This document provides an introduction to using ERDAS Imagine software to display, analyze, and process raster images. It describes how to open and display Landsat images, use tools like the inquire cursor and histograms to examine pixel values, perform image enhancements like contrast stretching and NDVI, and make measurements on the images. Key steps covered include displaying images in false color, analyzing pixel values and histograms, creating spectral and spatial profiles, and generating an NDVI vegetation index from Landsat bands.
The ENVI Pocket Guide Volume 2 | INTERMEDIATE expounds a step further on intermediate procedures using ENVI, IDL and ENVI LiDAR, assuming you have already mastered the basics.
Volume 2 builds on the basics by providing succinct steps on how to perform the following tasks using ENVI and IDL:
1. Add Grid reference & count features
2. Perform Band Math
3. Layer Stack images
4. Exploit Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) bands
5. Perform Spectral Analysis in general
6. Perform Image Calibration/ Atmospheric Correction
7. Extract features from LiDAR
8. Batch Processing using IDL
The ENVI Pocket Guide Volume 2 | INTERMEDIATE expounds a step further on intermediate procedures using ENVI, IDL and ENVI LiDAR, assuming you have already mastered the basics.
Volume 2 builds on the basics by providing succinct steps on how to perform the following tasks using ENVI and IDL:
1. Add Grid reference & count features
2. Perform Band Math
3. Layer Stack images
4. Exploit Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) bands
5. Perform Spectral Analysis in general
6. Perform Image Calibration/ Atmospheric Correction
7. Extract features from LiDAR
8. Batch Processing using IDL
An introduction to Volumize an iPad app for making 3D models from 3D pictures. One of five Noticing Tools from the New York Hall of Science. http://noticing.nysci.org
Fluid Mechanics Project Assignment (Total 15) Due Dates .docxbryanwest16882
Fluid Mechanics Project Assignment (Total 15%)
Due Dates:
Report: to D2L Assignment Dropbox by 4pm, 5/01/2020 Friday
Problem: Steady flows pass a cylinder (see ‘Problem Specification’ in the Tutorial).
Requirements: Report should include Introduction, Theory (Potential Flow), Computational Model, Results, and Conclusions, Discussion and References. Use 1” margin on top, bottom, left, and right. Use Times New Roman 12 font and 1.5 line spacing. In Results session, present and compare the velocity field, streamlines, and drag forces on the cylinder from both the model and theoretical results. In Discussion, discuss why these results from two approaches are similar or different.
Tutorial 1. Flow over a Cylinder – Two Dimensional Case
Using ANSYS Workbench
Simple Mesh
The primary objective of this Tutorial is to guide the student using Fluent for first time through the very basics of CFD simulation using ANSYS Workbench.
The objective of this simulation is to determine the velocity and pressure fields produced when a fluid flows over a cylinder. In addition, the drag force exerted by the fluid over the cylinder is computed. Streamline plots are also available.
Summary: In this exercise, the flow over a cylinder is modeled. The flow is assumed to be two dimensional therefore the cylinder can be represented by a circle. A flow domain surrounding the cylinder is created and meshed. Boundary conditions are applied to the simulation to obtain plots of static pressure, velocity magnitude, and streamlines. The drag coefficient can be calculated using the forces exerted by the fluid on the cylinder as computed by the software.
1. Starting ANSYS Workbench • Click on the Start Menu, and then select Workbench 14.0. • Close Getting Started window. • Left click on the tab corresponding to FluidFlow (FLUENT) and without releasing the mouse button drag the icon to the Project Schematic window (central big window). • Click twice on the lower tab and rename the project to Cylinder1
• Now right click on the Geometry tab and select the properties option, a Properties of Schematic window will open. Change the Analysis Type under the Advanced Geometry Options from 3D to 2D. • Back to the Project Schematic Window, click twice on the Geometry tab. This action will launch ANSYS Design Modeler (green logo DM).
2. Create Geometry • Set units to centimeters (cm) and click ok. • Right click on icon corresponding to XYPlane and select look at. • Down below the Tree Outline window you will see the Sketching and Modeling tabs. Select the Sketching tab. • A Sketching Toolboxes window will replace the Tree Outline window with a new set of tabs, select the Settings tab. • Select Grid and activate the buttons Show in 2D and Snap. • Make sure that Major Grid Spacing is set to 5 cm, Minor–Steps per Major is 5, and Snaps per Minor is 1.
• Click on the icon corresponding to New Sketch to c.
The ENVI Pocket Guide is a quick reference booklet NOT intended to be read from cover to cover although it can be. The intent is to provide Soldiers and civilians, working in the Defense and Intelligence community, succinct steps on how to accomplish common tasks in ENVI. The RPF export workflow and other pertinent information such as how to contact ENVI technical support and online help can also be found in this guide.
Introduction to Adobe Illustrator Basics. Adobe Illustrator lessons (high school level). Explains the difference between bitmap and jpeg. Explains the uses of Adobe Illustrator in the Graphic Design market.
An introduction to Volumize an iPad app for making 3D models from 3D pictures. One of five Noticing Tools from the New York Hall of Science. http://noticing.nysci.org
Fluid Mechanics Project Assignment (Total 15) Due Dates .docxbryanwest16882
Fluid Mechanics Project Assignment (Total 15%)
Due Dates:
Report: to D2L Assignment Dropbox by 4pm, 5/01/2020 Friday
Problem: Steady flows pass a cylinder (see ‘Problem Specification’ in the Tutorial).
Requirements: Report should include Introduction, Theory (Potential Flow), Computational Model, Results, and Conclusions, Discussion and References. Use 1” margin on top, bottom, left, and right. Use Times New Roman 12 font and 1.5 line spacing. In Results session, present and compare the velocity field, streamlines, and drag forces on the cylinder from both the model and theoretical results. In Discussion, discuss why these results from two approaches are similar or different.
Tutorial 1. Flow over a Cylinder – Two Dimensional Case
Using ANSYS Workbench
Simple Mesh
The primary objective of this Tutorial is to guide the student using Fluent for first time through the very basics of CFD simulation using ANSYS Workbench.
The objective of this simulation is to determine the velocity and pressure fields produced when a fluid flows over a cylinder. In addition, the drag force exerted by the fluid over the cylinder is computed. Streamline plots are also available.
Summary: In this exercise, the flow over a cylinder is modeled. The flow is assumed to be two dimensional therefore the cylinder can be represented by a circle. A flow domain surrounding the cylinder is created and meshed. Boundary conditions are applied to the simulation to obtain plots of static pressure, velocity magnitude, and streamlines. The drag coefficient can be calculated using the forces exerted by the fluid on the cylinder as computed by the software.
1. Starting ANSYS Workbench • Click on the Start Menu, and then select Workbench 14.0. • Close Getting Started window. • Left click on the tab corresponding to FluidFlow (FLUENT) and without releasing the mouse button drag the icon to the Project Schematic window (central big window). • Click twice on the lower tab and rename the project to Cylinder1
• Now right click on the Geometry tab and select the properties option, a Properties of Schematic window will open. Change the Analysis Type under the Advanced Geometry Options from 3D to 2D. • Back to the Project Schematic Window, click twice on the Geometry tab. This action will launch ANSYS Design Modeler (green logo DM).
2. Create Geometry • Set units to centimeters (cm) and click ok. • Right click on icon corresponding to XYPlane and select look at. • Down below the Tree Outline window you will see the Sketching and Modeling tabs. Select the Sketching tab. • A Sketching Toolboxes window will replace the Tree Outline window with a new set of tabs, select the Settings tab. • Select Grid and activate the buttons Show in 2D and Snap. • Make sure that Major Grid Spacing is set to 5 cm, Minor–Steps per Major is 5, and Snaps per Minor is 1.
• Click on the icon corresponding to New Sketch to c.
The ENVI Pocket Guide is a quick reference booklet NOT intended to be read from cover to cover although it can be. The intent is to provide Soldiers and civilians, working in the Defense and Intelligence community, succinct steps on how to accomplish common tasks in ENVI. The RPF export workflow and other pertinent information such as how to contact ENVI technical support and online help can also be found in this guide.
Introduction to Adobe Illustrator Basics. Adobe Illustrator lessons (high school level). Explains the difference between bitmap and jpeg. Explains the uses of Adobe Illustrator in the Graphic Design market.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
1. ERDAS 1: INTRODUCTION TO ERDAS IMAGINE
Goals:
1. Display a raster image using panchromatic, normal and false color options.
2. Use the zoom tool/buttons to properly display an image and the inquire cursor to identify
pixel X, Y locations and digital numbers (DN).
3. Display an image automatically scaled with DN’s stretched from 0-255, or with natural
spectral variation.
o Use the histogram to view spectral variability and frequency/proportion of DN’s
within each class.
4. Perform a linear contrast stretch
5. Measure distances and areas within an image.
6. Create spatial and spectral profiles of an image.
GETTING STARTED
To begin your Imagine Session, double-click on the ERDAS Imagine / Imagine Icon or select it
from the start-up menu. Erdas Imagine 2011 with a blank 2D View# 1will appear.
1. DISPLAYING AN IMAGE
To open and display a raster image you can do either of the following:
• From the ERDAS Application select File - Open – Raster Layer (Data will be in Vender Data;
ERDAS folder; Example Data_201; lanier.img)
Do not Click OK yet.
Select the Raster Options tab. This is a Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) image that has 7
wavebands of information with 512 rows and columns of raster information. In the Layers to
Colors section, use the following band/color assignments: Red 4, Green 3, Blue 2. This is a False
Color Composite which sends Near Infrared (NIR) Light in TM Band 4 to the Red color gun,
Red Light in TM Band 3 to the Green gun, and Green Light TM Band 2 to the Blue gun.
Under the Display Options settings, check the box next to No Stretch, and then click OK. The
Lanier image will appear. Go to the Home > Metadata Icon and choose View/Edit Image
Metadata. This gives you all of the information Imagine has on this image. Note the number of
layers is 7 for TM, the min and max DN (Digital Number) values, the Measurement Units, and
the Projection (if any).
2. 2. Now let’s take a look at the image using the Inquire Cursor Utility. There are two ways
to access this:
• Home Tab > Inquire (+ sign)
• “Control + I” from anywhere in the Erdas Application
A set of crosshairs will appear along with the Inquire Cursor Dialog Box. To move the crosshairs
to a new pixel location you can do one of the following:
• Click on the crosshairs with your cursor and drag them across the image.
• In the Cell Array along the top of the Inquire Cursor Box, enter new coordinates.
• Click on the black arrows at the bottom of the Inquire Cursor Box.
Five columns of information are present in the Inquire Cursor Box:
Layer: tells us there are 7 layers/bands possible in the Landsat TM image.
Band: lets us know what colors we have assigned to each of these wavebands of
information.
File Pixel: gives us the DN value of the pixel from the file, remember TM records in 8
bit data or 0-255 values.
LUT Value: in this case the ‘Look-Up Table Value’ is the same as the Pixel value since
we checked the ‘No Stretch’ box to leave the contrast the same as the recorded DN
values.
Histogram: records the number of pixels (using a histogram) that are similar within a
single band.
Note that you can click on the Google Earth Icon which will launch that software and take
you to the point on Earth that is in your crosshairs (Note: Coordinates must be in
Lat/Long). This will be very handy for projects.
3. 3. Go back to the Image Metadata window (Home > Metadata) and choose View/Edit
Image Metadata again, then click on the Histogram Icon (far right). The histogram will
appear and you can also see the information for the Min / Max pixel values, Mean
(average), Median (middle) and Mode (most occurring) values in the ‘Statistics Info’
under the General tab.
Move the cursor across the window (of the histogram) and note the changing numbers along the
sides. The ‘Mean’ is displayed along the top of the histogram (68.8433).
The bottom of the window shows the pixel value (In the example above 0-255 are DN values. In
a later question, those numbers will represent elevation values in an elevation image.), the
number along the Y-axis in the center is the number of occurrences (frequency) of that pixel.
The Top number along the Y-axis is the Mode (most often-occurring pixel value).
Note how this ‘Un-stretched’ image’s pixel values range from about 60 to 100. You will
compare this later to the stretched Lanier image to compare how the same information is
‘stretched’ over a broader range of DN values.
4. Stretching an Image
Now let’s open a ‘Stretched’ (no check mark in the ‘No Stretch’ box) version of the same image
to compare it with the recorded non-stretched image. Open a raster image with the same 432
Band Combination. This time, make sure the Clear Display is unchecked and Click ‘OK’. The
new stretched image is displayed over the existing non-stretched coverage. There are several
ways to display them for comparison:
• “Right Mouse” on the 2D View and select Swipe.
• The Viewer Swipe window will appear. You can manually move the ‘pointer’ on the swipe by
clicking on it and dragging it or you can put a Check mark in the Auto Mode box and adjust the
speed. Try doing both. Also change the Direction from Vertical to Horizontal.
• You can also experiment with the Swipe and Flicker commands under the 2D Viewer.
• Notice how the water, urban areas, and vegetation are more easily distinguished in the
‘Stretched’ image.
Arranging Layers
You can switch the position of the layers by using a “ Click and Drag” on the layer you wish to
move or “Right Mouse” the layer and select Raise to Top or Lower to Bottom from the menu
that appears. Try the Swipe command again.
5. Measurement
Now choose the Measure option under the Home Tab and the Measurement Tool will appear.
This allows us to measure:
• Positions: (Plus Icon).
• Lines (Line Icon): click at each vertex, double click when you are finished.
• Polygons (Polygon Icon): click at start, each vertex and double click when finished.
4. • Rectangles (Box Icon): click to start, drag, and double click to end.
• Ellipsoids (Oval Icon): click to start, drag, double click to end.
Try using a few of these and note the distance, area, perimeter and number of pixels involved.
6. SPECTRAL / SPATIAL PROFILES
Now let’s once again open the lanier.img using the 4-3-2 combination as a ‘stretched’ image (no
check mark) and choose the ‘Clear Display’ option. We will now create Spectral and Spatial
Profiles of this image.
Spectral Profiles – From the Multispectral Tab go to the Utilities pull-down many and select
Spectral Profile.
• When the ‘Spectral Profile Window’ appears, click on the ‘Plus’ sign and then select a water
pixel from the image.
• This is a ‘Spectral Profile’, or what is often called a ‘Spectral Curve’ in Remote Sensing, for
Water in each of the 7 TM bands: Blue-1, Green-2, Red-3, NIR-4, MIR-5, TIR-6, FIR7. The Y-
axis is the corresponding DN value from 0-255 while X-axis contains the bands. Notice water
receives the highest response in the Thermal Band (6). Band 1 is ‘artificially’ high due to
‘Scattering’. S
• Scroll down to the SW of the City, and select some of the vegetated areas (red). Compare this
to the water Profile. Note vegetation begins to climb considerably between the last visible band
(3) and the first Infrared band (4). You can see that there is a lot more information about
vegetation that we can’t see in the visible that is available in the NIR.
Spatial Profiles
• Close the Spectral Profile box, reselect the Multispectral Tab > Utilities and this time choose
the Spatial Profile from the Utilities pull-down menu.
• Go to the NE corner of the image. Click on the Polyline Icon in the ‘Spatial Profile’ window.
• In the Viewer, draw a line from the Water across the Cloud, to the Highway, and ‘Double
Click’.
• The Spatial profile gives you a ‘cross-section’ of the DN values (Spectral Responses) at each
location along that line.
• In the Plot Layer box, change the Band numbers from 1 to 7 to see how the DN values vary for
each feature by waveband.
• Note how the IR bands separate more information out of the landcover than the visible bands1
3. Also, note how the water is artificially high in the Blue, while the Thermal (6) tells us very
little.
Spectral Enhancement / NDVI
Close the Profile windows. Now let’s make an NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)
of the Lanier image. This gives us a standardized ratio value for vegetation using the following
equation (which accentuates the difference between vegetation in the Red and NIR bands):
NDVI =NIR -Red / NIR+Red. This produces a ‘bounded ratio’, so values will range from -1.0 to
1.0.
• Go to the Raster Tab and from the Unsupervised pull-down menu select NDVI (or Indices).
5. • Under Input File select ‘lanier.img’. For an Output File, give the name lanierNDVI and save in
your directory.
• From the Select Function window, choose NDVI and then hit OK or enter.
• As soon as the Modeler is done running, click ‘Dismiss’ and Close it.
• Now Open the lanierNDVI image using a ‘Gray-Scale’ and the ‘Stretch’ option.
• Select the Inquire Cursor and move it around over dark (water) and light (vegetation) and note
the pixel values ranging from -1.0 to 1.0
6. Name: ERDAS 1
1) Reopen the lanier.img with a ‘Linear Contrast Stretch’ using the same False Color Composite combination as
before. Using the Cursor Inquiry Box and select the following pixels.
A) A Water Pixel: what is the recorded Near-Infrared Value (Band 4) for that pixel ?
B) What is the ‘Stretched’ NIR value ?
C) Find the Cloud (NE corner). Which of the 3 bands gives the highest recorded DN value ?
D) What is the stretched value for this band ?
2) Make a table of the information you have collected on your image.
- Lanier.img
Date
# layers
# rows & cols
Projection
Spatial resolution
Thematic or
continuous?
3) Measure the length of both runways in feet, and record both those lengths.
4) Using the Using the lanierNDVI.img (that you created):
A) What is a pixel value for water ____ ? , for vegetation _____?
B) What is the Maximum Pixel Value _________ ?