This document discusses the components and operation of internal combustion engines. It describes key engine parts like the piston, valves, connecting rods and crankshaft. It explains the four strokes of an internal combustion engine: intake, compression, power, and exhaust. Internal combustion engines are found in cars and many other machines. While engines provide transportation benefits, they also negatively impact the environment through air pollution and the toxic carbon monoxide in exhaust.

1. Chemistry in
Engines
Nathan Carson

2. What is an engine ?
An Engine is any machine that converts
power into motion.
-Converts energy
uses the energy to
-Create Mechanical Motion

3. What Components Make up an
Engine???
• Components are different for every different type of engine but some of the most
common components are:
- The spark Plug
- The Valves
- The Piston
- Piston Rings
- Connecting rods
- The CrankShaft
- The Sump

4. • The Spark Plug – Supplies the Spark that
ignites the fuel/air so the combustion can
occur
• The Valves – Let in air at the correct time
to let our exhaust
• The Piston – is a cylindrical piece of metal
the moves inside the cylinder
• The Piston rings – provide a sliding seal
between the outer and inter parts of the
piston

5. The connecting rod – connects the piston to
the Crankshaft
The Crankshaft – turns the pistons in their
motion
( it works similar – Jack in the Box)
The Sump – Surrounds the Crankshaft and
contains oil

6. Combustion Engines AND
HOW THEY Work…
Also known as a heat engines, combustion
engines are driven by the heat of the
combustion process
What is a Combustion?

7. A Combustion is…
a sequence of exothermic chemical
reactions between a fuel and an oxidant.
The reactants of a Combustion reaction
always yields:
H20, CO2 and Energy

8. Three Types of Combustion
Engines
1. Internal Combustion Engine
4. External Combustion Engine
7. Air-Breathing Combustion Engine

9. Internal Combustion Engines
An internal combustion engine is an engine in which the
combustion of a fuel (usually a fossil fuel) occurs with an
oxidizer (usually air) Oxygen (H20)
-High temperature and high pressure gases, which are
produced by the combustion, directly applies force to
components of the engine.
-pistons or turbine blades or a nozzle

10. The Four “Strokes”
• Intake stroke - Air and vaporised fuel are
drawn in.
• Compression stroke - Fuel vapor and air
are compressed and ignited.
• Power stroke - Fuel combusts and piston
is pushed downwards.
• Exhaust stroke - Exhaust is driven out.

11. • Intake stroke (fuel enters)
• Compression stroke
• Power stroke (fuel ignites)
• Exhaust stroke

12. Where do we see Internal
Combustion Engines in our World?
The majority of all engines are actually
Internal Combustion engines even though
many other engines are being introduced
and used now-a-days.
- Seen in all of our cars
- Most of everything else

13. External Combustion Engines
An external combustion engine is a heat engine where
an (internal) working fluid is heated by combustion in an
external source
-heat exchanger
-engine wall
It is sometimes considered a more efficient version of an
Internal Combustion energy
One example is the…

14. Stirling Combustion Engine
A Stirling engine is a heat engine operating by
compression and expansion of air or other gas
-encloses a fixed quantity of permanently gaseous fluid
such as air.

15. Air-Breathing Combustion Engines
-Air-breathing engines are combustion
engines that use the oxygen (H20) in
atmospheric air to burn the fuel carried.
Typical air-breathing engines include:
Reciprocating Engines
Steam Engines
Gas Turbines
Pulse Detonation Engines
Turbo-propeller Engines

16. Non-Combustive Heat Engines
-Some engines convert heat from noncombustive
processes into mechanical work, for example a nuclear
power plant uses the heat from the nuclear reaction to
produce steam and drive a steam engine, or a gas
turbine in a rocket engine may be driven by
decomposing hydrogen peroxide
Non-Combustive Heat engines are built in a similar form as
Combustive Heat engines even though they work in a
totally different way.

17. Engines’ effect on our world
There are Good and Bad Effects on our World

18. Positive Effects
- The use of engines makes transportation
almost simple for those that can afford it
- Many everyday items and objects we use
on a regular basis are actually run on
engines.

19. Negative Effects
Engines typically have a negative effect on
the environment
Some things that engines do to ruin the
environment are:
- Pollutes air and lowers air quality
- Negatively affects ambient sound levels.
- The Poisonous Exhaust

20. The Exhaust of an Engine
Exhaust from a engine consists of many gases
including:
N, Water Vapor, C02, H, O, Carbon Monoxide, and many other
compound and carbons.
The Carbon Monoxide (CO) exhaust from the engine is a very
poisonous and toxic gas.
The CO can harm both Humans and other things in Nature.
- If a running engine that releases Carbon Monoxide is in an enclosed
area and is not shut off, It may contaminate the room possibly killing
anything in the room
- This horrible cause of death that contaminates the lungs has been a
leading cause for suicide and has killed many other people by
accident

21. A video on the assembling and
parts creation of an Engine
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lsDoT2oVQUQ