2. "Language and culture are the frameworks. Through which
human experience, communicate, and understand reality.“
- Lev Vygotsky
A lot of researches have been made to
teach animals talk and communicate like
humans. There are researchers whose
interest is on teaching apes talk; there are
also those who focused on dolphins and
parrots. They introduce varied systems of
communication that are human-like. As
technology has advanced, the study on
animal language has also increased and
new findings has also been recorded.
3. "Language and culture are the frameworks. Through which
human experience, communicate, and understand reality.“
- Lev Vygotsky
Here are some common approaches used
in dolphin communication research:
1. Positive Reinforcement - Researchers
use positive reinforcement techniques,
such as rewarding dolphins with food,
play, or praise to encourage desired
behavior, it is rewarded which reinforces
the association between the behavior
and the reward.
4. "Language and culture are the frameworks. Through which
human experience, communicate, and understand reality.“
- Lev Vygotsky
Here are some common approaches used
in dolphin communication research:
2. Symbolic Training - Dolphins have
been trained to associate specific
sounds or gestures with objects, action,
or concepts.
5. "Language and culture are the frameworks. Through which
human experience, communicate, and understand reality.“
- Lev Vygotsky
Here are some common approaches used
in dolphin communication research:
3. Social Interaction and Bonding -
building a strong bond and positive
relationship between the dolphins and
their trainers is crucial in
communication training.
6. Here are some common approaches used in parrot
communication research:
1. Modeling - Researchers first train a
human model to demonstrate the desired
behavior or vocalization to the parrot.
2. Rival Training - The researchers then
introduces a "rival" parrot that has already
learned the desired behavior.
3. Positive Reinforcement - Parrot are
rewarded with treats, praise, or attention
when they successfully imitate or
produced the desired behavior.
7. Question: Can animals communicate like human?
The answer is still NO.
Humans have a distinct way of
communicating because of the
use of language which is
inherent in humans
8. The Lana project
- Lana, a chimpanzee trained
in the 1970s, learned to use a
computer-based language
system called a lexigram
keyboard
- The keyboard, designed by
Duane Rumbaugh in Decatur,
Georgia, had 400 symbols for
Lana to choose from.
9. The Washoe project
- The keyboard, designed by
Duane Rumbaugh in Decatur,
Georgia, had 400 symbols for
Lana to choose from.
The Washoe Project - The
University of Nevada in Reno
spearheaded the Washoe
Project experimenting with
chimpanzees on
communication.
10. The Washoe project
After years of
experimentations, they
concluded that chimps did not
possess the physical ability to
form a spoken language; but
they adhered to body
gestures instead. They
decided to teach Washoe ASL
or American Sign Language,
the same taught to humans
with hearing and speaking
impairments.
11. The Washoe project
Washoe learned the signs and
soon enough she was able to
communicate with humans
using them. For example, the
word “More”, which involves
bringing the hands together
and allowing the tips of the
fingers to touch. Washoe- was
a female common chimpanzee
who was the first non-human
to learn to communicate using
American Sign Language
(ASL).
13. Application
Linguistic studies have pointed out the difference between
animal communication and human language. The following
linguists and scholars have spearheaded studies on these in
the nineteenth century: Jacob Grimm, William Dwight
Whitney, and George von der Gabelentz. They categorized the
characteristics of animal communication. Otto Jespersen and
Jan Baudouin de Courtenay continued what these scholars in
nineteenth century have started and their contribution to this
discussion forms an integral part of language philosophy and
modern linguistic studies.
14. Features of Human Language by Hockett
1. Vocal-auditory channel Human language occurs as a vocal
type of communication, which is perceived by hearing. The
basic mode of communication by the vast majority makes use
of sounds, secondary to which is writing. An exception are the
people who use sign language in communication which makes
use of the manual-visual channel.
2. Broadcast transmission and directional reception -This
means that just like when a person stands in the middle
of a room, he can be beard by everyone, assuming that
he is speaking loudly enough. Human language signals
when sent can be perceived in limited directions though
sent in all directions
15. Features of Human Language by Hockett
3. Rapid fading (transitoriness) Speech waveforms fade
rapidly which is why the human language signal does not
persist over time. It is impossible to say “how are you?" and
have someone hear it hours later. It may be possible when
audio recorded or video recording or writing the message is
done.
4. Interchangeability - This means that the speaker can
receive and send the same language signal.
5. Total feedback - Unlike traffic signs, which cannot monitor
its function, we can hear ourselves while we speak.
16. Features of Human Language by Hockett
6. Specialization - Humans have lips, tongue, throat, etc. and
each organ has its own specific function in speech.
7. Semanticity - means that words or symbols have
meanings.
8. Arbitrariness - means there's no specific reason why
certain words represent specific things.
9. Discreteness means breaking down language into
separate parts that we can combine in different ways to
make meaning.
17. Features of Human Language by Hockett
10. Displacement means talking about things that aren't
happening right here or now.
11. Productivity means being able to create new sentences
and ideas using the words and rules we know.
13. The duality of patterning means that we have small
sounds that combine to make up words, and these words
combine to create larger meanings, like sentences
12. Traditional transmission means passing down language
knowledge from one generation to the next through
teaching and learning.
