Essay 1 Proposal & Outline Directions: On a separate piece of paper, please type out thoughtful and comprehensive answers to the following questions. Keep one copy for yourself, and turn in one copy. 1. Who is your audience? What kind of tone/language should you use in this essay? 2. What does your audience need to know (introduction) before you state your thesis? 3. What is your working thesis? 4. What specific points will you need to argue in order to support your thesis? 5. Which articles will you use to support your argument? 6. Provide at least one specific example from each article that you might use in your essay. Explain how each of these examples will support your ideas. 7. What specific personal examples can you provide to help argue this idea? 8. What are some possible opposing argument(s) to your position? What articles will you use to demonstrate the opposing argument(s)? How will you refute those arguments? Will you use any articles to refute those opposing arguments? Which ones? Essay 1 Proposal & Outline Directions: On a separate piece of paper, please type out thoughtful and comprehensive ans wers to the following questions. Keep one copy for yourself, and turn in one copy . 1. Who is your audience? What kind of tone/language should you use in this essay? 2. What does your audience need to know (introduction) before you state your thesis ? 3. What is your working thesis? 4. What specific points will you need to argue in order to support your thesis? 5. Which articles will you use to support your argument? 6. Provide at least one specific example from each article that you might use in your essay. Explain how each of these examples will support your ideas. 7. What specific personal examples can you provide to help argue this idea? 8. What are some possible opposing argument ( s ) to your position? What articles will you use to demonstrate the opposing argument(s)? How will you refute those arguments? Will you use any articles to refute those opposing arguments? Which ones? Essay 1 Proposal & Outline Directions: On a separate piece of paper, please type out thoughtful and comprehensive answers to the following questions. Keep one copy for yourself, and turn in one copy. 1. Who is your audience? What kind of tone/language should you use in this essay? 2. What does your audience need to know (introduction) before you state your thesis? 3. What is your working thesis? 4. What specific points will you need to argue in order to support your thesis? 5. Which articles will you use to support your argument? 6. Provide at least one specific example from each article that you might use in your essay. Explain how each of these examples will support your ideas. 7. What specific personal examples can you provide to help argue this idea? 8. What are some possible opposing argument(s) to your position? What articles will you use to demonstrate the oppos ...

1. Essay 1 Proposal & Outline
Directions: On a separate piece of paper, please type out
thoughtful and comprehensive answers to the following
questions. Keep one copy for yourself, and turn in one copy.
1. Who is your audience? What kind of tone/language should
you use in this essay?
2. What does your audience need to know (introduction) before
you state your thesis?
3. What is your working thesis?
4. What specific points will you need to argue in order to
support your thesis?
5. Which articles will you use to support your argument?
6. Provide at least one specific example from each article that
you might use in your essay. Explain how each of these
examples will support your ideas.
7. What specific personal examples can you provide to help
argue this idea?
8. What are some possible opposing argument(s) to your
position? What articles will you use to demonstrate the
opposing argument(s)? How will you refute those arguments?
Will you use any articles to refute those opposing arguments?
Which ones?

2. Essay 1 Proposal & Outline
Directions: On a separate piece of paper, please type out
thoughtful and comprehensive
ans
wers to the following questions.
Keep one copy for
yourself, and turn in one copy
.
1.
Who is your audience? What kind of tone/language should you
use in this essay?
2.
What does your audience need to know (introduction) before
you state your
thesis
?
3.
What is your working thesis?
4.

3. What
specific points
will you need to argue in order to support your thesis?
5.
Which articles will you use to support your argument?
6.
Provide at least one specific example from each article that you
might use in your
essay. Explain how each of these examples will support your
ideas.
7.
What specific personal examples can you provide to help argue
this idea?
8.
What are some possible opposing argument
(
s
)
to your position?
What articles will

4. you use to
demonstrate the
opposing argument(s)?
How will you refute those
arguments?
Will you use any articles to refute those opposing arguments?
Which
ones?
Essay 1 Proposal & Outline
Directions: On a separate piece of paper, please type out
thoughtful and comprehensive
answers to the following questions. Keep one copy for yourself,
and turn in one copy.
1. Who is your audience? What kind of tone/language should
you use in this essay?
2. What does your audience need to know (introduction) before
you state your
thesis?
3. What is your working thesis?
4. What specific points will you need to argue in order to
support your thesis?
5. Which articles will you use to support your argument?
6. Provide at least one specific example from each article that

5. you might use in your
essay. Explain how each of these examples will support your
ideas.
7. What specific personal examples can you provide to help
argue this idea?
8. What are some possible opposing argument(s) to your
position? What articles will
you use to demonstrate the opposing argument(s)? How will you
refute those
arguments? Will you use any articles to refute those opposing
arguments? Which
ones?
Running head: INTERGROUP THEORY
1
PAGE
2
Intergroup Theory
A society is a construction of various groups of people who
share common interests. The intergroup emotion theory
focuses on understanding and developing intergroup
relationship by concentrating on feelings produced from
integration to a particular group. Hence, one will develop their
identity from the social group. Intergroup emotions help to
shape individual differences within the group making the
individuals recognize the group relevant purposes and events.
The members of a group regard each other in a certain friendly
way. The people form relationships that strongly bind them to

6. identify with their groups. The feeling of belonging to a group
evokes reactions from the members when certain events occur.
The behavior of group members can be explained well through
psychological theories, namely the intergroup emotion theory
and the intergroup threat theory. The two theories help people
conceptualize how different people interpret events in the
internal or external environment.
Intergroup emotion theory fosters the idea that people try to
create an identity within their social setting. People put
themselves in categories with specific values in life depending
upon the nature of their relations. Members of a group identify
with issues and events that are relevant to them and affect them.
In-groups usually do common things and have much attachment
because of common interests. Emotional attachment prompts
people to have control and regulations for the behavior of the
group members. Intergroup emotions strive to create better
relations and avoid problems of prejudice (Dovidio, 2010).
The intergroup threat theory explains the reactions of certain
groups as a result of issues emanating from other groups.
Prejudice is born out of the threat that an in-group perceives
from another group. Intergroup threat theory says that the group
holds negative perceptions against each other. The bad blood
between groups trigger hostility between the groups and
members try to protect themselves. Negative treatments are
likely to occur in intergroup relationships. The intergroup threat
theory explains the hostile actions that occur between groups
that have a bad attitude about each other (Dovidio, 2010).
Events occur in the world today as a result of hostile
relationships and bad attitude towards certain groups. Some
people see prejudice from other groups in the society as a result
of the stereotypes that they hold against each other. The
knowledge of intergroup emotional theory and intergroup can
shed light on the psychological processes that triggered the

7. attack of the Charlie Hebdo printing press in Paris. The
attackers identified themselves with the prophet that the Paris
printing press wrote about in their magazine. The reaction of the
attacking group members can be understood through the
intergroup emotion theory and the intergroup threat theory.
According to the intergroup emotion theory, the attackers
identified belong to the Islamic religion. The Muslims identify
Prophet Mohammed as the only prophet of God and deserves to
be respected. The killers’ allegations to the Charlie Hebdo
newspaper were that the press published information that
ridicules their prophet and their religion. The attackers strongly
identify themselves with the Islamic group and would not wish
to be disrespected in any way. Prophet Mohammed is very
significant to them, and any behavior that brings shame or
ridicule triggers prejudice among the members. The emotional
attachment with Prophet Mohammed raised the aggression that
the Charlie Hebdo had a bad attitude towards his followers
(Devine, 1989).
The reaction could be a way of protecting themselves from the
imminent bad attitude of the press group. The actions of the
attackers could be as a result of stereotypes about the Charlie
Hebdo. It is likely that the attack was due to strong emotional
feelings about the actions of the Hebdo Group. The attackers
were unable to contain their emotional aggression and did the
killing as a way of relieving themselves. The attack was a form
of venting out an aggressive prejudice. The violence is as a
result of the inability to contain the negative attitude towards
the offending group.
The intergroup threat theory visualizes the attackers as a group
that feels unsafe about the publications of the Charlie Hebdo
press. The attackers perceived that letting go the bad attitude
towards Charlie Hebdo is harmful to the in group. The attackers
registered that their behavior, freedom, and confidence could be

8. eroded. Their behavior was greatly influenced by the feeling of
threat. Hence, the action of killing was a way of defending their
group (Devine, 1989).
The in-group members were unable to adopt the avoidant
attitude. The threats of the published material surpassed the
extent to which the attackers could contain. The aggression was
fueled by continuous negative interactions with the Charlie
Hebdo publishers.
The two theories are based on key principles that help in
interpreting situations. The intergroup emotional theory comes
from the emotional appeal to situations and actions of out-
groups. Strong feelings of attachment are very common in the
cases that suit the intergroup emotion theory. In our case, the
emotional appeal to anything sacred is very high because it
guides the spiritual being of the people. The aggression
observed in the incident is out of pain that led to emotional
reactions towards the out-group (Christie, 2011).
Self-identification is a key tenet that emotional theory uses.
Individual identifying themselves with a certain group and form
very strong bonds. The members can categorize other groups
through stereotypes that they form. It is very clear that the
attackers were able to identify strongly with Prophet
Mohammed, hence the feeling of prejudice on their side. The
attackers were able to put themselves in a different category
with the members of the Charlie Hebdo out-group.
The main principle that intergroup threat theory uses is the
perception of harm among groups. The attackers of Charlie
Hebdo felt that the actions of the press were infringing on their
freedoms and beliefs. The likely behavior of a party that feels
intimidated by the actions of the other is to fight back to
prevent continued threat. Aggressions come from the initiative
to remove the threats that have the potential of causing harm to

9. a given group. The publications of Charlie Hebdo were
perceived to harm the attackers; hence, they had to act in a
combative manner to stop them from doing their threatening
activity (Christie, 2011).
Emotions in the intergroup emotion theory make the in-group
members build a close relationship among the members. Strong
and binding interests, develop among the group members such
that they develop stereotypes about themselves and other
groups. Emotions help the people to make categories about the
groups they belong. The attacking group in the event being
discussed had a strong emotional attachment to the Prophet. The
in-group identifies itself as a different entity with distinct
practices that need to be respected. Emotions are seen to evoke
the aggressive reactions and bad attitude towards the Charlie
Hebdo members. Emotions make a person take actions that can
help vent out the feelings that are disturbing (Christie, 2011).
The intergroup threat theory uses emotions to show how anxiety
is raised in a group. Anxiety comes from emotions and later
leads to the development of tension. Tension occurs as a result
of fear of harm at present or future. False feelings because of
emotional appeals to something cause tension. The stereotypes
explained in intergroup threat theory are attributed to emotions
that are developed by an in-group towards an out-group.
Emotions help to reinforce aggressive actions that are based on
unfounded stereotypes. The stereotypes held by the attackers
that the Charlie Hebdo group is ridiculous about their beliefs
could not lead to animosity if emotional backup were absent.
Emotions reinforce aggressive actions, just like the attackers
made killer actions against The Charlie Hebdo newspaper press
(Dovidio, 2010).
The intergroup bias can be reduced in the society to avoid sad
events like the one that occurred in Paris in Charlie Hebdo
press. One intervention to prevent bias among people of

10. different social beliefs is to avoid forming of unfounded
stereotypes. Holding beliefs or ideas that are not true make
people act on wrong information and for the wrong reasons. The
attackers perceived a wrong motive from the Charlie Hebdo
publishers, which could be false believe (Trop and Tredeaux,
2008).
Control of emotions can help to reduce biased actions against
groups. Emotions do not allow proper evaluation of actions.
Hence, people tend to do unreasonable things. It was not a well-
thought action to attack and kill other human beings as in the
case of Charlie Hebdo in Paris.
It is also important to form healthy relationships among the
inter groups. People need to regard each other as social beings
and avoid issues that would bring coercion among them. The
group that the attackers identify with had complained about the
publications of Prophet Mohammed by Charlie Hebdo. The
aggression of the attackers in the group would likely not have
happened if the Charlie Hebdo had abandoned anything that
offended the other party (Trop and Tredaux, 2010).
A society is a construction of various groups of people who
share common interests. The intergroup emotion theory
primarily focuses on understanding and developing intergroup
relationship by concentrating on feelings produced from
integration to a particular group. Hence, one will develop their
identity from the social group. Intergroup emotions help to
shape individual differences within the group making the
individuals recognize the group relevant purposes and events.
The members of a group regard each other in a certain friendly
way. The people form relationships that strongly bind them to
identify with their groups. The feeling of belonging to a group
evokes reactions from the members when certain events occur.
The behavior of group members can be explained well through

11. psychological theories, namely the intergroup emotion theory
and the intergroup threat theory. The two theories help people
conceptualize how different people interpret events in the
internal or external environment.
Intergroup emotion theory fosters the idea that people try to
create an identity within their social setting. People put
themselves in categories with specific values in life depending
upon the nature of their relations. Members of a group identify
with issues and events that are relevant to them and affect them.
In-groups usually do common things and have much attachment
because of common interests. Emotional attachment prompts
people to have control and regulations for the behavior of the
group members. Intergroup emotions strive to create better
relations and avoid problems of prejudice (Dovidio, 2010).
The intergroup threat theory explains the reactions of certain
groups as a result of issues emanating from other groups.
Prejudice is born out of the threat that an in-group perceives
from another group. Intergroup threat theory says that the group
holds negative perceptions against each other. The bad blood
between groups trigger hostility between the groups and
members try to protect themselves. Negative treatments are
likely to occur in intergroup relationships. The intergroup threat
theory explains the hostile actions that occur between groups
that have a bad attitude about each other (Dovidio, 2010).
Events occur in the world today as a result of hostile
relationships and bad attitude towards certain groups. Some
people see prejudice from other groups in the society as a result
of the stereotypes that they hold against each other. The
knowledge of intergroup emotional theory and intergroup can
shed light on the psychological processes that triggered the
attack of the Charlie Hebdo printing press in Paris. The
attackers identified themselves with the prophet that the Paris
printing press wrote about in their magazine. The reaction of the

12. attacking group members can be understood through the
intergroup emotion theory and the intergroup threat theory.
According to the intergroup emotion theory, the attackers
identified belong to the Islamic religion. The Muslims identify
Prophet Mohammed as the only prophet of God and deserves to
be respected. The killers’ allegations to the Charlie Hebdo
newspaper were that the press published information that
ridicules their prophet and their religion. The attackers strongly
identify themselves with the Islamic group and would not wish
to be disrespected in any way. Prophet Mohammed is very
significant to them, and any behavior that brings shame or
ridicule triggers prejudice among the members. The emotional
attachment with Prophet Mohammed raised the aggression that
the Charlie Hebdo had a bad attitude towards his followers
(Devine, 1989).
The reaction could be a way of protecting themselves from the
imminent bad attitude of the press group. The actions of the
attackers could be as a result of stereotypes about the Charlie
Hebdo. It is likely that the attack was due to strong emotional
feelings about the actions of the Hebdo Group. The attackers
were unable to contain their emotional aggression and did the
killing as a way of relieving themselves. The attack was a form
of venting out an aggressive prejudice. The violence is as a
result of the inability to contain the negative attitude towards
the offending group.
The intergroup threat theory visualizes the attackers as a group
that feels unsafe about the publications of the Charlie Hebdo
press. The attackers perceived that letting go the bad attitude
towards Charlie Hebdo is harmful to the in group. The attackers
registered that their behavior, freedom, and confidence could be
eroded. Their behavior was greatly influenced by the feeling of
threat. Hence, the action of killing was a way of defending their
group (Devine, 1989).

13. The in-group members were unable to adopt the avoidant
attitude. The threats of the published material surpassed the
extent to which the attackers could contain. The aggression was
fueled by continuous negative interactions with the Charlie
Hebdo publishers.
The two theories are based on key principles that help in
interpreting situations. The intergroup emotional theory comes
from the emotional appeal to situations and actions of out-
groups. Strong feelings of attachment are very common in the
cases that suit the intergroup emotion theory. In our case, the
emotional appeal to anything sacred is very high because it
guides the spiritual being of the people. The aggression
observed in the incident is out of pain that led to emotional
reactions towards the out-group (Christie, 2011).
Self-identification is a key tenet that emotional theory uses.
Individual identifying themselves with a certain group and form
very strong bonds. The members can categorize other groups
through stereotypes that they form. It is very clear that the
attackers were able to identify strongly with Prophet
Mohammed, hence the feeling of prejudice on their side. The
attackers were able to put themselves in a different category
with the members of the Charlie Hebdo out-group.
The main principle that intergroup threat theory uses is the
perception of harm among groups. The attackers of Charlie
Hebdo felt that the actions of the press were infringing on their
freedoms and beliefs. The likely behavior of a party that feels
intimidated by the actions of the other is to fight back to
prevent continued threat. Aggressions come from the initiative
to remove the threats that have the potential of causing harm to
a given group. The publications of Charlie Hebdo were
perceived to harm the attackers; hence, they had to act in a
combative manner to stop them from doing their threatening

14. activity (Christie, 2011).
Emotions in the intergroup emotion theory make the in-group
members build a close relationship among the members. Strong
and binding interests, develop among the group members such
that they develop stereotypes about themselves and other
groups. Emotions help the people to make categories about the
groups they belong. The attacking group in the event being
discussed had a strong emotional attachment to the Prophet. The
in-group identifies itself as a different entity with distinct
practices that need to be respected. Emotions are seen to evoke
the aggressive reactions and bad attitude towards the Charlie
Hebdo members. Emotions make a person take actions that can
help vent out the feelings that are disturbing (Christie, 2011).
The intergroup threat theory uses emotions to show how anxiety
is raised in a group. Anxiety comes from emotions and later
leads to the development of tension. Tension occurs as a result
of fear of harm at present or future. False feelings because of
emotional appeals to something cause tension. The stereotypes
explained in intergroup threat theory are attributed to emotions
that are developed by an in-group towards an out-group.
Emotions help to reinforce aggressive actions that are based on
unfounded stereotypes. The stereotypes held by the attackers
that the Charlie Hebdo group is ridiculous about their beliefs
could not lead to animosity if emotional backup were absent.
Emotions reinforce aggressive actions, just like the attackers
made killer actions against The Charlie Hebdo newspaper press
(Dovidio, 2010).
The intergroup bias can be reduced in the society to avoid sad
events like the one that occurred in Paris in Charlie Hebdo
press. One intervention to prevent bias among people of
different social beliefs is to avoid forming of unfounded
stereotypes. Holding beliefs or ideas that are not true make
people act on wrong information and for the wrong reasons. The

15. attackers perceived a wrong motive from the Charlie Hebdo
publishers, which could be false believe (Trop and Tredeaux,
2008).
Control of emotions can help to reduce biased actions against
groups. Emotions do not allow proper evaluation of actions.
Hence, people tend to do unreasonable things. It was not a well-
thought action to attack and kill other human beings as in the
case of Charlie Hebdo in Paris.
It is also important to form healthy relationships among the
inter groups. People need to regard each other as social beings
and avoid issues that would bring coercion among them. The
group that the attackers identify with had complained about the
publications of Prophet Mohammed by Charlie Hebdo. The
aggression of the attackers in the group would likely not have
happened if the Charlie Hebdo had abandoned anything that
offended the other party (Trop and Tredaux, 2010).
References
Christie, D. J. (2011). The encyclopedia of peace psychology.
Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and Prejudice: Their
Automatic and Controlled Components.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56 (1), 5 - 18.
Dovidio, J. F. (2010). The SAGE handbook of prejudice,
stereotyping and discrimination. London: Sage.
Trop, W. and Tredeaux, C. (2008). Improving Inter-group
Relations. Massachusetts, Blackwell publishers.

16. Project Web: Essay 1 Prompt
You have read several essays that discuss different opinions and
viewpoints on the concept of social networking, friendship,
identity, and community.
This essay asks you to consider the topic of social media and
networking through the assigned essays and to argue your idea
in light of these questions and the prompt below:
· What ideas or conclusions do you have about the essays we
have read in relationship to the concepts and ideas regarding
social media?
· How do the texts we have read in this course or elsewhere
affect the way you think about the idea of social media and how
it is changing our social lives?
· How have the texts we have read affect the way you think of
friendships online versus face to face?
· How has your own experience influenced your thinking about
the influences social networking sites have on our relationships
with each other and the ways we relate to others?
· How has social networking changed or shaped your concept of
personal identity or the identity you present online?
Your essay should use these questions to help deepen your own
– and your reader’s – understanding of this idea.
Essay Prompt: How has social networking influenced and/or
changed how we view the following: personal identity,
friendship, and/or community? You may want to focus on only

17. one of these ideas, use two, or all three.
Use your own experience as well as provide adequate support
for your position referencing at least 2 texts we have read from
in WMA. Thoughtfully consider all sides of the issue, and be
sure to support your ideas using examples from the texts.
Paper Requirements:
· 4-6 pages (minimum 4 pages)–NOTE: papers not meeting the
page requirement either through pages short, wide margins or
extra spaces will not receive a passing grade.
· One-inch margins (not 1.25, check your default margin
settings)
· Times Roman - 12 point font & Double spaced
· MLA documentation and style
· A Works Cited page
· Proposal & Outline, 1st draft peer-review, and self-revision
assignment.