The document summarizes the Lebanese Center for Energy Conservation's (LCEC) energy audit programme. It discusses LCEC's role in building capacity for energy auditing through training programmes. It also outlines LCEC's process for qualifying energy audit firms and supporting the fieldwork of 95 energy audits over 21 months. The summary highlights LCEC's collaboration with international energy service companies to transfer technical expertise to local firms.
The document outlines the methodology for conducting an energy audit. It discusses defining an energy audit, objectives of energy audits and energy management. It describes the basic levels of audits and tasks involved, including preliminary analysis, energy analyses by section, measurement campaigns, and developing an energy balance and action plan. The document provides examples of collecting data for an audit of an establishment, including energy consumption breakdown, costs, passenger numbers, and specific energy consumption benchmarks.
We are a young company promoted by IIT Alumni. We provide services which helps individuals and organizations to take the "Green Route" for cleaner future. Our services includes Energy Audit, EPCM for Renewable energy (Solar & Bio-mass) Projects, Technology Evaluation (Research & Analysis) and carbon management services(footprint, mitigation and branding)
The document summarizes an energy audit conducted of the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur campus in India. A team of students and interns led the audit in association with IIT Kharagpur faculty and an energy solutions startup. They divided the campus into areas and collected electrical, fossil fuel, and HVAC usage data. The goal was to identify opportunities to reduce energy consumption and costs while providing learning experiences for those involved.
Introduction to energy audit by vikas kumar pathakkumarvikasm786
This document provides an introduction and overview of energy audits. It discusses the different types of energy audits including walk-through, detailed, internal, external, IT, and utility audits. It describes the purpose of audits to systematically evaluate energy usage in buildings, plants, or organizations to identify opportunities for improved energy efficiency. The document also outlines the roles of energy auditors and managers and highlights key areas covered in different types of audits such as electrical, mechanical, thermal, and industrial systems.
This document provides information about technical audits conducted by the Management Audit Division of E I D Parry (India) Ltd for various companies in the Murugappa Group. The objectives of the technical audits are to recommend cost savings and quality improvements through identifying areas for increased energy efficiency and facilitating their implementation. The audit process involves creating awareness, identifying areas to audit, prioritizing and conducting pilot audits, implementing recommendations, and sharing learnings. Key focus areas of the audits are energy sources like steam, electricity, renewable energy as well as factory assets, production processes, safety and environment. Methodologies, skills required, and tools used for conducting energy and other technical audits are also outlined.
This document describes an energy audit conducted at Aryanet Institute of Technology in Palakkad, Kerala, India. It was a group project conducted by 5 students to fulfill the requirements of a Bachelor of Technology degree. The project involved measuring the energy consumption of various buildings and facilities on campus, identifying opportunities for energy savings, and making recommendations. Instruments used included lux meters, power factor meters, and energy meters. Load details were collected for the main block, seminar hall, canteen, labs, and other buildings. Designs for energy savings through LED lighting, automatic fans, efficient water coolers, computers, and photocopiers were proposed. The report also discussed power factor correction, tips for reducing thermal and electrical utility usage
The document outlines the methodology for conducting an energy audit. It discusses defining an energy audit, objectives of energy audits and energy management. It describes the basic levels of audits and tasks involved, including preliminary analysis, energy analyses by section, measurement campaigns, and developing an energy balance and action plan. The document provides examples of collecting data for an audit of an establishment, including energy consumption breakdown, costs, passenger numbers, and specific energy consumption benchmarks.
We are a young company promoted by IIT Alumni. We provide services which helps individuals and organizations to take the "Green Route" for cleaner future. Our services includes Energy Audit, EPCM for Renewable energy (Solar & Bio-mass) Projects, Technology Evaluation (Research & Analysis) and carbon management services(footprint, mitigation and branding)
The document summarizes an energy audit conducted of the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur campus in India. A team of students and interns led the audit in association with IIT Kharagpur faculty and an energy solutions startup. They divided the campus into areas and collected electrical, fossil fuel, and HVAC usage data. The goal was to identify opportunities to reduce energy consumption and costs while providing learning experiences for those involved.
Introduction to energy audit by vikas kumar pathakkumarvikasm786
This document provides an introduction and overview of energy audits. It discusses the different types of energy audits including walk-through, detailed, internal, external, IT, and utility audits. It describes the purpose of audits to systematically evaluate energy usage in buildings, plants, or organizations to identify opportunities for improved energy efficiency. The document also outlines the roles of energy auditors and managers and highlights key areas covered in different types of audits such as electrical, mechanical, thermal, and industrial systems.
This document provides information about technical audits conducted by the Management Audit Division of E I D Parry (India) Ltd for various companies in the Murugappa Group. The objectives of the technical audits are to recommend cost savings and quality improvements through identifying areas for increased energy efficiency and facilitating their implementation. The audit process involves creating awareness, identifying areas to audit, prioritizing and conducting pilot audits, implementing recommendations, and sharing learnings. Key focus areas of the audits are energy sources like steam, electricity, renewable energy as well as factory assets, production processes, safety and environment. Methodologies, skills required, and tools used for conducting energy and other technical audits are also outlined.
This document describes an energy audit conducted at Aryanet Institute of Technology in Palakkad, Kerala, India. It was a group project conducted by 5 students to fulfill the requirements of a Bachelor of Technology degree. The project involved measuring the energy consumption of various buildings and facilities on campus, identifying opportunities for energy savings, and making recommendations. Instruments used included lux meters, power factor meters, and energy meters. Load details were collected for the main block, seminar hall, canteen, labs, and other buildings. Designs for energy savings through LED lighting, automatic fans, efficient water coolers, computers, and photocopiers were proposed. The report also discussed power factor correction, tips for reducing thermal and electrical utility usage
This document provides information on energy management and energy auditing. It defines energy management as the judicious use of energy to maximize profits and competitive positioning. The objective of energy management is to achieve optimal energy procurement and utilization while minimizing costs, waste and environmental impacts. Energy auditing is described as a systematic approach to identify areas of wasted energy and inefficiency. Preliminary and detailed energy audits are outlined as well as the methodology, reporting format and importance of understanding energy costs. Key areas of focus for energy audits include fuel substitution, energy generation and distribution optimization, and improving energy usage in industrial processes.
Presentation from EPA webinar. "Using EPA’s Energy Use Assessment Tool: An Introduction to Performing Energy Use Assessments at Water and Wastewater Systems" held on December 6, 2012.
This paper presents a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to tune the gains of an integral controller for load frequency control (LFC) in a single-area power system with multiple energy sources (thermal, hydro, gas, and wind). The objective is to minimize the integral absolute error of frequency deviations following a step load change. Simulation results show the PSO-tuned integral controller provides better transient response than an uncontrolled system, with reduced settling time, peak overshoot, and oscillations.
This project developed and tested a low-cost alkaline electrolysis system for hydrogen production. A 10 x 2700 cm2 plastic electrolyzer stack was designed, built, and tested. The stack achieved the target efficiency of 66.9% at 15 bar pressure. Accelerated life tests were conducted on materials and joining methods. The capital cost of the developed stack is estimated to be 25-50% lower than existing electrolyzers, with a projected stack cost of $0.39/kg H2 and total system cost of $0.82/kg H2. Further cost reductions could come from lowering power electronics costs and improving system designs to reduce equipment exposure to electrolyte. The developed technology has near-term potential for commercial
The document discusses energy management system (EMS) development and implementation. It outlines the key components of an EMS, including establishing an energy policy, organizing responsibilities, planning initiatives, implementing programs, evaluating performance, and continually reviewing and improving the system. The goal is for organizations to systematically manage their energy use to reduce costs, increase efficiency, and meet regulatory requirements through a structured EMS.
ROLES OF ENERGY MANAGERS IN SUSTAINABLE ENERGY MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATIONZAINI ABDUL WAHAB
INTRODUCTION TO MAREEM
OVERVIEW OF ENERGY IN MALAYSIA, ENERGY EFFICIENCY & ENERGY MANAGEMENT BENEFITS & POTENTIALS
OVERVIEW AND KEY CONCEPTS SUSTAINABLE ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
ROLES OF ENERGY MANAGERS IN EFFECTIVE ENERGY MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME IMPLEMENTATION FOR ORGANISATIONS
1) SIDPEC is an Egyptian petrochemical company that implemented an energy management system according to ISO 50001, which helped them achieve energy savings of 27,850 MWh and 6.4 million EGP annually.
2) Key aspects of their successful EnMS implementation included forming an energy team, conducting an energy review to identify significant energy uses and opportunities, setting objectives and action plans, and training employees.
3) Some energy efficiency projects implemented included optimizing nitrogen and air systems, installing steam traps, and a 60 kW solar power station. SIDPEC's EnMS was certified in 2014 and they now provide training to other Egyptian petrochemical companies.
The document provides details about energy audits conducted of water and sewage authorities (WASAs) in various Pakistani cities. It discusses what an energy audit is and why they are important for WASAs. It outlines the energy audit process, including conditional surveys of assets, data collection, and analysis of technical specifications, billing records, and energy consumption. The results of conditional surveys for various WASAs are presented, showing the condition of assets and estimated rehabilitation costs. Findings of the energy audits include annual electricity billing and penalties paid due to low power factors. Recommendations include improving asset conditions, installing power factor correction equipment, and developing an energy management plan and application to track performance indicators over time.
Strategies for making existing buildings in Brazil more energy efficient and environmentally responsible. Describes strategies for creating high performance buildings.
This document provides an overview of an energy performance contracting project undertaken by Dublin Port Company to upgrade the boiler house and ventilation controls at their Port Centre building. Key points:
- The project involved installing new high-efficiency gas boilers and micro-CHP unit with buffer vessel for the boiler house, and installing BMS controls for the variable air volume boxes in offices.
- The projects were delivered through an energy performance related payment model where contractors guaranteed 15% energy savings for the boiler upgrade and targets for the ventilation controls.
- Measurement and verification found the projects significantly exceeded guaranteed savings, with the boiler upgrade achieving 26.7% savings and ventilation controls achieving 52.9% savings after 6 months.
Case studies: Predictive maintenance in the petrochemical industryAdvisian
This document summarizes techniques used by Advisian to improve asset reliability and reduce maintenance costs for petrochemical clients. It provides five case studies where Advisian conducted reliability reviews that led to [1] an 88% reduction in instrument maintenance hours, [2] a 56% reduction in gas turbine maintenance costs, [3] improving a work management process that increased job completion from 30% to 70%, [4] reducing shutdown duration by 77% saving 44 production days, and [5] eliminating unplanned downtime and improving gas compressor availability by 75%. The case studies demonstrate Advisian's multi-disciplinary approach to reliability engineering.
This document outlines the modules and topics to be covered in an energy audit practitioner course taught by Engr. Abdul Qayoom. The course covers energy audit concepts and methodologies, including the objectives, types, and 10 step methodology of conducting detailed energy audits. It also discusses benchmarking energy performance and reporting formats. Module 1 focuses on energy audit concepts, methodologies, and case studies. Future modules will cover energy efficiency opportunities in various systems like fans, pumps, lighting and more.
The document provides an overview of the San Diego Retrocommissioning Program. It describes retrocommissioning as improving building performance through low-cost operational and maintenance improvements. The program offers free building assessments, incentives for implementing efficiency measures, and documentation support. It has achieved energy and demand savings of 9-20% on average in participating buildings. A case study highlights over $270,000 in annual cost savings from retrocommissioning measures implemented at the Marriott Downtown & Marina.
Wind farm re-powering, life extension and decommissioningAdvisian
This document summarizes the lifecycle of a wind farm project from initial feasibility studies through construction, operation and maintenance, and ultimately decommissioning or repowering at the end of the project's lifetime. It discusses key considerations and analysis needed at each stage, including resource assessment, environmental impact studies, financing, commissioning, and maintenance optimization. The document emphasizes analyzing component performance and fatigue over time to determine the best options for life extension, repowering, or decommissioning at the end of the typical 20-25 year project period. Key factors discussed include energy yield modeling, availability projections, and adapting operations to reduce risks from aging assets.
IRJET- A Review on Load Frequency Control StrategyIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of load frequency control strategies for integrating renewable energy sources into power grids. It discusses some of the challenges of integrating variable power sources like wind and solar that can cause fluctuations in voltage and frequency. It also summarizes several different control techniques that have been used for load frequency control, including classical control methods, adaptive and variable structure methods, robust control approaches, and intelligent techniques using neural networks and fuzzy logic. The review covers the objectives of load frequency control and provides examples of strategies that have been implemented, including adaptive control methods applied to power systems to manage changes in plant parameters.
The energy saving study conducted at Sanofi Midy Research Center identified opportunities to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions. Short term solutions included optimizing HVAC control logic and humidification settings, while medium term involved insulating equipment. Long term plans propose a new centralized steam generation system, reducing operating temperatures. The study found energy savings are possible without compromising safety or operations.
Energy efficiency implementation program for state level in MalaysiaZAINI ABDUL WAHAB
Proposed program by MAESCO at a state level in Malaysia for faster results to reduce energy costs through strategic partnership between government and private sectors and facilities owners and ESCOs.
Practical approach with the state government with some interventions and supports from agencies from the federal government.
The document analyzes energy efficiency opportunities in the Herberger administration building. It estimates that the building consumes 12-14% of the total metered energy based on its size and functions. Lighting makes up almost half of energy usage. Converting remaining lights to more efficient T8 bulbs and adjusting lighting schedules could save over 2.5% on the annual energy bill. Appliances like computers and copiers already meet standards while optimization of vending machines could save over $600 annually. Replacing aging chillers qualifies for large tax credits and would improve efficiency over twice as the current system. Commissioning the HVAC system could ensure proper functioning and calibration for improved performance.
September 2011 - Michigan Energy Forum - David YanochkoAnnArborSPARK
Regulatory Drivers For CleanTech and Green Jobs: When people think of CleanTech, they usually think of wind turbines and solar panels, but there may be a burgeoning opportunity in energy efficiency. Many states, including Michigan, have adopted Renewable Portfolio Standards that requires utilities to generate a portion of their electricity from renewable sources. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recently promulgated a regulation (the GHG BACT) that will require utilities to reduce their carbon emissions, primarily through energy efficiency. However, several members of Congress are trying to cut back on GHG regulations arguing that these regulations are job killers. Come to the Michigan Energy Forum on September 8th to learn about the latest regulatory developments, what they have meant from green jobs in Michigan, and what the future might hold.
The document provides guidelines on how to conduct an energy audit for commercial buildings in Hong Kong. It outlines the general process, which includes defining the audit scope and objectives, forming an audit team, collecting building information through surveys and records, analyzing the data, identifying energy management opportunities (EMOs), and writing an energy audit report. The guidelines classify EMOs into three categories based on their capital costs and complexity of implementation. It emphasizes the importance of gaining support from building management and cooperation from operation and maintenance personnel. The guidelines also discuss follow-up actions like implementing EMOs and conducting training.
This document summarizes the development of energy services in Lebanon, specifically energy auditing. It discusses how LCEC was launched in 2003 to help promote and fund energy audits, and how the energy auditing market has grown stronger since then. By 2009, there were 7 qualified energy auditing firms conducting over 120 studies identifying over $7 million in potential cost savings and 30,000 tons of CO2 reductions. Current efforts discussed include LCEC's prequalification scheme for auditing firms and a draft energy conservation law mandating audits for large facilities.
This document outlines an international cooperation project between developed and developing countries to promote building energy efficiency. It discusses establishing partnerships between organizations like the IEA and UNDP to analyze energy efficiency projects, develop common tools and training, and ultimately coordinate on urban planning and transportation initiatives. The goals are to remove market barriers to energy efficiency, include more countries in energy statistics and policy reviews, and hold regional workshops to promote successful programs.
This document provides information on energy management and energy auditing. It defines energy management as the judicious use of energy to maximize profits and competitive positioning. The objective of energy management is to achieve optimal energy procurement and utilization while minimizing costs, waste and environmental impacts. Energy auditing is described as a systematic approach to identify areas of wasted energy and inefficiency. Preliminary and detailed energy audits are outlined as well as the methodology, reporting format and importance of understanding energy costs. Key areas of focus for energy audits include fuel substitution, energy generation and distribution optimization, and improving energy usage in industrial processes.
Presentation from EPA webinar. "Using EPA’s Energy Use Assessment Tool: An Introduction to Performing Energy Use Assessments at Water and Wastewater Systems" held on December 6, 2012.
This paper presents a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to tune the gains of an integral controller for load frequency control (LFC) in a single-area power system with multiple energy sources (thermal, hydro, gas, and wind). The objective is to minimize the integral absolute error of frequency deviations following a step load change. Simulation results show the PSO-tuned integral controller provides better transient response than an uncontrolled system, with reduced settling time, peak overshoot, and oscillations.
This project developed and tested a low-cost alkaline electrolysis system for hydrogen production. A 10 x 2700 cm2 plastic electrolyzer stack was designed, built, and tested. The stack achieved the target efficiency of 66.9% at 15 bar pressure. Accelerated life tests were conducted on materials and joining methods. The capital cost of the developed stack is estimated to be 25-50% lower than existing electrolyzers, with a projected stack cost of $0.39/kg H2 and total system cost of $0.82/kg H2. Further cost reductions could come from lowering power electronics costs and improving system designs to reduce equipment exposure to electrolyte. The developed technology has near-term potential for commercial
The document discusses energy management system (EMS) development and implementation. It outlines the key components of an EMS, including establishing an energy policy, organizing responsibilities, planning initiatives, implementing programs, evaluating performance, and continually reviewing and improving the system. The goal is for organizations to systematically manage their energy use to reduce costs, increase efficiency, and meet regulatory requirements through a structured EMS.
ROLES OF ENERGY MANAGERS IN SUSTAINABLE ENERGY MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATIONZAINI ABDUL WAHAB
INTRODUCTION TO MAREEM
OVERVIEW OF ENERGY IN MALAYSIA, ENERGY EFFICIENCY & ENERGY MANAGEMENT BENEFITS & POTENTIALS
OVERVIEW AND KEY CONCEPTS SUSTAINABLE ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
ROLES OF ENERGY MANAGERS IN EFFECTIVE ENERGY MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME IMPLEMENTATION FOR ORGANISATIONS
1) SIDPEC is an Egyptian petrochemical company that implemented an energy management system according to ISO 50001, which helped them achieve energy savings of 27,850 MWh and 6.4 million EGP annually.
2) Key aspects of their successful EnMS implementation included forming an energy team, conducting an energy review to identify significant energy uses and opportunities, setting objectives and action plans, and training employees.
3) Some energy efficiency projects implemented included optimizing nitrogen and air systems, installing steam traps, and a 60 kW solar power station. SIDPEC's EnMS was certified in 2014 and they now provide training to other Egyptian petrochemical companies.
The document provides details about energy audits conducted of water and sewage authorities (WASAs) in various Pakistani cities. It discusses what an energy audit is and why they are important for WASAs. It outlines the energy audit process, including conditional surveys of assets, data collection, and analysis of technical specifications, billing records, and energy consumption. The results of conditional surveys for various WASAs are presented, showing the condition of assets and estimated rehabilitation costs. Findings of the energy audits include annual electricity billing and penalties paid due to low power factors. Recommendations include improving asset conditions, installing power factor correction equipment, and developing an energy management plan and application to track performance indicators over time.
Strategies for making existing buildings in Brazil more energy efficient and environmentally responsible. Describes strategies for creating high performance buildings.
This document provides an overview of an energy performance contracting project undertaken by Dublin Port Company to upgrade the boiler house and ventilation controls at their Port Centre building. Key points:
- The project involved installing new high-efficiency gas boilers and micro-CHP unit with buffer vessel for the boiler house, and installing BMS controls for the variable air volume boxes in offices.
- The projects were delivered through an energy performance related payment model where contractors guaranteed 15% energy savings for the boiler upgrade and targets for the ventilation controls.
- Measurement and verification found the projects significantly exceeded guaranteed savings, with the boiler upgrade achieving 26.7% savings and ventilation controls achieving 52.9% savings after 6 months.
Case studies: Predictive maintenance in the petrochemical industryAdvisian
This document summarizes techniques used by Advisian to improve asset reliability and reduce maintenance costs for petrochemical clients. It provides five case studies where Advisian conducted reliability reviews that led to [1] an 88% reduction in instrument maintenance hours, [2] a 56% reduction in gas turbine maintenance costs, [3] improving a work management process that increased job completion from 30% to 70%, [4] reducing shutdown duration by 77% saving 44 production days, and [5] eliminating unplanned downtime and improving gas compressor availability by 75%. The case studies demonstrate Advisian's multi-disciplinary approach to reliability engineering.
This document outlines the modules and topics to be covered in an energy audit practitioner course taught by Engr. Abdul Qayoom. The course covers energy audit concepts and methodologies, including the objectives, types, and 10 step methodology of conducting detailed energy audits. It also discusses benchmarking energy performance and reporting formats. Module 1 focuses on energy audit concepts, methodologies, and case studies. Future modules will cover energy efficiency opportunities in various systems like fans, pumps, lighting and more.
The document provides an overview of the San Diego Retrocommissioning Program. It describes retrocommissioning as improving building performance through low-cost operational and maintenance improvements. The program offers free building assessments, incentives for implementing efficiency measures, and documentation support. It has achieved energy and demand savings of 9-20% on average in participating buildings. A case study highlights over $270,000 in annual cost savings from retrocommissioning measures implemented at the Marriott Downtown & Marina.
Wind farm re-powering, life extension and decommissioningAdvisian
This document summarizes the lifecycle of a wind farm project from initial feasibility studies through construction, operation and maintenance, and ultimately decommissioning or repowering at the end of the project's lifetime. It discusses key considerations and analysis needed at each stage, including resource assessment, environmental impact studies, financing, commissioning, and maintenance optimization. The document emphasizes analyzing component performance and fatigue over time to determine the best options for life extension, repowering, or decommissioning at the end of the typical 20-25 year project period. Key factors discussed include energy yield modeling, availability projections, and adapting operations to reduce risks from aging assets.
IRJET- A Review on Load Frequency Control StrategyIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of load frequency control strategies for integrating renewable energy sources into power grids. It discusses some of the challenges of integrating variable power sources like wind and solar that can cause fluctuations in voltage and frequency. It also summarizes several different control techniques that have been used for load frequency control, including classical control methods, adaptive and variable structure methods, robust control approaches, and intelligent techniques using neural networks and fuzzy logic. The review covers the objectives of load frequency control and provides examples of strategies that have been implemented, including adaptive control methods applied to power systems to manage changes in plant parameters.
The energy saving study conducted at Sanofi Midy Research Center identified opportunities to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions. Short term solutions included optimizing HVAC control logic and humidification settings, while medium term involved insulating equipment. Long term plans propose a new centralized steam generation system, reducing operating temperatures. The study found energy savings are possible without compromising safety or operations.
Energy efficiency implementation program for state level in MalaysiaZAINI ABDUL WAHAB
Proposed program by MAESCO at a state level in Malaysia for faster results to reduce energy costs through strategic partnership between government and private sectors and facilities owners and ESCOs.
Practical approach with the state government with some interventions and supports from agencies from the federal government.
The document analyzes energy efficiency opportunities in the Herberger administration building. It estimates that the building consumes 12-14% of the total metered energy based on its size and functions. Lighting makes up almost half of energy usage. Converting remaining lights to more efficient T8 bulbs and adjusting lighting schedules could save over 2.5% on the annual energy bill. Appliances like computers and copiers already meet standards while optimization of vending machines could save over $600 annually. Replacing aging chillers qualifies for large tax credits and would improve efficiency over twice as the current system. Commissioning the HVAC system could ensure proper functioning and calibration for improved performance.
September 2011 - Michigan Energy Forum - David YanochkoAnnArborSPARK
Regulatory Drivers For CleanTech and Green Jobs: When people think of CleanTech, they usually think of wind turbines and solar panels, but there may be a burgeoning opportunity in energy efficiency. Many states, including Michigan, have adopted Renewable Portfolio Standards that requires utilities to generate a portion of their electricity from renewable sources. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recently promulgated a regulation (the GHG BACT) that will require utilities to reduce their carbon emissions, primarily through energy efficiency. However, several members of Congress are trying to cut back on GHG regulations arguing that these regulations are job killers. Come to the Michigan Energy Forum on September 8th to learn about the latest regulatory developments, what they have meant from green jobs in Michigan, and what the future might hold.
The document provides guidelines on how to conduct an energy audit for commercial buildings in Hong Kong. It outlines the general process, which includes defining the audit scope and objectives, forming an audit team, collecting building information through surveys and records, analyzing the data, identifying energy management opportunities (EMOs), and writing an energy audit report. The guidelines classify EMOs into three categories based on their capital costs and complexity of implementation. It emphasizes the importance of gaining support from building management and cooperation from operation and maintenance personnel. The guidelines also discuss follow-up actions like implementing EMOs and conducting training.
This document summarizes the development of energy services in Lebanon, specifically energy auditing. It discusses how LCEC was launched in 2003 to help promote and fund energy audits, and how the energy auditing market has grown stronger since then. By 2009, there were 7 qualified energy auditing firms conducting over 120 studies identifying over $7 million in potential cost savings and 30,000 tons of CO2 reductions. Current efforts discussed include LCEC's prequalification scheme for auditing firms and a draft energy conservation law mandating audits for large facilities.
This document outlines an international cooperation project between developed and developing countries to promote building energy efficiency. It discusses establishing partnerships between organizations like the IEA and UNDP to analyze energy efficiency projects, develop common tools and training, and ultimately coordinate on urban planning and transportation initiatives. The goals are to remove market barriers to energy efficiency, include more countries in energy statistics and policy reviews, and hold regional workshops to promote successful programs.
The document discusses Energy Wales, the Welsh government's strategy for transitioning to a low-carbon economy. It was launched in 2012 with the goal of making Wales a leader in addressing energy issues. The strategy focuses on increasing renewable energy generation, which grew 33% between 2010-2011, mainly from wind. However, Wales still generates a smaller percentage of its electricity from renewables compared to other parts of the UK. The document outlines Energy Wales' priorities such as improving planning and consent processes, developing infrastructure and supply chains, and maximizing economic and community benefits from the transition to low-carbon energy.
The document summarizes a meeting focused on clean energy initiatives in the MAPC region. It includes an agenda with opening remarks, a keynote address on Massachusetts' clean energy journey, and a panel discussion on municipal energy projects. The keynote address discusses how Massachusetts has become a leader in clean energy through initiatives like increasing renewable portfolio standards, expanding energy efficiency programs, and growing the clean energy jobs sector. It also reviews the state's progress in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The panel discussion features representatives from Boston, Medford and Somerville discussing their cities' energy programs and projects.
The document summarizes Morocco's national context and energy sector, including its national program for renewable energy and energy efficiency development. It outlines Morocco's goals of securing energy supply, universal access, and increasing the share of renewables to 10% by 2012. It then discusses specific renewable programs, including developing solar water heaters (SWHs) through the PROMASOL market development program. PROMASOL aims to install 100,000 m2 of SWHs over 4 years through quality certification, promotion, and financial support mechanisms like leasing. The program has helped install over 150,000 m2 of collectors to date.
This document summarizes Xcel Energy's strategy to achieve financial success through environmental leadership. Key points include:
1) Xcel Energy aims to reduce carbon emissions by 2020 while maintaining reasonable customer rates and ensuring appropriate regulatory treatment for investments.
2) The company's plans in Minnesota and Colorado aim to significantly reduce carbon emissions through increasing renewable energy and energy efficiency.
3) Xcel Energy forecasts strong capital investment and earnings growth through 2020 by investing in clean energy, transmission infrastructure, and environmental upgrades.
This document summarizes Xcel Energy's strategy to achieve financial success through environmental leadership. Key points include:
1) Xcel Energy aims to reduce carbon emissions by 2020 while maintaining reasonable customer rates and ensuring appropriate regulatory treatment for investments.
2) The company's plans in Minnesota and Colorado aim to significantly reduce carbon emissions through investments in renewables, energy efficiency, and natural gas generation to replace coal plants.
3) Xcel Energy forecasts strong capital investment and earnings growth through 2020 by successfully executing its carbon reduction and renewable energy strategies. This includes annual EPS growth of 5-7% and dividend growth of 2-4%.
This document summarizes Great River Energy's demand side management programs. Great River Energy is a not-for-profit generation and transmission cooperative providing electricity to 28 distribution cooperatives in Minnesota and Wisconsin, serving almost 1.7 million people. The document discusses how demand side management programs help utilities advocate for members by managing electric bills, and provides details on Great River Energy's 2011 portfolio and spending on conservation and load management programs.
The document provides an overview of geothermal energy development in the Philippines. It discusses the country's legal framework for geothermal energy, including provisions in the 1987 Constitution and Presidential Decree 1442. It outlines key features of the Renewable Energy Act of 2008, which declared renewable energy a priority sector. The document also reviews the country's historical geothermal production and capacity, privatization of state geothermal assets, challenges for the industry, and concludes calling for long-term, transparent policies to foster private sector investment in new technologies.
2012 07 Low Carbon Green Building Performance DesignSteve Lojuntin
Low Carbon Green Building system to support the Malaysian Green Performance Assessment System for buildings (GreenPASS) and some government low carbon building projects that I had done.
xcel energy BAC_Presentation_112007_Finalfinance26
Ben Fowke, Vice President and CFO of Xcel Energy, discusses the company's strategy to achieve financial success through environmental leadership. Xcel aims to stabilize or reduce carbon emissions from electricity by 2020 through renewable energy, energy efficiency, upgrading plants, and evaluating carbon capture technology. This strategy positions the company for anticipated climate regulation while maintaining reasonable customer rates and regulatory support for investments. Fowke outlines capital spending projections and enhanced recovery mechanisms that can deliver earnings and dividend growth.
xcel energy BAC_Presentation_112007_Finalfinance26
Ben Fowke, CFO of Xcel Energy, discusses the company's strategy to achieve financial success through environmental leadership and addressing climate change. Xcel plans to stabilize or reduce carbon emissions by 2020 through increasing renewable energy, upgrading plants, expanding energy efficiency programs, and potentially carbon capture technology. This strategy positions the company for continued regulatory approval and investment opportunities under future carbon regulation.
Micro-grids supply energy to remote areas using multiple distributed energy sources and manage supply and demand complexities. They reduce transmission losses and relieve stress on the main grid. Various renewable technologies can be used including solar, wind, biomass and waste heat recovery. Energy storage helps provide steady backup power and balances intermittent renewable output. Communication controls coordinate supply and demand. Micro-grids provide reliable off-grid electrification with less need for grid upgrades.
Micro-grids supply energy to rural areas using multiple distributed energy sources and manage supply and demand complexities. They consist of distributed generation like solar, wind, biomass; energy storage batteries, diesel generators; and communication control. This reduces transmission losses and reliability issues while allowing renewable energy to meet more of the demand. The document discusses the growing rural energy access gap and market for micro-grids in India, listing technological, economic, and policy drivers and barriers to deployment.
State RPS targets and the CEC role in achieving success [CSTP 2010]Smithers Apex
The document discusses California's Renewables Portfolio Standard (RPS) and the role of the California Energy Commission in helping the state achieve its RPS goals. Key points include:
- The RPS was established in 2002 with a goal of 20% renewable energy by 2010. This was later increased to 33% by 2020 under executive orders.
- The Energy Commission certifies renewable facilities, tracks RPS compliance, and distributes incentive payments. It also conducts research and analysis to support renewable energy development.
- California has made progress towards its RPS targets but faces challenges in integrating high levels of renewables and addressing environmental and financing issues for new projects. The report recommends continued efforts to meet the 33% by 2020
This document provides an overview of clean technology investment opportunities in the Czech Republic. It introduces CzechInvest, the Czech Republic's investment and business development agency, and discusses the country's renewable energy policy, incentives for investment, and growth opportunities in various clean technology sectors such as wind, biomass, biofuels, biogas, photovoltaics, and hydro energy. Specific investment statistics and targets for renewable energy sources in the Czech Republic are also presented.
Minnesota Power has made progress in reducing emissions and transitioning its energy portfolio, but faces ongoing environmental challenges. Emissions have been reduced 70% since 2005 through adding renewables like wind, efficiency programs, and upgrades to Boswell Unit 4. However, new EPA regulations could require further emission reductions at a higher cost, particularly for Minnesota Power's smaller, older coal units. The company's integrated resource plan aims to continue conservation, diversify fuel sources, accelerate carbon reduction through more wind and Manitoba hydro, while maintaining reliability and affordable costs. Moving forward, Minnesota Power will work to ensure regional energy remains balanced across these priorities.
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Day 5:The Lebanese Energy Audit Experience: From Canada, India, Tunisia, Jordan, and Lebanon
1. The Lebanese Energy Audit Experience:
From Canada, India, Tunisia, Jordan, and Lebanon
Nader Hajj Shehadeh
LCEC Energy Engineer
nader.hajjshehadeh@lcecp.org.lb
RCREEE Energy Audit Training in Buildings Tunis, 5 June 2010
2. Overview
The Energy Audit Programme o LCEC
e e gy ud og a e of C C
- Qualification process and Energy audits
- Capacity Building
Energy Audits Results
- Analysis of Results
- Common Energy Conservation Measures
Energy Audit Case Study
- Gefinor Rotana Hotel
7. This is what we have been doing for
the past few days
150 papers
150 papers
Consumption
25 participants 18.6 kg of paper
80 g/m2
1600 liter of water
0.062 m2 /paper
0.062 m 0.3 trees
8. This is what we have been doing for
the past few days
800 Watts 1600 Watts
0.5 pages/sec 0.25 pages/sec
Consumption
6.46 kWh
6 6k h
9. The Energy Audit Programme o LCEC
e e gy ud og a e of C C
- Qualification process and Energy audits
- Capacity Building
10. The Electricity Cost and Price
$0.18
$0.15
Prodcutio
$0.12
n Cost,
$0.18
$0.09
Sold
Price,
$0.06 $0.10
$0.03
$0.00
$0 00
The Lebanese Center for Energy Conservation (LCEC) 2010
12. The Energy Audit Market of the Past
The first local energy audit firm gets into business.
1996
Business is weak, with a major barrier of funding.
1
.
.
Energy audit business is shy, with one firm performing solely..
Energy audit business is shy with one firm performing solely.. 1
.
LCECP is launched; aim: remove barriers to ESCO operations.
2003
LCECP coordinates, supervises, and helps funding the studies.
3
LCECP refreshes, promoting more energy audit activities.
2007
Offering trainings, workshops, & development sessions.
Offering trainings workshops & development sessions.
6
Energy Audit Market is getting stronger and stronger.
2009
Energy Audit Firms are starting to develop their own business.
8
13. The Start of LCEC(P)
The Lebanese Center for Energy Conservation is a joint project
between the UNDP and the Ministry of Energy and Water.
PROJECT NUMBER 000013385 (LEB/99/G31)
Lebanon ‐ Cross Sectoral Energy Efficiency and Removal of
gy y
TITLE
TITLE
Barriers to ESCO Operation
PROJECT SITE Lebanon
DURATION 5 years + 1 year extension
APPROVAL DATE June 2001
START DATE April 2002
PROJECT TARGET Energy Efficiency & Conservation
TYPE OF PROJECT Policy/Operational/Management
l / l/
EXECUTING AGENCY Ministry of Energy & Water (MEW)
ADMINISTRATOR AGENCY United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
PROJECT FUNDING
PROJECT FUNDING Global Environment Facility (GEF Ministry of Energy & Water (MEW)
Global Environment Facility (GEF Ministry of Energy & Water (MEW)
Industrial, Commercial & Residential Energy users, Ministry of Energy
PROJECT BENEFICIARIES
and Water, EDL and the Lebanese population at large.
14. The Lebanese Center for Energy Conservation
Role:
LCEC is the national energy agency catering for EE & RE in Lebanon.
LCEC acts as the technical point of reference specialized in energy
conservation i
ti issues within th L b
ithi the Lebanese Mi i t of E
Ministry f Energy and W t
d Water.
pp :
Supporters:
- Ministry of Energy and Water
- United Nations Development Programme
- Global Environment Facility
15. The Lebanese Center for Energy Conservation
Activities:
LCEC deals with energy efficiency and renewable energies in the
concept of energy conservations, and works on the following axes:
Pilot Projects Energy Audits Capacity Building
Awareness Standards & Labels Legislation
16. The Lebanese Center for Energy Conservation
Regional Role:
LCEC is the national focal point of various projects and centers.
LCEC is a BoT member of the Regional Center for Renewable Energy
and E
d Energy Effi i
Efficiency (RCREEE)
17. The Energy Audit Programme of LCEC
The project was launched in 2002
p j
More actively since 2005
We followed Mr. Kreidy’s recommended methodology:
Building Capacity
Building Capacity Mission
Analysis of current situation Work plan & Budget
18. The Energy Audit Programme of LCEC
The ESCO
An ESCO, Energy Service Company, is a professional business
, gy p y, p f
providing a broad range of comprehensive energy solutions
including designs and implementation of energy savings
projects,
projects energy conservation energy infrastructure
conservation,
outsourcing, power generation and energy supply, and risk
management.
19. The Energy Audit Programme of LCEC
ESCO: Services
• Prequalify the customer
• Conduct an energy audit (large projects needs an investment grade
audit)
• Establish a sound base-year data (or baseline)
• Secu e solid contract- fa for
Secure a sol d co t act fair fo all pa t es
parties
• Implement quality measures
• Operations and Maintenance (O&M)
• Measurement & Savings Verification
• Project Management
20. The Energy Audit Programme of LCEC
ESCO: Characteristics
• All previous services include risk assessment ESCO should
assessment,
calculate each risk and discount the savings guarantee accordingly.
• ESCO should be constituted from a large and complete
organizational resources (Managers, engineers, accounting…)
• It should arrange financing and not participate to it.
• Most of the time, its business revolves around performance
contracting.
21. The Energy Audit Programme of LCEC
ESCO: Performance Contracting
• It is by far the most widespread financing tool in the North
American ESCO market
• It has fuelled the dramatic increase in energy efficiency projects in
these regions
• It’s based usually on a three party contract: Client, ESCO,
Financier (Bank, Utility,…)
• It’s usually a 5-10 years contract
• ESCO is paid solely based on the “performance” of the energy
efficiency project.
• Performance C
P f Contracting i primarily a fi
i is i il financial transaction ( d
i l i (and
not a technical or legal one)
22. The Energy Audit Programme of LCEC
The finance
LCEC partially/completely finances energy audit studies for
both public and private beneficiaries.
LCEC inspects and evaluates the site and thus decides the
cost of the Energy Audit study.
For Private Sectors:
There is a cost sharing agreement between the
beneficiary and LCEC that evolved with time
time.
For Public Sectors:
LCEC finances 100% of the cost of the study
Exception: Small Buildings
LCECP finances 100% of the cost of the study for both
p
public & p
private sectors.
23. The Energy Audit Programme of LCEC
The finance
Evolution of Energy Audit Financing
24. The Energy Audit Programme of LCEC
Conducted Studies within 21 months
August 2007 – November 2008 (21 months) : 95 sites
Conducted: 4.5 sites per month
100
90
Conducted Sites
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
25. The Energy Audit Programme of LCEC
Prequalification Process
In order for an energy firm to be eligible to participate in the LCEC
energy audit program, a pre-qualification questionnaire needs to b
di lifi i i i d be
filled and submitted for evaluation.
The purpose of this questionnaire is to collect adequate information
on the Lebanese companies with regard to their capabilities and
experiences in respect of energy audits.
The evaluation criteria follows the following scheme:
- Company Structure and Organization (150 points)
- Expertise and Experience (250 points)
- Financial Capability (150 points)
- Human Resources (250 points)
- Equipment and Software (200 points)
31. The Energy Audit Programme of LCEC
Capacity Building
2007
Energy Auditing Training
Experts: Econoler
Date: 20-21 February 2007
y
Participants:
Energy Auditors, Engineers,
EDL, MEW...
32. The Energy Audit Programme of LCEC
Capacity Building
2008
Reactive Power Energy Efficiency in
Enhancement Electrical Systems
Experts: Local Experts Experts: NERC – Jordan
Date: 20 February 2008
y Date: 16-17 April 2008
p
Participants: Participants:
Energy Auditors, Engineers, Energy Auditors, Engineers,
EDL, MEW... EDL, MEW, Universities...
33. The Energy Audit Programme of LCEC
Capacity Building
2008
Energy Efficiency in ESCO Business
Electrical Systems Development
Experts: NERC – Jordan Experts: IIEC International
Date: 11-12 June 2008 Date: 22 - 23 July 2008
y
Participants: Participants:
Energy Auditors, Engineers, Energy Auditors, Engineers,
EDL, MEW, Universities... EDL, MEW, Banks...
34. The Energy Audit Programme of LCEC
Capacity Building
2008
Energy Saving in Steam
CO2 Calculations
Systems
Experts: IIEC International Experts: IDEKO – Lebanon
Date: 24 July 2008
y Date: 15 October 2008
Participants: Participants:
Energy Auditors, Engineers, Energy Auditors, Engineers,
EDL, MEW, Universities... EDL, MEW, Universities...
35. The Energy Audit Programme of LCEC
Capacity Building
2008
Measurement Technique
in Energy Auditing
g g
Experts: CRA2E – Tunisia
Date: 15 December 2008
Participants:
Energy Auditors, Engineers,
Architects...
36. The Energy Audit Programme of LCEC
Capacity Building
2009
Energy Audit Applications Energy Audit in
& Methodologies
g Commercial Buildings
g
Experts: IIEC International Experts: CRA2E – Tunisia
Date: 16 April 2009
p Date: 16 May 2009
y
Participants: Participants:
Energy Auditors, Engineers, Energy Auditors, Engineers,
EDL, MEW, Universities... EDL, MEW, Universities...
Part of the International Experts Part of the International Experts
Project Project
37. The Energy Audit Programme of LCEC
The International ESCOs Programme
Project Details
The Aim was to hire two international ESCO’s to support local energy audit
firms in five selected projects supervised by LCEC and transfer the
necessary know-how
LCEC received applications from several professional ESCOs from different
countries. According to LCEC selection criteria the International ESCOs
hired are:
• CRA2E- Tunisia
• IIEC- India
38. The Energy Audit Programme of LCEC
The International ESCOs Programme
IIEC
Hotel-Dieu de
Solicar
France
Local Firm: Local Firm:
Apave Lebanon Metacs
Date of Execution: Date of Execution:
Aug 2008 – Apr 2009 Aug 2008 – Apr 2009
39. The Energy Audit Programme of LCEC
The International ESCOs Programme
CRA2E
City Mall Beirut Airport ABC Ashrafieh
Local Firm: Local Firm: Local Firm:
Beta Engineering NEC Apave Lebanon
Date of Execution: Date of Execution: Date of Execution:
Sep 2008 – May 2009 Sep 2008 – May 2009 Sep 2008 – Mar 2009
40. The Energy Audit Programme of LCEC
The Outstanding Engineers Programme
2009
Intensive Training for Outstanding Performance Energy
Auditors
Experts: CRA2E – Tunisia
Date: 11 – 18 October 2009
Participants:
4 Energy Auditors
1 from LCEC
41. The Energy Audit Programme of LCEC
The Outstanding Engineers Programme
Project Details
4 energy audit engineers were selected based on their performance and
quality of work at the energy audit works with LCEC
LCEC received offers from several professional ESCOs from different
countries and ended up selecting CRA2E for their great experience and
the comprehensive training programme they proposed.
42. The Energy Audit Programme of LCEC
The Outstanding Engineers Programme
Project Details
The one-week infield training was conducted by CRA2E, and was included
the following facilities:
STEG power generation plant:
- Trainees learned the details of the power generation process
- Trainees conducted power and combustion testing
Phenicia Hotel in Hammamat:
- Trainees performed an energy audit with CRA2E
- Trainees performed analysis for thermal and electrical systems
Mawasir Factory:
- Trainees learned about implemented energy efficiency measures
43. The Energy Audit Programme of LCEC
In the pipeline
2010
NEEREA
Energy Conservation Law
(National RE & EE Account)
- Mandatory & regulatory - Target: EE & RE projects
energy audit for large
gy g - Role: provide 0% interest
p
facilities loans with full risk guarantees
- Close collaboration with - Sectors: All sectors
ESCOs - Requirement: Approval by
- Promotion of Energy Efficient LCEC on the technical
equipment proposal
- Apply Energy Conservation
Measures to all public and
governmental facilities
44. The Energy Audit Programme of LCEC
In the pipeline – Already Initiated
2010
The Energy Efficiency House Doctor
45. The Energy Audit Programme of LCEC
In the pipeline – Already Initiated
The Energy Efficiency House Doctor
47. The Energy Audit Programme of LCEC
The Impact
Energy Audit Firms:
Total number of qualified firms: 8
Dedicated firms (ESCOs): 2
Energy Audit Engineers: 20
Energy Audit Engineers: 20
Energy Audit Studies:
All in all: 108
All in all: 108
Implementation Projects:
Public: 4
Private: 9
48. The Energy Audit Programme of LCEC
The Impact
Current Qualified Energy Audit Firms: 8 (+3 conditional)
49. The Energy Audit Programme of LCEC
The Impact
The LCEC programme created a momentum giving energy audit
p g g g gy
companies a push to perform energy audits.
They now have the know-how, the equipment, the
qualification, the awareness, and very nearly the financial
support.
Several ESCOs operate in the Arab region and Europe. They
perform energy audits for industrial and commercial buildings
buildings.
They also perform green building design.
They learned it and now teaching it…
50. The Energy Audit Programme of LCEC
The Impact
“The l
“Th role of LCEC is centrall in th d
f i t i the development
l t
of the Energy Efficiency Business in general and
ESCO in particular. It has helped us by raising the
awareness among the potentiall end users, it h
th t ti d has
put us in connection with key stakeholders, it has
pushed the whole filed to new boundaries. All
the above had positive impacts to our
h b h d ii i
business…”
Ronald Diab
Energy Efficiency Group
“…Just look at the audits done under the LCEC
Managing Director
scheme and those implemented by EEG
afterwards. Apart the fact that it helps us by
giving the whole field a good legitimacy.”
52. The Energy Audits of LCEC
Distribution by Sector
Public Services
Social
11
Services 7
44
Industrial
24
Commercial
22
53. The Energy Audits of LCEC
Energy Conservation Measures
Average Payback Period
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
# of Sites
1‐10
11‐20
21‐30
31‐40
41‐50
51‐60
61‐70
>70
54. The Energy Audits of LCEC
Energy Conservation Measures
Average Payback Period v/s average lifetime
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
# of Sites
1‐10
11‐20
21‐30
31‐40
41‐50
51‐60
61‐70
>70
55. The Energy Audits of LCEC
Sample: 9 sites
Industrial
2
Services
4
Commercial
3
56. The Energy Audits of LCEC
Sample: 9 sites
Energy
Generators
20%
Cost
Thermal
EDL
22% EDL
80%
46%
Generators
32%
h l
Thermal
31%
EDL
55%
Generators
14%
57. The Energy Audits of LCEC
Sample: 9 sites
Thermal 7.6
Generators 25.2
EDL 9.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
¢/kWh
58. The Energy Audits of LCEC
Sample: 9 sites
Thermal 7.6
Generat
25.2
25 2
ors
EDL 9.0
Do we need
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
mandatory
d t
¢/kWh audits?!!
Generator
s Energy
E
20%
EDL
80%
59. The Energy Audits of LCEC
Sample: 9 sites
Commercial
Services
Industrial
0 2 4 6 8
60. The Energy Audits of LCEC
Sample: 9 sites
Consumption Annual Bill Investment Savings Payback
(USD) (KWh) (USD)
229,701,907 120,122,086 12,629,062 44,061,900 4,285,623 2.95
61. The Energy Audits of LCEC
“Results of Nine Energy Audit Studies” Report
63. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Site Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Sector Commercial
Business Hotel
Location Beirut
Climatic Zone
Climatic Zone Coastal
Surface Area 20,000 m2
Rooms 164
64. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Disclaimer:
The figures, analysis, and results presented in this case
study are compiled from the energy audit report
submitted by National Energy Consultants (NEC) and
conducted under the supervision of LCEC.
65. Overview on Energy Auditing
Project Data Onsite
Initiation Collection Work
1. Kick off 1. Collection of 1. Perform spot
Meeting Building info measurements
2. Collection of
2. Identifying 2. Install
inventory &
the contact
the contact meters
drawings
3. Sharing the
g 3. Collecting
g 3. Download
work plan bills recorded data
66. Overview on Energy Auditing
Data Analysis ECMs
1. Analysis of 2. Analysis of 1. Low/No cost
electricity electrical load ECMs
3. Analysis of 2. Propose
4. Benchmark
thermal energy
thermal energy possible ECMs
possible ECMs
3. Economic
5. Building
g 6. Water
feasibility of
feasibility of
envelope system analysis
ECMs
67. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Project Initiation
2. Identifying the 3. Sharing the work
1. Kick off Meeting
g
contact plan
l
LCEC
Mr. Joe Abou NEC proposed
p p
+
Jawde was the work plan
Contractor
assigned to be and shared it
(NEC)
NEC’s focal with JAJ with a
+
point
i t set deadline
t d dli
Gefinor Hotel
68. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Data Collection
1. Collection of Building info
1 Collection of Building info
Occupancy Rate
p y Operation
p
12/12 months
7/7 days
24/24 hours
Surface Area
20,000 m2
69. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Data Collection
2. Collection of inventory & drawings
2 Collection of inventory & drawings
70. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Data Collection
3. Collection of bills
3 Collection of bills
71. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Onsite Work
1. Perform spot measurements
1 Perform spot measurements Lighting Level
Lighting Level
72. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Onsite Work
1. Perform spot measurements
1 Perform spot measurements Temperatures
73. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Onsite Work
2. Install meters
2 Install meters
Temperatures & Humidity
T t & H idit Power analyzer
P l
74. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Onsite Work
2. Install meters
2 Install meters
Combustion analyzer
C b ti l Energy logger
E l
75. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Onsite Work
3. Download recorded data
3 Download recorded data Temperature & Humidity
Temperature & Humidity
76. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Onsite Work
3. Download recorded data
3 Download recorded data Power logging
Power logging
77. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Onsite Work
3. Download recorded data
3 Download recorded data Voltage logging
Voltage logging
78. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Onsite Work
3. Download recorded data
3 Download recorded data Amperage logging
Amperage logging
79. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Onsite Work
3. Download recorded data
3 Download recorded data Harmonic distortion
Harmonic distortion
80. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Onsite Work
3. Download recorded data
3 Download recorded data Power factor
Power factor
81. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Data Analysis
3. Download recorded data
3 Download recorded data Energy recording
Energy recording
82. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Data Analysis
1. Analysis of electricity
1 Analysis of electricity EDL & generators
EDL & generators
EDL Transformer 2,000 kVA
Tariff Industrial
(5.3, 7.5, 21.3 ¢)
(5 3 7 5 21 3 ¢)
Backup Generator 1,600 kVA
83. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Data Analysis
1. Analysis of electricity
1 Analysis of electricity EDL consumption
EDL consumption
84. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Data Analysis
1. Analysis of electricity
1 Analysis of electricity EDL consumption
EDL consumption
85. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Data Analysis
1. Analysis of electricity
1 Analysis of electricity Generators consumption
Generators consumption
86. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Data Analysis
1. Analysis of electricity
1 Analysis of electricity Electrical energy consumption
Electrical energy consumption
87. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Data Analysis
1. Analysis of electricity
1 Analysis of electricity Electrical energy cost
Electrical energy cost
88. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Data Analysis
2. Analysis of electrical load
2 Analysis of electrical load Inventory
89. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Data Analysis
2. Analysis of electrical load
2 Analysis of electrical load Inventory
90. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Data Analysis
2. Analysis of electrical load
2 Analysis of electrical load Energy/Load Breakdown
Energy/Load Breakdown
91. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Data Analysis
2. Analysis of electrical load
2 Analysis of electrical load Energy/Load Breakdown
Energy/Load Breakdown
92. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Data Analysis
2. Analysis of electrical load
2 Analysis of electrical load Consumption per category
Consumption per category
93. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Data Analysis
2. Analysis of electrical load
2 Analysis of electrical load Consumption per category
Consumption per category
94. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Data Analysis
3. Analysis of thermal energy
3 Analysis of thermal energy Steam boiler
Steam boiler
95. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Data Analysis
3. Analysis of thermal energy
3 Analysis of thermal energy Hot water boiler
Hot water boiler
96. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Data Analysis
3. Analysis of thermal energy
3 Analysis of thermal energy Hot water boiler
Hot water boiler
97. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Data Analysis
3. Analysis of thermal energy
3 Analysis of thermal energy Hot water boiler
Hot water boiler
98. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Data Analysis
3. Analysis of thermal energy
3 Analysis of thermal energy Total boilers
Total boilers
99. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Onsite Work
3. Download recorded data
3 Download recorded data Power factor
Power factor
100. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Onsite Work
3. Download recorded data
3 Download recorded data Power factor
Power factor
101. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Data Analysis
4. Energy benchmark
4 Energy benchmark Electrical energy
Electrical energy
102. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Data Analysis
4. Energy benchmark
4 Energy benchmark Electrical energy
Electrical energy
103. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Data Analysis
4. Energy benchmark
4 Energy benchmark Total energy
Total energy
104. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Data Analysis
4. Energy benchmark
4 Energy benchmark Total energy
Total energy
105. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Data Analysis
5. Building envelope
5 Building envelope U‐Value
U Value
Walls Windows & Doors
Material Concrete Material Aluminum
Type
T Double wall
D bl ll Type
T Double glazed
D bl l d
U‐Value 2.54 W.m2/K U‐Value 2.38 W.m2/K
Roof
Material Concrete
Type
yp Asphalt + water proof
p p
U‐Value 1.33 W.m2/K
106. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Data Analysis
6. Water system analysis
6 Water system analysis Water treatment
Water treatment
107. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Data Analysis
6. Water system analysis
6 Water system analysis Water treatment
Water treatment
108. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Data Analysis
6. Water system analysis
6 Water system analysis Water treatment
Water treatment
109. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Data Analysis
6. Water system analysis
6 Water system analysis Water treatment
Water treatment
110. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
1. Low/No cost ECMs
1 Low/No cost ECMs Good housekeeping
Good housekeeping
• Set all thermostats comfortably low in the winter and comfortably
high in the summer
• Install a programmable thermostat that is compatible with the existing
cooling system.
• Turn off computers and monitors when not in use.
• Cl
Close all doors and windows when A/C units are used (i t ll
ll d d i d h it d (install
automatic closing devices)
• Plug electronics, such as TVs, into p
g , , power strips; turn the power strips
p ; p p
off when the equipment is not in use (TVs and other electronic
equipment in standby mode still use several watts of power).
111. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
1. Low/No cost ECMs
1 Low/No cost ECMs Good housekeeping
Good housekeeping
• Start using energy-saving settings on refrigerators, dishwashers,
energy saving
washing machines, and clothes dryers.
• Look for the energy efficient appliances and products. Such as the US
ENERGY STAR label. That equipment will have at least a 10%
improvement from standard available in the market.
112. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
1. Low/No cost ECMs
1 Low/No cost ECMs Exit sign
Exit sign
• Retrofit Exit Sign Board with LED Board
113. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
1. Low/No cost ECMs
1 Low/No cost ECMs HVAC operation & maintenance
HVAC operation & maintenance
• Set all thermostats comfortably low in the winter and comfortably
high in the summer
• Replace Fans filters on a monthly or bi-monthly schedule (for large
A/C units) and clean internal filters for small split units.
• Insulate doors, hot water heater(s) and pipes, and ductwork located
in unconditioned areas; especially the windows in contact with
ambient temperature like in emergency department windows which is
always open to outside.
114. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
1. Low/No cost ECMs
1 Low/No cost ECMs HVAC operation & maintenance
HVAC operation & maintenance
• Cover and lock thermostats and ventilation controls to prevent
unauthorized adjustments
• Check for unusual noise, vibration and decrease in performance or
compressors/motors
• Seal ductwork leaks
• Inspect/clean condenser coils
• Clean and disinfect condensate drain pans
• Adjust building temperature by season; lower in winter and higher in
summer
• Installing air curtain on main entrance doors
115. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
1. Low/No cost ECMs
1 Low/No cost ECMs Boiler operation & maintenance
Boiler operation & maintenance
• Check combustion efficiency
• Check for leakage
• Check static pressure
• Check for pipes insulation
• Lubricate circulators/pumps
116. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
1. Low/No cost ECMs
1 Low/No cost ECMs Refrigeration operation & maintenance
Refrigeration operation & maintenance
• Keep cold air supply and return registers clean and clear of product
product.
• Maintain minimum recommended refrigeration temperature for
produce.
• Optimal refrigeration efficiency is achieved with ambient air relative
humidity levels between 40-55%.
• Check for unusual noise, vibration and decrease in performance of
compressors/motors.
• Clean refrigeration coils regularly.
• Replace worn and/or leaky door seals.
117. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
1. Low/No cost ECMs
1 Low/No cost ECMs Refrigeration operation & maintenance
Refrigeration operation & maintenance
• Verify operation and efficiency of defrost timers and moisture sensors
to ensure optimal performance.
• Clean and disinfect condensate drain pans.
• Monthly/bi-monthly maintenance contract.
• Follow manufacturer's recommendations for shelf position and size.
• Keep upright display case doors shut.
• Rotate stock regularly.
• Do not let refrigerated items warm-up during delivery and restocking.
warm up
• Turn off refrigeration unit when not in use.
118. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
2. Propose possible ECMs
2 Propose possible ECMs
1. Low cost / No cost EEMs: General operation and maintenance procedure.
. : p p .
2. Peak Hours Management.
3. Motor treatment: Decentralized Power Factor Correction.
4. Motor treatment: Line/Load Reactors
5.
5 Installation of Inverter / VFDs on the process cooling system.
system
6. Refrigeration/cooling compressor treatment: Oil additive.
7. Lighting Retrofit.
8. Installation of Motion Detectors.
9. Cogeneration - Waste heat exhaust gas boiler.
10. Solar hot water system.
11. Building envelop: Green roof.
12.
12 Water consumption efficiency
efficiency.
13. Enterprise Energy Management
14. Computerized Maintenance Management System.
119. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
3. Economic feasibility of ECMs
3 Economic feasibility of ECMs
120. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Peak hours management
Peak hours management Description
• Using Onsite Generators instead of EDL at peak hours
Gefinor Rotana Hotel is currently not using its on site power
generation during peak EDL hours. This decision was right in the near
past when diesel prices reached a hike, however, with their latest
decrease, it is now a feasible option as seen here after.
The facility has a 2x600kVA and 1x400kVA generators installed and
able to cover all the hotel’s power demand
121. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Peak hours management
Peak hours management Financials
122. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Peak hours management
Peak hours management Conditions & constraints
Conditions & constraints
123. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Motor treatment
Motor treatment Description
Decentralized Power Factor Correction
The main advantages from the connections side:
• Increase load capabilities or distribution systems (inside the facility)
• Can be switched with equipment / no additional switching is required
which improves the Power Quality
• Better voltage regulation because capacitor usage follows exactly the
load
• Capacitor sizing is simplified
• Capacitors are coupled with equipment and therefore move with it
should a rearrangement occurs.
124. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Motor treatment
Motor treatment Description
125. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Motor treatment
Motor treatment Installation
126. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Motor treatment
Motor treatment Financials
127. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Harmonics treatment
Harmonics treatment Description
For DC motors and AC motors with inverters: Line/Load Reactors
:
The anti-harmonic reactor has two purposes:
• to increase the impedance of the capacitor against harmonic currents
• to shift the parallel resonance frequency (Fr.p.) of the source and the
(Fr p )
capacitor to below the main frequencies of the interfering harmonic
currents.
128. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Harmonics treatment
Harmonics treatment Installation
129. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Harmonics treatment
Harmonics treatment Financials
130. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Process cooling enhancement
Process cooling enhancement Description
Installation of Inverters/VFDs on the process cooling system
p g y
By reducing the speed of a centrifugal fan or pump, the acoustic noise
level as well as the draught from fan systems is reduced. Water
hammer from pump systems can be totally avoided.
Saving energy is achieved by:
1. Controlling the pumps system’s capacity to match the actual need.
2. Removing unnecessary energy loss caused by vanes and valves.
131. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Process cooling enhancement
Process cooling enhancement Description
132. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Process cooling enhancement
Process cooling enhancement Installation
133. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Process cooling enhancement
Process cooling enhancement Installation
134. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Compressor treatment
Compressor treatment Description
Compressor additive oil
p
The PROA refrigeration oil supplement is a space age lubricant
containing a napthenic oil base with a number of specially developed
additives. It contains two anti-oxidation and anti-wear systems that
reduce friction, save energy use, and extend equipment life. The
primary system stays in solution and is triggered by temperature on an
as-needed basis, only. The secondary system is metal seeking and
latches onto all the internal metal surfaces.
135. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Compressor treatment
Compressor treatment Description
136. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Compressor treatment
Compressor treatment Description
137. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Process cooling enhancement
Process cooling enhancement Financials
138. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Lighting Retrofit
Lighting Retrofit Description
Retrofit magnetic ballast by electronic ballast in Fluorescent fixtures
Each Fluorescent fixture includes a ballast (or choke) which are usually
of the magnetic type. In the last decades, large advances were made in
that field and Electronic Ballasts were introduced in the market
providing clear advantages.
Today, electronic ballasts are going main steam with prices dropping
substantially, making them the preferred choice.
139. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Lighting Retrofit
Lighting Retrofit Description
Retrofit Incandescent Bulbs by Fluorescent Compact bulbs
Replacement of existing incandescent bulbs by CFLs; the result is
substantial energy efficiency and increase of life cycle.
There are incandescent bulbs used in different area which can be
retrofitted. This retrofit will not only reduce the lighting energy cost
but will also play an important role in reducing the heat output
substantially, making them the preferred choice.
140. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Lighting Retrofit
Lighting Retrofit Description
Retrofit Incandescent Bulbs by Fluorescent Compact bulbs
Until recently very little retrofit options were available as we needed a
flat surface bulb with a small diameter. In the last 2 years, new
technology has emerged is based on an innovative fluorescent compact
bulb that has a flat surface and a small diameter and a warm white
(yellow) color.
them the preferred choice.
141. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Lighting Retrofit
Lighting Retrofit Description
Retrofit of PAR lamps (Parabolic aluminized reflector)
A new bulb that has the same flat shape of a PAR light, same diameter,
warm white color and that can use directly line voltage.
Total benefits are a reduction of bulb wattage from 75W to 15W and
from 160W to 20W, which would reduce the watts lost, and a
substantial increase in life cycle (from 4000 hours to 15,000 hours)
leading to a reduction of labor
142. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Lighting Retrofit
Lighting Retrofit Description
Retrofit Metal Halide bulbs by Pulse Start Metal Halide bulbs/systems
The main bulb features and benefits are:
• More light (higher lumen/watts)
• Longer life and better Mortality Curve: Up to 20% more
• Superior lumen maintenance: 40%. More lumens
• Faster Warm up/ Re strike: 60% less time
p/ Re-strike:
• Color uniformity:
• Saves Energy: replace a 400W standard MH by a 250W Pulse Start MH
143. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Lighting Retrofit
Lighting Retrofit Financials
144. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Lighting control
Lighting control Description
Installation of motion detectors
Passive infrared (PIR) technology. This relies on “line-of-sight” coverage
to detect occupancy by sensing the difference in heat emitted by humans
in motion from that of the background space.
Ultrasonic technology. This utilizes the Doppler principle to detect
occupancy through emitting ultrasonic sound waves throughout a space
space.
Dual technology (DT): These sensors employ both PIR and ultrasonic
technologies. DT sensors will activate lights when both sensing
technologies detect occupancy but will continue to hold lighting on as
occupancy,
long as only one technology detects continued occupancy.
145. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Lighting control
Lighting control Description
146. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Lighting control
Lighting control Installation
147. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Lighting control
Lighting control Financials
148. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Cogeneration Description
Waste Heat Recovery
y
Waste Heat, in the most general sense, is the energy associated with
the waste streams of air, exhaust g
, gases and/or liquids that leave the
q
boundaries of a plant or building and enter the environment.
All waste heat that is successfully recovered directly substitutes for
purchased energy and therefore reduces the consumption of and the
cost of that energy. A second potential benefit is realized when waste
heat substitution results in smaller capacity requirements for energy
conversion equipment.
Some examples of Waste Heat Recovery are the production of Hot
Water from process heat or the production of chilled water via
Absorption Chillers running on hot water or steam
149. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Cogeneration – Exhaust Gas Boiler
Cogeneration Exhaust Gas Boiler Description
150. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Cogeneration Production
Production
151. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Cogeneration Financials
152. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Cogeneration – Heat Exchangers
Cogeneration Heat Exchangers Description
153. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Cogeneration Production
Production
154. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Cogeneration Financials
155. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Solar Water Heating
Solar Water Heating Description
Essentially a SWH uses the sun to heat water in collectors mounted on a
roof or some raised south-facing area. The heated water is then stored
in a tank not unlike a conventional electric or gas water.
Solar water heating systems consist of a solar collector and a storage
tank connected by two pipes. In the solar collector, the sun's energy is
converted to heat in the liquid in the solar collector‘s channels. This
collector s channels
liquid transports the heat through a pipe to the storage tank, where the
heat is transferred to the water in the heat exchanger.
156. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Solar Water Heating
Solar Water Heating Description
157. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Solar Water Heating
Solar Water Heating Production
158. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Solar Water Heating
Solar Water Heating Financials
159. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Building envelope enhancement
Building envelope enhancement Description
Green Roof
160. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Building envelope enhancement
Building envelope enhancement Description
161. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Building envelope enhancement
Building envelope enhancement Heat transmission reduction
Heat transmission reduction
162. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Building envelope enhancement
Building envelope enhancement Financials
163. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Water efficiency
Water efficiency Description
General Operation and Maintenance issues
p
• Ensure return of steam condensate to boiler for reuse
• Use full loads in sanitizers, sterilizers and lab equipment dishwashers.
, q p
• Operate kitchen dishwashers with full loads only, and shut off when
they are not in use.
• Reduce flow to surgical vacuum pumps to acceptable minimum level
and maintain proper operation
operation.
• Locate and repair leaks.
• Check steam traps periodically, repair when necessary.
• Initiate employee awareness program, get input and ideas from staff,
offer incentives. Encourage employee water conservation at home as
well.
164. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Water efficiency
Water efficiency Description
General Operation and Maintenance issues
p
• Evaluate daily routines of staff (i.e. showering, clean up, and hand
washing) and encourage efficient p
g) g practices and procedures.
p
• Develop a water management plan at your facility
• In Laundry:
• Evaluate wash program considering daily wash loads. Consult
manufacturer for specifications regarding minimizing water
necessary for various load soil conditions.
• Check with chemical vendor and evaluate wash formula.
• Investigate a rinse water reclamation system to reuse rinse water
for wash cycle.
• Consider installing a wash water and rinse water treatment and
reclamation system.
165. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Water efficiency
Water efficiency Description
Installation of Laminor Flow control for faucets and showers
Laminar Flow is achieved by arresting the kinetic energy at the faucet’s
discharge point down to less than 4 fps and directing water through
g p p g g
precisely engineered and spaced perforated plates within flow control.
Laminar Flow Means:
• No splash improved wetting ability, excellent cohesion, softness, low
velocity and cannot introduce airborne bacteria to the water system
system.
• Fluid particles move in parallel layers.
• Each layer has a constant velocity and is in relative motion to its
neighbor.
• Very low velocity compared to aerated streams.
• A transparent, crystal clear solid soft stream of water.
166. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Water efficiency
Water efficiency Description
167. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Water efficiency
Water efficiency Description
168. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures
Water efficiency
Water efficiency Financials
169. Case Study 1: Gefinor Rotana Hotel
Energy Conservation Measures