assignments for the week of April 19th. It includes reviewing different literary criticism models like feminist criticism and analyzing short stories like "The Storm" through those lenses. Students will also analyze speeches by Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois using historical criticism, comparing their arguments. They will write essays analyzing stories and speeches seen through various literary criticism perspectives.
Archetypal criticism examines literature through the lens of universal symbols, images, and story patterns known as archetypes. This approach originated from Jung's theory of a collective unconscious containing archetypes inherited from a remote past. Key proponents like Frye applied the theory to literature by identifying common archetypes like the hero's journey. Archetypal critics believe these archetypes reveal literature's power by tapping into shared human experiences, fears, and desires. Readers can recognize archetypes and find meaning by connecting works to basic patterns in mythology and the human condition. However, some critics argue it ignores individual authors and historical/cultural influences.
The document summarizes J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter novels and their critique of celebrity culture on two levels - the affectivity of celebrity culture and the commodification of cultural celebrities. While the novels indict these aspects of celebrity, they also rely on celebrity culture for their own success, representing a paradox in Rowling's critique. The novels establish Harry's constant quest for real virtue over celebrity status as he rejects the emotional reactions his fame provokes. They also condemn inauthentic celebrities like Gilderoy Lockhart who is artificially manufactured for profit.
The document discusses Toni Morrison's novel Beloved and the concept of "re-membering" in relation to slavery and African American identity. It argues that Beloved allows Morrison to explore notions of black identity suppressed in white American thought. The novel acts as a site for remembering the horrors of slavery through the fragmented memories of characters still trapped by the trauma. Re-membering involves both reflecting on the past and reconnecting what was broken, allowing the black community to heal from slavery's legacy by sharing their collective experiences.
This document provides a literature review and analysis of Kazuo Ishiguro's novels An Artist of the Floating World and The Remains of the Day. It discusses how the novels use narrative techniques like disnarration to represent political contexts and histories that the characters have repressed or forgotten. Through analyzing silences and omitted details, the novels highlight how individuals can become entangled in larger historical forces and political ideologies. The document aims to uncover the political scenarios of postwar Japan and Britain through a disnarrative reading of the texts.
This document discusses various archetypes and archetypal symbols that commonly recur across different cultures and time periods in literature, art, and mythology. It provides examples of archetypes like "The Flood" story and defines archetypes as original patterns or models that are found in different works. It also lists some common archetypal symbols like colors, numbers, nature elements and explains their symbolic meanings.
Cheryl Strayed's advice to an aspiring writer on faith and humility....Ashok Kumar
“Writing is hard for every last one of us… Coal mining is harder. Do you think miners stand around all day talking about how hard it is to mine for coal? They do not. They simply dig.”
This thesis analyzes the popularity and success of the first four Harry Potter books by J.K. Rowling. It examines their publication history, marketing strategies, and how they draw from different literary genres like the school story, epic/romance, and modern fantasy. The thesis argues that Rowling's unique blending of these genres through her use of morality and values contributes to the books' complexity and widespread appeal to both children and adults. It aims to understand why the Harry Potter series has become such a global phenomenon.
Elit 48 c class 5 post qhq composed vs comprisedjordanlachance
1. The document discusses feminist criticism, lesbian and gay criticism, and queer theory. It explains that feminist criticism examines how literature reinforces the oppression of women, while lesbian/gay criticism addresses sexism and heterosexism.
2. Queer theory views sexuality as fluid rather than defined by categories like heterosexual and homosexual. It asserts that sexuality is influenced by factors like race and class and cannot be defined by biological sex or gender roles.
3. Lesbian, gay, and queer criticism often rely on textual evidence like homoerotic imagery, same-sex relationships, and subtle cues to suggest a homoerotic atmosphere in a text. A
1. African American criticism examines works through the lens of the black experience with oppression and marginalization. It notes how black writing emerges from a sociocultural context marked by these factors.
2. It also draws from postcolonial theory regarding the representation of the "other" and identity reclamation. African American criticism is aware of how black experience relates to African influences and the legacy of slavery and racism in shaping black artistic production in white cultures.
3. A key concern is who can speak for or understand black literature and whether black works demand a specific ideological lens or can be analyzed using traditional theories. It questions the essence of race and how racial identity has been constructed and understood over time.
This document provides a summary and reflection of Bell Hooks' chapter from her book Teaching to Transgress. The author discusses how the reading provided insight into understanding privilege and oppression. They realized biases they may hold unconsciously. The reading also emphasized the importance of praxis - taking action and reflecting critically. It prompted questions about who is oppressed in society and the role of critical theorists in understanding oppression.
This document discusses archetypal criticism as a type of literary theory. Archetypal criticism examines recurring myths, symbols, and character types in narratives by focusing on patterns embedded in the collective unconscious. It assumes there are universal archetypes that elicit similar responses in all people. Proponents of archetypal criticism like Carl Jung and Northrop Frye believe it can help readers connect with basic human anxieties and desires represented in literature. Archetypal criticism provides a universalistic approach to analyzing works that are highly symbolic.
A Narrative Perspective On The Development Of Narcissism And Anxiety Through ...Shawn Ellis, B.A. and M.S.
This document provides a literature review on narcissism and anxiety from a narrative perspective. It summarizes research showing that social networking sites may be facilitating the development of narcissism and anxiety among users. The document reviews definitions of narcissism from clinical literature and outlines sources of anxiety across the lifespan. It proposes exploring whether portraying dual narratives on and offline contributes to issues like narcissism and anxiety through social media use.
Archetypal literary criticism is based on the works of Carl Jung and Joseph Campbell and examines recurring characters, themes, and plots in literature that are derived from ancient mythology and religion. Key concepts in archetypal criticism include archetypes, which are original patterns or figures like "The Hero" that reappear across stories. A fundamental archetypal plot is the hero's journey, where a protagonist moves from innocence to experience by descending into danger, battling monsters, and returning home transformed. Critics following this approach believe it reveals deep truths in literature but it is limited as it only analyzes works through the lens of archetypes.
Realism and existentialism were popular literary movements in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Realism focuses on realistic depictions of ordinary life, while existentialism examines individual existence and meaning. Famous authors who wrote in these styles include Stephen Crane, known for realistic fiction, and Albert Camus and Franz Kafka, who explored existential themes. T.S. Eliot also used existentialism in works like The Wasteland. These writers brought philosophical ideas to life through their realistic and existential fiction.
Two hundred years before the death of Roger White in 1993, Shaykh Ahmad-i-Ahsai "arose to dedicate the remaining days of his life to the task" of preparing the way, as one of the two critical precursors of the Baha'i Revelation, "for the advent of a new Manifestation." In the next several years of that fin de siecle he began to write a great deal about the metaphorical nature of the prophecies relating to the birth of a new and independent Revelation of God.
There was a strong poetic strain in the Shakyh's writings: symbolism and metaphor abounded. Shaykh Ahmad was very unorthodox and many "professed themselves incapable of comprehending the meaning of his mysterious allusions." This poetic, symbolic, strand has continued through the writings of the two precursors of the Babi Revelation, the Revelation of the two Manifestations of God and the writings of 'Abdu'l-Baha, all part of what you might call the poetic tradition in the Baha'i Era.
There has been, too, a series of poets beginning with Tahireh in the 1840s, to Na'im late in the nineteenth and early in the twentieth centuries, to George Townshend up to mid-twentieth century and later Robert Hayden, Roger White, Bahiyyih Nahkjavani, John Hatcher and Michael Fitzgerald, among others, who have made important contributions to the literature and commentary on the Cause in a poetic idiom. In some ways it could be said that the passing of Roger White in 1993 marks and end of two centuries of intense and significant poetic writing in a tradition centred on the appearance of two Manifestations of God in the nineteenth century. It is not the purpose of this book or this chapter to describe this long history, this tradition, of poetic influence, of poetic writing. The experience of poetry begins anew with each generation.
Since the first teaching Plan, 1937-1944, poetry written by Baha'is has slowly become a part of world literature, first through Robert Hayden and second through Roger White, the subject of this study. The poetry of White is seen as continuation and development, as part of "the decisive, the most significant, contemporary life of tradition," as poetry critic F.R. Leavis once described the poetry of the present. White should be seen, too, as part of that rich treasure of human life which is now stored within the pale of a new and emerging world religion. White had much of the culture of this embryonic Force, this Movement, fermenting, crystallizing, in his head and it took him on a voyage over the deep of poetry with its delicacy and tenderness, with its inexhaustible resources, infinitely new and striking.
This part of my autobiography is APPENDIX 1. It begins with the Introduction to SECTION IX OF
PIONEERING OVER FOUR EPOCHS:
NOTEBOOKS
The material below, not originally part of the 6th edition of my autobiography, has been added as an appendix. This appendix may be useful for future autobiographical, biographical and historical work. Since such a substantial part of my life has been spent compiling and utilizing notebooks in my teaching, my personal study and my writing, it seemed relevant to include this commentary on my notebooks in this 6th edition of my memoirs or autobiography.
Notebook is the general name I give to each file that I now have in my study and to the files and notebooks I once had as a teacher and student as far back as 1949. One can spend much time defining precisely what constitutes a file or a notebook. I do that in several places in my literary resource base and especially here in this Notebooks:
Volume 5. This Volume 5 of my Notebooks focuses on the Notebooks of other writers and provides an overview of some 300 of my own Notebooks.
The document discusses the author's experience of feeling "with-it" or "out of it" throughout different stages of his life. As a child and teenager, the author felt part of what was popular. However, after moving towns at age 18, he felt disconnected for 10 years. During the 1960s, he experienced this feeling of being "out of it" despite experiencing parts of the counterculture. In 1972, he suddenly felt popular again as a teacher enjoying 6 years of success. But manic depression caused him to feel disconnected again until finding a middle ground in later life. Now in his 60s, the author no longer tries to feel "with it" and instead finds meaning through reading and personal truths.
During my years as a teacher and tutor, lecturer and adult educator, 1967 to 2005, I used various television documentaries. The doco I used more than any other was Civilisation: A Personal View by Kenneth Clark, a documentary series outlining the history of Western art, architecture and philosophy since the Dark Ages. The series was produced by the BBC and aired in 1969 on BBC2.2
The employees at Acme Corporation were excited to take their scheduled 15 minute break after working hard all morning. However, when the clock struck noon, their supervisor John announced that breaks would be shortened to 10 minutes due to an important deadline. This caused some grumbling among the tired staff who wanted more time to relax.
Qué paradigma estoy rompiendo al estudiar el doctoradoantoniozorrilla1
Este resumen describe por qué el autor está estudiando un doctorado en administración. Inicialmente, el autor ingresó al programa motivado por su interés en la docencia universitaria, la cual ha ejercido durante 7 años. A lo largo del doctorado, ha aprendido nuevos conceptos y actualizado conocimientos previos. El autor también está interesado en impartir clases a nivel de maestría. Si bien ingresó para continuar su carrera docente, ahora se da cuenta que el doctorado implica aprender a investigar y escribir de manera rigurosa. Rompe
This document provides a step-by-step tutorial for using Animoto, a cloud-based video creation service. It outlines the process for signing up, choosing a style and song, adding photos/videos, editing text, previewing the video, and sharing the final video. Key aspects covered include launching a web browser and navigating to Animoto's website, signing in with Facebook, selecting options, uploading and arranging media, and finalizing the video through Animoto.
O documento descreve uma nova estratégia de marketing chamada ShoppingBagTM. Ela combina um produto físico, uma revista distribuída em sacolas, com conteúdo online e descontos para atrair consumidores. A revista discute moda, cultura e lazer para promover marcas e eventos.
Este documento presenta estadísticas de juego de varios jugadores juveniles durante la temporada 2013-2014, incluyendo minutos jugados, tarjetas amarillas y rojas, goles y asistencias por partido. Los datos están organizados por jugador, equipo, y primera y segunda vuelta de la temporada.
Este documento explica qué son los RSS y sus ventajas y desventajas. RSS (Really Simple Syndication) permite a los usuarios acceder fácilmente a los contenidos web de manera gratuita y organizada. Proporciona actualizaciones automáticas de páginas web y blogs de interés para el usuario. Las ventajas incluyen estar informado sobre noticias recientes de manera eficiente, mientras que las desventajas son que algunos lectores RSS no están en español y no todas las páginas usan este formato.
Este documento presenta una introducción a la geología física relacionada con el petróleo. Explica conceptos clave como rocas, minerales, y ofrece una clasificación de las rocas en ígneas, sedimentarias y metamórficas. También describe el ciclo litológico, incluyendo la meteorización, erosión y sedimentación de las rocas. Explica el proceso de migración de hidrocarburos desde la roca madre a través de formaciones porosas, y su atrapamiento en trampas, que pued
Este documento resume las unidades, edificios, habilidades y actualizaciones de la raza humana en el juego. Incluye información sobre los comandos compartidos, unidades humanas individuales como soldados y caballeros, edificios como el castillo y el ayuntamiento, y héroes humanos como el mago sanguinario y el paladín junto con sus habilidades.
O documento discute a importância da Teoria da Computação e classifica problemas algorítmicos em classes como P, NP e NP-completo. Também resume alguns problemas famosos como caminho em grafo, coloração de grafos e ciclo de Hamilton, explicando porque alguns são tratáveis em tempo polinomial enquanto outros são NP-completos.
La empresa se dedica a fortalecer la publicidad en radio ofreciendo nuevos formatos y contenido innovador para que las empresas lleguen a su público objetivo. Busca capacitar profesionales en producción y estrategias publicitarias radiales, llenando un vacío en el mercado. Su visión es posicionarse como la principal agencia en su ciudad para 2017 a través de su calidad y reconocimiento.
El documento describe los diferentes tipos de medios de transmisión, incluyendo medios guiados como cables de par trenzado, coaxiales y de fibra óptica, y medios no guiados como microondas terrestres y satelitales y ondas de radio. Cada medio tiene sus propias características de costo, facilidad de instalación, ancho de banda y velocidad máxima.
Este documento lista los requerimientos de hardware y software necesarios para instalar y usar Adobe Premiere Pro. Se requiere un procesador de 64 bits compatible con Intel Core 2 Duo o AMD Phenom II, un sistema operativo de 64 bits como Windows Vista o 7, al menos 2 GB de RAM, 10 GB de espacio en disco, una tarjeta gráfica compatible con OpenGL 2.0 y certificada por Adobe, y conexión a Internet de banda ancha. También describe los pasos para descargar, instalar y usar el software.
2. Old and New Identities, Old and New Ethnicities STUAR.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
This document discusses theories of identity and how they have changed. It argues that traditional notions of a stable, unified identity have been disrupted by modern thinkers like Marx, Freud, and Saussure. Collective social identities like class, race, and nation that once provided a strong sense of identity have also fragmented. However, identity has not disappeared but has been rethought through fields like feminism and psychoanalysis. The erosion of old identities has left space for new forms of identity to emerge in a more diverse and globalized world.
Response paper to english patient by buffy hamilton 2 3-04 elan 8410Buffy Hamilton
This document provides a summary and reflection of the student's reading of The English Patient. It discusses how acts of reading contribute to identity and create a "communal text" of the self. The student reflects on how discussing the book with classmates added new layers and perspectives that enriched their reading experience, making it a communal act. Reading is seen as dialogic and transformative, with each text becoming incorporated into the reader's experience and shaping their understanding of the world.
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This document provides an overview of the history of conceptualizations of the self from ancient times to the present. It discusses how views of the self have ranged from seeing it as eternal to questioning its very existence. Major philosophers and psychologists discussed include Descartes, Hume, Kant, Hegel, Kierkegaard, James, Freud, Jung, and contemporary theorists. The document aims to integrate valid aspects of competing views into a developmental and relational understanding of the self.
This summary provides an overview of the key points in the document:
1) The document introduces terms like feminism, intersectional feminism, and transnational feminism, discussing their definitions and how artists have explored them.
2) Examples are given of several artists, including Adrian Piper and her performance art pieces addressing racism and sexism, and Simone Leigh's "Free People's Health Clinic" project highlighting healthcare issues in the Black community.
3) The discussion then shifts to examining Asian-American identity, summarizing a past project by the author and Hong-An Truong exploring the history of Chinese immigration to the US.
Autobiography Essay Sample. 012 Best Photos Of Personal Autobiography Essay S...Jenny Reese
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This document outlines the steps for writing an essay, including:
1) Creating an account and providing contact information.
2) Completing an order form with instructions, sources, and deadline.
3) Having writers bid on the request and choosing a writer based on qualifications.
4) Reviewing and revising the completed paper as needed.
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This summary analyzes Jacques Derrida's essay "Structure, Sign and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences." The essay critiques structuralism and its view of language as a stable system of signs. Derrida argues that language is unstable and constantly evolving. He asserts that within any structure there is an element of "play" that introduces ambiguity and prevents the structure from being definitive or closed. Therefore, the relationship between signifier and signified is never fully fixed or determinate. Derrida also contends that interpreting a text requires acknowledging the plurality of meanings resulting from this internal "play" within language and structures.
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This document discusses genome sequencing of the plant Stevia rebaudiana, commonly known as Stevia. Stevia is native to Paraguay but is now cultivated worldwide for its sweet leaves, which contain steviosides that are 100-300 times sweeter than sucrose. While genome sequencing creates a valuable genomic resource for studying plants, few species have had their genomes fully sequenced. Sequencing the Stevia genome would provide important markers for further research, given Stevia's health benefits as a zero-calorie natural sweetener.
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Beyond Belief: The Transformative Power of Mythic FictionLisaConnors6
This paper examines the transformative power of mythic fiction. It discusses how mythic fiction can expand readers' worldviews and beliefs by transporting them into an engaging secondary world. The paper analyzes how successful works of mythic fiction establish credibility and motivate readers to suspend disbelief, entering into a transformative reading experience. Specifically, it explores three craft techniques used by mythic fiction authors: 1) Contracting, or constructing an intriguing threshold between the primary and secondary worlds; 2) Pathmaking, enticing readers along a journey with wise guides; and 3) Rattle and Ache, crafting endings that provoke thought about one's core beliefs. The author aims to apply these techniques in their own work of mythic
How to Write a Poem Analysis Essay: Full Guide by Handmadewriting. 2024 Poetry Analysis Template - Fillable, Printable PDF & Forms | Handypdf. 76 analysis poetry. Analysis essay of poem / isewanforum.org. How to write a poem analysis essay - Structure Examples. Analysis Essay - 14+ Examples, Format, Pdf | Examples. Poetry Analysis for Middle School Students - ArticleCity.com. Reflective Essay: How to write an analytical essay on a poem. Poetry Analysis Templates Sample | Poetry analysis, Poetry, Poetry ideas. Poetry Analysis Collaborative Poster Project for Secondary ELA | The .... Page not found - The Perfect Dress. 002 Essay Example How To Start Poetry Comparison ~ Thatsnotus. How to Analyze a Poem With Joy and Success: Full Guide | EssayPro. Poetry Analysis Essay | Templates at allbusinesstemplates.com. How to Analyze a Poem in an Essay. 9+ Poetry Analysis Templates - PDF. Poetry Analysis Essay: Smart Student’s Guide with Example and Tips .... Accueil. Poetry Analysis Essay Help - Free Poetry Analysis Essay Examples. Poem Analysis Essay - Best Guide on How to Write a Poetry Analysis .... Poetry Essay Draft. Poetry Analysis Essay | English - Year 12 SACE | Thinkswap. Literary Analysis Essay: Tips to Write a Perfect Essay - wuzzupessay. How To Analyse A Poem - All You Need Infos. Analytical Essay: Poetry analysis essay sample. How to write an essay on a poem analysis - Writing about Poem: How to .... Poetry Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 .... Definition essay: Poem analysis essay. Poetry Analysis of Introduction to Poetry - PHDessay.com. Sample Poetry’s Analysis Template - 9+ Free Documents in PDF. Example of an analysis essay of a poem - Poetry Analysis Essay: Smart .... How To Write An Analysis On A Poem - INKSTERSCHOOLS.ORG.
This document discusses the genre of spiritual autobiography writing that emerged in the early 17th century in England. It summarizes that these autobiographies tended to emphasize self-transcendence over individualism and highlighted collective religious identities. They provided a public voice for marginalized groups while still conforming to conventions. The document then traces how interest in spiritual autobiography grew across religious groups in the 16th and 17th centuries, in both manuscript and printed forms, as people sought to understand and explain their spiritual experiences. It analyzes how these autobiographies were shaped by Calvinist frameworks of election, regeneration, and interpreting experiences for signs of grace.
Pilgrimage to Nonviolence” Martin Luther King, Jr., published .docxMARRY7
“Pilgrimage to Nonviolence”
Martin Luther King, Jr., published in Christian Century 77 (13 April 1960): 439-441.
Ten years ago I was just entering my senior year in theological seminary. Like most theological students I was engaged in the exciting job of studying various theological theories. Having been raised in a rather strict fundamentalistic tradition, I was occasionally shocked as my intellectual journey carried me through new and sometimes complex doctrinal lands. But despite the shock the pilgrimage was always stimulating, and it gave me a new appreciation for objective appraisal and critical analysis. My early theological training did the same for me as the reading of [David] Hume did for [Immanuel] Kant: it knocked me out of my dogmatic slumber.
At this stage of my development I was a thoroughgoing liberal. Liberalism provided me with an intellectual satisfaction that I could never find in fundamentalism. I became so enamored of the insights of liberalism that I almost fell into the trap of accepting uncritically everything that came under its name. I was absolutely convinced of the natural goodness of man and the natural power of human reason.
I
The basic change in my thinking came when I began to question some of the theories that had been associated with so-called liberal theology. Of course there is one phase of liberalism that I hope to cherish always: its devotion to the search for truth, its insistence on an open and analytical mind, its refusal to abandon the best light of reason.2 Liberalism’s contribution to the philological-historical criticism of biblical literature has been of immeasurable value and should be defended with religious and scientific passion.
It was mainly the liberal doctrine of man that I began to question. The more I observed the tragedies of history and man’s shameful inclination to choose the low road, the more I came to see the depths and strength of sin. My reading of the works of Reinhold Niebuhr made me aware of the complexity of human motives and the reality of sin on every level of man’s existence.3 Moreover, I came to recognize the complexity of man’s social involvement and the glaring reality of collective evil.4 I came to feel that liberalism had been all too sentimental concerning human nature and that it leaned toward a false idealism.
I also came to see that liberalism’s superficial optimism concerning human nature caused it to overlook the fact that reason is darkened by sin.5 The more I thought about human nature the more I saw how our tragic inclination for sin causes us to use our minds to rationalize our actions. Liberalism failed to see that reason by itself is little more than an instrument to justify man’s defensive ways of thinking. Reason, devoid of the purifying power of faith, can never free itself from distortions and rationalizations.
In spite of the fact that I had to reject some aspects of liberalism, I never came to an all-out acceptance of neo-orthodoxy. While I sa ...
The Hope of Salvation - Jude 1:24-25 - MessageCole Hartman
Jude gives us hope at the end of a dark letter. In a dark world like today, we need the light of Christ to shine brighter and brighter. Jude shows us where to fix our focus so we can be filled with God's goodness and glory. Join us to explore this incredible passage.
A375 Example Taste the taste of the Lord, the taste of the Lord The taste of...franktsao4
It seems that current missionary work requires spending a lot of money, preparing a lot of materials, and traveling to far away places, so that it feels like missionary work. But what was the result they brought back? It's just a lot of photos of activities, fun eating, drinking and some playing games. And then we have to do the same thing next year, never ending. The church once mentioned that a certain missionary would go to the field where she used to work before the end of his life. It seemed that if she had not gone, no one would be willing to go. The reason why these missionary work is so difficult is that no one obeys God’s words, and the Bible is not the main content during missionary work, because in the eyes of those who do not obey God’s words, the Bible is just words and cannot be connected with life, so Reading out God's words is boring because it doesn't have any life experience, so it cannot be connected with human life. I will give a few examples in the hope that this situation can be changed. A375
The Enchantment and Shadows_ Unveiling the Mysteries of Magic and Black Magic...Phoenix O
This manual will guide you through basic skills and tasks to help you get started with various aspects of Magic. Each section is designed to be easy to follow, with step-by-step instructions.
The forces involved in this witchcraft spell will re-establish the loving bond between you and help to build a strong, loving relationship from which to start anew. Despite any previous hardships or problems, the spell work will re-establish the strong bonds of friendship and love upon which the marriage and relationship originated. Have faith, these stop divorce and stop separation spells are extremely powerful and will reconnect you and your partner in a strong and harmonious relationship.
My ritual will not only stop separation and divorce, but rebuild a strong bond between you and your partner that is based on truth, honesty, and unconditional love. For an even stronger effect, you may want to consider using the Eternal Love Bond spell to ensure your relationship and love will last through all tests of time. If you have not yet determined if your partner is considering separation or divorce, but are aware of rifts in the relationship, try the Love Spells to remove problems in a relationship or marriage. Keep in mind that all my love spells are 100% customized and that you'll only need 1 spell to address all problems/wishes.
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A Free eBook ~ Valuable LIFE Lessons to Learn ( 5 Sets of Presentations)...OH TEIK BIN
A free eBook comprising 5 sets of PowerPoint presentations of meaningful stories /Inspirational pieces that teach important Dhamma/Life lessons. For reflection and practice to develop the mind to grow in love, compassion and wisdom. The texts are in English and Chinese.
My other free eBooks can be obtained from the following Links:
https://www.slideshare.net/ohteikbin/presentations
https://www.slideshare.net/ohteikbin/documents
Why is this So? ~ Do Seek to KNOW (English & Chinese).pptxOH TEIK BIN
A PowerPoint Presentation based on the Dhamma teaching of Kamma-Vipaka (Intentional Actions-Ripening Effects).
A Presentation for developing morality, concentration and wisdom and to spur us to practice the Dhamma diligently.
The texts are in English and Chinese.
Vertical Church Kyiv Report 2022-2023: Church at war
Identity
1. IDENTITY
The purpose of autobiography is: the recreation, the nostalgic or not-so-nostalgic
closure, or the simple delineation, of a life. This is without doubt, at least for me.
But it is also much else and many writers describe the purpose of autobiography
and of its several country-cousins: memoirs, diary or journal writing and even
essays and poetry. A search for some clearer understanding of the
autobiographer’s identity is a commonly found aim in the now massive literature
on the subject of why autobiographers write. For some autobiographers of a
scientific bent their work is animated by the purpose of proving that their lives are
ultimately purposeless. The philosopher Alfred North Whitehead states, with his
tongue in his cheek in his book The Function of Reason, that the examination of
such autobiographies would constitute an interesting subject for study. My
autobiography, in contrast, is animated by a significant sense of purpose and by a
metanarrative in which I do not possess an incredulity. Mine would not therefore
be among those that Whitehead might find interesting in that context.
My literary, my autobiographical, exercise involves a significant psychological
dimension with its interface between my active, public self and my more
contemplative private underside--side by side. Since autobiography constitutes a
process of investigation rather than a finished product, it is inevitably open-ended.
Until my early retirement at the age of 55 in 1999, my identity was tied-up with my
career, my family and community life and far, far back in fourth place was my
writing life fitting itself into corners that saw the light of day only when necessity
or some selected sense of literary duty and, sometimes, pleasure called. I also had
no trouble agreeing with Herbert Marcuse(1898-1979), a twentieth century
sociologist and philosopher, when he wrote that: “people recognize themselves in
their commodities; they find their soul in their automobile, hi-fi set, split-level
home, kitchen equipment.1
One’s appearance, clothes, hair-style and deportment
became entwined with identity in the nineteenth century so argues one analyst.
Clothing, the body, its allurements and images have become, for millions, a
significant part of their identity. The “idea of the Self as a Work of Art,” also
came to be seen as a false self. This falseness as expressed by Simone de Beauvoir
in her book The Second Sex:
“The least sophisticated of women, once she is “dressed,” does not present herself
to observation; she is, like the picture or statue, or the actor on the stage, an agent
through which is suggested someone not there, that is, the character she represents,
but is not. It is this identification with something unreal, fixed and perfect that
gratifies her.”2
1
Herbert Marcuse, One-Dimensional Man: Studies in the Ideology of Advanced
Industrial Society, 1964.
2
Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex, Vintage, NY, 1952, p. 125.
2. In my case I have a different set of commodities which play a role in the formation
of my identity: books and essays, ideas and concepts as well as, and especially as I
got into my sixties, the metaphorical nature of the flora, fauna and material
phenomena of existence, the close connections between physical and spiritual
reality. My wife takes a serious and active role in the beautification of our home
and garden and I am a beneficiary of her domestic enthusiasm. I am sure my
identity is also formed in ways that are subtle and complex by my domestic
surroundings. This is a complex subject which is difficult to deal with here
although John Hatcher deals with it well in his book Close Connections3
and I
have dealt with it in my autobiography in a chapter entitled ‘memorabilia.’
In the last ten years, 2000 to 2010, my life as a writer and poet, an editor and
publisher has shaped my life and my identity in different forms and directions than
it had been shaped in the previous half-century, say 1949 to 1999. As the poet e.e.
cummings once wrote, if the artist does not shape his or her identity to their work,
their life will crack open. My life had already cracked open several times before
my early retirement. With the medication package I acquired for my bipolar
disorder during this last decade, this decade of extensive writing--and as I entered
my 60s--I think I have seen the end of those cracking-open experiences. This new-
found tranquillity is not in the main because I am free at last to write, although that
is an important factor; it is due to the new medications for my bipolar disorder.
My religious identity as a Baha’i acknowledges the place of history, language and
culture in the construction of my particular subjectivity, my particular sense of who
I am. I also acknowledge that all discourse, all writing, is placed, positioned and
situated. All of my knowledge, all of my writing, to put this another way, is
contextual. I find it helpful and fertile, useful and engaging, if the way of looking
at my Baha’i identity is contested by others, subjected to a dialectic and praxis,
dialogue and discussion, apologetics and rhetoric. The assertion of differences, a
clash of opinions, is a helpful way of establishing identity. In this way my identity
develops from, is clarified by and is based on a process of engaging and asserting
difference rather than suppressing it.
This identity acknowledges the reality of and the need for decentralised and
centralized, diffuse and specific, as well as systematized and fractured knowledge.
This sense of identity acknowledges a sense of power which also has a diffuse set
of sources. At the same time this inner and outer sense of identity accepts the
useful concepts of periphery and centre, margins and depths, surfaces and heights
in the expression of that power. Once I clarify the notion of identity, once it is
redefined in a universal and non-derogatory way, once it engages difference
3
John Hatcher, Close Connections: The Bridge Between Physical and Spiritual
Reality, Bahá'í Publishing, Wilmette, 2009.
3. without implying superiority and hierarchy, I hope that this expression, this set of
views, will help those who read this, those who are both part of the Baha’i
community and those in other interest groups, express their own group
consciousness, help it to develop in a manner which is unfettered by the accrued
and often inaccurate associations of history and culture, tradition and ignorance.4
My identity and my autobiography is wrapped up in, is part and parcel of, my
search for and experience in a collective solution to the problems of our age. This
collective solution is presented to me as both a moral imperative and the logical
consequence of reason applied to my intelligible, and I trust intelligent, rendering
of history and the nature of my society. The measures needed to cure the ills of
civilization are identical with those needed to cure the individual but these
measures must be practiced in a social milieux. Indeed the social milieux, the
social interaction within the social order revealed in the Bahá'í scriptures, is the
workshop for both my individual fulfilment and for the collective solution that I
see myself as part of a functioning unit by my free choice. Individual identity and
a more inclusive identity as part of a social structure and as a world citizen are
inextricably conjoined for me—and they are examined in this memoir.
There are so many ways of looking at identity. One popular view is expressed as
follows: What really shapes and conditions and makes us is somebody only a few
of us ever have the courage to face: and that is the child you once were, long
before formal education ever got its claws into you--that impatient, all-demanding
child who wants love and power and can't get enough of either. It is those pent-up,
craving children who make all the wars and all the horrors and all the art and all
the beauty and discovery in life, because they are trying to achieve what lay
beyond their grasp before they were five years old."5
My autobiography, which in many ways is a series of depictions of my identity, is
presented as a pastiche of many types of writing: first, second and third-person
point of view narration, the use of the past as well as the present tense, letters,
newspaper articles, speeches, lists, historical accounts, scientific jargon,
definitions, photographs, recipes, conversations, obituaries, wedding
announcements, telephone conversations and assorted memorabilia. The inclusion
of all these kinds of writing both loosens and strengthens the genre boundaries
within which I work and points to blurring and cross-pollinating between genres as
being more useful.6
This work is no mere imparting of information. Alfred North
4
Emma Heggarty, “Native Peoples of Canada: Rewriting the Imaginary,” 14th
April 2003, Internet, 2004.
5
Robertson Davies, The Rebel Angels, MacMillan, Toronto, 1981, p.33.
6
For this concept I want to thank Winifred M. Mellor’s Review "THE SIMPLE
CONTAINER OF OUR EXISTENCE": NARRATIVE AMBIGUITY IN CAROL
SHIELDS'S THE STONE DIARIES,” in Studies in Canadian Literature, Vol.
4. Whitehead once wrote: “no university has had any justification for existence since
the popularization of printing in the fifteenth century.”7
I would not go that far
with Whitehead but the point he makes about information certainly applies to my
autobiography. It is not essentially an information base, a data base, for my life.
The sociologist, Anthony Giddens, has much to say of relevance to the
autobiographer and the literary expression of his identity. “Each of us not only
'has', but lives a biography,” writes Giddens, “it is reflexively organised in terms of
flows of social and psychological information about possible ways of life.
Modernity is a post-traditional order, in which the question, 'How shall I live?' has
to be answered in day-to-day decisions about how to behave, what to wear and
what to eat - and many other things - as well as interpreted within the temporal
unfolding of self-identity.”8
In writing my memoirs, my autobiography, I am defining myself because I am
putting consciousness into text. In some ways I'm exploring personality, trying to
understand myself better and at the same time I'm opening-up personality. I'm
writing out of personality and it's my canvas in a sense. I could never have written
my memoirs and or got a handle on my identity without postmodernism, without
the licence to collapse generic conventions and see myself as many selves. I like
the idea of calling my work a novel and then to define it further as creative non-
fiction.9
But, again, I must emphasize, the overview of all of this life-narrative,
the general context, the total orientation, the moulding and remoulding of my
world, is in the form of a conscious participation, often on a very small scale, in the
forming of a new society. The context is one of commitment, of solitude and
solidarity.10
The Bahá'í community which I have been a part of for nearly 60 years gives to me
a happy mix of creative expression and group solidarity. “Originality,” writes the
psychologist Anthony Storr, “implies being bold enough to go beyond accepted
norms. Sometimes it involves being misunderstood or rejected by one's peers.” In
these last six decades I have often been misunderstood by my fellow Baha’is.
Such an experience is an inevitable part of virtually any intense group experience.
“Those who are not too dependent upon, or too closely involved with, others,”
continues Storr, “find it easier to ignore convention. Primitive societies find it
20 No.2, 1995.
7
Alfred North Whitehead, The Aims of Education and Other Essays, MacMillan
Company, 1929; reprinted in Education in the Age of Science, edited by Brand
Blanshard, New York, Basic Books, 1959.
8
Anthony Giddens, Modernity and Self-Identity, Polity Press, 1991.
9
An interview by Christine Hamelin, “JOHN MOSS: CONSCIOUSNESS AS
CONTEXT,” in Studies in Canadian Literature, Volume 20, No. 1, 1995.
10
Rollo May, The Courage To Create, W.W. Norton & Co., Inc., 1975, p. 11.
5. difficult to allow for individual decisions or varieties of opinion. When the
maintenance of group solidarity is a prime consideration, originality may be
stifled.”11
I have not found a stifling of my creativity to be the case in this new faith, this new
international community. This is not to say that I have not experienced tension in
the many Bahá'í groups of which I have been a part. As Alfred Adler writes: we
make our own choices on how we are to belong. I have done this all my Bahá'í
life. Decisions on how best to make my contribution to the whole, to the local and
to the national and international Bahá'í community have not always been easy. I
have done this by means of my efforts in my career, my intimate relationships, my
friendships and, as I say, the larger Bahá'í community. But in these areas of my
existence there has been frustration and tragedy. Fulfilment, the release of psychic
energy, has been an emergence, at least as I look back over my life, from the
tragedy among other sources. Perhaps this is, in part, due to my view of religion as
world loyalty, of unity as the first and last word and of tolerance as the requisite of
high civilization.
The ultimate ends of my lifelong education process are a living religion, a living
aesthetic enjoyment and a living courage which has urged me toward a creative
adventure. I play my part in the maintenance of the language, the history, the
symbolic code, of my Bahá'í society and in the relevant application of its teachings
to the society I live in. My identity is, therefore, bound up with an appreciation of
the past, with history and with tradition. All of these things are necessary to a full
life, a life which develops organically rather than one which is radically cut off
from its roots. The roots of my society are Judaeo-Christian and Greco-Roman
and the new Faith that has inspired my life and which is at the centre of my identity
has a rich appreciation of these two roots. But, however I express my identity, I
must acknowledge my appreciation to these words of Virginia Woolf: "I
sometimes think only autobiography is literature--novels are what we peel off, and
come at last to the core, which is only you or me."12
Since moving to Australia in my late twenties, in 1971, humour has become an
important part of my identity. The nearly total absence of humour from the Bible,
the Bahá'í writings and, indeed, from most of religious and philosophical literature,
a literature in which I have immersed myself for several decades, has made of me a
highly serious person.13
Living in Australia has brought-out in me an appreciation
of the funny side of life. I became conscious of this slow development when, in
11
Anthony Storr, Solitude, Ballantine Books, 1989.
12
Virginia Woolf, “Letter to Hugh Walpole (1932),” The Letters of Virginia
Woolf, Vol. V: 1932-1935, ed. Nigel Nicholson and Joanne Trautmann, Harcourt
Brace, NY, 1979, p. 142.
13
Quoted in Price's Dialogues of Alfred North Whitehead
6. 1980, I got a job as a probation and parole officer in Tasmania and it was largely
due to my sense of humour, or so I was told by the interviewing panel. Thirty
years later, now in 2010, humour is part of my soul’s salvation, my modus
operandi, Downunder, one of the main gainers from living in the Antipodes for
nearly 40 years.
The American essayist Joan Didion has also contributed to my sense of identity,
the identity which writes, and I conclude this brief essay with a paraphrase of her
words, words which she acknowledged from George Orwell:14
In many ways writing is the act of saying “I” and of imposing oneself upon other
people. It’s a way of saying: “listen to me, see it my way, change your mind.” It is
also an aggressive, even a hostile, act. You can disguise its aggressiveness all you
want with veils of subordinate clauses and qualifiers and tentative subjunctives,
with ellipses and evasions with the whole manner of intimating rather than
claiming, of alluding rather than stating but there’s no getting around the fact that
setting words on paper is the tactic of a secret bully, an invasion, an imposition of
the writer’s sensibility on the readers most private space.
Didion says that she stole the title “Why I Write?” not only because the words
sounded right but because they seemed to sum up, in a no-nonsense way, all that
she has to tell us as readers. Like many writers, she says, she has only this one
"subject," this one "area": the act of writing. She can bring readers no reports from
any other front. She acknowledges other interests, as I do, but—like Didion—in
these my latter years—writing is my game.
Like Didion, too, I needed a degree by the end of one summer, for me it was the
summer of 1966, so that I could enter teachers’ college. Like Didion, my attention
was always on the periphery, on what I could see and taste and touch. But, unlike
Didion, it was also on ideas, hundreds of them. Like Didion, though, I knew only
too well what I couldn’t do. I knew what I wasn’t and it took me some years to
discover what I was. By the age of 55 and even more by 60, and even more by 65,
I knew I was a writer.
Didion goes on to say that when she said that she knew she was a writer--she
meant not a "good" writer or a "bad" writer but simply a writer. To her this meant
a person whose most absorbed and passionate hours are/were spent arranging
words on pieces of paper. In Didion’s case she emphasizes that had her credentials
been in order she would never have become a writer. Had she been blessed with
even limited access to her own mind there would have been no reason to write. She
wrote entirely to find out what she was thinking, what she was looking at and what
14
Joan Didion, “Excerpts From Why I Write,” The New York Times Magazine,
December 5, 1976.
7. it meant as well as what she wanted and what she feared. I had a different set of
reasons, a different raison d’etre. I explore this raison d’etre in these essays on
autobiography, on identity, as well as many other subjects.
Ron Price
29 December 2009