This document provides an overview of an entrepreneurial leadership training resource. It discusses entrepreneurial leadership as a fusion of leadership and entrepreneurship, focusing on opportunity recognition, strategic vision, and motivating others. The training resource aims to help managers adopt this style of leadership to create social, environmental and economic value. It covers three principles of entrepreneurial leadership: cognitive ambidexterity in decision-making; a worldview of developing social, environmental, economic responsibility and sustainability (SEERS); and using self-awareness to drive action. Case studies of Nike and the Rana Plaza disaster in Bangladesh are provided to illustrate how SEERS can be implemented and value created in supply chain management.
Leadership Styles and Organisational Performance in Nigeria: Qualitative Pers...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Organizations in different sectors of the Nigerian economy continue to record high cases of misappropriation, embezzlement, immoral and unethical practices, gratifications, high labour turnover, inability to meet basic required obligations, and employees’ dissatisfaction, which have further resulted in poor performance. The theoretical paper dwelled on the concepts of leadership styles as opined by several scholars in the literature and used these as springboards to arrive at elaborate ones that encapsulated all and introduced a range of common and contemporary models and approaches, including an addition of a cutting-edge competitive list to help managers discover, devise and adjust their individual management practice and style for navigation towards a sustainable organizational performance.
OCTAPACE culture is extremely important for promoting the organizational effectiveness
and good Governance. In this context, the present paper is an endeavour to identify the major
factors responsible for non-promoting of organizational effectiveness among the managerial
and non-employees about the prevailing OCTAPACE culture and to know the preventive
measures for the same with special reference to Services Sector
Effect of Leadership Styles, Organizational Culture, and Employees Developme...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Leadership practice and application a study of sicho groupMd. Abdul Munem
In logistics sector Leadership practices are important as they provide structure, control, consistency, fairness. They also ensure compliance with employment legislation and inform employees of their responsibilities and the Company's expectations. A leader sets policy documents through his leadership and obtains that work from his subordinates. This report has focused the leadership approach which has been followed by SICHO Group.
The theoretical basis of this paper is found in the contents of leadership styles, organizational culture and organizational commitment, and in the context of SICHO Group. In this framework, the aim of this study is to explo logistics industry (SICHO) in order gain competitive advantage by ensuring continuous performance of those employees. Moreover, this study aims to extend the leadership and organizational culture literatures through examining total effects of these variables. To reveal those relationships a survey is conducted on firms operating in logistics industry. The results and thoughts about that survey is presented in the following sections.
SICHO Group have found the communicate values and expectations for how things are done at the organization. It keeps the SICHO in compliance with legislation and provide protection against employment claims. Document and implement best practices appropriate to the SICHO. Support consistent treatment of staff, fairness and transparency. It helps management to make decisions that are consistent, uniform and predictable. To support business strategy and, for smaller organizations, a desire to develop a more formal and consistent approach that will meet their needs as they grow.
A STUDY ON DRIVING IN-ROLE PERFORMANCE THROUGH CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR, KNOWLEDG...IAEME Publication
In this competitive era organizations strive to enhance the performance of their firm to grow and attain sustainability. Human resources being the intangible valuable assets of a firm contribute a large share in deciding the fate of their employers. Considering significance of employee’s behavior in firm’s performance, the citizenship behaviors have been gaining considerable importance. This research aims at examining the relationship and citizenship behavior , Knowledge Sharing Behavior and Organizational Commitment on in-role performance among the employees of automotive electronics Company. One hundred and fifty employees have been chosen as respondents to conduct this survey from multilink company. Results of the study indicate significant relationship of extra-role behaviors and task performance .The study concludes by mentioning possible research implications. The findings of this paper demonstrate that there are various set of platforms to encourage people to share their insights, thoughts, which are valuable assets for companies. What draws people to share their knowledge in various organizations would be different, but ultimately matches the company’s core values as well as the look and feel of the other organizational processes.
Effect of Leadership styles on Organisational commitment.Deepak Chandhok
Research Project on finding effects of Leadership Styles on Organisational Commitment in government sector under the guidance of Dr.Purva Kansal(Associate professor), University Business School.
Management Process and Organizational Behaviorcpjcollege
Management
• According to Henri Fayol, "Management is to manage is to forecast and to plan, to organise, to command, to co-ordinate and to control.“ • Mary Parker Follett (1868–1933), defined management as "the art of getting things done through people."
Leadership Styles and Organisational Performance in Nigeria: Qualitative Pers...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Organizations in different sectors of the Nigerian economy continue to record high cases of misappropriation, embezzlement, immoral and unethical practices, gratifications, high labour turnover, inability to meet basic required obligations, and employees’ dissatisfaction, which have further resulted in poor performance. The theoretical paper dwelled on the concepts of leadership styles as opined by several scholars in the literature and used these as springboards to arrive at elaborate ones that encapsulated all and introduced a range of common and contemporary models and approaches, including an addition of a cutting-edge competitive list to help managers discover, devise and adjust their individual management practice and style for navigation towards a sustainable organizational performance.
OCTAPACE culture is extremely important for promoting the organizational effectiveness
and good Governance. In this context, the present paper is an endeavour to identify the major
factors responsible for non-promoting of organizational effectiveness among the managerial
and non-employees about the prevailing OCTAPACE culture and to know the preventive
measures for the same with special reference to Services Sector
Effect of Leadership Styles, Organizational Culture, and Employees Developme...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Leadership practice and application a study of sicho groupMd. Abdul Munem
In logistics sector Leadership practices are important as they provide structure, control, consistency, fairness. They also ensure compliance with employment legislation and inform employees of their responsibilities and the Company's expectations. A leader sets policy documents through his leadership and obtains that work from his subordinates. This report has focused the leadership approach which has been followed by SICHO Group.
The theoretical basis of this paper is found in the contents of leadership styles, organizational culture and organizational commitment, and in the context of SICHO Group. In this framework, the aim of this study is to explo logistics industry (SICHO) in order gain competitive advantage by ensuring continuous performance of those employees. Moreover, this study aims to extend the leadership and organizational culture literatures through examining total effects of these variables. To reveal those relationships a survey is conducted on firms operating in logistics industry. The results and thoughts about that survey is presented in the following sections.
SICHO Group have found the communicate values and expectations for how things are done at the organization. It keeps the SICHO in compliance with legislation and provide protection against employment claims. Document and implement best practices appropriate to the SICHO. Support consistent treatment of staff, fairness and transparency. It helps management to make decisions that are consistent, uniform and predictable. To support business strategy and, for smaller organizations, a desire to develop a more formal and consistent approach that will meet their needs as they grow.
A STUDY ON DRIVING IN-ROLE PERFORMANCE THROUGH CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR, KNOWLEDG...IAEME Publication
In this competitive era organizations strive to enhance the performance of their firm to grow and attain sustainability. Human resources being the intangible valuable assets of a firm contribute a large share in deciding the fate of their employers. Considering significance of employee’s behavior in firm’s performance, the citizenship behaviors have been gaining considerable importance. This research aims at examining the relationship and citizenship behavior , Knowledge Sharing Behavior and Organizational Commitment on in-role performance among the employees of automotive electronics Company. One hundred and fifty employees have been chosen as respondents to conduct this survey from multilink company. Results of the study indicate significant relationship of extra-role behaviors and task performance .The study concludes by mentioning possible research implications. The findings of this paper demonstrate that there are various set of platforms to encourage people to share their insights, thoughts, which are valuable assets for companies. What draws people to share their knowledge in various organizations would be different, but ultimately matches the company’s core values as well as the look and feel of the other organizational processes.
Effect of Leadership styles on Organisational commitment.Deepak Chandhok
Research Project on finding effects of Leadership Styles on Organisational Commitment in government sector under the guidance of Dr.Purva Kansal(Associate professor), University Business School.
Management Process and Organizational Behaviorcpjcollege
Management
• According to Henri Fayol, "Management is to manage is to forecast and to plan, to organise, to command, to co-ordinate and to control.“ • Mary Parker Follett (1868–1933), defined management as "the art of getting things done through people."
Executive summary The traditional leadership styles a.docxgitagrimston
Executive summary
The traditional leadership styles are continuously changing with the adoption of globalization. This is because convergence is all over whereby the competitors are the customers, suppliers and the industry in general. This means that new development strategies are required to be able to cope in the dynamic world as well as in future. In this report, it will discuss some of the leadership concerns on the basis of the global trends which require some leadership attention.
The report will also discuss emerging theories that are applicable in the global changing world. This will then be followed by a discussion on the kind of responsibilities that the leaders have towards coping with competition in the workplace, complexity as well as diversity in the organization. The report will further provide a personal plan on development of proper leadership skills. Under this, it will outline some of the personal development goals. This will be followed by a summary of the relevant steps to be taken to accomplish the goals. An evaluation on how to check for progress in each step will be established. The report will end with a summary regarding how the plan will facilitate personal growth as a leader as well as the growth of others.
Introduction
Leadership has been in place and also undergoing changes based on the changes happening in outside world. With increased globalization, there is the need for leaders to acquire some global competencies. The current workplace is demanding for some emergent practices and there are expectations for digital competencies. In order to survive as a leader, it would be necessary to have a sense of learning and continuous improvement.
In order to create a professional knowledge sharing connection, it requires a kind of trust which will be developed over time and facilitated very effective leadership roles (Cameron & Green, 2008). Therefore, to succeed in the industry, it will be necessary for a leader to set reasonable and measurable goals through focusing on trust, knowledge and credibility together with being updated on changes in global trend affecting leadership roles.
Global leadership concerns for the future
To be a high performance organization, it is necessary to tackle challenges of leadership development with a combined broad thinking. There are quite a number of trends that are linked with leadership. Globalization is the first trend as it is the new business world. This thus requires personnel thinking globally. The trend towards having connected markets will be much stronger. This is because the leaders will be required to understand the cultural, legal, economic, cultural as well as political ramifications (Rothstein & Burke, 2010). Therefore, leaders will be required to see themselves as citizens of the world with expanded field of vision. Leaders will be required to have knowledge on how to effectively manage global producti ...
For the world to be a preferred global village, countries in different continents need to get closer to
each other not only through the demolition and removal of borderline barriers that separate them, but through
international trade and integrated economy. The country’s prosperity is a consequence of the ability by state
owned as well as private companies to perform efficiently and competitively. It is critical therefore that for these
companies to perform and operate competitively, their visions and missions require visionary leaders who have
appropriate foresight, so as to steer the business boat to the right direction. State owned organization in particular
can attain their visions if their leaders are knowledgeable of business proficiencies. It should be realized that
leaders are not only born to lead but that outstanding leaders are also made. Proper, relevant and adequate
leadership development programs are keys to focused business intent. A company that retracts from developing
its leaders is not only bound to be a laggard but is doomed to an ultimate downfall. Indeed, a country should
identify the problem area so as to decisively and proactively deal with the operational challenges. For the
challenges that hamper leadership development to be overcome, it is critical to lay down the background of the
problem area, so as to have focused solutions.
Corporate Leadership: A Review of Conventional Theories of Leadershipijtsrd
This research article was motivated by the premise that no corporate grows further without effective corporate leaders. The purpose of this theoretical debate is to examine the wider context of corporate leadership theories and its effectiveness towards improving corporate leadership in the corporate world. Evolution of corporate leadership theories is a comprehensive study of leadership trends over the years and in various contexts and theoretical foundations. This research article presents the history of dominant corporate leadership theories and research, beginning with Great Man thesis and Trait theory to Decision process theory to various leadership characteristics. This article also offers a convenient way to utilize theoretical knowledge to the practical corporate situation. Prof. Dr. Satya Subrahmanyam"Corporate Leadership: A Review of Conventional Theories of Leadership" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11384.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-and-retail-research/11384/corporate-leadership-a-review-of-conventional-theories-of-leadership/prof-dr-satya-subrahmanyam
Building Leaders for Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): A Case Studypaperpublications3
Abstract: According to UN, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a management concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and interactions with their stakeholders. CSR is an approach which helps a company to achieve a balance of economic, environmental and social constraints popularly known as “Triple-Bottom-Line- Approach”, by addressing the expectation of shareholders and stakeholders at the same time. The HR Manager is responsible to a wide ranging group of employees, communities, and investors. With the impact of information technology and globalization there has been a change in nature of these affairs which is affecting corporate performance. As Hilton and Gibbon (2002) said that Corporate Social Responsibility requires Corporate Social Leadership. This concept has achieved greater consequence due to its importance for growth of the society and its people in particular. This article aims at studying the role of Leadership for CSR, the Leadership practices for CSR Leaders and to study the implication required in converting managers to CSR Leaders. The study is poised basically from journals, conference proceedings, business article etc. The aim of article is to emphasize the importance of CSR leaders towards the progress of the society and for a better planet.
Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility, Economics and Managing Business, Leadership.
Title: Building Leaders for Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): A Case Study
Author: Dr. Kishore Kumar Das, Sasmita Sahoo
ISSN 2349-7807
International Journal of Recent Research in Commerce Economics and Management (IJRRCEM)
Paper Publications
Business ethics corporate culture and strategic leadership for organization...IAEME Publication
Emerging Globalization of business and reducing importance of human values, it
has become extremely important to adapt correct strategies as well as include Ethics as part
of the day-to-day business. In Indian Institute of Management Calcutta (IIMC) has made
'Business Ethics' as a mandatory subject for all the programs they are running. This is one of
the examples of Ethics becoming an important part of Business.
If we look at most successful businesses today, companies like Infosys, Apple, and
IBM have a combination of ‘Values’ combined with ‘Strategy’, which is demonstrated by the
great leaders who founded and nurtured these companies. It will be interesting to see how
Strategy and Ethics can go hand in hand to create promising corporate culture for employees
in a Corporate.
Strategic Leader giving high importance to business ethics can create a great corporate
culture and encourage its employees to prosper in this environment. We have seen disasters
like Enron Corporation and Satyam Computers where strategy was at its best but business
ethics was missing which shows importance of both going hand-in-hand to make the culture
blossom and make the Corporates a successful entity producing high quality manpower in the
business and society.
1. Global Leadership 2019-2020Under Guidance from Dr.MargenePurnell14
1.
Global Leadership 2019-2020
Under Guidance from Dr. Sriram Rajagopalan
LDR 6145
Northeastern University
Table of Contents
Global Leadership Success Through Emotional and Cultural Intelligences.....................................5
The Global Leadership of Carlos Ghosn at Nissan.........................................................................17
Gojo Industries: Aiming for Global Sustainability Leadership.........................................................29
Leadership in a Globalizing World..................................................................................................41
Regional Strategies for Global Leadership.....................................................................................85
Rising Costs of Bad Leadership.....................................................................................................99
Learning to Manage Global Innovation Projects...........................................................................103
Global Leadership 2019-2020 LDR 6145
Under Guidance from Dr. Sriram Rajagopalan Northeastern University
2.
Global leadership success through emotional and
cultural intelligences
Ilan Alon, James M. Higgins*
Roy E. Crummer Graduate School of Business, Rollins College, 1000 Holt Ave-2722, Winter Park, FL 32789,
USA
Abstract Culturally attuned and emotionally sensitive global leaders need to be
developed: leaders who can respond to the particular foreign environments of
different countries and different interpersonal work situations. Two emerging
constructs are especially relevant to the development of successful global leaders:
cultural and emotional intelligences. When considered under the traditional view of
intelligence as measured by IQ, cultural, and emotional intelligences provide a
framework for better understanding cross-cultural leadership and help clarify
possible adaptations that need to be implemented in leadership development
programs of multinational firms. This article posits that emotional intelligence (EQ),
analytical intelligence (IQ), and leadership behaviors are moderated by cultural
intelligence (CQ) in the formation of global leadership success.
D 2005 Kelley School of Business, Indiana University. All rights reserved.
bBut when a prince acquires the sovereignty of a
country differing from his own both in language,
manners, and intellectual organization, great dif-
ficulties arise; and in order to maintain the
possession of it, good fortune must unite with
superior talent.Q —Niccolo Machiavelli, The Prince
1. Global interaction and interpersonal
relationships
To say that globalization is upon us is axiomatic.
Conducting global, international, and cross-cul-
tural business is a mundane reality for most
contemporary large organizations. Even if your
business is a medium- or small-sized firm, you
have probably experienced globalization through
interactions with global participants that belong
to at lea ...
1Running Head LITERATURE REWIEW2LITERATURE REVIEW.docxdrennanmicah
1
Running Head: LITERATURE REWIEW
2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Assignment 2: RA 1 Literature Review
Karen Crump
Argosy University
Introduction
Vision, ethics, modeling, coaching, and shared values are an essential aspect of professional leadership development. Such perimeters ensure that leadership composure is well defined and outlined for developing skills and providing unity and integral growth. Reflecting on these aspects helps the individual in utilizing their power and influence in the building of alliances, creation of passion at work as well as empowering their employees and subordinate workers in achieving the set goals and objectives of the organization.
They help the individual gain personal insights and deepen their self, social and relationship awareness which results in higher performance in their respective teams. Numerous leadership approaches help govern and thrive in professional leadership development. Such methods include taking leadership as a position, taking command as a result and taking direction as a process. Essentially, there is a need to evaluate the various articles that described the professional leadership development through the use of the leadership mentioned above approaches.
Belinda Johnson (2017), A Leadership & Professional Development Teaching and Learning Model for Undergraduate Management Programs, Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice, Vol. 17(4), pp. 55-57
This article describes a holistic leadership and professional development teaching and learning model for undergraduate students with universal application across all disciplines and functional areas of organizations due to its emphasis on the non-technical skill requirements of leadership. The model highlights the development of intrapersonal, interpersonal and professional skills or KSAs (knowledge, skills, and abilities) and uses the mnemonics FOCUS and ACTION to structure the large number of traits, behaviors, and KSAs.
The archetype is advantageous as it helps management competencies in the early stage of career development. The upcoming leaders show their potentiality in leading others through this archetype. This signals for individuals developing aggressive attention towards professional leadership especially the learning students.
Darryl C. Hill & Richard Olawoyin (2018), Safety Leadership & Professional Development, Professional Safety, pp. 145-149.
The article facilitates a raid map of the safety profession and promotes leadership and professional development. Darryl and Richard describe professional leadership development to be controlled by crucial factors. These essential factors include ethics, administration as well as management. Besides, the authors suppose that certification and accreditation have ensured the safety profession in leadership as well as an entire professional development.
Daryl and Richard believe in the identification of professional leadership development hazards that may retard the growth and .
The purpose of this assignment is to analyze a health care risk maMargenePurnell14
The purpose of this assignment is to analyze a health care risk management program.
Conduct research on approaches to risk management processes, policies, and concerns in your current or anticipated professional arena to find an example of a risk management plan. Look for a plan with sufficient content to be able to complete this assignment successfully. In a 1,000‐1,250-word paper, provide an analysis of the risk management plan that includes the following:
.
Summary of the type of risk management plan you selected (new employee, specific audience, community‐focused, etc.) and your rationale for selecting that example. Describe the health care organization to which the plan applies and the role risk management plays in that setting.
.
.
Description of the standard administrative steps and processes in a typical health care organization's risk management program compared to the administrative steps and processes you identify in your selected example plan. (Note: For standard risk management policies and procedures, look up the MIPPA-approved accrediting body that regulates the risk management standards in your chosen health care sector, and consider federal, state, and local statutes as well.)
.
.
Analysis of the key agencies and organizations that regulate the administration of safe health care in your area of concentration and an evaluation of the roles each one plays in the risk management oversight process.
.
.
Evaluation of your selected risk management plan's compliance with the standards of its corresponding MIPPA-approved accrediting body relevant to privacy, health care worker safety, and patient safety.
.
.
Proposed recommendations or changes you would implement in your risk management program example to enhance, improve, or secure the aforementioned compliance standards.
.
APA ,required to support your analysis with a minimum of three peer‐reviewed references.
1.
Global Leadership 2019-2020
Under Guidance from Dr. Sriram Rajagopalan
LDR 6145
Northeastern University
Table of Contents
Global Leadership Success Through Emotional and Cultural Intelligences.....................................5
The Global Leadership of Carlos Ghosn at Nissan.........................................................................17
Gojo Industries: Aiming for Global Sustainability Leadership.........................................................29
Leadership in a Globalizing World..................................................................................................41
Regional Strategies for Global Leadership.....................................................................................85
Rising Costs of Bad Leadership.....................................................................................................99
Learning to Manage Global Innovation Projects...........................................................................103
Global Leadership 2019-2020 LDR 6145
Under Guidance ...
A Learning and Improvement Model in Entrepreneurial LeadershipIOSR Journals
Currently entrepreneurial leadership has expended and increased momentum as developingmodel of both in research and practice. Though, there is not sufficient knowledgeon the theoretical and intangible basis of this emerging area of analysisandlot of questions are raised up on how to grow entrepreneur leadershipabilities, capabilitiesprecisely in university students. The basicmotive of thistheoretical paper is to slight the gap through offering the theoretical andconceptual basics of entrepreneur leadership. This paper has also examinedvariousfeatures of entrepreneurial education in the perspective of universitygiven entrepreneur-ship programs and then projected a model for entrepreneurial-leadership enlargement. The projected model describes entrepreneurial leadershipenlargementbase on a dynamic progression of “experimental, social interactive,observational and reflective learning” which make available a base for entrepreneur leadership exercise, enlightenment and research.
Leadership Formulation
Formulating Leadership
In today's workforce, there are several ways in which organizations can pursue individual or group talent to represent all it stands for and how it would like to be presented to the workforce. Successfully recruiting people should start with the organization realizing what its purpose is and how it plans to remain relevant along with many other organizations doing the same things. Once recruited and trained, it is important organizations find a means of retaining these individuals who excel in all areas and portray the characteristics of one who can eventually lead the staff in their charge as well as ensure new talent is brought in to keep the organization growing.
Leadership Development
Leadership development is a critical focus area for any organization that needs to be successful. In such a constantly changing business world leadership trends and practices need to keep evolving to adapt to the shifts in the environment (Snyder, 2013). One of the rapidly increasing trends in leadership development is the increased hiring and development of millennial workers into leadership positions. Leadership needs a lot of skills and experience, and as much as an organization may want to put millennial workers into leadership positions, they need to make sure that they are ready. Best practices for increasing the number of millennial leaders in an organization include:
Leadership Training
Organizations need to ensure that they engage their millennial workforce in both internal and external leadership training sessions. Leadership training is necessary for developing leadership skills and competencies in millennial leaders. This works as a mentorship program to enable experienced leaders to pass knowledge and expertise in leadership, they have gained with experience to the millennial. This is helpful since it allows them to gain leadership expertise which positions them to be viable for leadership positions in the organization.
Delegation of Responsibilities
This is a role that is very difficult for most managers in an organization since they fear incompetence. A delegation of roles and responsibilities is, however, crucial in developing millennial leaders since it gives the millennial workers and individuals the chance to show what they can do and a learning opportunity on how to carry out various leader roles. They can learn through feedback and thus gives then the opportunity to develop more skilled and empowered leaders.
Giving the Millennial a Voice inside the Organization
This is a form of engagement whereby they are encouraged to raise their opinions on various issues affecting the organization and in the decision-making process. Giving them a voice helps to develop more value for the employees and it also helps the administration to identify individuals among the millennial employees with the potential of being leaders. This also contributes to expand their skills in communication and ...
Entrepreneurial Management A Literature Reviewijtsrd
Entrepreneurial management is a mode of management that is proactive, opportunity driven, and action oriented. Entrepreneurial management style is evidenced by the firm’s strategic decisions and operating management philosophies. There is a significant difference between entrepreneurial management and traditional management. Entrepreneurial firms are those where upper management possesses an entrepreneurial management style. A style, which originates from the firms’ strategic decisions and operating management philosophies. Entrepreneurial managerial behaviour promotes a culture of creativity and risk taking, creates flat informal structures, and promotes strategy so as to take advantage of the opportunities that are identified. Traditional managerial behaviour on the other hand emphasizes planning, control, monitoring, evaluation, and formalized organizational structures. The purpose of this paper is to conceptually examine entrepreneurial management as an emerging construct in management. Adim, Chidiebere Victor | Mezeh, Akpobolokami Andy "Entrepreneurial Management: A Literature Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49607.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/49607/entrepreneurial-management-a-literature-review/adim-chidiebere-victor
“The fact is, culture eats strategy for lunch. You can have a good strategy in place, but if you don’t have the culture and the enabling systems that allow you to successfully implement that strategy, the culture of the organization will defeat the strategy.” Richard Clark, CEO of Merck (2005 – 2010)
In a study conducted by Bain Consulting in 2008, 91% of the 1200 senior executives at global companies agreed that “culture is as important as strategy for business success”. It further revealed that 81% of executives agreed that “a company without a winning culture was doomed to mediocrity.” In a more recent study by Booz and Company in 2013 , 96% of the 2200 respondents agreed that “culture change is needed in their organisation” while 51% agree “that their culture needs a major overhaul”.
These are startling numbers. If organisational culture is so important, why is it not one of the top items on the agenda?
In the second of this 6 part Change Management series, we outlined the importance of communicating your change and actively engaging your stakeholders.
In this article, we discuss the importance of designing and building a culture that supports your vision.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
2. Entrepreneurial Leadership Training Resource Preamble
This Training Resource has been primarily designed for Middle/Senior managers, the purpose of the
resource is to; develop an awareness of how Leadership is evolving, identify which skills and
behaviours which are attributed to Entrepreneurial Leadership, and how these skills can be developed.
The purpose of the Resource is to Educate Managers in how to lead in a Entrepreneurial Leadership
style, which when aligned with organisational objectives the organisation is able to create value.
Managers who have an awareness of social ,environmental and economic opportunity, are able to
be innovative and through thought and action can enhance their competitive advantage.
The concept of Entrepreneurial Leadership was founded by Babson College, where extensive research
was conducted to enable a comprehensive understanding of the leader behaviours and attributes and
how these are associated with Entrepreneurialism.
It is widely recognised that in years passed, the organisational objective would be "profit maximization
and shareholder value creation"(Porter and Kramer (2011) cited in Greenberg (2011).
Where as in the 21st Century a new model of Leadership was required. Babson College therefore
identified an opportunity to develop a leadership model that incorporates an opportunistic mind-set
whilst also demonstrating strategic vision and an ability to influence and motivate others. The outcome
was the concept of "Entrepreneurial Leadership".
Entrepreneurial leadership theory has three underpinning principles, which essentially are the
framework to the behaviour, attitude and mind-set of an entrepreneurial leader.
This Training Resource aims to assist Managers in adopting an Entrepreneurial style of leadership and
enable them to gain an understanding of how individual actions and behaviour can influence the
corporate environment in which they conduct their organisational activities.
3. Introduction To Training Resource
This Training Resource has been designed for Supply Chain
and Procurement Managers of Asda who work with Textile Manufacturers ,
primarily in Bangladesh. The Resource aims to highlight Corporate Social
Responsibility Issues and focus on how our
Leadership decisions impact upon the industry.
The format of the resource is an eBook which
will highlight the key principles of Entrepreneurial
Leadership with the focus on Social, Environmental ,
Economic , Responsibility and Sustainability (SEERS).
The design of the Training Resource incorporates
a range of self audit materials and case studies.
The resource can also be used as a tool to
reflect on the primary issues relating to the
understanding of Entrepreneurial Leadership and
the SEERS principle of creating value through social and economic opportunity.
The resource will also highlight the importance of self development through group discussions,
activities and shared leadership experiences. As part of the of the evaluation process, students
will be able to participate in identifying each others strengths and weaknesses with the use of a
SWOT analysis.
4. Objectives
Outlined are the Aims and Learning
outcomes of The Training Resource.
Aims
To gain an understanding of Entrepreneurial
Leadership and the key principles that
underpin this leadership style.
Learning Outcomes
To identify key global issues relating to
SEERS and the supply chain.
To demonstrate and express an
understanding of the skills and
characteristics associated with
entrepreneurial leadership.
Analyse self audit materials and complete a
plan of action to allow you to remedy any
skills shortages.
5. The Organisation
Asda is the second largest supermarket in the UK, owned by Walmart since
1999. Asda has 525 stores across the UK and employs over 175,000
people.
In 1989 Asda launched George clothing line and it is now sold in 560 stores
and through George.com which is one of the fastest growing online fashion
businesses serving over 800,000 customers a week.
The George range of clothing exclusive to Asda has contributed to changing
the face of fashion. George is one of the largest fashion retailers in Britain.
www.asdasupplier.com/about-us/about-asda
http://corporate.asda.com/our-story/company-facts
6. The George clothing range is primarily manufactured in Bangladesh.
In Bangladesh the textile industry accounts for 80% of its exports and
approximately 20% of the countries GDP (Gross Domestic Product).
Due to this rapidly expanding garment industry sector these figures are
set to rise annually by 6.7% as the demand grows for low cost fashion.
Manufacturers primarily produce garments for High street stores such
as Primark, Matalan, Asda, Zara, Gap, Mango Benetton, H&M and
many more.
7. Suppliers and Sourcing The Issues
Darka is Bangladesh's Capital city and is central to their expanding garment
industry. Bangladesh has a population of 15 million of which it is estimated that
4 million are directly employed in the industry with
an additional eight million being indirectly involved in the garment industry.
Asda has a sustainable supply chain strategy, whilst it is committed to improving
the safety and welfare of workers in the supply chain, equally important is the
focus on social and environmental issues.
Asda has adopted the standards of Bureau Veritas Safety Assessment all
garment factories in Bangladesh that supply their garments must comply with
these standards.
From 2013 Bureau Veritas is responsible for Building , Electrical and Fire
Safety Audits.
http://direct.asda.com/george/sourcedbygeorge,default,pg.html
8. Entrepreneurial Leadership What Is It?
Traditionally Leadership studies and entrepreneurial Research have been perceived as two fields of studies
with numerous definitions for each, however there is a conceptual overlap. The study of leadership and
entrepreneurship is rarely studied in unison. If firstly we take an overview of leadership and an often cited
definition such as “Leadership is the process of directing the behaviour of others toward the
accomplishment of some objective” Certo and Certo (2014).
Mullins (2013) suggest “leadership is essentially a relationship through which one person influences the
behaviour or actions of other people” academics acknowledge common characteristics of leadership such
as, leadership involves non coercive influence, influence is goal directed and that leadership requires
followers, Greenberg (2013).
Stevenson & Gumpert (1985) cited in Entrepreneurial Leadership: What Is It and How Should It Be Taught
(2011) that general leadership consists of strategic vision coupled with the ability to motivate others through
the systems, processes and culture of an organisation, Kotter(1990).
9. continuedContinued
Also that "Entrepreneurship is the pursuit of opportunity beyond the resources one currently controls
(Stevenson & Gumpert,1985).
In the article Entrepreneurial Leadership: What Is It and How Should It Be Taught (2011) Entrepreneurial
Leadership is considered to be a fusion of the two constructs. Entrepreneurial Leadership is a style of
leadership therefore that incorporates an opportunistic mind set whilst demonstrating a strategic vision and
an ability to influence and motivate others.
This style of leadership requires a different logic to decision making within business, whilst also recognising
social and economic opportunity to enable value creation for the organisation.
10. ENTREPRENEURIAL
LEADERSHIP
Entrepreneurial Leadership is defined as a fusion of two
constructs Stevenson & Gumpert,1985 (cited in
Entrepreneurial Leadership; What is it And How Should It Be
Taught, 2011) Firstly the concept generally is that
“entrepreneurship is the pursuit of opportunity beyond the
resources one currently controls” (Stevenson &
Gumpert,1985). Secondly also cited in the same article
“General Leadership consists of strategic vision coupled with
the ability to influence and motivate others through systems,
processes and culture of an organisation (Kofter,1990) cited in
the same article.
11. VISION
OPPORTUNITY-FOCUS
INFLUENCE
PLANNING
MOTIVATING OTHERS
ACHIEVEMENT ORIENTATED
CREATIVITY
FLEXIBILITY
PATIENCE
PERSISTENCE
RISK TAKING
HIGH TOLERANCE OF AMBIGUITY
TENACITY
SELF CONFIDENCE
POWER ORIENTATION
PROACTIVE
INTERNAL FOCUS OF CONTROL
The skills attributed to
Entrepreneurial Leadership
are founded from overlaps
between Entrepreneurship
and Leadership, the two
fields of study converge to
identify the following a
recognised skills;
Becherr,Medenhall and Eickoff 2008;Cogliser and
Brigham 2004; Fernald, Solomon and Tarbishy
2005;;Thornberry 2006). Cited in Understanding and
Measuring Entrepreneurial Leadership Style, Journal of
Small Business Management 2015 53 (1),pp,54-74
14. What Is Cognitive
Ambidexterity?
This is the first principle of Entrepreneurial Leadership and refers to
a different way of thinking and taking action to achieve
organisational objectives.
Engaging in prediction logic as stated by Fixon & Ray (2011) as a
method of thinking and planning future goals, using analysis and
reflection of past outcomes, whereby creation logic is centred
around uncertainty in unknowable situations.
Learning to be cognitively ambidextrous as an Entrepreneurial
Leader and engaging both prediction logic and creation logic when
making decisions enables an organisation to have a competitive
advantage, adapt and be flexible to changing operating business
environments.
At different stages of organisation development the need to amend
strategies to fit with the organisational objectives is necessary for
continued growth.
Entrepreneurial Leaders can distinguish between when to rely on
data and when to be creative and innovative.
Greiners growth model outlines different stages of organisational
growth. ( Greiners Growth Model 1972).
15. Cognitive Ambidexterity
Principles of a Prediction Approach
Goals are predetermined and achievable given
known information.
Enough information is known for rigorous analysis and
testing.
Tools and frameworks are available to guide decision
making.
Optimal solutions are identifiable within a given set of
constraints.
Through analysis, risk can be minimized
or mitigated to achieve optimal returns.
Outside organization are seen as
competitors and barriers to growth.
Adapted from Dew et al.2008; Greenberg et al. 2009; and Sarasvathy 2008.
16. If perceived resource needs are beyond your
control, start to create something with what you
have.
When the future is unpredictable, create the
future by shaping opportunities.
When operating with limited information, take
action in the world to acquire information but
expect and leverage surprises or failures.
Optimal decision making is never possible in
highly uncertain environments. By starting
something with current available means, you are
“satisficing” to take swift action.
Determine what you are willing to lose (money,
time, and social capital) to engage in the activity.
Once you know what you re willing to lose, risk is
no longer a inhibitor to entrepreneurial action.
Outside organisations, customers, and self
selected stakeholders are co-creators and not
competitors.
Adapted from Dew etal.2008; Greenberg et al,2009; and Sarasvathy
2008.
Principles of a Creation Approach to Thought and Action
18. SEERS AND The Supply Chain
In todays volatile business climate organisations consider how
profitability and value can be created by addressing issues such as the
social impact of business activity, environmental and economic
considerations whilst also demonstrating that the organisation is
accountable, responsible and sustainable. All of which may seem like an
exhaustive task which involves organisations taking action to remedy
these issues, in order to capitalise on the opportunity they present .
Organisations continue to be under pressure to increase value for
stakeholders and as Freeman(2010) would suggest stakeholder theory is
concerned with the involvement of its customers suppliers, investors,
employees and communities integrating and sustaining relationships as
part of the community with a shared sense of what is valuable.
19. Worldview
Principle 2 SEERS
The SEERS principle of entrepreneurial leadership
focuses on the organisational leader or Manager
demonstrating a commitment to social, environmental,
economic, responsibility and sustainability.
In the Article Focusing On Value: Reconciling Corporate
Social Responsibility and Stakeholder Approach in a Network
World (2003) Wheeler, Colbert and Freeman identify two
models that have particular relevance to the understanding
of business Value and the different facets it incorporates.
Whilst there are numerous models demonstrating concepts
of ethics and CSR ( Corporate Social Responsibility) and how
it can be embraced by organisations to create value.
20. Continued
The US Committee for Economic Development,
in 1971, described Corporate Social
Responsibility as: (i) related to products, jobs and
economic growth; (ii) related to social
expectations; and (iii) related to activities aimed
at improving the social environment of the firm.
Sethis 1975 three level model included: (i) social
obligation ( a response to legal and market
constraints; (ii) Social Responsibility ( congruent
with societal norms); and (iii) Social Responsive
adaptive, anticipatory and preventative (Journal
of General Management
Vol 28 3 2003).
Addition Sources
http://www.oecd.org/
https://www.unglobalcompact.
org/
https://www.globalreporting.or
g/information/sustainability-
reporting/Pages/default.aspx
22. What is Self Awareness And How does it Assist in
Entrepreneurial Leadership
Greenberg (2011) in "The New Entrepreneurial Leader" argues that an
acute awareness of ones self is key to being an entrepreneurial Leader,
being conscious of our own capabilities enables personal development
and assists in fuelling our passion for the causes, projects or
innovations we believe in.
Utilising a reflective process to assess are Leadership Qualities and
organisational relationships which enables a leader to adapt, change,
overcome, whilst also realising potential.
23. Action
Relating to yourself Discuss In
Groups the following Professional
Behaviours.
http://www.corporate-entrepreneurs.com/wp-
content/uploads/2015/10/Entrepreneurial-Audit-Data-Sheet-2015.pdf
http://www.surveygizmo.com/s3/1129604/Entrepreneurial-Audit-Self-Assessment
24.
25. In The Face Of Globalisation How To Embrace A New
Type Of Leadership?
Watch Babson Education Video Clip
https://www.youtube.com/watch?V=Imm9HgsYVIY
26. Group Activity
Activity 1.
Analyse the Nike Case study and identify the ethical, responsible and
accountable behaviours which led to the Company being Transformational.
Activity 2.
Read the Rana Plaza Case study and utilising and incorporating SEERS
into organisational strategies when sourcing in Bangladesh how could the
Rana Plaza Tragedy been avoided ?
27. Nike & Rana Plaza Case Studies
Here are two case studies in groups discuss the following:
How have Entrepreneurial Leadership skills changed the way Nike operated its supply
chain.
How are economic and social opportunity realised by implementing SEERS into their
supply chain strategies?
Using the SWOT analysis Template with one for each case study assess Entrepreneurial
Leadership from a SEERS perspective and comment on the strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities and Threats for this organisational strategy.
Using 250 to 500 words summarise how this strategy added business value to each
organisation Nike and Asda.
http://nbs.net/knowledge/just-do-it-how-nike-turned-disclosure-into-an-opportunity/
Https://www.gov.uk/government/case-studies/the-rana-plaza-disaster
28.
29. Group Activity
In groups of about 8 persons work on ideas for ethical decision-making use
information about from either case study for the activity.
1. Identify problems the entrepreneur might encounter in running this business in an ethical
manner.
2. Develop a 10-point code of ethics for the business.
3. Discuss policies and procedures appropriate for this business that would support the code of
ethics.
4. List as many ethical problems as possible that might be faced by employees during a normal
work day. Discuss the possible solutions for the problems. Consider how a procedure guide might
help employees to make the best decisions.
5. Members of the group should then role-play the process of handling an ethical issue with a
customer, with a supplier, with a competitor, and with the son of the owner. Discuss the results of
the role-playing exercise. If necessary you may want to modify your code of ethics at this time.
6. Each group should present their code of ethics to the class and discuss major outcomes of their
discussion.
Source: PACE, available from the Centre on Education and Training for Employment, The Ohio
State University, Columbus, OH. 1-614-292-4277.
30. • Identify key principles of
Entrepreneurial Leadership
1
• Explore situations where SEERS
would Improve the decision
process.
2
• Work in groups to discuss
previous Entrepreneurial
Leadership experiences
3
Learning Overview
31. Additional Reading & Sources of
Information Relating to SEERS
http://corporate-citizenship.com/wp-
content/uploads/Adding-Value-Report-Final.pdf
https://legacy.wlu.ca/documents/26179/Wheeler_
Colbert_%26_Freeman_2003_-
_Focusing_on_Value.pdf
Freeman, R. E., ‘Business Ethics at the
Millennium’, Business
Ethics Quarterly, 10, No. 1, 2000, pp. 169-180
32. References
Asda Company Facts [Online Resource] [Retrieved 14th Nov 2016]
http://corporate.asda.com/our/story/company-facts
Asda Supplier About Asda [Online Resource] [Retrieved 30thOct 2016]
http://www.asaa.supplier.com/about-us/about-asda.
Babson Executive And Enterprise Education [Online Resource] [Retrieved 18th Nov 2016]
https://www.babson.edu/executive-education/Pages/home.aspx
Becherr,Medenhall and Eickoff 2008;Cogliser and Brigham 2004; Fernald, Solomon and
Tarbishy 2005;;Thornberry 2006). Understanding and Measuring Entrepreneurial Leadership
Style, Journal of Small Business Management 2015 53 (1),pp,54-74
Bushra Tobah (2012) Just Do It: How Nike Turned a Supply chain crisis into Opportunity
[Online Resource] [Retrieved 11th Nov 2016] http://nbs.net/knowledge/just-do-it-how-nike-
turned-disclosure-into-an-opportunity/
Certo,S.C.,& Certo,S.T.(2014).Modern Management: Concepts And Skills (13th ed). England:
Pearson
Dew et al (2008), Greenberg et al(2009),and Sarasvathy (2008) No Title. Manchester
Metropolitan University, PowerPoint Slides Nov 2016 In Entrepreneurial Leadership
Entrepreneurial Audit [Online Resource] [Retrieved 10th Nov 2016] http://www.corporate-
entrepreneurs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Entrepreneurial-Audit-Data-Sheet-2015.pdf
Freeman,R.E.(2000).Business Ethics At The Millenium.Business Ethics Quarterly, vol 10
(1),pp.169-180
33. REFERENCES CONTINUED
Freeman,R.E.(2010).Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach. New York:
Cambridge University Press
George Welcome to Sourced By George [Online Resource] [Retrieved 1st Dec 2016]
http://direct.asda.com/George/sourcedbygeorge,default,pg.html
Global Repoting.org [Online Resource] [Retrieved 8th Nov 2016]
http://www.globalreporting.org/information/sustainability-
reporting/pages/default.aspx
Greiner,L.E.,(1997).Evolution And Revolution As Organisations Grow.1972.Harvard
Business Review,76 (3),pp.55-60
Greenberg,D.,Mckone-Sweet,K.,Wilson,H.J.(2011). The New Entrepreneurial
Leader.San Francisco:Berrett-Koehler Publishers,Inc.
Kolb,A.Y.& Kolb,D.A.,(2012).Experiential Learning Theory. In Encyclopaedia of the
Sciences of Learning (pp.1215-1219.US Springer
Kotter,J.P.(1990). A Force For Change; How Leadership Differs From Management:
New York: The Free Press
Mullins,L.J.(2013).Management And Organisational Behaviour(10th ed).England:
Pearson
OECD.Org [Online Resource] [Retrieved 14th Nov 2016] http://www.oecd.org/
34. References Continued
Piercy, N. and Giles, W., 1989. Making SWOT analysis work. Marketing Intelligence &
Planning, 7(5/6), pp.5-7.
The Rana Plaza Disaster, Human Rights and Democracy Report 2013,Human Rights
Internationally and Bangladesh [Online Resource] [Retrieved 11th Nov 2016]
Https://www.gov.uk/government/case-studies/the-rana-plaza-disaster
UN Global Compact Online Resource Retrieved Nov 2016 from
http://www.unglobalcompact.org/
US Committee For Economic Development [Online Resource] [Retrieved 25th Nov
2016] https://www.ced.org/
Wheeler,D,Colbert,B.& Freeman R,E,(2003) Focusing On Value: Reconciling
Corporate Social Resposibility,Sustainability and Stakeholder Approach In a
Network World Journal of General Management 28 (3) [Online Resource] [Retrieved
24th Nov 2016]
https://legacy.wlu.ca/documents/26179/Wheeler_Colbert_%26_Freeman_2003_-
_Focusing_on_Value.pdf