This document provides an introduction to endocrinology and discusses hormones, the endocrine system, endocrine organs like the pituitary gland, and endocrine diseases. It summarizes that hormones regulate metabolism, growth, and reproduction by acting as chemical messengers at very low concentrations on target tissues. Endocrine diseases are diagnosed through examinations and hormone tests, and treated through hormone therapy, surgery, or other methods. The document uses a case study to illustrate how endocrine diseases may present with subtle complaints but are diagnosed through blood tests and imaging.
This document discusses hirsutism, defined as excessive hair growth in androgen-dependent areas. It covers the physiology of hair growth and androgens, etiologies including PCOS and adrenal/ovarian tumors, diagnosis via Ferriman-Gallway scoring and lab tests, and treatments such as oral contraceptives, GnRH agonists, and androgen receptor antagonists like spironolactone and cyproterone acetate.
This document discusses testosterone deficiency in males. It begins by introducing testosterone as the principal male sex hormone, playing a key role in male reproductive tissue development and secondary sexual characteristics. It then discusses levels of testosterone in adult males versus females, and the measurement and variations of testosterone levels. Common causes that can alter sex hormone-binding globulin and affect testosterone measurements are outlined. The document also covers primary and secondary testosterone deficiency, defining each and providing examples of causes. Androgen insensitivity syndrome is discussed as another cause of testosterone deficiency due to defects in androgen target organs. Age-related declines in testosterone are reviewed, along with studies on the prevalence of testosterone deficiency in aging males. Diagnosing
Androgens are male sex hormones like testosterone that cause male secondary sex characteristics. The testes naturally produce testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. Androgens promote sperm production, male physical development at puberty, and adult male characteristics. They are used to treat low testosterone and other conditions. Side effects include virilization in women, liver problems, and infertility. Anti-androgens like danazol and flutamide are used to treat conditions like endometriosis and prostate cancer.
This document discusses female hormones and hormone replacement therapy. It describes the female menstrual cycle and associated hormones like follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. It evaluates the drug Flibanserin for treating low sexual desire in premenopausal women. It also describes the physiology of menopause and options for hormone replacement therapy, including risks. Bioidentical hormone replacement therapy is discussed along with its advantages and disadvantages compared to traditional therapy.
Medicinal Chemistry of Steroidal Harmons
Classification of Steroidal Harmons
Medicinal Uses
Biosynthesis of Steroidal Harmons
Mechanism of action of Steroidal Harmons
Natural and Synthetic derivatives of Steroidal Harmons and their Inhibitors
This document discusses several key topics related to gonadal hormones:
1. It reviews the major classes of natural and synthetic gonadal hormones including estrogens, progestogens, androgens, and their inhibitors.
2. It describes the physiological effects and clinical uses of important hormones like estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone.
3. It also discusses hormonal contraceptives and performance enhancing drugs that are abused in sports.
4. The summary briefly mentions a reproductive health bill in the Philippines that aims to promote family planning but faces opposition from the Catholic Church.
Hirsutism is a condition characterized by excessive hair growth in women in a male pattern. It arises from excess male hormones called androgens, which can be caused by conditions like polycystic ovarian syndrome, genetics, or tumors. Symptoms include irregular periods, acne, and signs of masculinity like dark, coarse hair growth on the face and body. Hirsutism is evaluated using the Ferriman-Gallwey score and diagnosed if a woman scores 6 or more. While there is no cure, treatment options include hair removal methods like plucking, shaving, waxing, or laser/electrolysis, as well as estrogen-containing medications.
This document discusses hirsutism, defined as excessive hair growth in androgen-dependent areas. It covers the physiology of hair growth and androgens, etiologies including PCOS and adrenal/ovarian tumors, diagnosis via Ferriman-Gallway scoring and lab tests, and treatments such as oral contraceptives, GnRH agonists, and androgen receptor antagonists like spironolactone and cyproterone acetate.
This document discusses testosterone deficiency in males. It begins by introducing testosterone as the principal male sex hormone, playing a key role in male reproductive tissue development and secondary sexual characteristics. It then discusses levels of testosterone in adult males versus females, and the measurement and variations of testosterone levels. Common causes that can alter sex hormone-binding globulin and affect testosterone measurements are outlined. The document also covers primary and secondary testosterone deficiency, defining each and providing examples of causes. Androgen insensitivity syndrome is discussed as another cause of testosterone deficiency due to defects in androgen target organs. Age-related declines in testosterone are reviewed, along with studies on the prevalence of testosterone deficiency in aging males. Diagnosing
Androgens are male sex hormones like testosterone that cause male secondary sex characteristics. The testes naturally produce testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. Androgens promote sperm production, male physical development at puberty, and adult male characteristics. They are used to treat low testosterone and other conditions. Side effects include virilization in women, liver problems, and infertility. Anti-androgens like danazol and flutamide are used to treat conditions like endometriosis and prostate cancer.
This document discusses female hormones and hormone replacement therapy. It describes the female menstrual cycle and associated hormones like follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. It evaluates the drug Flibanserin for treating low sexual desire in premenopausal women. It also describes the physiology of menopause and options for hormone replacement therapy, including risks. Bioidentical hormone replacement therapy is discussed along with its advantages and disadvantages compared to traditional therapy.
Medicinal Chemistry of Steroidal Harmons
Classification of Steroidal Harmons
Medicinal Uses
Biosynthesis of Steroidal Harmons
Mechanism of action of Steroidal Harmons
Natural and Synthetic derivatives of Steroidal Harmons and their Inhibitors
This document discusses several key topics related to gonadal hormones:
1. It reviews the major classes of natural and synthetic gonadal hormones including estrogens, progestogens, androgens, and their inhibitors.
2. It describes the physiological effects and clinical uses of important hormones like estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone.
3. It also discusses hormonal contraceptives and performance enhancing drugs that are abused in sports.
4. The summary briefly mentions a reproductive health bill in the Philippines that aims to promote family planning but faces opposition from the Catholic Church.
Hirsutism is a condition characterized by excessive hair growth in women in a male pattern. It arises from excess male hormones called androgens, which can be caused by conditions like polycystic ovarian syndrome, genetics, or tumors. Symptoms include irregular periods, acne, and signs of masculinity like dark, coarse hair growth on the face and body. Hirsutism is evaluated using the Ferriman-Gallwey score and diagnosed if a woman scores 6 or more. While there is no cure, treatment options include hair removal methods like plucking, shaving, waxing, or laser/electrolysis, as well as estrogen-containing medications.
This document discusses androgens and the male reproductive system. It describes the structure and function of the male reproductive system and the role of testosterone as the main hormone. Testosterone is produced in the testes and regulates sperm production and male characteristics. It binds to receptors in target tissues like muscle and bone. The effects, production, regulation, and clinical uses of testosterone are summarized along with descriptions of anti-androgen drugs that block testosterone's actions.
The document summarizes the metabolism of androgens. It discusses how testosterone is produced in the testes from cholesterol through a series of reactions involving enzymes in Leydig cells. Testosterone can then be converted to the more potent dihydrotestosterone or estradiol in peripheral tissues. The production of testosterone is controlled by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Testosterone promotes male secondary sex characteristics and spermatogenesis during puberty. It can cause ambiguous genitalia and infertility if levels are deficient.
This document discusses male gonadal function and dysfunction, including causes and treatment of hypogonadism. It covers primary hypogonadism conditions like Klinefelter syndrome and secondary causes such as tumors or drugs. Diagnosis involves measuring testosterone, LH and FSH levels. Treatment options for hypogonadism include testosterone replacement therapy via patches, gels or injections, with monitoring of side effects like prostate issues.
This document discusses androgens, anabolic steroids, and treatments for erectile dysfunction. It describes how androgens such as testosterone are naturally produced and have effects on sexual development, muscle growth, and behavior. Anabolic steroids are synthetic derivatives of testosterone that are sometimes abused for their muscle building effects. The document outlines the mechanisms, effects, and side effects of various androgens and anabolic steroids. It also discusses treatments for lowering androgen levels including anti-androgens and 5-alpha reductase inhibitors. Finally, it summarizes common pharmaceutical treatments for erectile dysfunction including phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors and alprostadil injections.
This document provides guidance on evaluating male breast enlargement (gynecomastia). Key recommendations include examining the breasts to distinguish true gynecomastia from pseudogynecomastia caused by obesity, asking about medications associated with gynecomastia, and ordering tests if initial examination is insufficient. Causes of gynecomastia include physiological factors, drugs, decreased androgen production or effect, and increased estrogen production. A thorough history and physical exam can help identify contributing factors. The evaluation should include differentiating gynecomastia from pseudogynecomastia, checking for bilateral involvement, and inquiring about medical history, medications, weight changes and symptoms to identify
Synthesis and Metabolism of Androgen in Male Reproductive SystemMadhukar Vedantham
Androgens like testosterone are synthesized primarily in the testes and adrenal glands. They function to develop male sexual characteristics, promote muscle and bone growth, and inhibit fat deposition. Testosterone is synthesized from cholesterol through either the progesterone or DHEA pathway in Leydig cells. It is then metabolized in target tissues, where it can bind androgen receptors to exert biochemical effects like protein synthesis and mineral deposition. Abnormalities in androgen synthesis or signaling can result in hypogonadism.
This is a class journal review of a paper titled: Testosterone Concentrations in Women Aged 25–50 Years: Associations with Lifestyle, Body Composition, and Ovarian Status published in the American Journal of Epidemiology (2001) by MF. Sowers, J. L. Beebe, D. McConnell, John Randolph, and M. Jannausch.
This document discusses reproductive/sexual hormone disorders. It provides an overview of common disorders including erectile dysfunction, gynecomastia, hypogonadism, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and hirsutism. For each disorder, it describes causes, symptoms, pathogenesis, risk factors, complications, diagnosis, and potential treatments. PCOS is highlighted as a condition in women characterized by irregular periods, excess hair growth, and obesity caused by insulin resistance and high androgen levels.
Source, synthesis and metabolism of androgensTHILAKAR MANI
Testosterone is the principal androgen produced by the testes and adrenal glands. It is synthesized from cholesterol through a series of enzymatic reactions regulated by LH and FSH. Most testosterone circulates bound to plasma proteins while a small fraction acts upon androgen receptors in target tissues like muscle and bone. There it is converted to the more potent dihydrotestosterone which influences male sexual development and secondary sex characteristics as well as spermatogenesis and behaviors. Androgens play an important role in protein synthesis, carbohydrate and mineral metabolism. Abnormalities in androgen levels or signaling can impact male reproductive function and health.
Hirsutism is excessive hair growth in a male pattern in women. It is caused by excess androgen levels which can be from the ovaries, adrenals, or obesity. Diagnosis involves assessing androgen levels and ruling out conditions like PCOS. Treatment focuses on reducing androgen levels through weight loss, medication to suppress androgen production/action, or removal of hair. Common medications are combined oral contraceptives, spironolactone, flutamide, and finasteride which block androgen receptors or reduce conversion of testosterone to DHT. Laser and electrolysis can permanently remove excess hair.
This document discusses selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) and selective estrogen receptor downregulators (SERDs), which are drugs that act as agonists or antagonists of estrogen receptors in a tissue-selective manner. It provides details on commonly used SERMs like tamoxifen, clomiphene, raloxifene, and newer drugs. It also discusses the prototype SERD fulvestrant and its mechanism of downregulating estrogen receptors. The document summarizes the pharmacological properties, mechanisms of action, uses and side effects of these estrogen-modulating drugs.
This document discusses testosterone, a male sex hormone. It begins by defining hormones and classifying sex hormones. It then discusses the structure, mechanism of action, synthesis, structure-activity relationships, therapeutic uses, dosing, and adverse effects of testosterone. The synthesis of testosterone is described in multiple steps starting from cholesterol or dehydroepiandrosterone. Testosterone is used to treat hypogonadism and increase muscle mass but can cause masculinization in females and side effects like fluid retention.
Male sex hormones include testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. Testosterone is produced in the testes and regulates the development of male sexual characteristics. It acts through binding to androgen receptors and altering gene expression. Common therapeutic uses of testosterone and related compounds include treating testicular failure, muscle wasting, osteoporosis, and symptoms of aging in men. Side effects can include virilization, acne, and risks to the prostate.
Feb., 2014 mens urological health cme testosterone replacement - Ihsaan Peer
- There are several formulations of testosterone available for treating deficiency including injections, patches, gels, and oral.
- Factors that influence which agent to prescribe include safety, efficacy, patient preference, and cost/insurance coverage.
- Absolute contraindications to testosterone therapy include prostate or breast cancer and hematocrit over 54%. Relative contraindications include severe lower urinary tract symptoms, prostate nodule, and cardiovascular conditions.
Testosterone's effects occur through binding to androgen receptors or by aromatization to estradiol. It stimulates protein synthesis in target tissues like the prostate. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to secrete LH and FSH, controlling testosterone and sperm production. Negative feedback loops regulate these processes. Abnormalities can include prostate diseases and hypogonadism.
1. The document discusses steroidal sex hormones including androgens like testosterone, estrogens like estradiol, and progestational agents like progesterone.
2. It describes the synthesis, properties, mechanisms of action, uses and structure-activity relationships of these hormones.
3. The key hormones are produced in the testes, ovaries, adrenals and placenta and help regulate male and female sex characteristics and reproductive cycles through their effects on gene expression.
This document discusses sex hormones, including androgens (male sex hormones like testosterone), estrogens (female sex hormones), and progesterone (the corpus luteum hormone). It covers the classification, sources, mechanisms of action, structure-activity relationships, and uses of these steroidal hormones. The hormones are produced in the gonads and act on secondary sex characteristics and reproductive functions through binding intracellular receptors and regulating gene expression.
This document provides an overview of testosterone, including its structure, secretion, effects, and mechanisms of action. Testosterone is the principal male sex hormone. It is secreted primarily by the testes in males and the ovaries in females. Testosterone promotes the development of male secondary sex characteristics, increases muscle and bone mass, and supports male sexual functions and spermatogenesis. It works primarily by binding to androgen receptors in cells or being aromatized into estradiol. Abnormalities in testosterone levels or signaling can result in various medical conditions.
Dr. Sujoy Dasgupta presented on the role of multivitamins and antioxidants in managing male infertility. Some key points:
1. Male fertility is dependent on many factors including semen analysis, which has limitations in assessing functional ability.
2. Semen analysis alone may not be enough to evaluate infertility cases. Tests like sperm DNA fragmentation are also important.
3. Antioxidants like astaxanthin, CoQ10, L-carnitine, and L-arginine have shown benefits like reducing oxidative stress and improving semen parameters in studies.
4. Supplementation with antioxidants is a promising treatment approach for mild male factor infertility cases.
Male Infertility-How a Gynaecologist can Manage?Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy dasgupta delivered an invited lecture on "Male Infertility-How a Gynaecologist can Manage?" in a CME on "New Frontiers in Infertility" organized by Genome Fertility Centre and Bhagirathi Neotia Woman and Child Care Centre, Kolkata held on 15 December 2023
Male Infertility- How Gynaecologists can manage?Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta delivered an invited lecture in a CME organised by JB Pharma with the support from West Midnapore Obst and Gynae Society and Genome Fertility Centre held at Medinipur on 22 July, 2023.
This document discusses androgens and the male reproductive system. It describes the structure and function of the male reproductive system and the role of testosterone as the main hormone. Testosterone is produced in the testes and regulates sperm production and male characteristics. It binds to receptors in target tissues like muscle and bone. The effects, production, regulation, and clinical uses of testosterone are summarized along with descriptions of anti-androgen drugs that block testosterone's actions.
The document summarizes the metabolism of androgens. It discusses how testosterone is produced in the testes from cholesterol through a series of reactions involving enzymes in Leydig cells. Testosterone can then be converted to the more potent dihydrotestosterone or estradiol in peripheral tissues. The production of testosterone is controlled by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Testosterone promotes male secondary sex characteristics and spermatogenesis during puberty. It can cause ambiguous genitalia and infertility if levels are deficient.
This document discusses male gonadal function and dysfunction, including causes and treatment of hypogonadism. It covers primary hypogonadism conditions like Klinefelter syndrome and secondary causes such as tumors or drugs. Diagnosis involves measuring testosterone, LH and FSH levels. Treatment options for hypogonadism include testosterone replacement therapy via patches, gels or injections, with monitoring of side effects like prostate issues.
This document discusses androgens, anabolic steroids, and treatments for erectile dysfunction. It describes how androgens such as testosterone are naturally produced and have effects on sexual development, muscle growth, and behavior. Anabolic steroids are synthetic derivatives of testosterone that are sometimes abused for their muscle building effects. The document outlines the mechanisms, effects, and side effects of various androgens and anabolic steroids. It also discusses treatments for lowering androgen levels including anti-androgens and 5-alpha reductase inhibitors. Finally, it summarizes common pharmaceutical treatments for erectile dysfunction including phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors and alprostadil injections.
This document provides guidance on evaluating male breast enlargement (gynecomastia). Key recommendations include examining the breasts to distinguish true gynecomastia from pseudogynecomastia caused by obesity, asking about medications associated with gynecomastia, and ordering tests if initial examination is insufficient. Causes of gynecomastia include physiological factors, drugs, decreased androgen production or effect, and increased estrogen production. A thorough history and physical exam can help identify contributing factors. The evaluation should include differentiating gynecomastia from pseudogynecomastia, checking for bilateral involvement, and inquiring about medical history, medications, weight changes and symptoms to identify
Synthesis and Metabolism of Androgen in Male Reproductive SystemMadhukar Vedantham
Androgens like testosterone are synthesized primarily in the testes and adrenal glands. They function to develop male sexual characteristics, promote muscle and bone growth, and inhibit fat deposition. Testosterone is synthesized from cholesterol through either the progesterone or DHEA pathway in Leydig cells. It is then metabolized in target tissues, where it can bind androgen receptors to exert biochemical effects like protein synthesis and mineral deposition. Abnormalities in androgen synthesis or signaling can result in hypogonadism.
This is a class journal review of a paper titled: Testosterone Concentrations in Women Aged 25–50 Years: Associations with Lifestyle, Body Composition, and Ovarian Status published in the American Journal of Epidemiology (2001) by MF. Sowers, J. L. Beebe, D. McConnell, John Randolph, and M. Jannausch.
This document discusses reproductive/sexual hormone disorders. It provides an overview of common disorders including erectile dysfunction, gynecomastia, hypogonadism, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and hirsutism. For each disorder, it describes causes, symptoms, pathogenesis, risk factors, complications, diagnosis, and potential treatments. PCOS is highlighted as a condition in women characterized by irregular periods, excess hair growth, and obesity caused by insulin resistance and high androgen levels.
Source, synthesis and metabolism of androgensTHILAKAR MANI
Testosterone is the principal androgen produced by the testes and adrenal glands. It is synthesized from cholesterol through a series of enzymatic reactions regulated by LH and FSH. Most testosterone circulates bound to plasma proteins while a small fraction acts upon androgen receptors in target tissues like muscle and bone. There it is converted to the more potent dihydrotestosterone which influences male sexual development and secondary sex characteristics as well as spermatogenesis and behaviors. Androgens play an important role in protein synthesis, carbohydrate and mineral metabolism. Abnormalities in androgen levels or signaling can impact male reproductive function and health.
Hirsutism is excessive hair growth in a male pattern in women. It is caused by excess androgen levels which can be from the ovaries, adrenals, or obesity. Diagnosis involves assessing androgen levels and ruling out conditions like PCOS. Treatment focuses on reducing androgen levels through weight loss, medication to suppress androgen production/action, or removal of hair. Common medications are combined oral contraceptives, spironolactone, flutamide, and finasteride which block androgen receptors or reduce conversion of testosterone to DHT. Laser and electrolysis can permanently remove excess hair.
This document discusses selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) and selective estrogen receptor downregulators (SERDs), which are drugs that act as agonists or antagonists of estrogen receptors in a tissue-selective manner. It provides details on commonly used SERMs like tamoxifen, clomiphene, raloxifene, and newer drugs. It also discusses the prototype SERD fulvestrant and its mechanism of downregulating estrogen receptors. The document summarizes the pharmacological properties, mechanisms of action, uses and side effects of these estrogen-modulating drugs.
This document discusses testosterone, a male sex hormone. It begins by defining hormones and classifying sex hormones. It then discusses the structure, mechanism of action, synthesis, structure-activity relationships, therapeutic uses, dosing, and adverse effects of testosterone. The synthesis of testosterone is described in multiple steps starting from cholesterol or dehydroepiandrosterone. Testosterone is used to treat hypogonadism and increase muscle mass but can cause masculinization in females and side effects like fluid retention.
Male sex hormones include testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. Testosterone is produced in the testes and regulates the development of male sexual characteristics. It acts through binding to androgen receptors and altering gene expression. Common therapeutic uses of testosterone and related compounds include treating testicular failure, muscle wasting, osteoporosis, and symptoms of aging in men. Side effects can include virilization, acne, and risks to the prostate.
Feb., 2014 mens urological health cme testosterone replacement - Ihsaan Peer
- There are several formulations of testosterone available for treating deficiency including injections, patches, gels, and oral.
- Factors that influence which agent to prescribe include safety, efficacy, patient preference, and cost/insurance coverage.
- Absolute contraindications to testosterone therapy include prostate or breast cancer and hematocrit over 54%. Relative contraindications include severe lower urinary tract symptoms, prostate nodule, and cardiovascular conditions.
Testosterone's effects occur through binding to androgen receptors or by aromatization to estradiol. It stimulates protein synthesis in target tissues like the prostate. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to secrete LH and FSH, controlling testosterone and sperm production. Negative feedback loops regulate these processes. Abnormalities can include prostate diseases and hypogonadism.
1. The document discusses steroidal sex hormones including androgens like testosterone, estrogens like estradiol, and progestational agents like progesterone.
2. It describes the synthesis, properties, mechanisms of action, uses and structure-activity relationships of these hormones.
3. The key hormones are produced in the testes, ovaries, adrenals and placenta and help regulate male and female sex characteristics and reproductive cycles through their effects on gene expression.
This document discusses sex hormones, including androgens (male sex hormones like testosterone), estrogens (female sex hormones), and progesterone (the corpus luteum hormone). It covers the classification, sources, mechanisms of action, structure-activity relationships, and uses of these steroidal hormones. The hormones are produced in the gonads and act on secondary sex characteristics and reproductive functions through binding intracellular receptors and regulating gene expression.
This document provides an overview of testosterone, including its structure, secretion, effects, and mechanisms of action. Testosterone is the principal male sex hormone. It is secreted primarily by the testes in males and the ovaries in females. Testosterone promotes the development of male secondary sex characteristics, increases muscle and bone mass, and supports male sexual functions and spermatogenesis. It works primarily by binding to androgen receptors in cells or being aromatized into estradiol. Abnormalities in testosterone levels or signaling can result in various medical conditions.
Dr. Sujoy Dasgupta presented on the role of multivitamins and antioxidants in managing male infertility. Some key points:
1. Male fertility is dependent on many factors including semen analysis, which has limitations in assessing functional ability.
2. Semen analysis alone may not be enough to evaluate infertility cases. Tests like sperm DNA fragmentation are also important.
3. Antioxidants like astaxanthin, CoQ10, L-carnitine, and L-arginine have shown benefits like reducing oxidative stress and improving semen parameters in studies.
4. Supplementation with antioxidants is a promising treatment approach for mild male factor infertility cases.
Male Infertility-How a Gynaecologist can Manage?Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy dasgupta delivered an invited lecture on "Male Infertility-How a Gynaecologist can Manage?" in a CME on "New Frontiers in Infertility" organized by Genome Fertility Centre and Bhagirathi Neotia Woman and Child Care Centre, Kolkata held on 15 December 2023
Male Infertility- How Gynaecologists can manage?Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta delivered an invited lecture in a CME organised by JB Pharma with the support from West Midnapore Obst and Gynae Society and Genome Fertility Centre held at Medinipur on 22 July, 2023.
Rational Investigations and Management of Male InfertilitySujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta delivered an invited lecture in the annual conference of WMOGS (West Midnapore Obstetric and Gynaecological Society) held on 16 September, 2023
IVF- How it changed the perspective of Male InfertilitySujoy Dasgupta
This document discusses male infertility and the role of IVF in changing perspectives on male infertility. It provides details on semen analysis reports for multiple patients and discusses what the results indicate about the severity of male factor infertility and next steps. It also discusses evaluating and treating various causes of male infertility like varicocele, cryptorchidism, hormonal abnormalities, and genetic factors. The importance of a detailed history and physical examination is emphasized to properly diagnose the underlying issues.
Preclinical ToxPathology is often considered as an hidden scientific field in Pathology and it offers a lot of complexity. When implementing Digital Pathology strategies within translational workflows it is crucial to understand the basics of ToxPathology.
So, let's start with the introduction !
Case Scenarios in Different Semen Analysis ResultsSujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta was invited as a Faculty in the Masterclass on :"Male Infertility and IUI" at BOGSCON (the Annual Conference of Bengal Obstetric and Gynaecological Society) held at Kolkata in December, 2019
- The endocrine system consists of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate metabolic processes and other body functions.
- The document discusses the endocrine system and metabolism, providing objectives, content, and functions of the major endocrine glands including the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas and others.
- It also explains the general roles of hormones, feedback mechanisms, causes of hormone imbalance, and summaries tables of major hormones and their functions.
Invited lecture by Dr Sujoy Dasgupta on "Abnormal Semen- What Next" in a CME organized by HBC Life Sciences on "Fertility and Beyond" held on 28 April 2023
2015 04-13 Pharma Nutrition 2015 Philadelphia Alain van GoolAlain van Gool
Keynote lecture at the Pharma-Nutrition 2015 conference, outline global paradigm shifts and activities in pharma, personalized healthcare and pharmanutrition combination therapies.
The document discusses recent developments in the diagnosis and treatment of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, including advancements in diagnostic tools and hormone replacement therapies, as well as results from clinical trials demonstrating improved testosterone levels and symptom relief with treatments. Guidelines for hypogonadotropic hypogonadism recommend evaluating symptoms and laboratory tests to diagnose and regularly monitoring hormone replacement therapy.
iCAAD London 2019 - Antonio Metastasio - PERSONALISED MEDICINE IN THE TREATM...iCAADEvents
Personalised medicine is considered the next frontier of health care. The role of genetic testing in psychiatry and in addictions medicine, however, has been recently critically reviewed. Are genetic tests helpful in assessing and managing these conditions?
Human Cell Systems Biology for Drug Discovery and Chemical Safety. Presentation at the 7th Brazilian Symposium on Medicinal Chemistry, November 12, 2014, Campos do Jordao-SP, Brazil. Ellen Berg.
Understanding Hyper-Androgenism: Diagnosis & Management“Through Case Discus...Lifecare Centre
This document discusses hyperandrogenism, its clinical manifestations and diagnosis. It begins with an overview that hyperandrogenism affects 5-10% of women and PCOS accounts for 80-85% of cases. Clinical signs of hyperandrogenism include hirsutism, acne, seborrhea and alopecia. The document then covers evaluation methods like the Ferriman-Gallwey scale for hirsutism and lab tests. It discusses differential diagnosis and criteria for diagnosing PCOS. Three patient case studies are then presented discussing irregular cycles, hirsutism and oligomenorrhea respectively.
The herbal formulation Hyponidd was found to be as effective as metformin in managing anovulatory PCOS women with insulin resistance by lowering insulin resistance and hyperandrogenemia without side effects. A comparison study found that both Hyponidd and metformin significantly reduced fasting insulin levels, insulin resistance indicators, and hyperandrogenemia markers. However, Hyponidd resulted in fewer side effects like nausea and diarrhea than metformin.
Androgens such as testosterone are responsible for male sexual development. Testosterone is produced in the testes and regulated by LH and FSH. It has pharmacological actions via the androgen receptor and is metabolized in the liver. Therapeutic uses include androgen replacement therapy. Anabolic steroids have similar effects but higher anabolic to androgenic ratios. Antiandrogens like danazol and flutamide work by blocking androgen receptors. PDE5 inhibitors like sildenafil are used to treat erectile dysfunction by increasing nitric oxide signaling.
Male infertility can be caused by problems in the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, testes, or reproductive tract. Common causes include varicocele, genetic issues like Klinefelter syndrome, infections, injuries, and environmental factors. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, semen analysis, and sometimes hormone levels or imaging tests. Treatment options include surgery, hormones, assisted reproduction, and cryopreservation of sperm for future use.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Post-Menstrual Smell- When to Suspect Vaginitis.pptx
Endocrinology lecture kodama k
1. Introduction to Endocrinology
Keiichi Kodama MD, PhD
Assistant Professor - Institute for Computational Health Sciences,
Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco
11-14-16
1
6. What is Endocrine system?
Endocrine system
• Intercellular communication system by chemical
messengers; Hormones (hormone=arouse activity).
Endocrine organs
Blood stream
6
7. What are Hormones for?
Hormone Functions
• Maintain Internal Environment (e.g. body
temperature, blood glucose levels.)
• Control Growth
• Control Sex Development and Function
External Stimuli
Homeostasis
Hormones
7
8. Components of endocrine system
Hormones
Target Tissues
Activity
Information (Internal disturbances)
Negative Feedback
R
Endocrine Tissues
8
9. Characteristics of Hormones
• Chemical messengers produced/secreted by
specialized cells in endocrine tissues.
• Only target cells specifically respond.
• Act in very small concentrations.
The concentration of the biological
substances (mM=mmole/l)
• Na+ ion
140 mM
• Cl- ion
110 mM
• Glucose
5 mM
The concentration of hormones
(mM=mmole/l)
• Insulin
6 x 10-8 mM
• Growth Hormone
5 x 10-11 mM
9
10. Characteristics of Hormones
• Chemical messengers produced/secreted by
specialized cells in endocrine tissues.
• Only target cells specifically respond.
• Act in very small concentrations.
Disturbances
Imbalance of hormones
sophisticated
Endocrine Diseases 10
16. Diagnosis of Endocrine Diseases
• General body examination (e.g. Height, Body weight,
Face, Eyes, Hands, Body temperature, etc)
• Patient’s complaints
• General blood test (e.g. Na, K, Calcium, P, glucose
and fat metabolism etc)
• Hormone blood test
• Imaging test
X-ray (tumor, bone density)
CT, MRI (tumor)
16
18. CASE 29-year-old male
【 Major complaint 】 Excessive sweating
【 history of present illness 】
May, 2014: High serum levels of ALP (335 U/L)
was detected in the health examination.
March, 2016: He has noticed an excessive sweating.
May, 2016: High serum levels of ALP (405 U/L) and P (4.9 mg/dl)
were detected in the examination.
【 past medical history 】 N/A
【 family history 】 N/A
【First visit medical condition】
Height 181cm、BW 74.1kg、BMI 23.7 kg/㎡。
BT 37.2℃、HR 70/min、BP 135/85mmHg。
Thickening of the lips, Loss of oval facial features, Prognathism18
19. AST
ALT
ALP
BUN
Cr
Na
Cl
K
Ca
P
FPG
HbA1c
10.5 mg/dL
5.8 mg/dL
112 mg/dL
5.7 %
20 IU/L
20 IU/L
339 U/L
11 mg/dL
0.65 mg/dL
143 mEq/L
104 mEq/L
4.4 mEq/L
Blood count
WBC
RBC
Hb
PLT
7630 /μL
4860K/μL
14.6 g/dl
284K/μL
Biochemical test
5.34 ng/mL↑
902 ng/mL↑
7.5 ng/mL
GH
IGF-1
PRL
Endocrinological test
11.9GH (ng/mL)
75gOGTT
5.70 8.67
Basal 30m 60m
104PG (mg/dL) 182 227
9.60
120m
16219
21. Summary
• Hormones regulate nutrient- and mineral-metabolism
for maintaining life and health, and controlling growth
and reproduction.
• Hormones regulate themselves by a feedback system.
• Hormones are produced/secreted by specialized
endocrine cells, and they work on only specific target
cells (tissues) at a very small amount.
• Most of patients with endocrine diseases indicate only
a few complaints. It is important to suspect the disease
by careful body examinations.
sophisticated
21
Editor's Notes
First of all, I’d like to thank you for giving me an opportunity to do a simulation class.
My name is Keiichi Kodama. I’ve been working as a researcher in the US for 15 years. My work focuses on endocrinology, especially diabetes.
Today I’m going to give you an introduction to endocrinology.
Slide 2
This photo shows a very tall guy! His name was Robert Wadlow. He was the tallest man to have ever lived on Earth. The man standing next to him was his father, who was 1.8 meters tall.
Robert was 2.7 meters tall, and he had an endocrine disease that made him keep growing. Let’s think what happened in his body by studying endocrinology.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wadlow
This slide shows the overview of today’s lecture.
First, I want to start from the basic Principles of Endocrinology. I will explain about endocrine system and its chemical messengers; hormones
In the system, endocrine organs make many kinds of hormones. I want to show an example of them. I will focus on pituitary gland and growth hormone.
Then, I want to talk about an example of endocrine diseases and its diagnosis.
Slide 3
We have over 100 trillion cells in our bodies. Have you ever thought about so many cells in different parts of our bodies communicate? It’s interesting to think about how this can happen.
When you hear about intercellular communication, your first thought might be about the nervous system. This communication is very quick. For instance, when you want to contract your muscle, you send a signal from your brain, which goes down a nerve that directly attaches to your muscle and makes it contract. This communication is one-way and one-to-one, and terminates in a second. This system is good when you need a quick response.
But, as you know, our cells are damaged every day by environmental factors and external stimuli. To protect them and keep them healthy, we need another communication system that can send information to the 100 trillion cells in our body. This system is the endocrine system. It operates more slowly.
The endocrine system is an intercellular communication system. It’s managed by chemical messengers called hormones. The word hormone is derived from a Greek word that means “arouse activity.”
Hormones are made by endocrine organs in the body. These organs have cells that make hormones and secrete them into the blood stream. An example is the pituitary gland, which makes growth hormone. As you can probably guess, Robert Wadlow had a problem with his pituitary gland. It made too much growth hormone.
Hormones are secreted into your blood stream, which transports them to your whole body. As different hormones arrive at different places, they are captured by target cells in organs with specific receptors for them. At this point, the target cells can affect your body. Cells without hormone receptors can’t respond to hormones.
Hormones are kind of like radio waves. Endocrine cells are radio stations, and target cells are your radio, which is tuned to a certain station.
Even if you’re far from the radio station, you can pick up music if your radio is tuned to the right station. A similar process occurs with the endocrine system. A hormone can be received only if there is a very specific receptor on a cell.
This slide shows hormone functions.
Hormones maintain your internal environment, such as your body temperature and your blood glucose levels. These are very important to our health, and they have to be kept in very narrow range. The process of keeping our internal systems balanced is called homeostasis.
Hormones also control growth and sex development and function.
The endocrine system is composed of 2 basic elements: endocrine tissues and target tissues. Endocrine tissues secrete hormones and target tissues receive them. Endocrine tissue can send information about internal disturbances via hormones. Target tissues receive the hormones and fix the disturbance.
Here, one question may come to you — how does endocrine tissue know when to stop making a particular hormone?
The answer is that endocrine tissues also have hormone receptors. When hormones reach the endocrine tissue and bind to it, they send a signal to stop making the hormone. This system is called a negative feedback system. It’s the basic system that hormones use to regulate themselves.
This slide shows some important characteristics of hormones. First, they act in very small concentrations. The picture on the left shows the concentration of biomedical substances like salt and sugar in human body. If you have a spoon, you can make the same concentration in a cup of water. But if you want to make a physiological concentration of hormones using a spoon, you need to add the material to a 25 meter swimming pool.
The endocrine system is very sophisticated, but this makes it susceptible to disturbances. For example, say that hormone production is changed inappropriately or a target cell’s receptor function is decreased. Hormone imbalance can occur, and you end up with endocrine disease.
OK, here’s a list of endocrine organs. The first one is the pituitary gland at the base of the brain. This gland is called the master gland because it secretes stimulating hormones for other endocrine tissues. It’s very important because it activates other endocrine organs.
The next one is thyroid gland, located right here in your neck. It wraps around your trachea. It makes thyroid hormones, whose main job is to regulate your body's metabolism.
At the back side of thyroid gland, there are four spots known as the parathyroid. They’re hard to see here. Parathyroid hormone regulates blood calcium. It's also involved in muscle contraction and bone growth.
The adrenal glands are on top of the kidneys. They help fight against body’s various stresses.
The pancreas is here (point). It secretes insulin hormone. This hormone is vital, and problems with it result in diabetes.
Moving down the body, we have the gonads. Gonad hormones are related to sex development and reproduction.
This is the pituitary gland. As you can see, it makes hormones that stimulate other endocrine tissues and hormones that act directly on target tissues. For instance, it makes growth hormone. This hormone has a direct effect on most of cells in human body (such as bone, muscle, skin and hair) and involved in our growth.
Problems with the pituitary can result in growth disorders. Robert Wadlow’s pituitary never stopped making growth hormone. The result was that he was still growing when he died at age 22.
Robert Wadlow had a pituitary disease called pituitary hypertrophy. This term means that his pituitary was very big. His pituitary made much more growth hormone compared to other people. This disease occurred in his very young age when he was baby.
For example, when he was 5 years old, attending kindergarten, his height was already 1.7 meters tall, that was equal to the average of high school students.
He grew so tall, his bones could not support him and he needed to use braces on his legs so that he could stand up.
発症頻度は100万人あたり40 - 60人程度と言われている。
2万人に一人
I want to indicate another example of hyper growth hormone disease. If a person has a tumor called a pituitary adenoma in adult age, and it makes too much growth hormone, the person would become acromegary.
Acromegaly causes several characteristic symptoms in the face and hands. You can see skin and soft tissue thickness, and the enlargement of the end of chin and the enlargement of distal finger bones.
発症頻度は100万人あたり40 - 60人程度と言われている。
2万人に一人
This slide shows how to think about diagnosing endocrine diseases.
The most important thing is a general examination of the whole body. You need to look carefully at a patient’s face, eyes, hands, and whole body. You also have to listen carefully to the patient’s complaints. Some patients with endocrine disease have very few complaints, so sometimes you need to suspect the disease from careful body examination and only a little information.
A general blood test is also helpful. You may be able to find abnormalities in electrolytes and glucose and fat metabolism. Those abnormalities may suggest a disturbance of homeostasis in your patient.
Once you suspect an endocrine disease, you can order a hormone blood test. You can measure hormone levels directly in your patient’s blood, and you can diagnose hyper- or hypo-hormone disease.
Imaging tests are also important. For example, you might find a tumor with imaging. You can also evaluate bone density with X-rays because some endocrine diseases induce osteoporosis.
Now we can talk about treating endocrine diseases.
When a patient has hypofunction, you can give the hormone itself. For example, in adrenal insufficiency, steroid hormones can be given orally. In diabetes, they can inject insulin. Antidiuretic hormones can be given by nasal drops.
When a patient has hyperfunction, you can give synthesis inhibitors or antagonists. For, example, in hyperthyroidism, you can give the thyroid-hormone synthesis inhibitors or antagonists.
If a patient has a hormone-producing tumor, you need to remove the tumor by surgery. If it’s malignant, you may be able to use radiation to reduce its size.
Finally, I want to show an example of a person with an endocrine disease.
This case is a 29-year-old man.
His major complaint was excessive sweating for the last few months.
A blood test 2 years ago showed an abnormality in alkaline phosphate (or ALP). He had the same problem recently. His phosphorus levels are also high. ALP and phosphorus are important for forming bone.
So we can guess that the bone formation is increased in this patient.
Then he visited our hospital.
We found some characteristic features in his face. We found the thickening of the lips and loss of oval facial features. His chin seems to be long and turned up.
From these features, we suspected acromegaly in this patient, and…
発症頻度は100万人あたり40 - 60人程度と言われている。
2万人に一人
リンを英語に訳すと phosphorus
We performed a blood hormone test. We found that the levels of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 levels were elevated. We also performed an oral glucose tolerance test. In normal subjects, this test suppresses GH hormone levels. Growth hormone stayed high in this patient.
GH <5 ng/ml
IGF-1 <200 ng/ml
ALP分画 3の上昇あり(1:0%、2:17%(正常値 74-36)、3:76%(正常値 59-25)、4:0%、5:7%、6:0%)
In an imaging test, we found a double floor in the Turkish saddle in his skull. This indicates that the pituitary is swelling. Next,a finger X-ray, showed that his distal finger bones were enlarged. We also found heel pad thickness, indicating soft tissue overgrowth. A brain MRI showed a pituitary adenoma.
So, we diagnosed acromegaly caused by a pituitary adenoma.
We performed surgery and removed the tumor. His symptoms are dramatically reduced now.
Turkish saddle
Heel pad 22mm以上で肥厚あり
冠状断T1強調画像 Gd造影早期
トルコ鞍上部左側に6x6mm大の類円形の腫瘤性病変を認める。T1強調画像・T1強調画像のGd造影早期において低信号cauliflower-like change Although diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is recognized one of complications of acromegaly, it is very rare as only five cases ... There were double floor and ballooning in sella turcica Xp, a cauliflower-like change of the distal phalanx in finger Xp. in sella turcica
At last, I would like to summarize the today’s lecture.
Hormones regulate nutrient- and mineral- metabolism and keep homeostasis. They are crucial for maintaining life and health in humans, and hormones also control systemic growth and sexual reproduction.
Hormones regulate themselves by a negative feedback system.
Hormones are produced/secreted by specialized cells in endocrine organs, and they work on only target cells that have specific receptors, and hormones act at a very small amount. So this system is very sophisticated, but this makes it very susceptible to the disturbances. Most of patients with endocrine diseases indicate only a few complaints. So, it is very important to suspect the disease by finding the characteristic symptoms in careful body examinations.
OK these are the last messages to all of you, today.
Thank you very much.
Do you have any questions?