This document contains information about English grammar topics organized into three units. Unit 1 covers tenses like the present perfect, simple present, past perfect, and simple past tenses. It also includes related vocabulary words for jobs related to writing and media. Unit 2 discusses article parts and structure, modal verbs for making deductions about the past, renewable resources vocabulary, and relative clauses. Unit 3 outlines essay structure, includes idiomatic expressions, personality adjectives, astrological signs vocabulary, phrasal verbs, and use of gerunds and infinitives.

1. ENGLISH
UNIT 1-UNIT 2-UNIT 3

2. UNIT 1

3. International
Social
Local news
Business
Arts
Sports
Classifieds
Health
Sections news

4. Used when it occurs at
a specific time in the
past and continues to
the present.
The present
perfect tense
Use already in
affirmative
sentences.
Use yet in negative
sentences and
questions
The simple
present tense
Use frequency adverbs
to indicate the
frequency of routines
and habitual actions

5. VOCABULARY
- GRAPHIC DESIGNER
- PUBLISHER
- PHOTOGRAPHER
- COLUMNIST
- PRESS OPERATOR
- EDITOR
- JOURNALIST
- SECRETARY

6. The past perfecrt tense
Used when one action is given
before another in the past
Expressions: Before(that), By
then, already
The simple past tense
Use it to express actions that
started and ended in the past
Expressions: Last week,
yesterday, that day, when

7. UNIT 2

8. ARTICLE PARTS :
Headline
By line
Lead paragraph
Supporting details

9. Past Modals
Must (90%)
Eg. She must have
taken the children to the
school.
Could (50%)
Eg.The earthquake
could have destroyed
the road.
Might (30%)
Eg.The others might
have more luck
Use past modals to speculate,
deduce, or make guesses about
past situations based on
evidence.

10. VOCABULARY
- SOLAR ENERGY - COPPER
- RENEWABLE - STREAMS
- OIL
- TIDES
- WIND
- IRON
- COAL
- TIMBER

11. Who/that(people)
• Diana is a lawyer. She
works at the quitumbe
• Diana who works at
the quitumbe is a
lawyer
Where/that (place)
• I traveled to Loja.
There is the
Podocarpus National
Park.
• I traveled to Loja
where there is the
Podocarpus National
Park
That(things)
• Yesterday I went to
climb in the mountain,
It had great diversity
of animals and plants.
• Yesterday I went to
climb in the mountain
that has great
diversity of animals
and plants.
RELATIVECLAUSES
Use realtive clauses tl
identify or give
information about
nouns.
Usually they are two
sentences joined together
by a relative pronoun
(who/where/that)

12. UNIT 3

13. ESSAY
Introduction
Thesis statement
Body
Supporting idea 1
Supporting idea 2
Supporting idea 3
Conclusion
Concluding sentences

14. Colloquial expressions :
Fit as a fiddle
Move heaven and earth
Bad shapes
In murky waters

15.  Sociable
 Sensible
 Vain
 Impatient
 Ambitious
 Competitive
 Curious
 Unpredictable
 Reliable
Vocabulary
 Humble
 Analytical
 Indecisive
 Sensitive
 Reserved
 Irresponsible
 Aries
 Aquarius
 Pisces
 Taurus
 Gemini
 Cancer
 Leo
 Virgo
 Libra
 Scorpio

16. PhrasalVerbs
Bring in
Drawn on
Get on
Find out
Go for
Hold back
Look after
Look into
Turn down

17. Gerunds and
Infinitives
Verbs followed
by Infinitives
Infinitives:
Consider
Enjoy
Keep
Avoid
Infinitives without to:
Let
Make
Help
Verbs
followed by
Gerunds
Consider
Enjoy
Keep
Avoid
Verbs followed by
Gerunds or
Infinitives
Continue
Start
Intend

18. Colloquial Expression
 Head over helps in
love
Grinning from ear to
My heart sinks
Make your blood boils