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1. Enterotoxemia

2. • Introduction
• Enterotoxemia, also known as "overeating disease" or "pulpy
kidney disease," is a fatal disease in ruminants caused by
toxins produced by Clostridium perfringens bacteria. It
primarily affects calves, lambs, goats, and other livestock
consuming high-energy diets.

3. • Etiology (Cause)
• Causative Agent: Clostridium perfringens (Types C and D)
• Toxin Production:
• Type C: Produces Beta toxin, leading to hemorrhagic enteritis.
• Type D: Produces Epsilon toxin, affecting the nervous system and
kidneys.
• Triggering Factors:
• Sudden increase in carbohydrate-rich diets (grain, lush pasture,
milk).
• Rapid bacterial multiplication in the gut, releasing toxins.

4. • Clinical Signs
• Acute Form:
• Sudden death (often without visible signs).
• Nervous signs (convulsions, head pressing, opisthotonus).
• Frothing at the mouth, difficulty breathing.
• Subacute/Chronic Form:
• Diarrhea (often bloody in Type C cases).
• Abdominal pain, bloating.
• Lethargy, weakness, and loss of appetite.

5. • Diagnosis
• Clinical History: Sudden death in well-fed animals.
• Post-Mortem Findings:
• Pulpy, swollen kidneys (Type D).
• Hemorrhagic intestines (Type C).
• Pericardial effusion (fluid around the heart).

6. • Treatment
• Antibiotics (limited success): Penicillin, tetracyclines.
• Anti-Toxin Serum: Effective if administered early.
• Supportive Therapy:
• IV fluids for dehydration.
• Probiotics to restore gut flora.
• Activated charcoal to absorb toxins

7. •Vaccination:
•Clostridial vaccines (toxoid) given to pregnant animals before parturition.
•Booster doses for young animals.
•Dietary Management:
•Gradual introduction of high-energy feeds.
•Ensure adequate fiber intake.
•Hygiene & Biosecurity:
•Proper sanitation in feeding areas.
•Avoid overfeeding with grains and rich pastures.