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Advantages of using Google scholar for research
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· Google scholar gives an easier option of citing the work and at the same time give a link of the articles and books held in ECU libraries
· It is easier to use
· It is free so u can access it anytime anywhere so long as you have internet connection
Disadvantages of using Google scholar for a research topic
· Google Scholar's scope is far reaching yet not exhaustive. It can be an exploration source, yet ought not to be the main source you utilize.
· Google Scholar does not give the criteria to what makes its outcomes "insightful". Results are frequently fluctuating in quality and it is up to the scientist to figure out which of the outcomes are appropriate for their motivations.
· Google Scholar does not enable clients to restrict results to either peer inspected or full content materials or by teaching.
· Google Scholar does not give notice of when its materials are refreshed.
· Google Scholar's reference tracker can be hard to utilize and mistaken.
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
· Discuss how a hypothesis differs from a prediction.
· Describe the different sources of ideas for research, including common sense, observation, theories, past research, and practical problems.
· Identify the two functions of a theory.
· Summarize the fundamentals of conducting library research in psychology, including the use of PsycINFO.
· Summarize the information included in the abstract, introduction, method, results, and discussion sections of research articles.
Page 21THE MOTIVATION TO CONDUCT SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH DERIVES FROM A NATURAL CURIOSITY ABOUT THE WORLD. Most people have their first experience with research when their curiosity leads them to ask, “I wonder what would happen if …” or “I wonder why …,” followed by an attempt to answer the question. What are the sources of inspiration for such questions? How do you find out about other people's ideas and past research? In this chapter, we will explore some sources of scientific ideas. We will also consider the nature of research reports published in professional journals.
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Introduction to Science 12 The Scientific M.docx
Introduction to Science
12
The Scientific Method
Observations
Variables
Controls
Data Analysis
Calculations
Data Collection
Percent Error
Scientific Reasoning
Writing a Lab Report
Socrates (469 B.C. - 399 B.C.), Plato (427 B.C. - 347 B.C.), and Aristotle (384
B.C. - 322 B.C.) are among the most famous of the Greek philosophers
(Figure 1). Plato was a student of Socrates, and Aristotle was a student of Pla-
to. These three philosophers are considered to be the greatest thinkers of
their time.
Aristotle’s views on science profoundly shaped medieval academics, and his
influence extended into the Renaissance (14
th
- 16
th
century). His opinions
were the authority on science well into the 1300s. Unfortunately, the philoso-
pher’s method was logical thinking and did not involve making direct observa-
tions on the natural world. As a result, many of Aristotle’s opinions were incor-
rect. Although he was extremely intelligent, he used a method for determining
the nature of science that was insufficient for the task. For example, in Aris-
totle’s opinion, men were bigger than women. Therefore, he made the de-
duction that men would have more teeth than women. It is assumed that he
never actually looked into the mouths of both men and women and counted
their teeth. If he had, he would have found that males and females have ex-
actly the same number of teeth (Figure 2).
In the 16
th
and 17
th
centuries, innovative thinkers began developing a new
way to investigate the world around them. They were developing a method
that relied upon making observations of phenomena and trying to explain
why that phenomena occurred. From these techniques, the scientific method
was born. The scientific method is a process of investigation that involves
Figure 1: Neoclassical statue
of ancient Greek philosopher,
Plato, in front of the Academy
of Athens in Greece.
Figure 2: Humans—male and
female—have 20 baby teeth
and 32 permanent teeth.
13
experimentation and observation to acquire new knowledge, solve problems, and answer questions. Scien-
tists eventually perfected the methods and reduced it to a series of steps (Figure 3).
Today, the scientific method is used as a systematic approach to solving problems. Science begins with ob-
servations. Once enough observations or results from preliminary library or experimental research have been
collected, a hypothesis can be constructed. Experiments then either verify or disprove the hypothesis. If
enough evidence can support a hypothesis, the hypothesis can become a theory, or proven fact. Theories
can be further refined by other hypotheses and experimentation. An example of this is how we further refine
our knowledge of germ theory by learning about specific pathogens. A scientific law is a summary of obser-
vations in which there are no current exceptions using the most recent technology. It can be a.
Introduc on to Science 12 The Scientific Meth.docx
Introduc on to Science
12
The Scientific Method
Observations
Variables
Controls
Data Analysis
Calculations
Data Collection
Percent Error
Scientific Reasoning
Writing a Lab Report
Socrates (469 B.C. - 399 B.C.), Plato (427 B.C. - 347 B.C.), and Aristotle (384
B.C. - 322 B.C.) are among the most famous of the Greek philosophers
(Figure 1). Plato was a student of Socrates, and Aristotle was a student of Pla-
to. These three philosophers are considered to be the greatest thinkers of
their time.
Aristotle’s views on science profoundly shaped medieval academics, and his
influence extended into the Renaissance (14th - 16th century). His opinions
were the authority on science well into the 1300s. Unfortunately, the philoso-
pher’s method was logical thinking and did not involve making direct observa-
tions on the natural world. As a result, many of Aristotle’s opinions were incor-
rect. Although he was extremely intelligent, he used a method for determining
the nature of science that was insufficient for the task. For example, in Aris-
totle’s opinion, men were bigger than women. Therefore, he made the de-
duction that men would have more teeth than women. It is assumed that he
never actually looked into the mouths of both men and women and counted
their teeth. If he had, he would have found that males and females have ex-
actly the same number of teeth (Figure 2).
In the 16th and 17th centuries, innovative thinkers began developing a new
way to investigate the world around them. They were developing a method
that relied upon making observations of phenomena and trying to explain
why that phenomena occurred. From these techniques, the scientific method
was born. The scientific method is a process of investigation that involves
Figure 1: Neoclassical statue
of ancient Greek philosopher,
Plato, in front of the Academy
of Athens in Greece.
Figure 2: Humans—male and
female—have 20 baby teeth
and 32 permanent teeth.
13
experimentation and observation to acquire new knowledge, solve problems, and answer questions. Scien-
tists eventually perfected the methods and reduced it to a series of steps (Figure 3).
Today, the scientific method is used as a systematic approach to solving problems. Science begins with ob-
servations. Once enough observations or results from preliminary library or experimental research have been
collected, a hypothesis can be constructed. Experiments then either verify or disprove the hypothesis. If
enough evidence can support a hypothesis, the hypothesis can become a theory, or proven fact. Theories
can be further refined by other hypotheses and experimentation. An example of this is how we further refine
our knowledge of germ theory by learning about specific pathogens. A scientific law is a summary of observa-
tions in which there are no current exceptions using the most recent technology. It can be a general state-
ment, like the Law of Gravity (what goes up m.
The Role and Importance of ResearchWhat you’ll Learn about in th.docx
The Role and Importance of Research
What you’ll Learn about in this Chapter:
· Who does research and why
· How research is defined and what some of its purposes are
· What a model of scientific inquiry is and how it guides research activities
· Some of the things that research is and some of the things that it isn’t
· What researchers do and how they do it
· The characteristics of good research
· How a method of scientific inquiry guides research activity
· The different types of research methods and examples of each
Say Hello to Research!
Walk down the hall in any building on your campus where social and behavioral science professors have their offices in such departments as psychology, education, nursing, sociology, and human development. Do you see any bearded, disheveled, white-coated men wearing rumpled pants and smoking pipes, hunched over their computers and mumbling to themselves? How about disheveled, white-coated women wearing rumpled skirts, smoking pipes, hunched over their computers, and mumbling to themselves?
Researchers hard at work? No. Stereotypes of what scientists look like and do? Yes. What you are more likely to see in the halls of your classroom building or in your adviser’s office are men and women of all ages who are hard at work. They are committed to finding the answer to just another piece of the great puzzle that helps us understand human behavior a little better than the previous generation of scientists.
Like everyone else, these people go to work in the morning, but unlike many others, these researchers have a passion for understanding what they study and for coming as close as possible to finding the “truth.” Although these truths can be elusive and sometimes even unobtainable, researchers work toward discovering them for the satisfaction of answering important questions and then using this new information to help others. Early intervention programs, treatments of psychopathology, new curricula, conflict resolution techniques, effective drug treatment programs, and even changes in policy and law have resulted from evidence collected by researchers. Although not always perfect, each little bit of evidence gained from a new study or a new idea for a study contributes to a vast legacy of knowledge for the next generation of researchers such as yourself.
You may already know and appreciate something about the world of research. The purpose of this book is to provide you with the tools you need to do even more, such as
Today, more than ever, decisions are evidence based, and what these researchers do is collect evidence that serves as a basis for informed decisions.
· develop an understanding of the research process.
· prepare yourself to conduct research of your own.
· learn how to judge the quality of research.
· learn how to read, search through, and summarize other research.
· learn the value of research activities conducted online.
· reveal the mysteries of basic statistics and show you how easily they can be ...
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Salons professionnels, ateliers, conférences, réunion de clubs, etc. Chaque évènement professionnel est l'occasion d'augmenter sa notoriété et soigner sa réputation. Lors de cette matinale organisée par la CCI de Rennes le 14 novembre 2013, nous avons passé en revue quelques actions faciles à mettre en oeuvre pour valoriser l'organisation ou la simple participation à des évènements.
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Google scholar
Advantages of using Google scholar for research
· It gives an option of seeing an article related to one another which is not available in the online library. This makes search easier and simpler, you can easily get an article that interest you search your research topic
· Google scholar gives an easier option of citing the work and at the same time give a link of the articles and books held in ECU libraries
· It is easier to use
· It is free so u can access it anytime anywhere so long as you have internet connection
Disadvantages of using Google scholar for a research topic
· Google Scholar's scope is far reaching yet not exhaustive. It can be an exploration source, yet ought not to be the main source you utilize.
· Google Scholar does not give the criteria to what makes its outcomes "insightful". Results are frequently fluctuating in quality and it is up to the scientist to figure out which of the outcomes are appropriate for their motivations.
· Google Scholar does not enable clients to restrict results to either peer inspected or full content materials or by teaching.
· Google Scholar does not give notice of when its materials are refreshed.
· Google Scholar's reference tracker can be hard to utilize and mistaken.
WHERE TO START CHP. 2
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
· Discuss how a hypothesis differs from a prediction.
· Describe the different sources of ideas for research, including common sense, observation, theories, past research, and practical problems.
· Identify the two functions of a theory.
· Summarize the fundamentals of conducting library research in psychology, including the use of PsycINFO.
· Summarize the information included in the abstract, introduction, method, results, and discussion sections of research articles.
Page 21THE MOTIVATION TO CONDUCT SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH DERIVES FROM A NATURAL CURIOSITY ABOUT THE WORLD. Most people have their first experience with research when their curiosity leads them to ask, “I wonder what would happen if …” or “I wonder why …,” followed by an attempt to answer the question. What are the sources of inspiration for such questions? How do you find out about other people's ideas and past research? In this chapter, we will explore some sources of scientific ideas. We will also consider the nature of research reports published in professional journals.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS, HYPOTHESES, AND PREDICTIONS
The result of curiosity is a question. Researchers use research questions to identify and describe the broad topic that they are investigating, and then conduct research in order to answer their research questions. A good research question identifies the topic of inquiry specifically enough so that hypotheses and predictions can be made. A hypothesis is also a question; it makes a statement about something that may be true. Hypotheses are more specific versions of research questions; they are directly testable whereas a research question may not be. Thus, a hypothesis is a tentative idea ...
Introduction to Science 12 The Scientific M.docx
Introduction to Science
12
The Scientific Method
Observations
Variables
Controls
Data Analysis
Calculations
Data Collection
Percent Error
Scientific Reasoning
Writing a Lab Report
Socrates (469 B.C. - 399 B.C.), Plato (427 B.C. - 347 B.C.), and Aristotle (384
B.C. - 322 B.C.) are among the most famous of the Greek philosophers
(Figure 1). Plato was a student of Socrates, and Aristotle was a student of Pla-
to. These three philosophers are considered to be the greatest thinkers of
their time.
Aristotle’s views on science profoundly shaped medieval academics, and his
influence extended into the Renaissance (14
th
- 16
th
century). His opinions
were the authority on science well into the 1300s. Unfortunately, the philoso-
pher’s method was logical thinking and did not involve making direct observa-
tions on the natural world. As a result, many of Aristotle’s opinions were incor-
rect. Although he was extremely intelligent, he used a method for determining
the nature of science that was insufficient for the task. For example, in Aris-
totle’s opinion, men were bigger than women. Therefore, he made the de-
duction that men would have more teeth than women. It is assumed that he
never actually looked into the mouths of both men and women and counted
their teeth. If he had, he would have found that males and females have ex-
actly the same number of teeth (Figure 2).
In the 16
th
and 17
th
centuries, innovative thinkers began developing a new
way to investigate the world around them. They were developing a method
that relied upon making observations of phenomena and trying to explain
why that phenomena occurred. From these techniques, the scientific method
was born. The scientific method is a process of investigation that involves
Figure 1: Neoclassical statue
of ancient Greek philosopher,
Plato, in front of the Academy
of Athens in Greece.
Figure 2: Humans—male and
female—have 20 baby teeth
and 32 permanent teeth.
13
experimentation and observation to acquire new knowledge, solve problems, and answer questions. Scien-
tists eventually perfected the methods and reduced it to a series of steps (Figure 3).
Today, the scientific method is used as a systematic approach to solving problems. Science begins with ob-
servations. Once enough observations or results from preliminary library or experimental research have been
collected, a hypothesis can be constructed. Experiments then either verify or disprove the hypothesis. If
enough evidence can support a hypothesis, the hypothesis can become a theory, or proven fact. Theories
can be further refined by other hypotheses and experimentation. An example of this is how we further refine
our knowledge of germ theory by learning about specific pathogens. A scientific law is a summary of obser-
vations in which there are no current exceptions using the most recent technology. It can be a.
Introduc on to Science 12 The Scientific Meth.docx
Introduc on to Science
12
The Scientific Method
Observations
Variables
Controls
Data Analysis
Calculations
Data Collection
Percent Error
Scientific Reasoning
Writing a Lab Report
Socrates (469 B.C. - 399 B.C.), Plato (427 B.C. - 347 B.C.), and Aristotle (384
B.C. - 322 B.C.) are among the most famous of the Greek philosophers
(Figure 1). Plato was a student of Socrates, and Aristotle was a student of Pla-
to. These three philosophers are considered to be the greatest thinkers of
their time.
Aristotle’s views on science profoundly shaped medieval academics, and his
influence extended into the Renaissance (14th - 16th century). His opinions
were the authority on science well into the 1300s. Unfortunately, the philoso-
pher’s method was logical thinking and did not involve making direct observa-
tions on the natural world. As a result, many of Aristotle’s opinions were incor-
rect. Although he was extremely intelligent, he used a method for determining
the nature of science that was insufficient for the task. For example, in Aris-
totle’s opinion, men were bigger than women. Therefore, he made the de-
duction that men would have more teeth than women. It is assumed that he
never actually looked into the mouths of both men and women and counted
their teeth. If he had, he would have found that males and females have ex-
actly the same number of teeth (Figure 2).
In the 16th and 17th centuries, innovative thinkers began developing a new
way to investigate the world around them. They were developing a method
that relied upon making observations of phenomena and trying to explain
why that phenomena occurred. From these techniques, the scientific method
was born. The scientific method is a process of investigation that involves
Figure 1: Neoclassical statue
of ancient Greek philosopher,
Plato, in front of the Academy
of Athens in Greece.
Figure 2: Humans—male and
female—have 20 baby teeth
and 32 permanent teeth.
13
experimentation and observation to acquire new knowledge, solve problems, and answer questions. Scien-
tists eventually perfected the methods and reduced it to a series of steps (Figure 3).
Today, the scientific method is used as a systematic approach to solving problems. Science begins with ob-
servations. Once enough observations or results from preliminary library or experimental research have been
collected, a hypothesis can be constructed. Experiments then either verify or disprove the hypothesis. If
enough evidence can support a hypothesis, the hypothesis can become a theory, or proven fact. Theories
can be further refined by other hypotheses and experimentation. An example of this is how we further refine
our knowledge of germ theory by learning about specific pathogens. A scientific law is a summary of observa-
tions in which there are no current exceptions using the most recent technology. It can be a general state-
ment, like the Law of Gravity (what goes up m.
The Role and Importance of ResearchWhat you’ll Learn about in th.docx
The Role and Importance of Research
What you’ll Learn about in this Chapter:
· Who does research and why
· How research is defined and what some of its purposes are
· What a model of scientific inquiry is and how it guides research activities
· Some of the things that research is and some of the things that it isn’t
· What researchers do and how they do it
· The characteristics of good research
· How a method of scientific inquiry guides research activity
· The different types of research methods and examples of each
Say Hello to Research!
Walk down the hall in any building on your campus where social and behavioral science professors have their offices in such departments as psychology, education, nursing, sociology, and human development. Do you see any bearded, disheveled, white-coated men wearing rumpled pants and smoking pipes, hunched over their computers and mumbling to themselves? How about disheveled, white-coated women wearing rumpled skirts, smoking pipes, hunched over their computers, and mumbling to themselves?
Researchers hard at work? No. Stereotypes of what scientists look like and do? Yes. What you are more likely to see in the halls of your classroom building or in your adviser’s office are men and women of all ages who are hard at work. They are committed to finding the answer to just another piece of the great puzzle that helps us understand human behavior a little better than the previous generation of scientists.
Like everyone else, these people go to work in the morning, but unlike many others, these researchers have a passion for understanding what they study and for coming as close as possible to finding the “truth.” Although these truths can be elusive and sometimes even unobtainable, researchers work toward discovering them for the satisfaction of answering important questions and then using this new information to help others. Early intervention programs, treatments of psychopathology, new curricula, conflict resolution techniques, effective drug treatment programs, and even changes in policy and law have resulted from evidence collected by researchers. Although not always perfect, each little bit of evidence gained from a new study or a new idea for a study contributes to a vast legacy of knowledge for the next generation of researchers such as yourself.
You may already know and appreciate something about the world of research. The purpose of this book is to provide you with the tools you need to do even more, such as
Today, more than ever, decisions are evidence based, and what these researchers do is collect evidence that serves as a basis for informed decisions.
· develop an understanding of the research process.
· prepare yourself to conduct research of your own.
· learn how to judge the quality of research.
· learn how to read, search through, and summarize other research.
· learn the value of research activities conducted online.
· reveal the mysteries of basic statistics and show you how easily they can be ...
Evidence Hub Activity
Evidence Hub activity presentation at the LACE SoLAR Flare event, #LACEflare, at The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK, on Friday 24 October 2014.
Using Figure 1.2 in Ch. 1 of Exploring Research, create a flowchar.docx
Using Figure 1.2 in Ch. 1 of Exploring Research, create a flowchart using Microsoft® Word or a similar program that helps you identify what research design to use for your research question.
Ch. 1 of Exploring Research The Role and Importance of Research
What you’ll Learn about in this Chapter:
· Who does research and why
· How research is defined and what some of its purposes are
· What a model of scientific inquiry is and how it guides research activities
· Some of the things that research is and some of the things that it isn’t
· What researchers do and how they do it
· The characteristics of good research
· How a method of scientific inquiry guides research activity
· The different types of research methods and examples of each
Say Hello to Research!
Walk down the hall in any building on your campus where social and behavioral science professors have their offices in such departments as psychology, education, nursing, sociology, and human development. Do you see any bearded, disheveled, white-coated men wearing rumpled pants and smoking pipes, hunched over their computers and mumbling to themselves? How about disheveled, white-coated women wearing rumpled skirts, smoking pipes, hunched over their computers, and mumbling to themselves?
Researchers hard at work? No. Stereotypes of what scientists look like and do? Yes. What you are more likely to see in the halls of your classroom building or in your adviser’s office are men and women of all ages who are hard at work. They are committed to finding the answer to just another piece of the great puzzle that helps us understand human behavior a little better than the previous generation of scientists.
Like everyone else, these people go to work in the morning, but unlike many others, these researchers have a passion for understanding what they study and for coming as close as possible to finding the “truth.” Although these truths can be elusive and sometimes even unobtainable, researchers work toward discovering them for the satisfaction of answering important questions and then using this new information to help others. Early intervention programs, treatments of psychopathology, new curricula, conflict resolution techniques, effective drug treatment programs, and even changes in policy and law have resulted from evidence collected by researchers. Although not always perfect, each little bit of evidence gained from a new study or a new idea for a study contributes to a vast legacy of knowledge for the next generation of researchers such as yourself.
You may already know and appreciate something about the world of research. The purpose of this book is to provide you with the tools you need to do even more, such as
Today, more than ever, decisions are evidence based, and what these researchers do is collect evidence that serves as a basis for informed decisions.
· develop an understanding of the research process.
· prepare yourself to conduct research of your own.
· learn how to ...
Due Jan 6Week 8Using Figure 1.2 in Ch. 1 of Exploring Resear.docx
Due Jan 6
Week 8
Using Figure 1.2 in Ch. 1 of Exploring Research, create a flowchart using Microsoft® Word or a similar program that helps you identify what research design to use for your research question.
Figure 1.2 Research Design “cheat sheet”
Say Hello to Research!
Walk down the hall in any building on your campus where social and
behavioral science professors have their offices in such departments as
psychology, education, nursing, sociology, and human development. Do you
see any bearded, disheveled, white-coated men wearing rumpled pants and
smoking pipes, hunched over their computers and mumbling to themselves?
How about disheveled, white-coated women wearing rumpled skirts, smoking
pipes, hunched over their computers, and mumbling to themselves?
Researchers hard at work? No. Stereotypes of what scientists look like
and do? Yes. What you are more likely to see in the halls of your classroom
building or in your adviser’s office are men and women of all ages who are
hard at work. They are committed to finding the answer to just another piece
of the great puzzle that helps us understand human behavior a little better
than the previous generation of scientists.
Like everyone else, these people go to work in the morning, but unlike
many others, these researchers have a passion for understanding what they
study and for coming as close as possible to finding the “truth.” Although these
truths can be elusive and sometimes even unobtainable, researchers work
toward discovering them for the satisfaction of answering important questions
and then using this new information to help others. Early intervention
programs, treatments of psychopathology, new curricula, conflict resolution
techniques, effective drug treatment programs, and even changes in policy and
law have resulted from evidence collected by researchers. Although not always
perfect, each little bit of evidence gained from a new study or a new idea for a
study contributes to a vast legacy of knowledge for the next generation of
researchers such as yourself.
You may already know and appreciate something about the world of
research. The purpose of this book is to provide you with the tools you need to
do even more, such as
• develop an understanding of the research process.
• prepare yourself to conduct research of your own.
• learn how to judge the quality of research.
• learn how to read, search through, and summarize other research.
• learn the value of research activities conducted online.
• reveal the mysteries of basic statistics and show you how easily they can
be used.
• measure the behaviors, traits, or attributes that interest you.
• collect the type of data that relate to your area of interest.
• use a leading statistical package (SPSS) to analyze data.
• design research studies that answer the question that you want answered.
• write the type of research proposal (and a research report) that puts you in control—
one that shows you have command of the content of the resear ...
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Eq4
- 1. EQ4 How is the scientific method used to investigate the world around us?
- 2. The scientific method is used in experiments that help us find out more about the world we live in and what causes things to happen. It also helps you predict, minimize mistakes, and identify cause and effect.