Unit: 1 Introduction to Indian Economy : Alternative Development Strategies – Trends in
National Income, Growth and Structure since 1991 - New Industrial Policy 1991 – Recent changes
in Trade Policy - Competition Policy - Public Sector Reform - Privatization and Disinvestments –
Progress of Human Development in India
Unit: 2 Planning and Economic Development : Redefining the Role of the State – Human Capital
Formation in India – Problem of Foreign Aid – Economic Reforms and Reduction of Poverty –
Measures to Remove Regional Disparities
Unit: 3 Indian Industries : Review of Industrial Growth under 10th and 11th Five year plan -
Growth and present state of IT industry in India – Outsourcing, Nationalism and Globalization –
Small Sector Industrial Policy
Unit: 4 a) Foreign Trade: Trends of Exports and Imports of India – Composition of India’s
Foreign Trade - Direction of India’s Foreign Trade – Growth and Structure of India’s Foreign
Trade since 1991 – Balance of Payments since the New Economic Reforms of 1991.
b) Foreign Capital : Need for Foreign Capital – Foreign Investment Inflows – Role of Special
Economic Zones (SEZ)
Unit: 5 India in the Global Setting : India in Global Trade – Liberalization and Integration with
the Global Economy – Globalization Strategies – India’s Foreign Exchange Reserves –
Convertibility of the Rupee – WTO and India.
Unit: 1 Introduction to Indian Economy : Alternative Development Strategies – Trends in
National Income, Growth and Structure since 1991 - New Industrial Policy 1991 – Recent changes
in Trade Policy - Competition Policy - Public Sector Reform - Privatization and Disinvestments –
Progress of Human Development in India
Unit: 2 Planning and Economic Development : Redefining the Role of the State – Human Capital
Formation in India – Problem of Foreign Aid – Economic Reforms and Reduction of Poverty –
Measures to Remove Regional Disparities
Unit: 3 Indian Industries : Review of Industrial Growth under 10th and 11th Five year plan -
Growth and present state of IT industry in India – Outsourcing, Nationalism and Globalization –
Small Sector Industrial Policy
Unit: 4 a) Foreign Trade: Trends of Exports and Imports of India – Composition of India’s
Foreign Trade - Direction of India’s Foreign Trade – Growth and Structure of India’s Foreign
Trade since 1991 – Balance of Payments since the New Economic Reforms of 1991.
b) Foreign Capital : Need for Foreign Capital – Foreign Investment Inflows – Role of Special
Economic Zones (SEZ)
Unit: 5 India in the Global Setting : India in Global Trade – Liberalization and Integration with
the Global Economy – Globalization Strategies – India’s Foreign Exchange Reserves –
Convertibility of the Rupee – WTO and India.
The Review of Industrial Policies in Bangladesh from 1971 - 2014Hasanul Banna
The Review of Industrial Policies in Bangladesh from 1971 - 2014.
The Main Points of this assignment is
The Review of Industrial Policies in Bangladesh from 1971 - 2014.
The Review of Industrial Policies in Bangladesh from 1971 - 2
Industrialization is an essential pre -requisite for rapid and sustained economic development and social progress.
Modernization and structural transformation of the economy and diversification of the economic base and standard of living of the people are the universally recognized dynamic benefits arising from industrial development.
Industrialization is thus pursued as an overriding development objective in its own right.
In the past, efforts towards industrialization in Bangladesh were made under changing economic paradigm and political economy regimes. Since independence in 1971, a total of ten industrial policies have been formulated and adopted for industrial development of Bangladesh.
Concept of Industrial Policy.
The policy contents of industrial policy are now getting wider and wider. While the traditional role of industrial policy.
to influence the allocation of resources to industry, i.e., policies that affect the infrastructure of industry in general, such as the provision of industrial sites, roads, ports, and electric power,
to regulate the internal organization of particular industries, such as industrial restructuring, consolidation of firms, and output restrictions, and
To influence the growth of small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs), etc. remains as before, industrial policies are now directed at achieving on-economic goals.
Main Theme of Industrial Policy In Bangladesh
It has been 43 years since Bangladesh’s independent. Since then the country has formulated ten industrial policies.
The country till now has gone through 10 policies:
Importance of Industrial Policies in Bangladesh
The key to poverty alleviation lies in the generation of productive employment through rapid economic growth and structural transformation of the economy away from agriculture and toward industry.
While the slow growth of the manufacturing sector may be attributed to factors like energy shortage, reduced availability of bank credit, poor inflow of foreign direct investment (FDI) labor unrest, and poor law and order conditions no less responsible are the inconsistent policies.
The market failure approach makes public policy to focus basically on supplying lacking inputs: physical capital, skills, technology, etc. While this is an important policy area, developing countries also tend to suffer from a lack of demand for such inputs.
Market failures are not always easy to locate except in the most obvious situations (namely, education, infrastructure, etc.) and, when they can be located, their seriousness may not be apparent.
There is what amounts to a “private sector failure”, when a firm’s goal
Funding Sme – The Challenges And Risk Within - MSMEs CONTRIBUTION TO ECONOMY ...Resurgent India
Economy, with more than 31 million units employing more than 80 million persons. Further, productivity of the MSME sector has been improving significantly with fixed investments and employment growing consistently over the past few years. This is a direct indication of the efforts focused on this sector to integrate the workforce with technological enhancements to increase production. Fixed investments in the MSME sector between FY07 and FY12 has grown at a CAGR of 6.5 per cent and employment has grown by more than 6 per cent (y-o-y). Further, between FY07 and FY12, the sector’s total gross output grew at a CAGR of 6.3 per cent - reiterating the substantial contribution of the MSMEs to the Indian economy.
Swot analysis of ''Success of Bangladesh in International trade.”Shah Abd-el Mohaimen
Bangladesh needs to identify the opportunities and the key weaknesses that the country faces and adopt appropriate measures. There are many ways of doing this analysis. One popular method is to list the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) facing the economy and society at large. Although the SWOT analysis is more often applied to evaluate the competitive position of a company, this can also be applied to a country. In particular,SWOT analysis is forward looking; it is less for the past than for the future. The exercise identifies areas that need attention or might emerge as problem areas in future.
This project talks about the effect of Economic reforms in poverty reduction, employment generation, and economic growth and overall impacts of these reforms
The Review of Industrial Policies in Bangladesh from 1971 - 2014Hasanul Banna
The Review of Industrial Policies in Bangladesh from 1971 - 2014.
The Main Points of this assignment is
The Review of Industrial Policies in Bangladesh from 1971 - 2014.
The Review of Industrial Policies in Bangladesh from 1971 - 2
Industrialization is an essential pre -requisite for rapid and sustained economic development and social progress.
Modernization and structural transformation of the economy and diversification of the economic base and standard of living of the people are the universally recognized dynamic benefits arising from industrial development.
Industrialization is thus pursued as an overriding development objective in its own right.
In the past, efforts towards industrialization in Bangladesh were made under changing economic paradigm and political economy regimes. Since independence in 1971, a total of ten industrial policies have been formulated and adopted for industrial development of Bangladesh.
Concept of Industrial Policy.
The policy contents of industrial policy are now getting wider and wider. While the traditional role of industrial policy.
to influence the allocation of resources to industry, i.e., policies that affect the infrastructure of industry in general, such as the provision of industrial sites, roads, ports, and electric power,
to regulate the internal organization of particular industries, such as industrial restructuring, consolidation of firms, and output restrictions, and
To influence the growth of small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs), etc. remains as before, industrial policies are now directed at achieving on-economic goals.
Main Theme of Industrial Policy In Bangladesh
It has been 43 years since Bangladesh’s independent. Since then the country has formulated ten industrial policies.
The country till now has gone through 10 policies:
Importance of Industrial Policies in Bangladesh
The key to poverty alleviation lies in the generation of productive employment through rapid economic growth and structural transformation of the economy away from agriculture and toward industry.
While the slow growth of the manufacturing sector may be attributed to factors like energy shortage, reduced availability of bank credit, poor inflow of foreign direct investment (FDI) labor unrest, and poor law and order conditions no less responsible are the inconsistent policies.
The market failure approach makes public policy to focus basically on supplying lacking inputs: physical capital, skills, technology, etc. While this is an important policy area, developing countries also tend to suffer from a lack of demand for such inputs.
Market failures are not always easy to locate except in the most obvious situations (namely, education, infrastructure, etc.) and, when they can be located, their seriousness may not be apparent.
There is what amounts to a “private sector failure”, when a firm’s goal
Funding Sme – The Challenges And Risk Within - MSMEs CONTRIBUTION TO ECONOMY ...Resurgent India
Economy, with more than 31 million units employing more than 80 million persons. Further, productivity of the MSME sector has been improving significantly with fixed investments and employment growing consistently over the past few years. This is a direct indication of the efforts focused on this sector to integrate the workforce with technological enhancements to increase production. Fixed investments in the MSME sector between FY07 and FY12 has grown at a CAGR of 6.5 per cent and employment has grown by more than 6 per cent (y-o-y). Further, between FY07 and FY12, the sector’s total gross output grew at a CAGR of 6.3 per cent - reiterating the substantial contribution of the MSMEs to the Indian economy.
Swot analysis of ''Success of Bangladesh in International trade.”Shah Abd-el Mohaimen
Bangladesh needs to identify the opportunities and the key weaknesses that the country faces and adopt appropriate measures. There are many ways of doing this analysis. One popular method is to list the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) facing the economy and society at large. Although the SWOT analysis is more often applied to evaluate the competitive position of a company, this can also be applied to a country. In particular,SWOT analysis is forward looking; it is less for the past than for the future. The exercise identifies areas that need attention or might emerge as problem areas in future.
This project talks about the effect of Economic reforms in poverty reduction, employment generation, and economic growth and overall impacts of these reforms
активизация деятельности учащихся, в соответствии с их возрастными особенностями, в результате которой ими создаётся продукт, обладающий субъективной или объективной новизной
создание условий для максимального развития творческого потенциала ученика, умение находить прикладное значение в теоретическом материале, полученном на уроке, формировать навыки сотрудничества, умение достигать общей цели путём компромисса
индивидуальная;
групповая;
консультации с преподавателями МГУПС (МИИТ);
создание проектов на базе лабораторий МГУПС (МИИТ);
Material requirement planning - Production and Operation ManagementSuryakumar Thangarasu
A production planning, scheduling and inventory control system, manages manufacturing process.
Ensures availability of materials for production and delivery to customers.
Maintains lowest possible material in the store.
Plans manufacturing activities and delivery schedule.
In dieser Ausgabe der MSL-Gesundheitsstudie widmen wir uns der Kommunikation mit dem Apothekenteam. Die Studie zeigt: Das Markenimage beeinflusst, neben weiteren Faktoren wie Bekanntheit, Preis sowie eigene Erfahrungen beim Selbsttest, die Empfehlung der Verkäufer. Das Image der Pharmaunternehmen und ihrer Produkte beim Apothekenteam ist folglich entscheidend für den Erfolg. Pharmaunternehmen müssen sich zum Ziel setzen, ihr Marken- und Unternehmensimage beim Apothekenteam zu steigern.
Die vorliegende Studie beleuchtet, welche Kommunikationskanäle von PTAs und Apothekern wann und wofür genutzt werden, welche Produkte/Marken sie aus welchen Gründen empfehlen und wie Pharmaunternehmen sie bei der Ausübung ihres Berufs bestmöglich unterstützen können. Ein besonderes Augenmerk legen wir dabei auf die Bedeutung des Internets.
2020 ReSAKSS Conference - Plenary Session II—Enabling Environment for Transfo...AKADEMIYA2063
Presentation on "Aligning Macroeconomic Policies for Agricultural Transformation in Africa" Dr. Abebe Shimeles, Director of Research at African Economic Research Consortium (AERC)
Industrial policy means Rules, Regulations , Principles, Policies and Procedures laid down by government for regulating, development, and controlling industrial undertakings in the country.
It prescribes the respective roles of the Public, Private, Joint, and Co-operative sectors for the development of Industries.
It also indicates the role of the large, medium and small scale sector.
It incorporates fiscal and monetary policies, tariff policy, labour policy, and the Government attitude towards foreign capital, and role to be played by multinational corporations in the development of the industrial sector.
Humphrey Kariuki's view on the potential of Africa as a world power.Humphrey Kariuki
"Humphrey Kariuki's View on the Potential of Africa as a World Power" presents a riveting examination of Africa's ascent on the global stage, guided by the insights of Humphrey Kariuki, a distinguished entrepreneur whose work has significantly impacted the continent's energy sector. This presentation ventures into Kariuki's visionary perspective on Africa's untapped potential, not just as a beneficiary of global energy innovations but as a key player in the world power dynamics. Kariuki's analysis extends beyond conventional discussions of energy access, delving into the strategic advantages Africa holds, from its rich natural resources to its burgeoning youth population. Moreover, the presentation thoughtfully incorporates the role of taxation policies in fostering a conducive environment for growth and innovation, highlighting Kariuki's comprehensive approach to Africa's development challenges and opportunities. Attendees will leave with a nuanced understanding of Africa's position and prospects as a future world power, inspired by Humphrey Kariuki's compelling narrative and commitment to the continent's prosperity.
Abhay Bhutada Leads Poonawalla Fincorp To Record Low NPA And Unprecedented Gr...Vighnesh Shashtri
Under the leadership of Abhay Bhutada, Poonawalla Fincorp has achieved record-low Non-Performing Assets (NPA) and witnessed unprecedented growth. Bhutada's strategic vision and effective management have significantly enhanced the company's financial health, showcasing a robust performance in the financial sector. This achievement underscores the company's resilience and ability to thrive in a competitive market, setting a new benchmark for operational excellence in the industry.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
Economic Report Africa 2014 key messages: Overall Message
1. Economic Report on Africa 2014
Dynamic Industrial Policy in Africa: Innovative Institutions, Effective Processes and Flexible Mechanisms
African Union
OVERALL MESSAGE
There is a strong consensus that an expanding and prosperous
industrial sector is crucial to the structural transformation of
African economies and that, given the ubiquity of market fail-
ures, industrial policy interventions are usually required. Markets
by themselves are also generally incapable of undertaking the
kinds of structural transformation needed to move from low- to
high-productivity activities.
The focus should therefore be on designing industrial policy insti-
tutions and processes capable of supporting industrial transfor-
mation. One key is to transcend blueprint approaches—where
industrial policy is simply a set of non-contextual, predefined
interventions—and shift towards building a set of institutions
thatgenerateprocessesthatcanaddressindustry’sever-changing
exigencies.
YetmanyAfricancountriescontinuetoadoptablueprintapproach
to industrialization, without developing an adequate institutional
framework. That approach has proved ineffective in addressing
the industrializing challenges these countries face.
The Economic Report on Africa 2014—Dynamic Industrial Policy
in Africa: Innovative Institutions, Effective Processes and Flex-
ible Mechanisms adopts an institutional approach to show how
industrial policy can be designed and implemented. Based on
various successful country experiences from inside and outside
the continent, and on 11 African country studies, the report calls
onAfricancountriestoadoptdynamicindustrialpolicieswithflex-
ibleprocessesandmechanismsthatwillhelpthemtransformtheir
economies and bring about inclusive and sustainable economic
and social development. This is the only way for the continent to
reduce its heavy dependence on primary commodities, create
decent jobs, reduce poverty and narrow inequalities.
KEY MESSAGES
1. AFRICAN COUNTRIES ARE GROWING,
BUT THEIR GROWTH HAS BEEN
NON-INCLUSIVE
The continuing limited impact of commodity-driven growth on
employment generation and social development has been exac-
erbated by the failure of most African economies to structurally
transform themselves—hence the failure to experience inclusive
growth. This failure has been worsened by trends in the world
economy, particularly volatile commodity prices, which have
highlightedtheperilsofstrongeconomicgrowthwithoutconcur-
rentindustrialdevelopmentandstructuraltransformation.Africa’s
share in world trade is still very low, and its exports are concen-
tratedinnaturalresourcesandminerals.Hightradebarriershinder
intra-African trade.
2. MANY AFRICAN COUNTRIES
HAVE EXPERIENCED STRUCTURAL
TRANSFORMATION IN REVERSE
Structural transformation is linked to reallocating resources from
low- to higher productivity activities between and within, espe-
cially, manufacturing and modern services, leading to higher
economy-wide productivity and progressively raising income. In
Africa,however,resourceshaveoftenmovedfromhighertolower
productivity sectors, particularly to the informal sector, reversing
structural transformation and slowing (or even reversing) produc-
tivity growth. Factors of production such as labour have shifted,
particularly from agriculture and manufacturing to services,
leading to relatively low productivity and at times to declining
employment in agriculture and manufacturing.
3. AFRICAN COUNTRIES NEED A NEW
INDUSTRIAL POLICY FRAMEWORK
Suchaframeworkshouldhelpidentifyindustrialgapsanddesign,
buildandeffectivelyoperatestateorquasi-statebodiestosupport
industrial transformation. However, the current framework fails to
deliver. It suffers from problems related to the scope, design and
authority of industrial policy organizations (IPOs), and to their
incentives and operating rules. It also labours under poor systems
ofIPOcommunication(oftenwiththeprivatesector),overlapping
jurisdictions, conflicting functions and other coordination fail-
ures—andsometimestoomuchfocusondonor-drivenobjectives.
4. SUCCESSFUL FRAMEWORKS FOR
INDUSTRIAL POLICY ARE DYNAMIC AND
ORGANIC
Rather than a static set of interventions, industrial policy should
be constantly reevaluated and changed to fit the ever-changing
needs of industry. Similarly, IPOs should regularly monitor their
strategies’effectiveness, adjusting them when they fall below par.
KEY MESSAGES
2. Equally,goalsshouldbeperiodicallymeasuredagainstchangesin
the private sector and revised to match them.
5. PUBLIC–PRIVATE DIALOGUE IS
ESSENTIAL TO IDENTIFY OBSTACLES
Subsequently, industrial policy design should arise from a system
of organized dialogue between the government and key private
sector stakeholders. Following this approach, industrial policy
emerges through a process of discovery of constraints on indus-
trial development.
6.“EMBEDDED AUTONOMY”IS AN
IMPERATIVE FOR DYNAMIC INDUSTRIAL
POLICY
Given the importance of public–private dialogue, states should
ensurethattheirbureaucratshavegoodrelationswithkeyprivate
actors and understand industry. To know what interventions
are needed and how they must be changed to meet industry’s
needs, governments must put in place a strong feedback loop,
by structuring IPOs so that the private sector is involved at all
levels of industrial policymaking. Crucially, IPO staff should not be
“captured”by the private sector, but be able to act independently.
7. EFFECTIVE INDUSTRIAL POLICY
FRAMEWORKS REQUIRE HIGH-LEVEL
COORDINATION AND POLITICAL
SUPPORT
Action plans and budget implications ought to be discussed at
the cabinet level for approval and support. Successful industrial
policyframeworksgenerallyhavecloselinkstoandapprovalfrom
high levels of government, as well as associated political support.
(Conversely, many good policies are not well executed in Africa
because they lack government support.)
8. REGULATORY EFFECTIVENESS IS
NEEDED TO ENSURE POLICY COHERENCE
This requires governments to consider all possible impacts
(intended and unintended) of new industrial policy on large
and small private firms in all sectors. A key central agency (or
subagency) should review proposed and current regulations to
ensure that they do not conflict with other industrial policies.
9. GOVERNMENTS NEED TO
INCREMENTALLY CREATE“POCKETS
OF EFFICIENCY”WHEN THEY LACK
BUREAUCRATIC EXPERIENCE
These pockets require the support of the ruling elites. Similarly,
political coalitions may be needed to support industrialization in
key sectors and to slowly expand policy into new areas.
10. INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT
POLICY FRAMEWORKS CAN PROMOTE
INDUSTRIAL POLICY EFFECTIVENESS
Industrial policy is unlikely to work without complementary poli-
cies and institutions supporting its objectives. Examples include
macroeconomic support and development planning, gains to
productive capabilities and competitiveness, stronger infrastruc-
ture, well-applied technology and innovation, finance for industri-
alization (including new, especially innovative domestic, sources),
and regional integration.
