Pervious pavements are widely used in stormwater management practices due to their porosity.
However, the longevity and infiltration capacity could be greatly reduced with time due to
clogging issues. DakeRechsand manufactures pervious bricks from desert sand based on
principle of surface-free energy treatment. The pavers are made from desert sand that can
withstand against temperatures as high as 100 degrees Celsius and also handling freeze-thaw
cycle testing. This product range contains silica as the base material, has good anti-slippery
performance when wet. And observations showed that the there is less chance of black ice
formation on the brick surface, due to air-permeable propertities of the material. The company
has completed hundreds of projects mainly in China. Utilizing breathable desert sand using the
surface free energy is something not mastered before and DakeRechsand introduces an ecofriendly, sediment-free, recyclable, and much efficient technology to enhance rainwater
harvesting and water conservation.
This document is prepared for our major project submission for B.tech degree. the project deals with improvement of compressive strength of pervious concrete with out affecting its permeability property much.
Pervious concrete is a zero-slump, open graded material consisting of hydraulic cement, coarse aggregate, admixtures and water. Because pervious concrete contains little or no fine
aggregates such as sand, it is sometimes referred to as “no-fines” concrete. It is a special type of concrete having a high void content of about 30%, is becoming popular nowadays due to its potential to reduce the runoff to the drainage systems which can provide a water flow rate around 0.34 cm/second.
Problem 6 Like most civil engineering materials, asphalt concrete has.pdfajayelectronics
Problem 6 Like most civil engineering materials, asphalt concrete has upsides and downsides in
terms of sustainability. The Calkins text outlines many of these in Chapter 8. Often, asphalt\'s
downsides can be mitigated by alternative practices or materials Provide a discussion of one
potential environmental issue related to asphalt (A)Discuss one aspect of traditional asphalt
concrete that is unsustainable (environmentally, economically, etc.) (B) Discuss two potential
means/methods for mitigating or eliminating the issue described in (A)
Solution
Asphalt concrete is extensively used to build roads. Asphalt concrete mainly contains asphalt
which is used as a binder and some other aggregate of minerals. Asphalt layer is laid upon a base
of gravel layer to construct a stiff and dependable road. Asphalt can be categorized into different
categories depending on the laying temperature of the asphalt.
advantages of asphalt :-
Asphalt is used for highways having high volume of traffic. These roads are lower in cost and
produce lower noise making it more suitable for regular usage with safety. It also offers higher
traffic speed and is easy to repair as well
disadvantages of asphalt :-
However, Asphalt roads are less durable and become soft in hot weathers. Higher temperatures
can soft down the asphalt binder making the roads softer. Thus a heavy load on such soft surface
can deform the surface. However, very cold temperature can cause the contraction of asphalt
resulting in the formation of cracks. Good maintenance can increase the durability of the roads. It
also reduces the cost of repairing
A and B
he networks that tie our world together are indeed vast constructions, none more so than the
roadways that tie our cities, towns and villages together. Roadways the world over are
predominantly made of asphalt, an impervious, petroleum-based substance that includes
aggregate such as sand or gravel. This same product is used in the installation of the expansive
parking lots that characterize suburban development.What makes asphalt all the more
problematic is the fact that water cannot pass through it. As a result, asphalt – in addition to
paving the world over – not only dries out the ground below it, but gradually warms the
environment in which it is used.
Beyond ecological and aesthetic complexities, asphalt’s chemical makeup also represents a very
real threat in both the short and long term. For one thing, asphalt has very high thermal mass
properties through which it can retain heat generated from the sun. Said heat is slowly released
from pavement over time, creating the heat island effect, which is responsible for increasing
temperatures in some cities by as much as ten per cent relative to surrounding rural areas.
Because asphalt is manufactured out of oil, moreover, it releases substantial volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) during its production, including carcinogens benzene and toluene. Due to
the intricate molecular structure of such compounds.
Construction and demolition waste constitutes a major portion of total solid waste production in the world, and most of it is used in land fills. One way of profitable use of wastes is the possibility of treating and reusing as aggregates in new concrete. In this paper, construction and demolition Wastes, have been studied for effective utilization in concrete. The study objective was to determine the quality of recycled aggregate such as the crushing value, absorption, density, attainable grade of concrete, and establishing the structural properties of the fresh as well as hardened concrete. The study was achieved by doing different tests on the recycled aggregates, Specimens preparation and assessment of properties of concrete in both fresh and hardened states.
Productivity Development in the Construction Industry by International Compar...civejjour
A downward trend on productivity growth rates has been observed since the 1970s of the twentieth century
for construction sectors of western industrial countries. Despite conflicting evidence, numerous recent
economic studies on growth research suggest that innovation and technology are significant drivers for
productivity and growth. According to the OECD the lack or low level of employees' skills and qualifications
might be in different ways a possible explanation for the observed slowdown of productivity growth. In this
context, intrafirm behaviour has long been recognized as a potentially important driver for productivity.
Results from surveys show that management practices have become more structured, in the sense of involving
more data collection and analysis. Furthermore, a strong positive correlation between the measured
management quality and firm performance can be observed. Studies suggest that there is a positive
association between human skills and productivity
Enhancing Rainwater Harvesting through Pervious Pavement System Based on the ...civejjour
Pervious pavements are widely used in stormwater management practices due to their porosity.
However, the longevity and infiltration capacity could be greatly reduced with time due to
clogging issues. DakeRechsand manufactures pervious bricks from desert sand based on
principle of surface-free energy treatment. The pavers are made from desert sand that can
withstand against temperatures as high as 100 degrees Celsius and also handling freeze-thaw
cycle testing. This product range contains silica as the base material, has good anti-slippery
performance when wet. And observations showed that the there is less chance of black ice
formation on the brick surface, due to air-permeable propertities of the material. The company
has completed hundreds of projects mainly in China. Utilizing breathable desert sand using the
surface free energy is something not mastered before and DakeRechsand introduces an ecofriendly, sediment-free, recyclable, and much efficient technology to enhance rainwater
harvesting and water conservation.
More Related Content
Similar to Enhancing Rainwater Harvesting through Pervious Pavement System Based on the Principle of Surface Free Energy
This document is prepared for our major project submission for B.tech degree. the project deals with improvement of compressive strength of pervious concrete with out affecting its permeability property much.
Pervious concrete is a zero-slump, open graded material consisting of hydraulic cement, coarse aggregate, admixtures and water. Because pervious concrete contains little or no fine
aggregates such as sand, it is sometimes referred to as “no-fines” concrete. It is a special type of concrete having a high void content of about 30%, is becoming popular nowadays due to its potential to reduce the runoff to the drainage systems which can provide a water flow rate around 0.34 cm/second.
Problem 6 Like most civil engineering materials, asphalt concrete has.pdfajayelectronics
Problem 6 Like most civil engineering materials, asphalt concrete has upsides and downsides in
terms of sustainability. The Calkins text outlines many of these in Chapter 8. Often, asphalt\'s
downsides can be mitigated by alternative practices or materials Provide a discussion of one
potential environmental issue related to asphalt (A)Discuss one aspect of traditional asphalt
concrete that is unsustainable (environmentally, economically, etc.) (B) Discuss two potential
means/methods for mitigating or eliminating the issue described in (A)
Solution
Asphalt concrete is extensively used to build roads. Asphalt concrete mainly contains asphalt
which is used as a binder and some other aggregate of minerals. Asphalt layer is laid upon a base
of gravel layer to construct a stiff and dependable road. Asphalt can be categorized into different
categories depending on the laying temperature of the asphalt.
advantages of asphalt :-
Asphalt is used for highways having high volume of traffic. These roads are lower in cost and
produce lower noise making it more suitable for regular usage with safety. It also offers higher
traffic speed and is easy to repair as well
disadvantages of asphalt :-
However, Asphalt roads are less durable and become soft in hot weathers. Higher temperatures
can soft down the asphalt binder making the roads softer. Thus a heavy load on such soft surface
can deform the surface. However, very cold temperature can cause the contraction of asphalt
resulting in the formation of cracks. Good maintenance can increase the durability of the roads. It
also reduces the cost of repairing
A and B
he networks that tie our world together are indeed vast constructions, none more so than the
roadways that tie our cities, towns and villages together. Roadways the world over are
predominantly made of asphalt, an impervious, petroleum-based substance that includes
aggregate such as sand or gravel. This same product is used in the installation of the expansive
parking lots that characterize suburban development.What makes asphalt all the more
problematic is the fact that water cannot pass through it. As a result, asphalt – in addition to
paving the world over – not only dries out the ground below it, but gradually warms the
environment in which it is used.
Beyond ecological and aesthetic complexities, asphalt’s chemical makeup also represents a very
real threat in both the short and long term. For one thing, asphalt has very high thermal mass
properties through which it can retain heat generated from the sun. Said heat is slowly released
from pavement over time, creating the heat island effect, which is responsible for increasing
temperatures in some cities by as much as ten per cent relative to surrounding rural areas.
Because asphalt is manufactured out of oil, moreover, it releases substantial volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) during its production, including carcinogens benzene and toluene. Due to
the intricate molecular structure of such compounds.
Construction and demolition waste constitutes a major portion of total solid waste production in the world, and most of it is used in land fills. One way of profitable use of wastes is the possibility of treating and reusing as aggregates in new concrete. In this paper, construction and demolition Wastes, have been studied for effective utilization in concrete. The study objective was to determine the quality of recycled aggregate such as the crushing value, absorption, density, attainable grade of concrete, and establishing the structural properties of the fresh as well as hardened concrete. The study was achieved by doing different tests on the recycled aggregates, Specimens preparation and assessment of properties of concrete in both fresh and hardened states.
Productivity Development in the Construction Industry by International Compar...civejjour
A downward trend on productivity growth rates has been observed since the 1970s of the twentieth century
for construction sectors of western industrial countries. Despite conflicting evidence, numerous recent
economic studies on growth research suggest that innovation and technology are significant drivers for
productivity and growth. According to the OECD the lack or low level of employees' skills and qualifications
might be in different ways a possible explanation for the observed slowdown of productivity growth. In this
context, intrafirm behaviour has long been recognized as a potentially important driver for productivity.
Results from surveys show that management practices have become more structured, in the sense of involving
more data collection and analysis. Furthermore, a strong positive correlation between the measured
management quality and firm performance can be observed. Studies suggest that there is a positive
association between human skills and productivity
Enhancing Rainwater Harvesting through Pervious Pavement System Based on the ...civejjour
Pervious pavements are widely used in stormwater management practices due to their porosity.
However, the longevity and infiltration capacity could be greatly reduced with time due to
clogging issues. DakeRechsand manufactures pervious bricks from desert sand based on
principle of surface-free energy treatment. The pavers are made from desert sand that can
withstand against temperatures as high as 100 degrees Celsius and also handling freeze-thaw
cycle testing. This product range contains silica as the base material, has good anti-slippery
performance when wet. And observations showed that the there is less chance of black ice
formation on the brick surface, due to air-permeable propertities of the material. The company
has completed hundreds of projects mainly in China. Utilizing breathable desert sand using the
surface free energy is something not mastered before and DakeRechsand introduces an ecofriendly, sediment-free, recyclable, and much efficient technology to enhance rainwater
harvesting and water conservation.
Stormwater Runoff Treatment and Infiltration via Silica-Sand based Pervious P...civejjour
Stormwater runoff samples were collected from a roadway in Beijing and were analysed for turbidity, pH,
TSS, TDS, COD, TP, TN, as well as metals Pb, Al, Zn, Fe, Cd, and Mn. The results showed that runoff
pollutant concentrations were relatively high. TSS, Zn, Fe, and Al concentrations exceeded the benchmark
values set by USEPA, indicating a high level of concern about impairing receiving water quality and the
need for pollution prevention measures. Also, most pollutant concentrations exceeded the those in
Nationwide Urban Runoff Program (NURP) study. The collected runoff samples were treated through two
bench-scale facilities composed of sand-based pervious bricks, subbase materials, and two types of
500mm-thick subsoils. The infiltration capacity of the brick is above 0.025 cm/s, and good water retention
and recharge properties was achieved with the help of subbase and subsoils. On the other hand, the
average removal of TSS, TP, and TN reached 81.8%, 64.1%, and 64.4%, respectively. The average
removal rates of Pb, Al, Zn, Fe, and Cd also reached 50%-99.2%. The sand-based pervious brick is
featured with micron-level pores. The paver system significantly reduced stormwater runoff pollutant
concentrations and good removal rates were acheived comparing to many pervious pavers with larger
pores.
The Impact of Aspect Ratio on the Behaviour of Rigid Water Storage Tankscivejjour
Ubiquitous reinforced concrete water storage tanks are quite popular and widely used in Palestine as in
elsewhere in the world; they form pivotal components of major bulk-water carrier systems. In essence, they
form lifelines to many communities; the water storage concept is as old as civilization itself. Location and
land availability often dictate the topology of the tank’s structure. They may be either shallow and stubby
or deep yet slender or anywhere in between having an aspect ratio dictated by overall site conditions. In
all cases adequate structural analysis is mandatory.
The Dynamics of Man's History and Economic Development: A Refocus on Ecologic...civejjour
Man’s history and developmental endeavour have been advancing alongside a trail of
ecological ramifications and climate change. Since prehistoric times, scientists have not
recorded an accelerated shift in ecology during any other epoch beside that of modern man
on the planet. The paper seeks to explore how man’s history and development affects ecology
and climate. It uses desk analysis to recollect data from global assessment reports and runs a
One paired Sample Means t-Test, 1 tailed, 8 df, at Pearson Correlation value 0.458 and 0.5
level. Findings show that, there is global climate change, seen in global warming trends; and
imbalance in ecological footprint, seen in depletion of air, water and land sinks. The t-Test
reveals significant net loss of global forest cover. The study also, found that at present,
processes of development generally tend to damage ecology. Therefore, the study
recommends a refocus to sustainable means of development.
Cost Effective Methods in Construction Engineeringcivejjour
The economic impact of construction cost overrun is a possible loss of the economic justification for the
project. The financial impact of a cost overrun results in demand for construction investment credits.
Therefore reliable estimates of construction cost are an important aspect to the contemporary construction
companies especially during the conceptual phase of lifecycle management. In this paper a cost-effective
analysis is done using one of the cost effective construction technique called Rat Trap Bond versus Flemish
bond and when estimated with CPWD 2012 schedule of rates it is proved that Low cost techniques such as
rat trap bond provides better cost effectiveness as compared to conventional Flemish bond construction
method.
Geotechnical Characterization on the Soyo Road Section using Electrical Resis...civejjour
The need for near-surface soils and rocks characterization at planned construction sites, using geophysical
techniques, has grown rapidly during the last few decades to map the variations in the soil stiffness and the
depth to bedrock. Although borehole data are important in geotechnical engineering, providing
information on stability and strength of soils and rocks, it is limited to a few points. To take borehole data
on the hole construction site becomes necessary increase the borehole density, which makes the project
very expensive. Geophysical techniques have the advantage in collecting information of large volume of
soils and rocks in its natural state. The Soyo Road was opened to traffic in 2017 but, due to the lack on
soils and rocks physic-mechanical properties information, there is still to complete a section of about 700
meters in the mangrove zone. Geophysical techniques were applied with the main goal of providing
technical information, essential for the completion of the targeted road section. Electrical resistivity data
was recorded along a profile of 820m long, using forty-two electrodes20-meter spaced, under pole-dipole
array. Seismic measurements were taken using twenty-four geophones, 5-meter spaced, 115-meter length
spread. Five seismic spreads were connected, generating a seismic line of 575-meters long. Measured
geophysical data were processed using EarthImager 2D, SeisImager/2D and SeisImager/SWpackages.
Electrical resistivity section shows two zones, the first associated with unconsolidated and/or poorly
consolidated soils, composed by clay, silt, sandy, carbonated rocks mixed with sloth and organic clay and,
the second associated with rock, composed by clay, all them saturated with marine saltwater. Seismic
refraction section shows an interface separating non-compacted soils and unconsolidated rocks to
compacted soils. Multi-channel analysis of surface waves model shows an alternating sequence of
horizontal horizons in the investigated first ≈25-meter depth, composed by non-compacted soils and/or
unconsolidated rocks and compacted soils. Due to its shear velocity values the site is constituted by soft
and stiff soils, composed by homogeneous organic matter and elements of mineral origin, responsible for
the ruptures and landslides that occurred and for the sinking of the structures built on the site.
The Impact of Aspect Ratio on the Behaviour of Rigid Water Storage Tankscivejjour
Ubiquitous reinforced concrete water storage tanks are quite popular and widely used in Palestine as in
elsewhere in the world; they form pivotal components of major bulk-water carrier systems. In essence, they
form lifelines to many communities; the water storage concept is as old as civilization itself. Location and
land availability often dictate the topology of the tank’s structure. They may be either shallow and stubby
or deep yet slender or anywhere in between having an aspect ratio dictated by overall site conditions. In
all cases adequate structural analysis is mandatory.
Incorporating Participatory Planning and Quality Function Deployment in Urban...civejjour
Urban Planning is a technical process concerned with the control of the use of land and design of urban
environment to guide and ensure the orderly development of settlements and communities. Outcomes from
the urban planning process are detailed plans. In Bahrain the detailed plans are developed through a
lengthy two-stage process, namely, design and implementation. During this lengthy process the documented
design variations were found to be the main cause for implementation delay. In addition, it was discovered
that land owners exclusion from the urban planning process caused major disagreements, between the
urban planning authorities and the land owners. Accordingly, this paper presents an investigation into the
applied urban planning process in Bahrain, and proposes a solution that incorporates Quality Function
Deployment (QFD) technique. The study is based on face-to-face interviews, questionnaire, Delphi method,
and a case study (North Tubli). The results of this study concluded that using participatory planning and
QFD within the urban planning process enables evaluation of the different alternative plans, based on
scientific and systematic procedures. In addition, it ensures that land owners and community members
requirements are satisfied.
Biogas Technology as a Sustainable Domestic Organic Waste Management Measure ...civejjour
Solid waste management especially residential organic waste management is one of the most important
problems after the water quality in developing countries all over the world. There are many waste
management techniques for the disposal of these wastes. Attaining sustainability goals is the challenge
faced by each of these techniques. This paper presents the evaluation study of the biogas technology as a
sustainable domestic organic waste management measure. The evaluation method is detailed and the
perception of the biogas users with respect to different aspects of sustainability is presented here. The
technological benefits and bottle necks were also reviewed in this paper.
STUDYING THE EFFECTS OF AIRCRAFT NOISE AROUND ABU DHABI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT...civejjour
The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of aircraft noise pollution on community and workers’
health near Abu Dhabi International Airport. This study was conducted in residential neighborhoods and
employment areas living and working within a 25-km radius of the airport with high exposure to aircraft
noise and in matched control areas far from the airport (outside the 25-km radius) and are unaffected by
aircraft noise. Data was collected by conducting a revealed-preference face-to-face interview surveys
among the residents and the workers nea rand far from Abu Dhabi International Airport during the months
of September and December 2014. A total of 5,070 residents in both areas (2,579 near the airport and
2,492 far from the airport) and 1,995 workers in both areas (995 near the airport and 1,000 far from the
airport) were interviewed and completed the questionnaire. Binomial Logit Regression Model was used to
determine the impact of aircraft noise on community and workers’ health. After controlling for
confounders, the health of the residents adjacent to the airport who have been chronically exposed to high
aircraft noise level are found to be worse than the control group. The results show that residents from the
noise exposure area have a high level of noise stress, hypertension, headache, general disturbance, loss of
sleep/insomnia, and hearing problems than the matched control area. On the other hand, aircraft noise
pollution near Abu Dhabi Airport has no negative impact on workers adjacent to the airport. The impact of
aircraft noise on community health should not restrain the growth of air travel industry in the city as this
growth is essential and beneficial to the whole nation’s economy. The reduction of aircraft noise level in
the exposed area could be achieved by imposing policies, codes of practices, and action noise plans to
assess and evaluate land use management as an effective tool for mitigating aircraft noise. Future research
should assess community health based on self-reported physician diagnosed blood pressure; and hearing,
stress, headache diagnostic examination.
Studying the Effects of Aircraft Noise Around Abu Dhabi International Airport...civejjour
The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of aircraft noise pollution on community and workers’
health near Abu Dhabi International Airport. This study was conducted in residential neighborhoods and
employment areas living and working within a 25-km radius of the airport with high exposure to aircraft
noise and in matched control areas far from the airport (outside the 25-km radius) and are unaffected by
aircraft noise. Data was collected by conducting a revealed-preference face-to-face interview surveys
among the residents and the workers nea rand far from Abu Dhabi International Airport during the months
of September and December 2014. A total of 5,070 residents in both areas (2,579 near the airport and
2,492 far from the airport) and 1,995 workers in both areas (995 near the airport and 1,000 far from the
airport) were interviewed and completed the questionnaire. Binomial Logit Regression Model was used to
determine the impact of aircraft noise on community and workers’ health. After controlling for
confounders, the health of the residents adjacent to the airport who have been chronically exposed to high
aircraft noise level are found to be worse than the control group. The results show that residents from the
noise exposure area have a high level of noise stress, hypertension, headache, general disturbance, loss of
sleep/insomnia, and hearing problems than the matched control area. On the other hand, aircraft noise
pollution near Abu Dhabi Airport has no negative impact on workers adjacent to the airport. The impact of
aircraft noise on community health should not restrain the growth of air travel industry in the city as this
growth is essential and beneficial to the whole nation’s economy. The reduction of aircraft noise level in
the exposed area could be achieved by imposing policies, codes of practices, and action noise plans to
assess and evaluate land use management as an effective tool for mitigating aircraft noise. Future research
should assess community health based on self-reported physician diagnosed blood pressure; and hearing,
stress, headache diagnostic examination.
Evaluation of the Superplasticizer Effect on the Concrete Compressive Strengt...civejjour
Concrete is the most important material in the civil engineering. The concrete compressive strength is a
non-linear function of the concrete age and some constituents. These constituents include cement, blast
furnace slag, fly ash, superplasticizer, coarse aggregate and fine aggregate. The superplasticizers are
among elements which are important in increasing the concrete compressive strength and we are going to
analyze here using the tree-classification decision algorithm. The decision trees, usually, are used in
classification of a bunch of data. J48 is one of the most favoured ones. The decision trees are developed
using information entropy on a collection of training data. J48 is a recursive algorithm that combines the
remaining of the following data sets and continues normalizing the output data using the separation
process until a uniform classification result obtains. This article evaluates the superplasticizer effect on the
concrete compressive strength using the tree-classification decision algorithm.
Towards Innovate Methods of Construction Cost Management and Controlcivejjour
Project cost is one of the three main challenges for the construction manager, where the success of a
project is judged by meeting the criteria of cost with budget, schedule on time, and quality as specified by
the owner. Many projects experience extensive delays and thereby exceed initial time and cost estimate.
Available information, good estimating practice and experienced personnel are some of the factors found
to have considerable impact on estimation accuracy. The successful execution of construction projects and
keeping them within estimated cost and prescribed schedules depend on a methodology that requires sound
engineering judgment. So the research aim is to conduct research study and process of exploring the
existing model related to above three types of estimate and their contribution to civil engineering cost
management and control especially getting motivated with the verification and validation component of
CRASP methodology. The objective of this paper or scope of this research in this paper is to conduct
literature study and review towards exploring innovative techniques such as Artificial Intelligence
Techniques or Expert System Techniques available and applicable to make decision making or decision
support regarding construction cost management and control at three levels: (i) before the actual civil
engineering project design begins (ii) after detailed design but before execution and (iii) during project
execution
Incorporating Participatory Planning and Quality Function Deployment in Urban...civejjour
Urban Planning is a technical process concerned with the control of the use of land and design of urban
environment to guide and ensure the orderly development of settlements and communities. Outcomes from
the urban planning process are detailed plans. In Bahrain the detailed plans are developed through a
lengthy two-stage process, namely, design and implementation. During this lengthy process the documented
design variations were found to be the main cause for implementation delay. In addition, it was discovered
that land owners exclusion from the urban planning process caused major disagreements, between the
urban planning authorities and the land owners. Accordingly, this paper presents an investigation into the
applied urban planning process in Bahrain, and proposes a solution that incorporates Quality Function
Deployment (QFD) technique. The study is based on face-to-face interviews, questionnaire, Delphi method,
and a case study (North Tubli). The results of this study concluded that using participatory planning and
QFD within the urban planning process enables evaluation of the different alternative plans, based on
scientific and systematic procedures. In addition, it ensures that land owners and community members
requirements are satisfied.
Biogas Technology as a Sustainable Domestic Organic Waste Management Measure ...civejjour
Solid waste management especially residential organic waste management is one of the most important
problems after the water quality in developing countries all over the world. There are many waste
management techniques for the disposal of these wastes. Attaining sustainability goals is the challenge
faced by each of these techniques. This paper presents the evaluation study of the biogas technology as a
sustainable domestic organic waste management measure. The evaluation method is detailed and the
perception of the biogas users with respect to different aspects of sustainability is presented here. The
technological benefits and bottle necks were also reviewed in this paper.
Studying the Effects of Aircraft Noise Around Abu Dhabi International Airport...civejjour
The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of aircraft noise pollution on community and workers’
health near Abu Dhabi International Airport. This study was conducted in residential neighborhoods and
employment areas living and working within a 25-km radius of the airport with high exposure to aircraft
noise and in matched control areas far from the airport (outside the 25-km radius) and are unaffected by
aircraft noise. Data was collected by conducting a revealed-preference face-to-face interview surveys
among the residents and the workers nea rand far from Abu Dhabi International Airport during the months
of September and December 2014. A total of 5,070 residents in both areas (2,579 near the airport and
2,492 far from the airport) and 1,995 workers in both areas (995 near the airport and 1,000 far from the
airport) were interviewed and completed the questionnaire. Binomial Logit Regression Model was used to
determine the impact of aircraft noise on community and workers’ health. After controlling for
confounders, the health of the residents adjacent to the airport who have been chronically exposed to high
aircraft noise level are found to be worse than the control group. The results show that residents from the
noise exposure area have a high level of noise stress, hypertension, headache, general disturbance, loss of
sleep/insomnia, and hearing problems than the matched control area. On the other hand, aircraft noise
pollution near Abu Dhabi Airport has no negative impact on workers adjacent to the airport. The impact of
aircraft noise on community health should not restrain the growth of air travel industry in the city as this
growth is essential and beneficial to the whole nation’s economy. The reduction of aircraft noise level in
the exposed area could be achieved by imposing policies, codes of practices, and action noise plans to
assess and evaluate land use management as an effective tool for mitigating aircraft noise. Future research
should assess community health based on self-reported physician diagnosed blood pressure; and hearing,
stress, headache diagnostic examination.
Evaluation of Performance of High Calcium Fly Ash as a Mineral Filler in Mix ...civejjour
In the present research work, traditional mineral filler, high calcium Fly Ash, is used in the mix design of
micro surfacing is evaluated with possibility of replacing it with other environmental friendly and cost
effective selected fillers. The chemical analysis and material testing performed on high calcium Fly Ash
filler indicate its suitability for incorporation in the mix design. The optimum mix design for microsurfacing
Type II and Type III is determined through trial and error method. Also, the performance of a laboratory
design mix is evaluated with field application. The field experimentation indicate that the mineral filler
showed good performance for the test conducted on field after 24 hours and 6 months of application. The
results evaluated in the field for skid resistance and surface texture indicate high calcium Fly Ash can be
utilized for microsurfacing of road pavement.
Intelligent Transportation System Based Traffic Congestion Modeling for Urban...civejjour
This study attempts to make use of traffic behaviour on the aggregate level to estimate congestion on urban
arterial and sub-arterial roads of a city exhibiting heterogeneous traffic conditions by breaking the route
into independent segments and approximating the origin-destination based traffic flow behaviour of the
segments. The expected travel time in making a trip is modelled against sectional traffic characteristics
(flow and speed) at origin and destination points of road segments, and roadway and segment traffic
characteristics such as diversion routes are also tried in accounting for travel time. Predicted travel time is
then used along with free flow time to determine the state of congestion on the segments using a congestion
index (CI). A development of this kind may help in understanding traffic and congestion behaviour
practically using easily accessible inputs, limited only to the nodes, and help in improving road network
planning and management.
The Impact of Waiting Time on Pedestrian Violations at Signalized Intersectionscivejjour
The phenomenon that pedestrian violates traffic signals at intersections and crosses with danger is
universal. This study aims to find out the influence of the waiting time of pedestrians at an intersection and
the three main factors of pedestrian violations. In this study, 13 intersections and 1075 violations sample
were collected in Suzhou China, which had different maximum waiting times. The validation would use the
complementary video data. There are several factors, which have great influence on the proportion of
pedestrian violations, such as the age, sex, arrive time, red phase, conflicting traffic volume and the length
of volume crosswalks. Additionally, The significance of pedestrian maximum waiting time was highlighted
in the end. For the purpose of reducing dangerous pedestrian behaviors at signalized intersections,
minimizing waiting times is supposed to be one proper way.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Enhancing Rainwater Harvesting through Pervious Pavement System Based on the Principle of Surface Free Energy
1. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.8, No.3, September 2021
DOI:10.5121/civej.2021.8302 11
ENHANCING RAINWATER HARVESTING
THROUGH PERVIOUS PAVEMENT SYSTEM
BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF SURFACE
FREE ENERGY
Chandra Dake1
, Qin Shengyi2
and SU Yuming3
1
Dake Rechsand LLC., Dubai, UAE
2
Rechsand Ecological Environmental Technology Co., Ltd. Anqing, China and
Beijing Rechsand Science & Technology Group Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
3
State Key Laboratory of Silica Sand Utilization – US,
College Park, Maryland, USA
ABSTRACT
Pervious pavements are widely used in stormwater management practices due to their porosity.
However, the longevity and infiltration capacity could be greatly reduced with time due to
clogging issues. DakeRechsand manufactures pervious bricks from desert sand based on
principle of surface-free energy treatment. The pavers are made from desert sand that can
withstand against temperatures as high as 100 degrees Celsius and also handling freeze-thaw
cycle testing. This product range contains silica as the base material, has good anti-slippery
performance when wet. And observations showed that the there is less chance of black ice
formation on the brick surface, due to air-permeable propertities of the material. The company
has completed hundreds of projects mainly in China. Utilizing breathable desert sand using the
surface free energy is something not mastered before and DakeRechsand introduces an eco-
friendly, sediment-free, recyclable, and much efficient technology to enhance rainwater
harvesting and water conservation.
KEYWORDS
Rainwater Harvesting, DakeRechsand, Pervious Pavement, Breathable Sand, Surface free
Energy
1. INTRODUCTION
Since the Industrial Revolution, the global economic wheel moved at a much higher pace than
ever before and both the developing and developed countries prospered a lot through the fossil
fuel- based industrial economy. However, the environmental and ecological impacts of mass-
scale industrialization and fossil fuel consumption must not be ignored. Today the major
environmental catastrophes i.e. climate change, deforestation, flooding, and wildfire are
occurring, and to combat such disasters, sustainable development and innovation are the need of
the hour. As climatic changes are becoming more severe, the weather patterns i.e. wind and
precipitation in a local area also change. Since 1960 weather-related extreme events, flooding has
caused 60,000 deaths in developing countries mainly in South Asia (Anwar et al., 2019).
Sustainable infrastructural development of the urban area is unavoidable.
2. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.8, No.3, September 2021
12
Moreover, flash flooding (flooding caused by intense rainfall) is the leading cause of weather-
related disruption to the transport sector (Dawson et al., 2016). The problem of intense rainwater
accumulation on roads, streets, and driveways is acute and the main reason for this is the
impermeable surfaces of roads and urban infrastructure that prevent the infiltration of water into
the ground. Environmental calamities are becoming more intense with time and there is a need to
upgrade urban infrastructure, drainage, and pavement system to cope with the aftermath of heavy
rainfall. On July 28, 2012, 50 mm rain fell on Newcastle UK, the transport was canceled on that
day because streets were full of water and were unpassable, resultantly the event flooded 1200
homes causing £8m of direct damage to roads and pavements alone (Pregnolato et al., 2017).
Therefore, new paradigms to reduce the negative impact of impervious surfaces such as Low
Impact Development, Sustainable urban drainage systems, and Sponge City Construction, are
considered more sustainable approaches in urban stormwater management.
With storms and heavy rainfall events becoming more frequent, the storage, utilization, and
harvesting of rainwater is a sustainable option that not only reduces the runoff of water.
Stormwater management practices like permeable pavement systems not only enhance rainwater
harvesting and groundwater recharge but are also very efficient in reducing pollution discharge
associated with urban runoff (Kamali et al. 2017). In the urban road infrastructure, permeable
pavements are playing a significant role from the perspective of rainwater harvesting, water
infiltration, and recharging of groundwater which are lacking in traditional impervious asphalt
and concrete road surfaces. However pervious pavers vary in features i.e. raw material type,
porosity, weight-bearing capacity, water harvesting capacity, withstanding hot/cold temperature,
abrasion resistance, anti- slippery and lifespan. Although there are many types of pervious
pavement systems yet the basic principle of most of them is the same i.e. porosity.
1.1. Porous Pavements
For the management of stormwater runoff, porous pavement is very popular in urban
applications. Porous pavement, as the name implies, enhances the infiltration of stormwater by
passing it through the pores present in the pavement towards the storage reservoir. The structure
of porous pavement is either monolithic i.e. porous asphalt (consisting mainly of bound granular
material containing concrete and asphalt). Installing a porous pavement is a sustainable option
when it comes to stormwater management. But due to porous features, this kind of pavement also
traps sand and other particulate pollutants. Thus, they not only block the pores but also lead to
early sedimentation that reduces the infiltration rate of the pavement to unacceptable levels
(Rommel et al., 2001). The infiltration capacity of newly manufactured porous pavement is
considered to be around 4500mm/h but after 15-20 years, the infiltration capacity of many porous
pavement structures reduces a lot especially after dust accumulation, clogging, and excessive
sedimentation (Kadurupokune et al., 2009).
1.2. Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavement
The principle of permeable interlocking concrete pavement system is also based on porosity, the
pavement system consists of solid concrete paving units connect through small joints that usually
create an opening in the pavement system. The openings are usually filled with highly permeable
small-sized aggregates comprising about 5%-15% of the paver surface (Kolluru, 2014).
Permeable interlocking concrete pavement has a less obvious porous surface area as compared
with other types of permeable pavements yet the infiltration rate in PICP is quite high. An
average interlocking pavement system allows a flow rate of 2500cm/hr (Borst et al., 2010). To
some extent, PICP is considered a better choice than porous asphalt and pervious concrete
pavement system because of its high-water infiltration capacity, more groundwater recharge, and
low maintenance cost but the real issue is the sedimentation and clogging that make such storm
3. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.8, No.3, September 2021
13
management practices a little less economical and sustainable. PICP is considered far better than
porous asphalt in reducing sedimentation after stormwater runoff but years of heavy rainfall lead
to the sedimentation on the bedding rocks just below the paver joint (Lucke, 2014) ). And these
pavers actually address the removal of pollutant and also help with water. Permeable or porous
(large pore size) pavers do not treat the runoff much.
Sedimentation and clogging issues sometimes appear within two years after the installation of
porous pavement system, which not only is costly to maintain but also leads to road damage,
additional infrastructure cost associated with repair, and a general disturbance in transportation.
Fig 1: Sediment accumulation on the bedding aggregates in PICP. (Lucke, 2014)
2. DAKERECHSAND’S INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY
One sustainable way to manage stormwater is harvesting it, storing it, and then utilizing it instead
of directly discharging it into the sewers or receiving waters. This is the principle that Dake
Group is offering, but in a more technologically advanced way that brings both environmental
and economic benefits.
DakeRechsand, a collaboration between South Africa’s Dake Group and The Rechsand
Technology Group from Beijing, is a leading fast-paced holdings company with a strong,
cohesive vision aimed at creating significant scalable projects by utilizing desert aeolian sand
with new technology, new materials, new processes, and new products to create an integrated
innovation to form a sustainable solution for the world. The prime focus is on achieving
sustainability and water conservation by designing a variety of products like pervious bricks,
manholes, path makers, kerbstone, garden pavers, and even an entire road that harvest rainwater
by selectively infiltrating water based on the principle of surface free energy. All the products are
made up of desert sand, which not only reduces the dependence on asphalt-based roads but also
provides efficient raw material to utilize in future projects.
Fig 2: Breathable sand: A prime raw material used in making all paver types, manholes, bricks
by DakeRechsand
4. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.8, No.3, September 2021
14
Figure 3: A pervious paver that can be used in walkways, driveways, and park walkways
Fig 4: A highly pervious manhole, free of sedimentation and clogging maximum water infiltration rate
Fig 5: Kerbstone designed from sand and gravel, equally pervious to water.
DakeRechsand is the only company in the world that is manufacturing such patents based on the
principle of surface free energy and breathability either it’s a pervios paver or breathable sand.
The technologies are innovative and focused mainly on overcoming the drawbacks of porous
concrete/asphalt pavement by providing something more sustainable. Below listed are few
patents by DakeRechsand especially designed to harvest stormwater.
5. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.8, No.3, September 2021
15
2.1. Principle of Surface Free Energy
It is important to mention that porosity is not the backend principle of DakeRechsand
technologies. Instead, all these products function under the principle of surface free energy
allowing only water or dissolved solids with the same surface tension as water to infiltrate while
the liquid having high viscosity or high surface tension (oil, grease) cannot pass through the
surface. Today the porous concrete pavement is very common throughout the world especially in
developing countries but the problem associated with porous pavement systems as mentioned
earlier is sedimentation which is the reason developed countries are pushing away from porous
pavement to sustainably manage stormwater in the long run. In contrast, pervious pavement
based on the principle of surface free energy is not widely studied, therefore people fail to
understand the benefit it brings and rely on traditional porous concrete pavement systems. Based
on the technology used by DakeRechsand in making such effective, pervious, and clogging-
resistant pavers below are the promising advantages this technology brings.
2.2. Less Sedimentation
Sedimentation and clogging are the main issues in porous permeable pavements. Due to the
pollutant washed-off after the rain, the sand, dust, and other particles are likely to enter the pores.
Some are permanently trapped inside, thus reducing the infiltration capacity of the pavement.
Untimely clogging reduces the lifespan of a porous paver and another alarming issue is that as
sediments build up in between the pavement it reduces the capacity of the system to harvest a
high quantity of rainwater (Andres-Valeri et al., 2018). To combat the issue of sediment
accumulation, DakeRechsand provides a promising solution in the form of full-surface pervious
pavers. These pavers are with micro-scale pores and treated with high surface free energy, allow
water to pass through. In this way, dirt that remains on the surface can be easily removed by
manual, regenerative-air street sweeping and automatic sweeping methods. While in the case of
porous concrete and interlocking concrete pavement structure, the pore structure of the concrete
influence
clogging in a way that particles build up and block the interconnecting pores. Even a study stated
that the potential of clogging is associated with the tortuosity of the connected pore, greater
tortuosity results in more clogging (Razzaghmanesh et al., 2018). Therefore, DakeRechsand
introduces a clogging resistant, non-porous permeable paver with desert sand used as primary
raw material along with gravels and bonding gel which do not allow for clogging or
sedimentation.
2.3. High infiltration Capacity and Longevity
Pervious pavers designed to manage large quantities of stormwater in a short time are more
effective not only in harvesting water but also in storage and filtration. All the products designed
by DakeRechsand are highly pervious to stormwater with more infiltration capacity than
traditional porous asphalt and PICP. In case of heavy rainfall, the pavers can handle rain with a
capacity of 720k/hr. Overall a 20% natural degradation of permeable pavement system is
expected with time however these pavers are more resistant to external conditions i.e. can
withstand heavyweight, extreme hot/cold temperatures, and heavy rainfall without impacting the
infiltration capacity and longevity. DakeRecksand gives a warranty of twenty-five years on all
their products yet the raw material is also recyclable. It is very easy to replace the pavement once
it is degraded as all the raw materials are recyclable including the down gravel and 5mm thick top
layer.
6. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.8, No.3, September 2021
16
Urban cities that enhance rainwater harvesting as much as possible without impacting the
transportation sector. For effective storm management, the pavement system must provide the
necessary infiltration capacity which in the case of porous concrete and PICP is highly reduced
because of excessive sedimentation and clogging with time (Kayhanian et al., 2019). Due to high
infiltration capacity, the benefit it brings includes, no surface ponding making travel comfortable
even in rainy hours, and no ice formation on the surface as the infiltration capacity and air
permeable.
2.4. Breathable Desert Sand: The primary raw material
Porous asphalt, pervious concrete, and PICP have one drawback in common: the porosity that can
lead to sediment formation. So, instead of basing the entire technology on concrete, cement, or
asphalt (the raw material in conventional pavements), DakeRechsand uses specially
manufactured silica sand as the base material that brings multiple economic and environmental
benefits. If we build an entire road out of asphalt, cement, and concrete, the longevity of the
surface is highly affected by the crack formation in pores and rutting. This does not cause
permanent road damage but also blocks the already present pores. While if we talk about pavers
containing breathable Desert Sand, the longevity will not be reduced as crack and pore-blocking
are not the issues anymore. Secondly, the raw material acquisition is easy. Instead of relying on
bituminous (the liquid binder that holder asphalt together), a patented adhesive is used by
DakeRechsand that holds the desert sand and gravel in place. The desert sand is a very fine-
grained material that only allows water to pass through the base on the principle of selective
permeability. This manufactured sand is breathable that allows air to pass through it, therefore,
there is no chance of algal formation on the water once it is harvested. The breathable sand does
not cause water stagnation because the material absorbs water quickly based on the surface free
energy and it’s the breathable sand that makes this technology unique, more sustainable, and
pollution-free.
2.5. No Black Ice Formation
High altitude areas are more and snowfall usually. The heavy rain and snow turn the road more
slippery that's why a construction material that can provide resistance against slippery roads is
required to reduce the physical hazard. All the pavement designs by DakeRechsand are free of
black ice formation. Whenever snowfall on pavements, it does not get freeze neither the surface
gets slippery because of the fine texture of desert sand. Snow, black ice forms when rain or snow
falls , black ice which is highly transparent, slippery, and is the result of air pollution caused by
anthropogenic activities. The pavers, manholes, kerbstone, and all other products from Rechsand
technology are both anti-slippery and anti-sticky. Even if oil and snow remain on the paver
surface, it does not get slippery, and the same is the case with sticky objects like bubble gum or
gel. One can wipe out dust, oil, bubble gum, and snow both mechanically and automatically.
2.6. Performance at extreme hot and cold temperature
Another critical element in stormwater management practices is the performance of permeable
pavement at extreme temperatures. As mentioned earlier that desert sand is the basic building
block of all pavers designed by the Rechsand group, this contains no glue, chemicals, and any
other material that can react at high temperatures and degrade the performance of the pavement
block. This makes silica a better choice over concrete and asphalt which are used in porous
pavements because they can handle high temperatures. Even at 100 degrees Celsius, the silica-
based pavement does not degrade either structurally or operationally. Similarly, low temperature
cannot cause any damage to the pavement surface, all the pavers, bricks, and manholes can
handle 75 thaw cycles of cold as they are free of cement there is no chance of hole or crack
7. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.8, No.3, September 2021
17
formation on the surface. Porous concrete, once clogged by sediments becomes more vulnerable
to freeze and thaw cycles (Truegrid, 2019). The silica-based permeable bricks do not allow snow
to turn into ice because the surface of the brick absorbs water quickly and air permeable. This
makes them a perfect choice for low-temperature, snowy regions where the main issues
associated with road construction are accidents.
3. SUCCESSFUL PROJECTS
With 15 manufacturing facilities and a yearly manufacturing capacity of 20 Million Square
Meters, a variety of products are manufactured by DakeRechsand. They range from FOSUN (oil
and water permeable), IDER (water permeable and breathable) to LUSE (breathable, water, and
soundproof). To this day, DakeRechsand has completed numerous projects and dozens are
underway. Multiple projects have been completed in China include Changan Street, Beijing
National Aquatics Centre, Taichung Mass Rail Transit, Beijing National Indoor Stadium, China
Pavillion for Shanghai World Expo 2010, and Beijing Olympic National Stadium. Regardless of
the 5mm thickness of the upper layer, DakeRechsand guarantees that an entire road can be built
by this material without any impact on the longevity, infiltration capacity, and weight-bearing
capacity. As there is no stagnation, the surface of the paver/brick does not allow water to stay on
it therefore this technology is not only confined to pavements, sideways, or walkways. For
centuries, asphalt and concrete are conventionally used in making roads and their limitations like
sedimentation and cracking make them less sustainable when it comes to rainwater harvesting.
The world needs something more sustainable and DakeRechsand is providing it and currently,
dozens of projects are under the way in different countries.
4. CONCLUSION
Stormwater management is very critical for water conservation especially in today's time where
water pollution and shortage are serious environmental issues. Old and conventional methods of
rainwater harvesting are there but the future needs more innovative technologies that not only
enhance water conservation but are also economical, clean, and can be installed in all
infrastructure. The recyclable and easy-to-install products of DakeRechsand can transform the
future perception of rainwater harvesting. Permeable surfaces will always remain in demand, yet
common raw materials like asphalt and concrete are going to fall short let alone the
sedimentation, water stagnation, and abrasion issue they cause. No one in the world has mastered
surface-free energy in the context of permeability, the way DakeRechsand manufactured their
products and successfully implemented them in the real world will open a gateway for many
more technological advancements to come.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China
under Grant 2016YFC0400905.
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AUTHORS
Chandra Dake: CEO of Dake Rechsand, an Advocate of Innovation & Sustainability
- Focused on Food Security and Water Conservation.