The document provides information on grammar topics including: 1) Prefixes that can be added before word roots, such as "mono-" meaning one and "tele-" meaning far off. 2) Present and past participles, which are verb forms that can also function as adjectives, such as "exciting" and "bored." 3) Participial phrases that use a participle and act as adjectives modifying nouns, such as "Flying high in the sky, the geese did swoops and turns." 4) Commonly confused words like "its" vs. "it's" and "affect" vs. "effect."

1. ESOL 3 Milestones Unit4
Chapter 2
How do new experiences help us to
gain knowledge about ourselves and
our environment?

2. Reading Fluency
Periods: He forgot. And looked down.
And He fell. To the floor. And. Saw an
ant walking by. The. Trash. Can.
Exclamation marks: Wow! You look
amazing! Who did your hair!
Italics:(show stress)I’ll do the dishes not
her. She’ll just drop and break them all.
Dashes (sudden change)I don’t care
what she says I am going to-

3. A Prefix is placed BEFORE the wood root
Mono is a prefix that means ONE
So in the word monologue, which part is the root
and which part is the prefix????
Misspell
Tele (far off) Preview
Mis (badly) Replay
Pre (before) Telescope
Re (again) Monolingual
Repaint
mistake

4. Parts of words: Prefixes
• Most Common Prefixes (appear before the root) Think fast!
• anti- against (antifreeze) 1. A word that describes someone who is
• de- opposite (defrost)
• dis-* not, opposite of (disagree)
against war.
• en-, em- cause to encode, (embrace) 2. A flight that crosses the Atlantic ocean
• fore- before (forecast) 3. To paint something again
• in-, im- in (infield)
• in-, im-, il-, ir-* not (injustice, impossible) 4. A soccer player that plays in the middle
• inter- between (interact) of the field
• mid- middle (midway) 5. Someone who is not patient
• mis- wrongly (misfire)
• non- not (nonsense) 6. A vehicle that travels under the
• over- over (overlook) ground
• pre- before (prefix)
• re-* again (return)
7. Someone who does NOT smoke
• semi- half (semicircle) 8. To pay for something before you enjoy
• sub- under (submarine) it.
• super- above (superstar)
• trans- across (transport) 9. Garments that you wear under your
• un-* not (unfriendly) clothes
• under- under (undersea)
10. Someone who is not polite

5. Participles
Present participle: ends with ing EXCITING
Past participle: ends with ed BORED
They are VERBS AND SOMETIMES ADJECTIVES
What is the participle? Is the participle a verb or an adjective???
The University of Florida is a confusing place.
One Direction is touring Australia this month.
The excited puppy jumped up and down.
He was weakened by his illness.
You’re looking smashing today!
His worried face revealed how serious the situation was.
Many women get plastic surgery to repair tired eyes.
My amazing goal won the game for our team.

6. Participial phrase
a phrase that has a participle and acts as an adjective
for a NOUN or PRONOUN
The geese, flying high in the sky, did swoops and
turns.
Landing softly, the coyote didn’t get hurt.
Eating quietly, she entered the room.
My best friend, scared by the crowd, texted me.
Sam, inspired by Lionel Messi, promised to train hard.
Computers made in Japan are better than others.
The letter sent to Santa asked for a pony.

7. Combine these two sentences with a participial
phrase
1. The elephant was eating rotten peanuts. The
elephant sneezed on the crowd.
2. She sprinted as quickly as a car. She easily won
first place.
3. I like x-box games. My favorite x-box games
are made in Taiwan.
4. He came to speak to me. He came into my
room walking very slowly and carefully.
5. I saw a strange man. He was eating dog poop.
6. The tourist saw bears. The bears were fishing.

8. Commonly confused words
it’s: it is (It’s nice to meet you)
its: belonging to “it” (Its leg hurts)
their: belonging to them(Their house is here)
there: place (I see it over there)
they’re: they are (They’re pessimistic)
accept: verb(I accept your apology)
except: everything but (Everyone is here except Bob)
affect: verb (Criticism doesn’t affect me)
effect: noun (The effect of aspirin lasts 6 hours)
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/cgi-shl/quiz.pl/its_there_quiz.htm
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/cgi-shl/quiz.pl/affect_except_quiz.htm