This document provides an overview of contextual analysis for environmental pollution and disease etiology in traditional African medicine. It discusses how in traditional African belief systems, pollution and diseases can be caused by attacks from evil spirits, witchcraft, disobeying taboos, or upsetting natural balances in the body. The document also contrasts personalistic models of disease causation, which attribute illness to intentional acts, with naturalistic models, which view disease as resulting from impersonal natural forces that disrupt equilibrium in the body.
Public health originated in the 19th century to address poor sanitary conditions and disease outbreaks. Simple public health measures like clean water and vaccination have saved more lives than medical advances. Community medicine focuses on preventing disease in populations through organized community efforts. It aims to promote health and adjust individuals and society. Public health is defined as organized efforts to prevent disease, prolong life, and promote health through surveillance, policies, education, and ensuring resources are allocated to public health. It uses technology and social sciences to identify, prevent and monitor health issues in populations.
Community medicine focuses on health promotion and disease prevention at the community level through organized social action. It evolved from clinical medicine to address health issues facing entire populations. Key concepts include viewing health as an equilibrium between individuals and their environment, the importance of both preventive and curative approaches to medicine, and addressing social determinants of health. The field was influenced by developments in epidemiology, public health infrastructure, and the germ theory of disease.
Community medicine focuses on preventing disease and promoting public health rather than treating individual patients. It evolved from public health movements in the 19th century that emphasized sanitation and organized community efforts to improve health. Community medicine aims to keep populations healthy through measures like vaccination programs, vector control, and increasing access to resources like safe water and adequate nutrition. It has contributed greatly to reducing communicable diseases and improving health worldwide.
This document discusses epidemiology and communicable disease control in public health nursing. It provides historical context on epidemiology dating back to Hippocrates and outlines key terms and concepts. The document also describes methods of epidemiological investigation and sources of epidemiological information. It examines global and national trends in communicable disease control and prevention as well as major communicable diseases in the US and emerging infectious diseases globally.
2. unit no iii dynamic of disease, Community Health NursingSANJAY SIR
it is uploaded to help medics, paramedics and nursing educators to teach their students about dynamic of disease. it also help to create awareness in general people about it.
This document provides an overview of general epidemiology concepts for communicable diseases. It defines epidemiology and describes the epidemiological triad of agent, host, and environment. It discusses the natural history of diseases and models like the iceberg phenomenon. It also outlines methods of disease transmission, prevention and control strategies like vaccination, and immunity types. Overall, the document serves as an introductory guide to epidemiological principles for para-medical professionals.
This document provides a history of community medicine and public health from primitive times to the modern era. It describes how community medicine evolved from early concepts of supernatural disease causes to organized efforts for disease prevention, health promotion, and treatment through community involvement. Key developments included the ancient civilizations of India, Egypt, and Greece influencing modern medicine, followed by advances during the Roman and Islamic periods and a decline during the Dark Ages before modern community medicine emerged.
The specialty which deals with population.
Comprises those doctors who try to measure the needs of sick and healthy.
Who plan and administer the services to meet the needs.
Who are engaged in research & teaching in the field.
Public health originated in the 19th century to address poor sanitary conditions and disease outbreaks. Simple public health measures like clean water and vaccination have saved more lives than medical advances. Community medicine focuses on preventing disease in populations through organized community efforts. It aims to promote health and adjust individuals and society. Public health is defined as organized efforts to prevent disease, prolong life, and promote health through surveillance, policies, education, and ensuring resources are allocated to public health. It uses technology and social sciences to identify, prevent and monitor health issues in populations.
Community medicine focuses on health promotion and disease prevention at the community level through organized social action. It evolved from clinical medicine to address health issues facing entire populations. Key concepts include viewing health as an equilibrium between individuals and their environment, the importance of both preventive and curative approaches to medicine, and addressing social determinants of health. The field was influenced by developments in epidemiology, public health infrastructure, and the germ theory of disease.
Community medicine focuses on preventing disease and promoting public health rather than treating individual patients. It evolved from public health movements in the 19th century that emphasized sanitation and organized community efforts to improve health. Community medicine aims to keep populations healthy through measures like vaccination programs, vector control, and increasing access to resources like safe water and adequate nutrition. It has contributed greatly to reducing communicable diseases and improving health worldwide.
This document discusses epidemiology and communicable disease control in public health nursing. It provides historical context on epidemiology dating back to Hippocrates and outlines key terms and concepts. The document also describes methods of epidemiological investigation and sources of epidemiological information. It examines global and national trends in communicable disease control and prevention as well as major communicable diseases in the US and emerging infectious diseases globally.
2. unit no iii dynamic of disease, Community Health NursingSANJAY SIR
it is uploaded to help medics, paramedics and nursing educators to teach their students about dynamic of disease. it also help to create awareness in general people about it.
This document provides an overview of general epidemiology concepts for communicable diseases. It defines epidemiology and describes the epidemiological triad of agent, host, and environment. It discusses the natural history of diseases and models like the iceberg phenomenon. It also outlines methods of disease transmission, prevention and control strategies like vaccination, and immunity types. Overall, the document serves as an introductory guide to epidemiological principles for para-medical professionals.
This document provides a history of community medicine and public health from primitive times to the modern era. It describes how community medicine evolved from early concepts of supernatural disease causes to organized efforts for disease prevention, health promotion, and treatment through community involvement. Key developments included the ancient civilizations of India, Egypt, and Greece influencing modern medicine, followed by advances during the Roman and Islamic periods and a decline during the Dark Ages before modern community medicine emerged.
The specialty which deals with population.
Comprises those doctors who try to measure the needs of sick and healthy.
Who plan and administer the services to meet the needs.
Who are engaged in research & teaching in the field.
The One Health approach recognizes that human health, animal health, and environmental health are interconnected. It aims to attain optimal health for people, animals, and the environment through collaboration across multiple disciplines. Key agencies like FAO, OIE, and WHO have developed strategic frameworks to foster cooperation between sectors. Case studies demonstrate how delayed or lack of coordination between human and animal health sectors increased costs and impacted control of diseases like Nipah virus. Antimicrobial resistance is another issue that requires a One Health approach.
This document provides an overview of the history and evolution of medicine from ancient times to the present. It discusses how in early civilizations like Egypt, Babylon, Greece, China, India, and Rome, medicine was intertwined with religion and magic. It then outlines key developments in various medical systems over time, including Ayurveda and Unani in India, traditional Chinese medicine, and the contributions of figures like Hippocrates to the development of scientific medicine in Greece. The document also notes how modern medicine has improved health but not penetrated all areas equally, and discusses current goals around prevention, health promotion, and addressing health inequalities.
Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. It is the cornerstone of public health, and shapes policy decisions and evidence-based practice by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare. Epidemiologists help with study design, collection, and statistical analysis of data, amend interpretation and dissemination of results (including peer review and occasional systematic review). Epidemiology has helped develop methodology used in clinical research, public health studies, and, to a lesser extent, basic research in the biological sciences
Founders of epidemiology and thier contributionsShareef Ngunguni
Hippocrates was the first to examine relationships between disease and environmental factors, rejecting supernatural causes. James Lind conducted experiments on scurvy prevention that established clinical research standards. Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine through observation of immunity from cowpox. Ignaz Semmelweis pioneered hand washing to prevent spread of infections from cadavers to mothers. John Snow carefully mapped cholera cases in London and used statistics to show its water source, establishing epidemiology.
Community medicine has evolved from ancient practices that attributed disease to supernatural causes. Over time, scientific understanding developed, beginning with early civilizations in places like India, China, Egypt, and Greece. Major advances included germ theory and recognition that disease has environmental and social causes. This led to the rise of public health efforts and preventive medicine in the 19th century. Community medicine aims to address health problems facing entire populations and ensure equal access to healthcare for all.
1) The document discusses several zoonotic diseases including West Nile virus, rabies, and brucellosis. It describes the pathogens, transmission cycles between animals and humans, clinical manifestations in humans, and national surveillance efforts.
2) For diseases like rabies and brucellosis, the national surveillance involves mandatory reporting of human cases, monitoring of infected animals, and collaboration between human and veterinary agencies.
3) One health approaches discussed include integrating epidemiological data between human and veterinary fields to more rapidly detect and respond to zoonotic outbreaks.
This document discusses epidemiology and community health. It defines epidemiology as the study of factors that affect the health of populations, including disease frequencies, types, and distributions. Community health refers to the health status and care of community members. The key relationship between the two is that epidemiology provides critical information on disease trends, causes, and factors that inform community health program planning, advocacy, research, and evaluation. The document outlines objectives, definitions, types and uses of epidemiology as well as community health activities.
Public health and Community medicine as a professional career; awareness & op...Dr. Shatanik Mondal
Public health and community medicine is an enormously diverse and dynamic field enthralling with so many sub-specialities. It has grown from infection prevention to chronic diseases, mental health, environmental health, bioterrorism, demography and many more. Public health is still at its infancy in India, but there is a huge potential in the next 10-15 years. MBBS students in India find it very difficult to digest community medicine as a subject in their curriculum in general till now. This presentation will show the importance of the subject and how they can think community medicine as their future career, all its job prospects and opportunities.
Setting the One Health agenda and the human-companion animal bond.Iannis Chaniotakis
This document summarizes research on the human-companion animal bond and its relationship to health in four areas: heart disease, cancer, autism, and economics. Research shows pet ownership may reduce risk factors for heart disease like high blood pressure and obesity by increasing physical activity. Interactions with therapy animals can benefit cancer patients and children by improving mood and distraction from treatment. Animal-assisted therapy has led to improved social behaviors for those with autism by increasing feel-good hormones. The human-companion bond also provides potential healthcare cost savings and economic benefits. Recognizing these health impacts is important for including human-animal relationships within global One Health initiatives.
This document discusses medical ethics and ethical issues in public health. It begins with background on the importance of medical ethics and doctors' responsibility to society. It then defines ethics, medical ethics, and discusses the principles of ethics including beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, and justice. The document examines ethical problems in practice like use of drugs, abortion, defining death, and current issues like AIDS, abortion, and euthanasia. It also discusses ethical issues in public health policies and cases involving immunization, fluoridation, and disease disclosure. The conclusion emphasizes that ethical decisions require clear thinking about conflicts and an informed public will be needed to make choices.
This document provides an overview of the history and evolution of medicine from ancient times to the present. It discusses how early medicine was intertwined with religion and magic before the development of scientific knowledge. Key developments discussed include the emergence of organized medical systems in ancient Egypt, Babylon, Greece, China, India, and their varying approaches. The document then outlines the growth and spread of scientific medicine over time, as well as persisting traditional healing practices. It emphasizes how medicine has broadened in recent decades to focus on disease prevention and health promotion on a global scale.
The document discusses the history and evolution of theories of disease causation and treatment from ancient Greece to modern times. It describes how theories have progressed from associating disease with humors and elements, to ideas of contagion and miasmas, to the germ theory of disease established by Pasteur and Koch. It also outlines the development of veterinary medicine and changing roles of veterinarians from a focus on individual animal treatment to herd health management, food safety, and animal welfare.
This document discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It begins by outlining the objectives and key terms. It then provides background on how human diseases have changed as humans migrated and civilization developed. The document identifies several potential contributing factors to new diseases emerging, such as population growth, poverty, human behavior changes, and technological advances. It also discusses challenges like antibiotic resistance and how diseases spread through increased population movement and globalization. Finally, it examines the development of global surveillance networks and international agreements to control infectious diseases.
One Health – an interdisciplinary approach in combating emerging diseasesILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet, Delia Grace and Jakob Zinsstag at the International Symposium of Health Sciences (iSIHAT 2013), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 20-21 August 2013.
Epcm l1(basic principles of community-medicine and epidemiologyDr Ghaiath Hussein
This document provides an overview of epidemiology and community medicine. It defines epidemiology as the study of health-related states and events in populations, including their frequency, distribution, and determinants. The goals of epidemiology are to understand the causes and natural history of diseases, assess the health status of populations, and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions. Epidemiology is used in community medicine to improve public health through prevention, early detection, and reducing the impact of diseases in populations.
This document discusses the history of AIDS exceptionalism over the past 30 years. It begins by providing background on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic, noting its widespread demographic, economic, and political impacts. It then describes how AIDS exceptionalism originated as a response to the initially frightening nature of the virus and its disproportionate effect on certain groups. More recently, AIDS exceptionalism referred to the unprecedented global response and resources dedicated to addressing the epidemic through organizations like UNAIDS. However, there has also been criticism of AIDS exceptionalism and claims that it receives too much funding compared to other health issues. The document aims to situate this debate in historical context by examining the shifting meaning of exceptionalism over time.
One Health approaches: Genesis, implementation and best practicesILRI
The document discusses One Health approaches and their implementation. It provides the following key points:
1. One Health aims to achieve optimal health outcomes for humans, animals and the environment through cross-sectoral collaboration. It addresses challenges like zoonotic diseases which affect both human and animal health.
2. Implementing One Health in practice involves mapping disease burdens, ensuring food safety, and understanding barriers and enablers. The "unlucky 13" zoonoses cause billions of cases and millions of deaths annually.
3. There are significant economic benefits to controlling zoonotic diseases through a One Health approach compared to working in isolation. An estimated $137 billion in annual benefits could be gained from a
This document provides an introduction to epidemiology, including definitions of key terms and concepts. It discusses:
1. Definitions of health, disease, illness, sickness, and public health.
2. The definition of epidemiology as the study of frequency, distribution, and determinants of diseases and health conditions in populations and applying this to disease prevention and health promotion.
3. The components of an epidemiological definition including the study of frequency, distribution, determinants, and application to prevention and promotion of health.
Development over the centuries of Human Civilization concepts of disease causation remained transforming and still not reached the perfection.
Pre-modern era theories of Disease causation: Religions often attributed disease outbreaks or other misfortunes to divine retribution - punishment for mankind's sins.
and imbalance among four vital "humors“ within us. Hippocrates; Yellow Bile, Black Bile, Phlegm and Blood
Miasma Theory: 500 BC Miasmas are poisonous emanations from putrefying carcasses, vegetables, molds and also the invisible particles. This theory led to explanation of several outbreaks of cholera, plague and malaria (Mal-aria= bad air).
Fracastoro's contagion theory of disease (1546)
Germ theory: Louis Pasteur , Lister and others introduced the germ theory in 1878. In 1890 Robert Koch proposed specific criteria that should be met before concluding that a disease was caused by a particular bacterium. Only single germ is responsible for causation of a specific disease.
Webs of Causation: Epidemiological concept
This document provides an overview of epidemiology and the epidemiology of communicable diseases. It defines epidemiology as the study of disease distribution and determinants in populations. Communicable diseases are transmitted from one case to another through various cycles and modes of transmission. The epidemiologic triad of agent, host, and environment influences disease occurrence. Epidemic investigation aims to identify the infectious agent, affected individuals, and factors propagating an epidemic in order to control disease spread. Prevention strategies include primordial prevention by promoting healthy behaviors, and primary prevention targeting specific diseases.
This document discusses illness and ethnomedicine from an anthropological perspective. It begins by differentiating disease from illness and noting that beliefs about the causes of misfortune like illness are important in human societies. Some traditional societies believe that supernatural forces or divine retribution cause illness. The document then discusses anthropological epidemiology and how culture influences what diseases are seen in different areas. It notes that some diseases are culturally defined. It also discusses culture-specific mental disorders and traditional healing practices and beliefs. Finally, it discusses how ethnomedicine is influenced by socio-cultural factors like beliefs in deities and spirits in traditional societies.
1. The document discusses different worldviews on health, illness, healthcare, and wellness from Western, Eastern, African, and South Asian perspectives.
2. In the Western view, health is seen through a biomedical lens focused on the human body. Illness is viewed as the result of natural phenomena. Healthcare involves evidence-based treatment using modern medicine. Wellness encompasses proper physical functioning of the body's systems.
3. The Eastern perspective views health holistically as a balance of body, mind, and spirit. Illness results from imbalances that can be treated by restoring balance. Healthcare considers individual diagnosis and restoring chi (energy) through natural remedies. Wellness requires harmony within oneself and with one
The One Health approach recognizes that human health, animal health, and environmental health are interconnected. It aims to attain optimal health for people, animals, and the environment through collaboration across multiple disciplines. Key agencies like FAO, OIE, and WHO have developed strategic frameworks to foster cooperation between sectors. Case studies demonstrate how delayed or lack of coordination between human and animal health sectors increased costs and impacted control of diseases like Nipah virus. Antimicrobial resistance is another issue that requires a One Health approach.
This document provides an overview of the history and evolution of medicine from ancient times to the present. It discusses how in early civilizations like Egypt, Babylon, Greece, China, India, and Rome, medicine was intertwined with religion and magic. It then outlines key developments in various medical systems over time, including Ayurveda and Unani in India, traditional Chinese medicine, and the contributions of figures like Hippocrates to the development of scientific medicine in Greece. The document also notes how modern medicine has improved health but not penetrated all areas equally, and discusses current goals around prevention, health promotion, and addressing health inequalities.
Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. It is the cornerstone of public health, and shapes policy decisions and evidence-based practice by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare. Epidemiologists help with study design, collection, and statistical analysis of data, amend interpretation and dissemination of results (including peer review and occasional systematic review). Epidemiology has helped develop methodology used in clinical research, public health studies, and, to a lesser extent, basic research in the biological sciences
Founders of epidemiology and thier contributionsShareef Ngunguni
Hippocrates was the first to examine relationships between disease and environmental factors, rejecting supernatural causes. James Lind conducted experiments on scurvy prevention that established clinical research standards. Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine through observation of immunity from cowpox. Ignaz Semmelweis pioneered hand washing to prevent spread of infections from cadavers to mothers. John Snow carefully mapped cholera cases in London and used statistics to show its water source, establishing epidemiology.
Community medicine has evolved from ancient practices that attributed disease to supernatural causes. Over time, scientific understanding developed, beginning with early civilizations in places like India, China, Egypt, and Greece. Major advances included germ theory and recognition that disease has environmental and social causes. This led to the rise of public health efforts and preventive medicine in the 19th century. Community medicine aims to address health problems facing entire populations and ensure equal access to healthcare for all.
1) The document discusses several zoonotic diseases including West Nile virus, rabies, and brucellosis. It describes the pathogens, transmission cycles between animals and humans, clinical manifestations in humans, and national surveillance efforts.
2) For diseases like rabies and brucellosis, the national surveillance involves mandatory reporting of human cases, monitoring of infected animals, and collaboration between human and veterinary agencies.
3) One health approaches discussed include integrating epidemiological data between human and veterinary fields to more rapidly detect and respond to zoonotic outbreaks.
This document discusses epidemiology and community health. It defines epidemiology as the study of factors that affect the health of populations, including disease frequencies, types, and distributions. Community health refers to the health status and care of community members. The key relationship between the two is that epidemiology provides critical information on disease trends, causes, and factors that inform community health program planning, advocacy, research, and evaluation. The document outlines objectives, definitions, types and uses of epidemiology as well as community health activities.
Public health and Community medicine as a professional career; awareness & op...Dr. Shatanik Mondal
Public health and community medicine is an enormously diverse and dynamic field enthralling with so many sub-specialities. It has grown from infection prevention to chronic diseases, mental health, environmental health, bioterrorism, demography and many more. Public health is still at its infancy in India, but there is a huge potential in the next 10-15 years. MBBS students in India find it very difficult to digest community medicine as a subject in their curriculum in general till now. This presentation will show the importance of the subject and how they can think community medicine as their future career, all its job prospects and opportunities.
Setting the One Health agenda and the human-companion animal bond.Iannis Chaniotakis
This document summarizes research on the human-companion animal bond and its relationship to health in four areas: heart disease, cancer, autism, and economics. Research shows pet ownership may reduce risk factors for heart disease like high blood pressure and obesity by increasing physical activity. Interactions with therapy animals can benefit cancer patients and children by improving mood and distraction from treatment. Animal-assisted therapy has led to improved social behaviors for those with autism by increasing feel-good hormones. The human-companion bond also provides potential healthcare cost savings and economic benefits. Recognizing these health impacts is important for including human-animal relationships within global One Health initiatives.
This document discusses medical ethics and ethical issues in public health. It begins with background on the importance of medical ethics and doctors' responsibility to society. It then defines ethics, medical ethics, and discusses the principles of ethics including beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, and justice. The document examines ethical problems in practice like use of drugs, abortion, defining death, and current issues like AIDS, abortion, and euthanasia. It also discusses ethical issues in public health policies and cases involving immunization, fluoridation, and disease disclosure. The conclusion emphasizes that ethical decisions require clear thinking about conflicts and an informed public will be needed to make choices.
This document provides an overview of the history and evolution of medicine from ancient times to the present. It discusses how early medicine was intertwined with religion and magic before the development of scientific knowledge. Key developments discussed include the emergence of organized medical systems in ancient Egypt, Babylon, Greece, China, India, and their varying approaches. The document then outlines the growth and spread of scientific medicine over time, as well as persisting traditional healing practices. It emphasizes how medicine has broadened in recent decades to focus on disease prevention and health promotion on a global scale.
The document discusses the history and evolution of theories of disease causation and treatment from ancient Greece to modern times. It describes how theories have progressed from associating disease with humors and elements, to ideas of contagion and miasmas, to the germ theory of disease established by Pasteur and Koch. It also outlines the development of veterinary medicine and changing roles of veterinarians from a focus on individual animal treatment to herd health management, food safety, and animal welfare.
This document discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It begins by outlining the objectives and key terms. It then provides background on how human diseases have changed as humans migrated and civilization developed. The document identifies several potential contributing factors to new diseases emerging, such as population growth, poverty, human behavior changes, and technological advances. It also discusses challenges like antibiotic resistance and how diseases spread through increased population movement and globalization. Finally, it examines the development of global surveillance networks and international agreements to control infectious diseases.
One Health – an interdisciplinary approach in combating emerging diseasesILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet, Delia Grace and Jakob Zinsstag at the International Symposium of Health Sciences (iSIHAT 2013), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 20-21 August 2013.
Epcm l1(basic principles of community-medicine and epidemiologyDr Ghaiath Hussein
This document provides an overview of epidemiology and community medicine. It defines epidemiology as the study of health-related states and events in populations, including their frequency, distribution, and determinants. The goals of epidemiology are to understand the causes and natural history of diseases, assess the health status of populations, and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions. Epidemiology is used in community medicine to improve public health through prevention, early detection, and reducing the impact of diseases in populations.
This document discusses the history of AIDS exceptionalism over the past 30 years. It begins by providing background on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic, noting its widespread demographic, economic, and political impacts. It then describes how AIDS exceptionalism originated as a response to the initially frightening nature of the virus and its disproportionate effect on certain groups. More recently, AIDS exceptionalism referred to the unprecedented global response and resources dedicated to addressing the epidemic through organizations like UNAIDS. However, there has also been criticism of AIDS exceptionalism and claims that it receives too much funding compared to other health issues. The document aims to situate this debate in historical context by examining the shifting meaning of exceptionalism over time.
One Health approaches: Genesis, implementation and best practicesILRI
The document discusses One Health approaches and their implementation. It provides the following key points:
1. One Health aims to achieve optimal health outcomes for humans, animals and the environment through cross-sectoral collaboration. It addresses challenges like zoonotic diseases which affect both human and animal health.
2. Implementing One Health in practice involves mapping disease burdens, ensuring food safety, and understanding barriers and enablers. The "unlucky 13" zoonoses cause billions of cases and millions of deaths annually.
3. There are significant economic benefits to controlling zoonotic diseases through a One Health approach compared to working in isolation. An estimated $137 billion in annual benefits could be gained from a
This document provides an introduction to epidemiology, including definitions of key terms and concepts. It discusses:
1. Definitions of health, disease, illness, sickness, and public health.
2. The definition of epidemiology as the study of frequency, distribution, and determinants of diseases and health conditions in populations and applying this to disease prevention and health promotion.
3. The components of an epidemiological definition including the study of frequency, distribution, determinants, and application to prevention and promotion of health.
Development over the centuries of Human Civilization concepts of disease causation remained transforming and still not reached the perfection.
Pre-modern era theories of Disease causation: Religions often attributed disease outbreaks or other misfortunes to divine retribution - punishment for mankind's sins.
and imbalance among four vital "humors“ within us. Hippocrates; Yellow Bile, Black Bile, Phlegm and Blood
Miasma Theory: 500 BC Miasmas are poisonous emanations from putrefying carcasses, vegetables, molds and also the invisible particles. This theory led to explanation of several outbreaks of cholera, plague and malaria (Mal-aria= bad air).
Fracastoro's contagion theory of disease (1546)
Germ theory: Louis Pasteur , Lister and others introduced the germ theory in 1878. In 1890 Robert Koch proposed specific criteria that should be met before concluding that a disease was caused by a particular bacterium. Only single germ is responsible for causation of a specific disease.
Webs of Causation: Epidemiological concept
This document provides an overview of epidemiology and the epidemiology of communicable diseases. It defines epidemiology as the study of disease distribution and determinants in populations. Communicable diseases are transmitted from one case to another through various cycles and modes of transmission. The epidemiologic triad of agent, host, and environment influences disease occurrence. Epidemic investigation aims to identify the infectious agent, affected individuals, and factors propagating an epidemic in order to control disease spread. Prevention strategies include primordial prevention by promoting healthy behaviors, and primary prevention targeting specific diseases.
This document discusses illness and ethnomedicine from an anthropological perspective. It begins by differentiating disease from illness and noting that beliefs about the causes of misfortune like illness are important in human societies. Some traditional societies believe that supernatural forces or divine retribution cause illness. The document then discusses anthropological epidemiology and how culture influences what diseases are seen in different areas. It notes that some diseases are culturally defined. It also discusses culture-specific mental disorders and traditional healing practices and beliefs. Finally, it discusses how ethnomedicine is influenced by socio-cultural factors like beliefs in deities and spirits in traditional societies.
1. The document discusses different worldviews on health, illness, healthcare, and wellness from Western, Eastern, African, and South Asian perspectives.
2. In the Western view, health is seen through a biomedical lens focused on the human body. Illness is viewed as the result of natural phenomena. Healthcare involves evidence-based treatment using modern medicine. Wellness encompasses proper physical functioning of the body's systems.
3. The Eastern perspective views health holistically as a balance of body, mind, and spirit. Illness results from imbalances that can be treated by restoring balance. Healthcare considers individual diagnosis and restoring chi (energy) through natural remedies. Wellness requires harmony within oneself and with one
A slideshow by Deborah Olenev CCH RSHom (NA) comparing the Western Medicine therapeutic model and ideologies with the Homeopathic perspective on healing and the influence on the COVID19 response. Links to resources are given.
traditional medicine, Chinese traditional medicine, herbs, future Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Uwakwe C. Chukwu | Abayomi Ajayi-Majebi | Sarhan M. Musa "Future of Traditional Medicine" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd48011.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/ayurvedic/48011/future-of-traditional-medicine/matthew-n-o-sadiku
This document discusses traditional medicine in Nigeria. It begins by providing background on traditional medicine, noting that it has been used by humans for health since ancient times using herbal remedies, animal parts, and minerals. It then discusses the traditional medical practices of the major ethnic groups in Nigeria - the Yoruba, Igbo, and Hausa/Fulani peoples. Herbal medicine is described as the cornerstone of traditional medicine in Nigeria, with several medicinal plants and their uses explained. Traditional medicine is applied to a wide variety of health conditions in Nigeria, from cardiovascular diseases to respiratory illnesses to infectious diseases. The benefits of traditional medicine include its low cost and cultural importance in Nigeria.
Merits of traditional system of medicineDonaldTandia
This document discusses the merits and importance of traditional medicine systems. Some key points made include:
- Traditional medicine is very cost effective compared to modern medicine and uses natural products that have few side effects.
- It serves as an important basis for drug discovery and development, as many modern drugs are derived from plants used in traditional systems.
- Traditional medicine can be very effective for chronic conditions and is easily accessible in many parts of the world.
- Diseases like malaria continue to be treated using herbal medicines identified through traditional knowledge.
Transference of Ethnobotanical Knowledge and Threat & Conservation Status of ...CrimsonPublishersAAOA
Transference of Ethnobotanical Knowledge and Threat & Conservation Status of Medicinal Plants in Ethiopia: Anthropological and Ethnobotanical Perspectives by Alemayehu Kefalew in Archaeology & Anthropology: Open Access
In Ethiopia, the use of traditional medicine for primary health care is becoming accepted and popular. However, it is under great risks when looked from the point of losing the knowledge transfer and the degradation of the vital medicinal plants. Thus, this review was initiated to briefly look into how is the very common way of transferring indigenous knowledge and to look at the threats & conservation effort of medicinal plants in the country. The review indicates that indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants is transferred from a practitioner father to elder son as he is he is getting older. However, if there is no elder son it would be passed over to any one among the family who is supposed to be loyal to keep the knowledge secret; but if the practitioner does not have families, the knowledge passes to any one among his relatives who is believed to keep the knowledge secret. This review also showed that the main reasons for the degradation of medicinal plants in Ethiopia are environmental degradation, agricultural expansion, deforestation, over harvesting of species and invasive alien species.
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/
For more articles in open access Archaeology journals please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/aaoa/
African traditional medicine is a holistic health practice that uses indigenous herbalism combined with some aspects of spirituality. It involves the direct application of herbal remedies, animal parts, or mineral materials for healing purposes. It is still the main source of healthcare delivery in almost all Africa nations in spite of the growth of religious enlightenment, western civilization, and modern medicine. It is often regarded as an alternative or complementary system of medicine. This paper provides an introduction on African traditional medicine. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Tolulope J. Ashaolu | Sarhan M. Musa "African Traditional Medicine: A Primer" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30927.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/30927/african-traditional-medicine-a-primer/matthew-n-o-sadiku
This document discusses alternative and conventional medicine. It defines alternative medicine as practices not considered part of conventional medicine, and natural medicine as using physical therapy and diet. The document examines the biblical view of disease as a result of sin, and health as obeying God's laws. It also discusses the dangers of pantheism and ascribing healing powers to nature rather than God. The ideal method recognizes God as the source of life and aims to correct lifestyle habits through forgiveness and reconciliation with God.
This document provides an overview of medical anthropology and its applications to health care. It discusses how medical anthropology addresses the interfaces between medicine, culture, and health behavior. It describes how cultural systems models examine the influence of culture on health through infrastructure, social structure, and ideological superstructure. These include factors like environment, social relationships, individual behavior, health services, and beliefs. The document emphasizes that understanding a community's cultural values and engaging community members are important for effective health programs and assessing health needs. Medical anthropology aims to incorporate cultural perspectives to improve health care delivery and public health programs.
The document discusses the argument that medicine may be the leading cause of illness rather than the cure. It provides several examples and studies that suggest focusing on lifestyle changes like diet, exercise, and stress reduction through methods like yoga, herbalism, and other natural remedies can be more effective treatments than conventional medicine which often does more harm than good through toxic drugs and medical errors. The document advocates for adopting a holistic and natural approach to healthcare rather than relying on the current medical system.
Biotherapy – the use of living organisms for the treatment of human and animal illness – is a practice known since antiquity. But it is not antiquated!
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Eroh jide afs 761 contextual analysis of environmental pollution and disease ethiology in traditional african medicine term paper Aug. 2018
1. CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND DISEASE
ETIOLOGY IN TRADITIONAL AFRICAN MEDICINE
BY
EROH JIDE AYANSANWO
MATRIC NO: 170888
INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE AND DEVELOPMENT,
CENTRE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT,
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN
FACILITATOR: DR. JEGEDE
COURSE TITLE: THEORY OF TRADITIONAL AFRICAN MEDICINE
COURSE CODE: AFS 761
AUGUST, 2018.
2. Introduction
As human beings we sometimes in one way or another become sick and therefore go for
treatment depending on our choice of treatment (indigenous perspective or Western medical
treatment). Although African traditional religion is not against a Western medical way of
treatment or healing process, its followers believe that there are some diseases that Western
medicine cannot treat, and therefore need spiritual attention.
As there is an African way of understanding God in the same way, there is an African way of
understanding the world, the visible world around us, the cattle, trees, people and cities as well as
the unseen world, the supernatural world of spirits, powers, and diseases’ (Oduro et al. 2008:9).
In spite of the introduction of Western medicine and health care systems in Africa, many African
communities still rely on traditional health care (World Health Organisation [WHO] 2001). The
WHO (2000:1) defines traditional medicine/health care as the total combination of knowledge
and practice, whether explicable or not, used in diagnosing, preventing or eliminating physical,
mental and social diseases. This practice exclusively relies on past experience and observation
handed down from generation to generation verbally or in written form. In the view of Helms
and Cook (1999), indigenous healing refers to the helpful beliefs and practices that originate
within a culture or society, and are designed to treat the inhabitants of a given community. Kofi-
Tsekpo (2004:i–ii) notes that the phrase ‘traditional medicine’ has become a catchword among
the peoples in all countries in Africa. This is partly because the use of herbal remedies has gained
popularity worldwide and the exploitation of these remedies has become a multimillion industry.
He further argues that the term ‘African traditional medicine’ is not synonymous with
‘alternative and complementary medicine’. African traditional medicine is the African
indigenous system of health care and, therefore, cannot be an alternative. In Africa, there is an
important reason why African traditional medicine has become increasingly popular. The high
cost of allopathic medical health care and the expensive pharmaceutical products have become
unavailable to a majority of people.
Despite the major efforts that have made over recent years to clean up the environment, pollution
remains a major problem and poses continuing risks to health, the problems are undoubtedly
greatest in the developing world, where traditional sources of pollution such as industrial
3. emissions, poor sanitation, inadequate waste management, contaminated water supplies and
exposes to indoor air pollution from biomass fuels affect large numbers of people. Even in
developed countries, however, environmental pollution persists, most especially amongst poorer
sectors of society. Environmental pollution can be simply, if somewhat generally, defined as the
presence in the environment of an agent which is potentially damaging to either the environment
or human health. As such, pollutants take many forms. They include not only chemicals, but also
organisms and biological materials, as well as energy in its various forms (noise, radiation, heat).
Environmental Pollution in Traditional African Medicine
The correlation between pollution and health is both a complex and contingent process. For
pollutants to have an effect on health, susceptible individuals must receive doses of the pollutant,
or its decomposition products, sufficient to trigger detectable symptoms. For this to occur, these
individuals must have been exposed to the pollutant, often over relatively long periods of time or
on repeated occasions. Such exposures require that the susceptible individuals and pollutants
shared the same environments at the same time.
Indigenous people of a particular society believe that disease is often caused by attacks from evil
or bad spirits. Some also believe that when the ancestors are not treated well, they could punish
people with disease by polluting the environment with it (Magesa 1997:175; Westerlund
2006:91–95). In the bible, God polluted the environment with plague to afflict the firstborn sons
of the Egyptians because Pharaoh refuses to let His people [The Israelites] go out of Egypt to the
promise land and to protect the Israelites He instructed them to kill a lamb for sacrifice, one
animal for each household (the Bible, Exodus Chapter 11,12&13).
Spell-casting and witchcraft are also other ways one could become sick. There is the view that
people with evil powers could cause other people they see as their enemies or are disrespectful to
them to become sick as a way of punishment (Olupona 2004:113). Furthermore, many traditional
African communities are of the view that certain illnesses which defy scientific treatment can be
transmitted through witchcraft and unforeseen forces; these include barrenness, infertility,
attacks by dangerous animals, snake bites by dangerous snakes, persistent headaches and
repeated miscarriages (Obinna 2012:137–139; Thorpe 1993:25).
4. Many traditional healers and practitioners are of the opinion that disobeying taboos is one of the
ways people could become sick (Gyekye 1995:133). Taboos form an important part of African
traditional religion. They are things, or a way of life, that are forbidden by a community or a
group of people (Isiramen 1998:186). Taboos are also a social or religious custom prohibiting or
restricting a particular practice or forbidding association with a particular person, place or thing
(Westerlund 2006:139). Taboos exist to make sure that the moral structures of the universe
remains undisturbed for the good of humanity (Magesa 1997:76, 148–149). There are food and
meat-related taboos in various Nigerian communities. Disobeying these taboos could lead to
severe illness to the person(s) or community involved.
People around the world have healed the sick with herbal or animal-derived remedies, handed
down through generations. In Africa, 80 percent of the population still uses traditional remedies
rather than modern medicine for primary healthcare. And in developed countries, traditional
medicine is rapidly gaining appeal. Estimates suggest up to 80 percent of the population has tried
a therapy such as acupuncture or homeopathy. And a survey conducted earlier this year found
that 74 percent of US medical students believe that Western medicine would benefit by
integrating traditional or alternative therapies and practices.
The industry is worth big money, in 2005, traditional medicines worth US$14 billion were sold
in China. And in 2007, Brazil saw revenues of US$60 billion. Modern medicine is desperately
short of new treatments. It takes years for a new drug to get through the research and
development pipeline to manufacture and the cost is enormous. And growing drug resistance, in
part caused by the misuse of medications, has rendered several antibiotics and other life-saving
drugs useless. Both these trends mean that scientists and pharmaceutical companies are urgently
looking for new drug sources and are increasingly turning their eyes to traditional medicine. A
few major triumphs have stoked interest in traditional medicine as a source for highly successful
and lucrative drugs. The best known of these is artemisinin used to treat malaria.
Disease Etiology in Traditional African Medicine
The greatest shortcoming of our traditional medical terminology at least within the profession
itself is not that it may denigrate non-Western people, but rather that, by focusing on societal
types it has blinded us to the basic characteristics of the medical systems themselves. There is
5. more than a grain of truth in Freidson’s comments, for many accounts are “grossly descriptive,”
with lists of illnesses and treatments taking precedence over interpretation and synthesis. Glick
(1967:36) gives us the critical lead when he writes that the most important fact about an illness in
most medical systems is not the underlying pathological process but the underlying cause.
This is such a central consideration that most diagnoses prove to be statements about causation,
and most treatments, responses directed against particular causal agents. A casual survey of the
ethno-medical literature tends to confirm Glick’s statement. In account after account we find that
the kinds of curers, the mode of diagnosis, curing techniques, preventive acts, and the
relationship of all these variables to the wider society of which they are a part, derive from
beliefs about illness causality. It is not going too far to say that, if we are given a clear
description of what a people believe to be the causes of illness, we can in broad outline fill in the
other elements in that medical system. It therefore logically follows that the first task of the
anthropologist concerned with medical systems is to find the simplest taxonomy for causality
beliefs. Two basic principles, which is call personalistic and naturalistic, seem to account for
most (but not all) of the etiologies that characterize non-Western medical systems. While the
terms refer specifically to causality concepts, it is believed they can conveniently be used to
speak of entire systems, that is, not only causes, but all of the associated behavior that follows
from these views.
A personalistic medical system is one in which disease is explained as due to the active,
purposeful intervention of an agent, who may be human (a witch or sorcerer), non-human (a
ghost, an ancestor, an evil spirit), or Supernatural (a deity or other very powerful being). The sick
person literally is a victim, the object of aggression or punishment directed specifically against
him, for reasons that concern him alone. Personalistic causality allows little room for accident or
chance; in fact, for some people the statement is made by anthropologists who have studied them
that all illness and death are believed to stem from the acts of the agent.
Personalistic etiologies are illustrated by beliefs found among the Mano of Liberia, recorded by
the physician Harley, who practiced medicine among them for 15 years. Death is unnatural, he
writes, resulting from the intrusion of an outside force usually directed by some magical means
(Harley 1941:7). Similarly, among the Abron of the Ivory Coast, People sick and die because
some power, good or evil, has acted against them. Abron disease theory contains a host of agents
6. which may be responsible for a specific condition. These agents cut across the natural and
supernatural world. Ordinary people, equipped with the proper technical skills, sorcerers, various
supernatural entities, such as ghosts, bush devils, and witches, or the supreme god Nyame, acting
alone or through lesser gods, all cause disease” (Alland 1964:714-715).
In contrast to personalistic systems, naturalistic systems explain illness in impersonal, systemic
terms. Disease is thought to stem, not from the machinations of an angry being, but rather from
such natural forces or conditions as cold, heat, winds, dampness, and above all, by an upset in the
balance of the basic body elements. In naturalistic systems, health conforms to an equilibrium
model: when the humors, the yin and yang, or the Ayurvedic dosha are in the balance appropriate
to the age and condition of the individual in his natural and social environment health results.
Causality concepts explain or account for the upsets in this balance that trigger illness.
Contemporary naturalistic systems resemble each other in an important historical sense: the bulk
of their explanations and practices represent simplified and popularized legacies from the great
traditional medicine of ancient classical civilizations, particularly those of Greece and Rome,
India, and China. Treatment, logically, attempts to restore the proper balance through hot and
cold foods and herbs, and other treatments such as poultices that are thought to withdraw excess
heat or cold from the body.
References
Ackerknecht, Erwin H.Alland, Alexander, Jr. 1971 Medicine and Ethnology: Selected Essays.
Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
Alland, Alexander, Jr. 1964 Native Therapists and Western Medical Practitioners among the
Abron of the Ivory Coast. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences. Vol. 26. Pp. 714-
725.
Asamoah-Gyadu, J.K., 2014, ‘Therapeutic strategies in African religions: Health, herbal
medicines and indigenous Christian spirituality’, Studies in world Christianity
Beidelman, T. 0. 1963 Witchcraft in Ukaguru. In Witchcraft and Sorcery in East Africa. J.
Middleton and E. H. Winter, eds. Pp. 57-98. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Bible, Exodus Chapter 11,12&13