Endocarditis What is endocarditis What are the 2 types of e.pdf
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Endocarditis What is endocarditis? What are the 2 types of endocarditis? Which of the 2 types involve a large amount of bacteria entering the bloodstream at once? What are the signs and symptoms of endocarditis? What bacteria cause acute endocarditis? How is acute endocarditis transmitted? What bacteria cause subacute endocarditis? Where do these bacteria come from? How is subacute prevented? Lyme Disease What bacteria causes Lyme Disease? What are the signs and symptoms? How is it transmitted? How is it prevented and treated? Infectious Mononucleosis What virus causes mono? What are the signs and symptoms? What percentage of the worlds population is infected with the virus? Infection at what age results in symptoms? Infection at other ages is frequently asymptomatic. How is it transmitted? What may be a complication of mono? Influenza What virus causes influenza? What are the signs and symptoms of influenza? What are the spike proteins of influenza called? What is antigenic drift? What is antigenic shift? How is the virus transmitted? How contagious is influenza? How is it prevented and treated? Whooping Cough Describe the 2 stages of whooping cough. What is another name for whooping cough? What bacteria causes whooping cough? How is whooping cough transmitted? How is it prevented? Who is at the most risk from whooping cough infections? Respiratory Syncytial Virus Who is the most susceptible to RSV infections? What does RSV do to the cells in the lower respiratory tract of these susceptible patients? What are the signs of RSV infection?.
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Poliomyelitis What virus causes polio How is the virus tran.pdf
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What virus causes polio?
How is the virus transmitted?
Once the virus is ingested, how does it move through the body?
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What type of paralysis does it cause?
What are the 2 forms of the vaccine used to prevent polio?
Where has polio been eradicated?
Rabies
What virus causes rabies?
Describe the signs and symptoms.
Why is the incubation period shorter for facial wounds/
How is rabies transmitted?
What are the 2 parts of the treatment for rabies infection?
Tetanus
What bacteria causes tetanus? Under what conditions does this bacteria form endospores?
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What is the neurotoxin secreted by the bacteria and what does it do?
How is the bacteria transmitted?
What is the prevention and treatment for tetanus?
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What bacteria causes botulism?
What does it mean that botulism is an intoxication?
What exotoxin does the bacteria secrete?
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This document discusses health, illness, and disease. It defines health using the WHO definition of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. Illness is defined as a temporary or permanent loss of health. Diseases are then classified as infectious, caused by pathogens like bacteria and viruses, or non-infectious. Infectious diseases can be transmitted directly or indirectly and the immune system provides defenses against infections through innate and adaptive responses. Prevention, treatment, and classifications of diseases are also covered.
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This document provides an overview of key topics related to health and disease, including definitions of health, determinants of health, types of diseases, infectious diseases, transmission of infectious diseases, external and internal defenses against pathogens, periods of infectious disease, definitions of infection, and approaches to treatment and prevention of illness. The topics are explored through definitions, examples, and descriptions of concepts like pathogens, symptoms, transmission methods, vaccines, and treatments.
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(1) The document discusses causes, types, spread, and prevention of diseases. It explains that diseases are caused by pathogens like viruses and bacteria, genetic disorders, environmental pollution, and malnutrition.
(2) Diseases are classified as acute or chronic, infectious or non-infectious. Infectious diseases spread through air, water, food, physical contact, sexual contact, or vectors like mosquitoes and flies.
(3) Prevention of infectious diseases involves public hygiene, access to safe drinking water and food, vaccines, and strengthening the immune system through vaccination.
ch 13 why do we fall ill.pdf
Here are the key causes of cancer:
- Genetic factors - Some people inherit gene mutations from their parents that increase their risk of certain cancers.
- Tobacco use - Smoking or chewing tobacco is linked to cancers of the lung, esophagus, larynx, mouth, bladder, kidney, liver, stomach, pancreas, and colon/rectum. Tobacco contains chemicals that can damage DNA.
- Diet and obesity - A diet high in red/processed meats and low in fruits and vegetables increases cancer risk. Obesity is linked to several cancers. Excess weight increases hormone levels and inflammation.
- Radiation - Both natural sources like radon and man-made sources like X-rays can damage
ch 13 why do we fall ill.pdf
Here are the key causes of cancer:
- Genetic factors - Some people inherit gene mutations from their parents that increase their risk of certain cancers.
- Tobacco use - Smoking or chewing tobacco is linked to cancers of the lung, esophagus, larynx, mouth, bladder, kidney, liver, stomach, pancreas, colon and rectum, and acute myeloid leukemia.
- Diet and obesity - A diet high in red/processed meats and low in fruits and vegetables increases the risk of several cancers. Obesity is linked to increased risk of multiple cancers.
- Alcohol use - Heavy drinking is linked to cancers of the mouth, esophagus, throat, liver and breast.
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ch 13 why do we fall ill.pdf
Here are the answers:
a) Disease is an abnormal condition affecting the body or mind that impairs normal functioning and causes discomfort.
b) The two major categories of human diseases are:
1. Infectious diseases - caused by pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites.
Examples: Malaria (caused by protozoan Plasmodium), Tuberculosis (caused by bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
2. Non-infectious diseases - not caused by pathogens. Develop due to genetic reasons, unhealthy lifestyle or environmental factors.
Examples: Cancer (uncontrolled cell growth), Heart disease (caused by risk factors like hypertension, smoking, obesity)
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What virus causes polio?
How is the virus transmitted?
Once the virus is ingested, how does it move through the body?
What are the signs and symptoms of polio?
What type of paralysis does it cause?
What are the 2 forms of the vaccine used to prevent polio?
Where has polio been eradicated?
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What virus causes rabies?
Describe the signs and symptoms.
Why is the incubation period shorter for facial wounds/
How is rabies transmitted?
What are the 2 parts of the treatment for rabies infection?
Tetanus
What bacteria causes tetanus? Under what conditions does this bacteria form endospores?
What are the signs and symptoms of tetanus? What type of paralysis does is cause?
What is the neurotoxin secreted by the bacteria and what does it do?
How is the bacteria transmitted?
What is the prevention and treatment for tetanus?
Botulism
What bacteria causes botulism?
What does it mean that botulism is an intoxication?
What exotoxin does the bacteria secrete?
What type of paralysis does the exotoxin cause?.
Tuberculosis | SurgicoMed.com
Tuberculosis is an infectious bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that mainly affects the lungs. It spreads through air droplets when people with active TB cough, sneeze or speak. Symptoms include coughing, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. While TB mainly affects the lungs, it can spread to other organs. There is no cure for latent TB, but active TB can be cured by taking multiple antibiotics for 6-9 months.
Unit 3 health and illness ppt
This document discusses health, illness, and disease. It defines health using the WHO definition of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. Illness is defined as a temporary or permanent loss of health. Diseases are then classified as infectious, caused by pathogens like bacteria and viruses, or non-infectious. Infectious diseases can be transmitted directly or indirectly and the immune system provides defenses against infections through innate and adaptive responses. Prevention, treatment, and classifications of diseases are also covered.
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This document provides an overview of key topics related to health and disease, including definitions of health, determinants of health, types of diseases, infectious diseases, transmission of infectious diseases, external and internal defenses against pathogens, periods of infectious disease, definitions of infection, and approaches to treatment and prevention of illness. The topics are explored through definitions, examples, and descriptions of concepts like pathogens, symptoms, transmission methods, vaccines, and treatments.
Why do we fall ill
(1) The document discusses causes, types, spread, and prevention of diseases. It explains that diseases are caused by pathogens like viruses and bacteria, genetic disorders, environmental pollution, and malnutrition.
(2) Diseases are classified as acute or chronic, infectious or non-infectious. Infectious diseases spread through air, water, food, physical contact, sexual contact, or vectors like mosquitoes and flies.
(3) Prevention of infectious diseases involves public hygiene, access to safe drinking water and food, vaccines, and strengthening the immune system through vaccination.
ch 13 why do we fall ill.pdf
Here are the key causes of cancer:
- Genetic factors - Some people inherit gene mutations from their parents that increase their risk of certain cancers.
- Tobacco use - Smoking or chewing tobacco is linked to cancers of the lung, esophagus, larynx, mouth, bladder, kidney, liver, stomach, pancreas, and colon/rectum. Tobacco contains chemicals that can damage DNA.
- Diet and obesity - A diet high in red/processed meats and low in fruits and vegetables increases cancer risk. Obesity is linked to several cancers. Excess weight increases hormone levels and inflammation.
- Radiation - Both natural sources like radon and man-made sources like X-rays can damage
ch 13 why do we fall ill.pdf
Here are the key causes of cancer:
- Genetic factors - Some people inherit gene mutations from their parents that increase their risk of certain cancers.
- Tobacco use - Smoking or chewing tobacco is linked to cancers of the lung, esophagus, larynx, mouth, bladder, kidney, liver, stomach, pancreas, colon and rectum, and acute myeloid leukemia.
- Diet and obesity - A diet high in red/processed meats and low in fruits and vegetables increases the risk of several cancers. Obesity is linked to increased risk of multiple cancers.
- Alcohol use - Heavy drinking is linked to cancers of the mouth, esophagus, throat, liver and breast.
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ch 13 why do we fall ill.pdf
Here are the answers:
a) Disease is an abnormal condition affecting the body or mind that impairs normal functioning and causes discomfort.
b) The two major categories of human diseases are:
1. Infectious diseases - caused by pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites.
Examples: Malaria (caused by protozoan Plasmodium), Tuberculosis (caused by bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
2. Non-infectious diseases - not caused by pathogens. Develop due to genetic reasons, unhealthy lifestyle or environmental factors.
Examples: Cancer (uncontrolled cell growth), Heart disease (caused by risk factors like hypertension, smoking, obesity)
ch 13 why do we fall ill.pdf
Here are the answers:
a) Disease is an abnormal condition affecting the body or mind that impairs normal functioning and causes discomfort.
b) The two major categories of human diseases are:
1. Infectious diseases - caused by pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites.
Examples: Malaria (caused by a protozoan parasite), Tuberculosis (caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria)
2. Non-infectious diseases - not caused by pathogens. These include genetic diseases, cancer, heart diseases, mental illnesses etc.
Examples: Diabetes (caused due to malfunctioning of pancreas), Asthma (caused due to hypersensitivity of airways
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Describe the transmission of the meningococcus, and discuss the path.pdf
Describe the transmission of the meningococcus, and discuss the pathogenesis of meningococcal
disease in the body including associated signs and symptoms.
Solution
Transmission:
Meningococcal disease is caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis.Meningococcal disease
is spread from person to person.The bacteria are spread by exchanging respiratory and throat
secretions such as saliva or spit,during close or lengthy contact,especially if living in the same
household.The bacteria are not spread by casual contact or by simply breathing the air where a
person with meningococcal disease has been.Sometimes bacteria spread to people who have had
close or lengthy contact with a patient with meningococcal disease.People in the same
household,roommates,or anyone with direct contact with a patient\'s oral secretions would be
considered at increased risk of getting the infection.
Pathogenesis:
Meningococcal disease causes life-threatening meningitis and sepsis conditions.In the case of
meningitis,bacteria attack the lining between the brain and skull called the meninges.The
meninges begin to swell and affects the central nervous system.The sepsis type of infection is
more deadly,and results in a severe blood poisoning called meningococcal sepsis which affects
the entire body.In this,bacterial toxins rupture blood vessels and can rapidly shut down vital
organs.Within hours,patient\'s health can change from seemingly good to mortality.
This bacterium is surrounded by a slimy outer coat that contains disease-causing endotoxin. The
levels of endotoxin produced by meningococcal bacteria are 100 to 1,000 times greater than
normal.As the bacteria multiply and move through the bloodstream,it sheds concentrated
amounts of toxin.The endotoxin directly affects the heart,reducing its ability to circulate
blood,and also build pressure on blood vessels throughout the body such that some blood vessels
start to hemorrhage,major organs like the lungs and kidneys gets damaged.Patients suffering
from meningococcal disease are treated with a large dose of antibiotic.The systemic antibiotic
flowing through the bloodstream rapidly kills the bacteria but,as the bacteria are killed,even
more toxin is released.It takes many days for the toxin to get neutralised from the body by using
treatment.
Signs and symptoms: The most common symptoms are a stiff neck,high fever,sensitivity of light
,confusion, headaches and vomitings.Bacterial meningitis may result in brain damage,hearing
loss or a learning disability.Meningococcal septicaemia is characterized by a haemorrhagic rash
and rapid circulatory collapse..
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43.ppt
This document defines infectious diseases and describes how they are caused and transmitted. It provides examples of historically significant diseases like smallpox, plague, and influenza. The text outlines Robert Koch's criteria for establishing causation between microbes and diseases. It also classifies infectious diseases based on duration, location, and timing. The document explains how pathogens cause illness and discusses strategies for controlling spread, including vaccines, drugs, and hygiene. It notes that emerging diseases arise through new agents, hosts, locations, or drug resistance.
43.ppt
This document defines infectious diseases and describes how they are caused and transmitted. It provides examples of historically significant diseases like smallpox, plague, and influenza. The text outlines Robert Koch's criteria for demonstrating causation, classifies infectious agents and diseases, and discusses methods for controlling spread and emerging infectious diseases.
Health Third Quarter
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Here are the key causes of cancer:
- Genetic factors - Some people inherit gene mutations from their parents that increase their risk of certain cancers. About 5-10% of all cancers are due to genetic factors.
- Tobacco use - Smoking or chewing tobacco is linked to cancers of the lung, esophagus, larynx, mouth, throat, kidney, bladder, liver, pancreas, stomach, cervix, colon, and rectum. It's estimated to cause 30% of all cancer deaths.
- Diet and obesity - A diet high in red/processed meats and low in fruits and vegetables increases cancer risk. Obesity is linked to several cancers.
- Radiation - Both natural sources
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HIV is a virus that causes AIDS by depleting the immune system. It originated from chimpanzees in West Africa and was likely transmitted to humans in the early 20th century. There are two types of HIV, with Type 1 being more prevalent and virulent worldwide. HIV is transmitted through unprotected sex, blood transfusions, needle sharing, and from mother to child. Untreated, it progresses from initial infection to AIDS in stages. People with AIDS experience opportunistic infections like oral thrush, pneumonia, and cancers like Kaposi's sarcoma due to a weakened immune system. Treatment involves antiretroviral drugs which can cause side effects.
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Enfermeras lderes a travs del cambio hospitalario
Pocas industrias se enfrentan a ms cambios y ms turbulencias que la industria del cuidado de la
salud. Como lo indicar la lectura de cualquier peridico o sitio web de noticias, existe una presin
constante sobre las organizaciones de atencin mdica para brindar atencin de calidad en un
entorno de costos controlados que se caracteriza por una regulacin cada vez mayor. Esta presin
se puede ver ms claramente en el advenimiento de la atencin administrada durante la dcada de
1980 y ms all. La atencin administrada implica sistemas integrados y completos de proveedores
de atencin mdica, compaas de seguros y programas gubernamentales, coordinados en torno a
planes y pautas de atencin especficos diseados para mejorar simultneamente la calidad de la
atencin brindada, controlar el costo de esa atencin y mantener el acceso a la atencin. para tantas
personas como sea posible. Como puede suponer, es prcticamente imposible tener xito en estos
tres objetivos importantes de costo, calidad y acceso, pero los hospitales y otras organizaciones
de atencin mdica siguen intentndolo.
Me he topado con muchas organizaciones de este tipo en mi investigacin sobre la comunicacin en
las organizaciones de atencin de la salud. Una de estas organizaciones, la llamaremos Hospital
Universitario, se analiza en varias de mis publicaciones (Miller, 1998; Miller et al., 2000). El
Hospital Universitario es un gran hospital docente que emplea a casi 5.000 personas y es
responsable de medio milln de visitas de pacientes al ao. University Hospital es reconocido como
un centro mdico de muy alta calidad; por ejemplo, generalmente obtiene una puntuacin
extremadamente buena en las encuestas de acreditacin. Sin embargo, como todas las
organizaciones de atencin mdica, University Hospital necesitaba mejorar en varias reas
financieras, incluida la duracin promedio de la estada y el costo por alta. Mi participacin en el
University Hospital comenz cuando me enter de los cambios que estaban ocurriendo en el
departamento de enfermera y me pidieron que fuera parte de la comprensin e institucin de esos
cambios. Como parte de un esfuerzo de todo el hospital para mejorar el desempeo financiero y de
atencin, las enfermeras estaban comenzando un programa de "prctica de enfermera diferenciada"
(Hoffart & Woods, 1996) en el que los roles de enfermera se definan en una variedad de niveles
especficos de responsabilidad. . Estos roles requeriran nueva formacin, nuevas responsabilidades
y una nueva orientacin hacia la prestacin sistematizada de cuidados. La pieza central de este
programa fue el papel de "coordinador de atencin".
Los coordinadores de atencin se definieron como enfermeras registradas encargadas de
coordinar la atencin de los pacientes desde la admisin hasta el alta. Esta coordinacin involucr la
comunicacin con los mdicos, trabajadores sociales, personal de salud aliado, representantes de
seguros y familias relevantes. Las enfermeras seleccionadas.
En la investigacin cualitativa qu trmino es ms probabl.pdf
En la investigacin cualitativa, qu trmino es ms probable que se utilice para referirse a cuestiones
centradas en la calidad metodolgica e interpretativa?
Integridad
Validez
Credibilidad
Rigor
A. Integridad
B. Validez
C. Credibilidad
D. Rigor.
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ch 13 why do we fall ill.pdf
Here are the answers:
a) Disease is an abnormal condition affecting the body or mind that impairs normal functioning and causes discomfort.
b) The two major categories of human diseases are:
1. Infectious diseases - caused by pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites.
Examples: Malaria (caused by a protozoan parasite), Tuberculosis (caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria)
2. Non-infectious diseases - not caused by pathogens. These include genetic diseases, cancer, heart diseases, mental illnesses etc.
Examples: Diabetes (caused due to malfunctioning of pancreas), Asthma (caused due to hypersensitivity of airways
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This document provides an introduction to HIV/AIDS, including:
1) It describes the global and local impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, noting that over 40 million people worldwide are living with HIV/AIDS.
2) It explains the natural history and transmission of HIV, noting that HIV destroys immune cells over time, leading to opportunistic infections and AIDS if left untreated.
3) It discusses the main modes of HIV transmission as unprotected sex and mother-to-child transmission, and strategies to prevent transmission like safe sex practices and prevention of mother-to-child transmission programs.
Disease 2
This document discusses disease and pathogens. It identifies two categories of disease: infectious diseases which are transmitted by microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites; and non-infectious diseases which have genetic, environmental or other non-contagious causes. Examples of infectious diseases provided are cholera, chickenpox and malaria. Examples of non-infectious diseases are hemophilia and anemia. Pathogens are described as microorganisms that cause disease, and ways pathogens are transmitted and make people sick are outlined. The body's response to infection involves physical barriers, cell attack, and developing immunity.
Introduction to infectious diseases
The document discusses infectious diseases and key related concepts. It defines infectious disease as a disease caused by an infectious agent like a bacterium, virus, fungus or parasite that can be transmitted between hosts. It also defines and explains related terms like infection, infectivity, pathogenicity, virulence, and provides examples of major infectious diseases and their causes of death worldwide. The document also covers the history of infectious diseases and advances in the field like germ theory and the development of vaccines and antibiotics.
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This document defines and discusses various types of infections. It begins by defining an infection as the invasion of an organism's tissues by pathogenic agents, their multiplication, and the host's reaction. Infections can be caused by viruses, viroids, prions, bacteria, nematodes, arthropods, fungi, and other microorganisms. The document then provides details on the causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of infections.
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Viral disease
The document discusses viral diseases and their treatment. It defines a viral infection as an illness caused by a virus entering the body. Symptoms of viral infections can affect any body system and include fever, chills, and flu-like symptoms. There are many types of viral diseases, including HIV/AIDS, herpes, influenza, measles, and Ebola. The diagnosis and treatment of viral diseases varies depending on the specific virus. Treatment may include symptomatic relief, supportive care, antiviral drugs that target different parts of the viral lifecycle, and hospitalization for severe cases.
PIPARIYA.pptx
This document discusses the coronavirus and the human immune system. It begins with an introduction to coronaviruses and COVID-19. It then explains how the human immune system responds to viral infections through inflammation and the cytokine storm. The document discusses how the immune system can be strengthened over time through balanced nutrition, exercise, sleep, and stress management rather than any single superfood. It concludes that the most effective strategy is strengthening the immune system through multiple lifestyle factors.
Pathogens Essay
The document discusses pathogens, specifically fungal and bacterial pathogens. It provides details on how fungal and bacterial pathogens differ in their modes of transmission, treatment methods, and the diseases they cause. Fungal pathogens are mainly transmitted through inhaling spores rather than person-to-person, while bacterial pathogens can be transmitted through touch or air. The document also discusses some common fungal and bacterial diseases and their treatments, noting that fungal diseases tend to be rarer but more fatal.
The Meningoccal Infection
The document discusses the Meningococcal infection, which is a potentially life-threatening bacterial disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis bacteria. It continues to cause fatalities around the world, with over 26 sub-Saharan countries particularly prone to infections. An estimated 1.2 million cases occur globally each year due to the bacteria's ability to colonize humans without symptoms. The disease can cause meningitis and sepsis.
Describe the transmission of the meningococcus, and discuss the path.pdf
Describe the transmission of the meningococcus, and discuss the pathogenesis of meningococcal
disease in the body including associated signs and symptoms.
Solution
Transmission:
Meningococcal disease is caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis.Meningococcal disease
is spread from person to person.The bacteria are spread by exchanging respiratory and throat
secretions such as saliva or spit,during close or lengthy contact,especially if living in the same
household.The bacteria are not spread by casual contact or by simply breathing the air where a
person with meningococcal disease has been.Sometimes bacteria spread to people who have had
close or lengthy contact with a patient with meningococcal disease.People in the same
household,roommates,or anyone with direct contact with a patient\'s oral secretions would be
considered at increased risk of getting the infection.
Pathogenesis:
Meningococcal disease causes life-threatening meningitis and sepsis conditions.In the case of
meningitis,bacteria attack the lining between the brain and skull called the meninges.The
meninges begin to swell and affects the central nervous system.The sepsis type of infection is
more deadly,and results in a severe blood poisoning called meningococcal sepsis which affects
the entire body.In this,bacterial toxins rupture blood vessels and can rapidly shut down vital
organs.Within hours,patient\'s health can change from seemingly good to mortality.
This bacterium is surrounded by a slimy outer coat that contains disease-causing endotoxin. The
levels of endotoxin produced by meningococcal bacteria are 100 to 1,000 times greater than
normal.As the bacteria multiply and move through the bloodstream,it sheds concentrated
amounts of toxin.The endotoxin directly affects the heart,reducing its ability to circulate
blood,and also build pressure on blood vessels throughout the body such that some blood vessels
start to hemorrhage,major organs like the lungs and kidneys gets damaged.Patients suffering
from meningococcal disease are treated with a large dose of antibiotic.The systemic antibiotic
flowing through the bloodstream rapidly kills the bacteria but,as the bacteria are killed,even
more toxin is released.It takes many days for the toxin to get neutralised from the body by using
treatment.
Signs and symptoms: The most common symptoms are a stiff neck,high fever,sensitivity of light
,confusion, headaches and vomitings.Bacterial meningitis may result in brain damage,hearing
loss or a learning disability.Meningococcal septicaemia is characterized by a haemorrhagic rash
and rapid circulatory collapse..
43.ppt
This document defines infectious diseases and describes how they are caused and transmitted. It provides examples of historically significant diseases like smallpox, plague, and influenza. The text outlines Robert Koch's criteria for establishing causation between microbes and diseases. It also classifies infectious diseases based on duration, location, and timing. The document explains how pathogens cause illness and discusses strategies for controlling spread, including vaccines, drugs, and hygiene. It notes that emerging diseases arise through new agents, hosts, locations, or drug resistance.
43.ppt
This document defines infectious diseases and describes how they are caused and transmitted. It provides examples of historically significant diseases like smallpox, plague, and influenza. The text outlines Robert Koch's criteria for establishing causation between microbes and diseases. It also classifies infectious diseases based on duration, location, and timing. The document explains how pathogens cause illness and discusses strategies for controlling spread, including vaccines, drugs, and hygiene. It notes that emerging diseases arise through new agents, hosts, locations, or drug resistance.
43.ppt
This document defines infectious diseases and describes how they are caused and transmitted. It provides examples of historically significant diseases like smallpox, plague, and influenza. The text outlines Robert Koch's criteria for demonstrating causation, classifies infectious agents and diseases, and discusses methods for controlling spread and emerging infectious diseases.
Health Third Quarter
Communicable diseases are illnesses that can be spread from one person to another. They are caused by pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. Communicable diseases can be transmitted through various means like direct contact, droplets, contaminated food or water, insect bites and blood or bodily fluids. The level of a disease in a population can be endemic, epidemic, pandemic or sporadic depending on how widespread it is in a particular area.
Chapter 4 science FORM 2 KSSM
This document discusses infectious and non-infectious diseases. Infectious diseases can spread from person to person through various mediums and vectors, while non-infectious diseases cannot. Common infectious diseases mentioned include influenza, ringworm, cholera, dengue, while examples of non-infectious diseases are cancer, hypertension, and diabetes. The document then examines in more detail how infectious diseases can be transmitted through water, air, touch, or vectors like mosquitoes and rats. It provides examples of specific diseases spread through each method. Finally, it outlines the body's defenses against pathogens like skin, saliva, mucus membranes, and how they help filter or kill microorganisms.
Lecture 14. aids
HIV/AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which weakens the immune system and leaves the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and has become a global pandemic. As the virus destroys CD4+ T cells over time, it progresses from asymptomatic infection to AIDS, defined by specific infections or a low CD4+ count. Common infections include Pneumocystis pneumonia, tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis, and various cancers like Kaposi's sarcoma. There is no vaccine or cure, but antiretroviral treatment can control the virus.
WHY DO WE FALL ILL class 9 biology , 14th chapter
Here are the key causes of cancer:
- Genetic factors - Some people inherit gene mutations from their parents that increase their risk of certain cancers. About 5-10% of all cancers are due to genetic factors.
- Tobacco use - Smoking or chewing tobacco is linked to cancers of the lung, esophagus, larynx, mouth, throat, kidney, bladder, liver, pancreas, stomach, cervix, colon, and rectum. It's estimated to cause 30% of all cancer deaths.
- Diet and obesity - A diet high in red/processed meats and low in fruits and vegetables increases cancer risk. Obesity is linked to several cancers.
- Radiation - Both natural sources
Kuliah 19 Alam Sekitar Dan Je, Meningitis
The document discusses meningitis and Japanese encephalitis. It provides details on meningitis including what it is, common causes like meningococcal bacteria, symptoms, groups affected, and importance of vaccination. It notes that two students from UPM died from meningitis in 2002. The document also briefly mentions an outbreak of meningitis in China in 2005 that killed 8 people.
Basic facts about HIV&AIDS
HIV is a virus that causes AIDS by depleting the immune system. It originated from chimpanzees in West Africa and was likely transmitted to humans in the early 20th century. There are two types of HIV, with Type 1 being more prevalent and virulent worldwide. HIV is transmitted through unprotected sex, blood transfusions, needle sharing, and from mother to child. Untreated, it progresses from initial infection to AIDS in stages. People with AIDS experience opportunistic infections like oral thrush, pneumonia, and cancers like Kaposi's sarcoma due to a weakened immune system. Treatment involves antiretroviral drugs which can cause side effects.
Similar to Endocarditis What is endocarditis What are the 2 types of e.pdf (20)
Describe the transmission of the meningococcus, and discuss the path.pdf
Describe the transmission of the meningococcus, and discuss the path.pdf
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Enfermeras lderes a travs del cambio hospitalario Pocas i.pdf
Enfermeras lderes a travs del cambio hospitalario
Pocas industrias se enfrentan a ms cambios y ms turbulencias que la industria del cuidado de la
salud. Como lo indicar la lectura de cualquier peridico o sitio web de noticias, existe una presin
constante sobre las organizaciones de atencin mdica para brindar atencin de calidad en un
entorno de costos controlados que se caracteriza por una regulacin cada vez mayor. Esta presin
se puede ver ms claramente en el advenimiento de la atencin administrada durante la dcada de
1980 y ms all. La atencin administrada implica sistemas integrados y completos de proveedores
de atencin mdica, compaas de seguros y programas gubernamentales, coordinados en torno a
planes y pautas de atencin especficos diseados para mejorar simultneamente la calidad de la
atencin brindada, controlar el costo de esa atencin y mantener el acceso a la atencin. para tantas
personas como sea posible. Como puede suponer, es prcticamente imposible tener xito en estos
tres objetivos importantes de costo, calidad y acceso, pero los hospitales y otras organizaciones
de atencin mdica siguen intentndolo.
Me he topado con muchas organizaciones de este tipo en mi investigacin sobre la comunicacin en
las organizaciones de atencin de la salud. Una de estas organizaciones, la llamaremos Hospital
Universitario, se analiza en varias de mis publicaciones (Miller, 1998; Miller et al., 2000). El
Hospital Universitario es un gran hospital docente que emplea a casi 5.000 personas y es
responsable de medio milln de visitas de pacientes al ao. University Hospital es reconocido como
un centro mdico de muy alta calidad; por ejemplo, generalmente obtiene una puntuacin
extremadamente buena en las encuestas de acreditacin. Sin embargo, como todas las
organizaciones de atencin mdica, University Hospital necesitaba mejorar en varias reas
financieras, incluida la duracin promedio de la estada y el costo por alta. Mi participacin en el
University Hospital comenz cuando me enter de los cambios que estaban ocurriendo en el
departamento de enfermera y me pidieron que fuera parte de la comprensin e institucin de esos
cambios. Como parte de un esfuerzo de todo el hospital para mejorar el desempeo financiero y de
atencin, las enfermeras estaban comenzando un programa de "prctica de enfermera diferenciada"
(Hoffart & Woods, 1996) en el que los roles de enfermera se definan en una variedad de niveles
especficos de responsabilidad. . Estos roles requeriran nueva formacin, nuevas responsabilidades
y una nueva orientacin hacia la prestacin sistematizada de cuidados. La pieza central de este
programa fue el papel de "coordinador de atencin".
Los coordinadores de atencin se definieron como enfermeras registradas encargadas de
coordinar la atencin de los pacientes desde la admisin hasta el alta. Esta coordinacin involucr la
comunicacin con los mdicos, trabajadores sociales, personal de salud aliado, representantes de
seguros y familias relevantes. Las enfermeras seleccionadas.
En la investigacin cualitativa qu trmino es ms probabl.pdf
En la investigacin cualitativa, qu trmino es ms probable que se utilice para referirse a cuestiones
centradas en la calidad metodolgica e interpretativa?
Integridad
Validez
Credibilidad
Rigor
A. Integridad
B. Validez
C. Credibilidad
D. Rigor.
En la dcada de 1990 Rusia intentaba importar ms bienes pe.pdf
En la dcada de 1990, Rusia intentaba importar ms bienes pero tena
poco que ofrecer a otros pases en trminos de exportaciones potenciales. Adems, la tasa de
inflacin de Rusia
era alto Explique el tipo de presin que estos factores ejercen sobre el rublo (ruso
divisa). (lmite de palabras: 120 palabras).
En el video de Conformidad producido por TheraminTrees se n.pdf
En el video de Conformidad producido por TheraminTrees, se nos recuerda que la presin
para conformarse es "generalizada e insidiosa" y en gran parte se debe a que percibimos
sanciones sociales por no hacerlo. Piense en una situacin reciente en el entorno
universitario cuando formaba parte de un pequeo grupo al que se le asign una tarea y, a
sabiendas, estuvo de acuerdo con la mayora a pesar de las reservas o preferencias
privadas.
1.) Describa la situacin y el papel que jug en el grupo. Describa las normas del grupo que
permitieron que esto ocurriera.
2.) El comportamiento pasivo o el comportamiento agresivo impidieron que su grupo
colaborara? (Ver colaboracin y gestin de conflictos). Explicar.
3.) En la comunicacin de grupos pequeos, ofrezca tres sugerencias que promuevan el
pensamiento crtico en el grupo y la norma para expresar abiertamente crticas legtimas con
el grupo..
En esnek sistem gelitirme metodolojisi ____________dir N.pdf
En esnek sistem gelitirme metodolojisi ____________'dir.
Nesne Ynelimli Analiz ve Tasarm
evik Gelitirme
elale Gelitirme
Kullanm rnei Modeli
Nesne Ynelimli Analiz ve
Tasarm
evik Gelitirme
elale Gelitirme
Kullanm rnei Modeli.
En el nuevo mundo de una fuerza de trabajo global y el enfoq.pdf
En el nuevo mundo de una fuerza de trabajo global y el enfoque de las empresas en la gestin
global del talento, las empresas multinacionales estn recurriendo a ms nacionales de "terceros
pases" para puestos en el extranjero. El aumento de las operaciones en los mercados
emergentes, los altos costos de las asignaciones internacionales tradicionales y la escasez de las
habilidades necesarias en muchos mercados ha llevado a la bsqueda de empleados de pases
que no sean el pas matriz de la sede o el pas anfitrin de las subsidiarias, empleados que son
denominados nacionales de terceros pases (NTP). Estos TCN a menudo obtienen trabajos
porque hablan varios idiomas (particularmente ingls y el idioma del pas anfitrin) y conocen bien
una industria o un pas extranjero. El nmero medio de nacionales de terceros pases sigue
aumentando ao tras ao, segn consultores como Organization Resources Counselors.
Pioneer Hi-Bred International emplea a 29 NTP en puestos clave en el extranjero, el triple que
hace cinco aos, en parte porque aceptan condiciones de vida difciles en frica y Oriente Medio.
Raychem tiene una docena de esos extranjeros en los principales puestos europeos, frente a los
ocho de hace unos aos. Las cifras van a aumentar a medida que la cada de las barreras
comerciales de Europa facilite la reubicacin, sugiere Edward Keible, vicepresidente senior. Un
francs dirige la filial italiana de la empresa, un belga es gerente de ventas en Francia, mientras
que un cubano encabeza la unidad en Espaa.
Scott Paper, cuyas filas de gerentes de TCN han aumentado de dos a 13 en un par de aos, dice
que intensificar la contratacin de jvenes extranjeros "dispuestos a mudarse por Europa o por el
Pacfico", dice Barbara Rice, su jefa de recursos humanos.
1. Qu problemas y cuestiones relacionados con la cultura ve en estos usos de nacionales de
terceros pases?
2. Cmo pueden entenderse y tratarse esas preocupaciones relacionadas con la cultura?
3. Qu papel debe asumir el departamento de recursos humanos internacional para hacer frente a
los problemas culturales que presenta el uso de TCN?
4. Existen otras alternativas para encontrar suficiente talento para cubrir las necesidades
globales?.
En el planeta Trogus la poblacin de Trogites tiene un gen .pdf
En el planeta Trogus, la poblacin de Trogites tiene un gen autosmico, HDZ, con dos alelos, T y t.
T es dominante a t. Los individuos con el alelo T en su genotipo muestran propensin al sorbete,
mientras que el resto prefiere el helado. En mltiples estudios de poblacin, el 60 % de los
individuos con el genotipo TT prefieren el sorbete, el 25 % de los individuos Tt prefieren el sorbete
y el 5 % de los individuos tt prefieren el sorbete.
En un cruce F1 de individuos con genotipo Tt x Tt, en la poblacin F2 de individuos que prefieren el
sorbete, cul es la probabilidad de que un individuo al azar tenga el genotipo Tt?
A. 0.991.
B 0,141.
C 0,435.
D 0,044.
E 0,522..
En el mundo acadmico el viejo adagio publicar o perecer .pdf
En el mundo acadmico, el viejo adagio publicar o perecer tiene un significado inequvoco. Esto es
especialmente cierto para Sophia Lopez, quien ha sido profesora asistente en la facultad de
farmacia durante varios aos y actualmente est en proceso de promocin a profesora asociada con
titularidad. El departamento del profesor Lpez est dirigido por la Dra. Lilly Chen, una reconocida
acadmica en investigacin mdica y farmacutica. Se sabe que la Dra. Chen obtiene beneficios (p.
ej., una "tarifa de consultora" de cifras altas, un Lexus alquilado y viajes pagados a conferencias)
de las compaas farmacuticas que otorgan a la escuela subvenciones para investigacin, que ella
utiliza para su facultad junior y posgrado. estudiantes a realizar. La Dra. Chen ha estado en la
universidad durante 20 aos y es ampliamente conocida por su estilo extravagante y confiado.
Adems de sus deberes administrativos, tiene una apretada agenda de viajes dando
presentaciones internacionales sobre el descubrimiento de frmacos. La Dra. Chen es una de las
favoritas de la administracin superior de la universidad debido a su reputacin internacional, pero
tambin porque trae grandes subvenciones gubernamentales a la universidad para su investigacin
con compaas farmacuticas. Como resultado de estas lucrativas subvenciones, se sabe que la
Dra. Chen tiene influencia y poder sobre los administradores universitarios y, en general, obtiene
lo que quiere, y la administracin mira hacia otro lado con respecto a los beneficios que obtiene de
las compaas farmacuticas. El liderazgo del Dr. Chen dentro de la escuela de farmacia no recibe
los mismos elogios. Aunque la toleran, la Dra. Chen no es muy querida entre el cuerpo docente
de la escuela. Como directora de la escuela, tiene la responsabilidad y el poder de establecer la
misin de la escuela y supervisar sus operaciones diarias, pero cuando lleva a cabo este trabajo, lo
hace sin tener en cuenta las opiniones de los dems. Los profesores rara vez dicen algo positivo
sobre la capacidad administrativa de la Dra. Chen, y a menudo la describen como una lder
motivada, egosta y arrogante. Los profesores junior son cautelosos con ella y la describen como
mezquina y autoritaria. Es dentro de este ambiente de trabajo que se encuentra Sophia Lopez.
Sophia es una madre soltera con dos hijos que lleg a los Estados Unidos desde Mxico hace seis
aos y complet su doctorado con honores. Ella tiene una visa de trabajo que le permite
permanecer en el pas, pero la visa se revisa anualmente. Cualquier paso en falso en su situacin
laboral podra significar la deportacin inmediata. Profesionalmente, Sophia ha trabajado muy duro.
Ella ensea una carga completa de clases cada semestre y tambin realiza investigaciones. Pasa
un tiempo considerable fuera de la clase asesorando a los estudiantes, escuchando sus
problemas personales y brindndoles apoyo. Sophia ha resistido la presin de participar en los
proyectos de investigacin del Dr. Chen porque no tiene tiempo y no es su .
En Inner City Health Care se atienden muchos tipos diferent.pdf
En Inner City Health Care, se atienden muchos tipos diferentes de pacientes. La mayora tiene
algn tipo de seguro, ya sea un plan privado o del empleador o un plan HMO; algunos estn en
Medicare; algunos estn en Medicaid; y, en ocasiones, un paciente no tiene ningn seguro ni
recursos financieros para pagar el tratamiento. Quien sea que programe la primera cita con el
paciente tambin inicia una conversacin corts con el paciente sobre los honorarios del proveedor y
el mtodo de pago anticipado por el paciente. Iniciar esta discusin de tarifas al comienzo de la
relacin proveedor-paciente mantiene a los pacientes informados de su responsabilidad de pago y
ayuda a los asistentes mdicos de Inner City Health Care a hacer los arreglos de crdito necesarios
con el paciente antes de que comience el tratamiento..
En el planeta CCR existe una condicin recesiva conocida com.pdf
En el planeta CCR existe una condicin recesiva conocida como Jambalaya. Las personas con
este rasgo tienen un impulso incontrolable de Rock-n-Roll. Los dos alelos en el locus del rasgo
estn etiquetados como R (rasgo) y r (tipo salvaje).
Si la probabilidad de transmitir un alelo R es 0,89, entonces cul es la probabilidad de que
cualquier nio nacido de padres portadores se vea afectado (es decir, que se mueva!)?
A 0.01
B 0,69
C 0,21
D 0,79
E 0.5.
En el maz el color del grano est gobernado por un alelo d.pdf
En el maz, el color del grano est gobernado por un alelo dominante para el color blanco (A) y por
un alelo recesivo para el amarillo (a). Una muestra aleatoria de 152 granos de una poblacin que
asume el principio de Hardy-Weinberg revela que 117 granos son blancos.
Cul es la frecuencia de individuos con el genotipo homocigoto recesivo?.
En el contexto de las tres c de la integracin vertical alg.pdf
En el contexto de las tres c de la integracin vertical, algunas actividades requieren niveles ms
bajos de coordinacin que otras para tener xito porque las actividades
1. no implican grandes inversiones
2. son de naturaleza modular
3. no son muy importantes en la cadena de valor
4. son realizados por profesionales altamente calificados.
En el desplazamiento de meta un grupo de toma de decisiones.pdf
En el desplazamiento de meta, un grupo de toma de decisiones
Opcin multiple
no est seguro de las metas y no est de acuerdo con lo que debe hacer.
no est de acuerdo en las metas, o los miembros compiten entre s por los recursos.
genera tantos objetivos como puede pero no permite la crtica de personas o ideas.
se vuelve tan ansioso por evitar el conflicto que adopta una meta o una decisin demasiado rpido.
pierde de vista su objetivo original y surge un nuevo objetivo menos importante.
Cul de las siguientes afirmaciones sobre la toma de decisiones en grupo es verdadera?
Opcin multiple
Las decisiones grupales rara vez deben usarse para abordar problemas comerciales importantes.
Hay muchas ms desventajas que ventajas en la toma de decisiones en grupo.
Si se dispone de suficiente tiempo, la mayora de las personas suelen tomar decisiones de mayor
calidad que un grupo.
Si se dispone de suficiente tiempo, los grupos suelen tomar decisiones de mayor calidad que la
mayora de los individuos.
Las decisiones individuales son generalmente ms difciles de alcanzar que las decisiones
grupales.
Kyoshi busc la sabidura colectiva de su equipo directivo para tomar una decisin. Su equipo tuvo
que decidir si los coches autnomos, los viajes espaciales o el empalme de genes seran su prxima
gran inversin. Reuni a sus gerentes en una reunin. Haruki us su fuerza de carcter y sus
habilidades oratorias para impulsar la investigacin de paneles solares. Los otros gerentes estaban
callados y Haruki los domin con sus puntos de vista. Dada la dinmica de la reunin y su resultado,
________ haba impedido que la reunin de Kyoshi lograra lo que esperaba.
Opcin multiple
pensamiento grupal
dominacin
defensa del diablo
desplazamiento de la meta
satisfaciendo
Robby decidi introducir el conflicto en su reunin de planificacin para estimular la discusin
intelectual de diferentes perspectivas sobre los problemas. Robby crea que esto era necesario
porque sus subordinados estaban participando en ________, es decir, evitando el desacuerdo por
el hecho de permanecer cordial.
Opcin multiple
dominacin
defensa del diablo
pensamiento grupal
satisfaciendo
desplazamiento de la meta
Curso: Principios de Gestin Empresarial.
Empresas de todo el mundo estn reconociendo el poder de los.pdf
Empresas de todo el mundo estn reconociendo el poder de los blogs como una forma de
mantener informados a los lectores. Cul de estos describe un weblog?
Un sitio web con funciones grficas interactivas y juegos en lnea.
Una forma protegida por contrasea de comunicarse internamente dentro de las organizaciones
Un sitio web donde los ciudadanos promedio se convierten en publicadores de informacin.
Elizabeth is saving 160000 at the beginning of each month.pdf
Elizabeth is saving $1600.00 at the beginning of each month. How soon can he retire if he wants
to have a retirement fund of $345 000.00 and interest is 11.04% p.a. compounded monthly? A.
119 months B. 127 months C. 131months D. 133months E. 138 months F. 141 months G.
143months H. 148months I. 152 months J. 154 months K. 158 months L. 162 months M.
167months.
Elija las declaracines verdaderas sobre la queratitis.pdf
Elija la(s) declaracin(es) verdadera(s) sobre la queratitis. Para marcarlo como correcto, deber
seleccionar todas las afirmaciones verdaderas, ya que puede haber ms de una respuesta
correcta.
La queratitis es una inflamacin grave de la crnea.
La queratitis protozoaria es causada por Acanthamoeba
La queratitis es menos grave que la conjuntivitis y no requiere atencin mdica.
La queratitis puede ser causada por especies virales, bacterianas, fngicas y parasitarias..
Embryonic Stem Differentiation Question 18 1 pts Pluripoten.pdf
Embryonic Stem; Differentiation Question 18 1 pts Pluripotent stem cells of an embryo reside in:
the inner cell mass the trophectoderm layer the morula the zygote Question 19 1 pts Adult stem
cells reside in tissues or organs, and possess the ability to generate the specialized cell types of
the tissue upon cell division and differentiation. Adult stem cells are best considered: multipotent
pluripotent totipotent facultative Question 20 [This is a reading/comprehension question]
Pathological changes to dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's patients result in neurite outgrowth
deficits, defects in autophagy, increase in the protein a-synuclein.
Eloise a CPA works closely with Richard a bookkeeper Yes.pdf
Eloise, a CPA, works closely with Richard, a bookkeeper. Yesterday, Eloise scheduled a meeting
with Andrei to discuss Richard's performance. Eloise explained to Andrei that generally Richard's
work is good, but over the last few months, she's noticed a lot of mistakes. When she brings the
errors to Richard's attention, he apologizes and fixes them right away, but then the next work
Richard submits has errors in it. Eloise is getting frustrated with the amount of time she has to
spend reviewing Richard's work. Andrei reminded Eloise that Richard has two young children at
home and suggested he probably just isn't getting much sleep. Andrei told Eloise to "Give it some
time. Richard just needs a good night's sleep." Question 32 options: For the background provided,
state: whether you agree or disagree with their proposed approach and why (you must provide a
specific rationale or you will not receive marks). any specific advice you would provide to
correct, alter their approach or.
El uso del anlisis de razones es una tcnica comn en la ge.pdf
El uso del anlisis de razones es una tcnica comn en la gestin financiera para interpretar los
valores de los estados financieros y ponerlos en algn contexto sobre cmo se est desempeando
una organizacin. El mismo enfoque es extremadamente valioso en la gestin de operaciones para
comprender la eficiencia con la que una organizacin produce servicios para los pacientes. Una
organizacin de proveedores de atencin mdica opera como una funcin de produccin con entradas y
salidas, tal como lo hace una fbrica que produce bienes para la venta. En el caso de una
organizacin de atencin de la salud, los insumos son variados y los ejemplos incluyen mano de
obra, suministros, uso de proveedores de servicios externos y bienes de capital para producir
mltiples tipos de productos, incluidos un da de paciente, un procedimiento quirrgico, una prueba
de diagnstico, comidas para pacientes. o visitantes, o reclamacin de reembolso. Como con
cualquier otra funcin de produccin (P), la gestin de operaciones busca maximizar el volumen de
salida (O) para una cantidad dada de entrada (I) usando la relacin: img Dependiendo de la
perspectiva del gerente, la definicin de productividad, las entradas, y las salidas utilizadas en esta
relacin pueden variar. En algunos casos, el gerente puede definir la productividad como el costo
total por unidad de produccin, un elemento de costo particular por unidad de produccin, como los
salarios. Otras perspectivas pueden evaluar la productividad como el nmero de insumos (como
horas de trabajo) por unidad de produccin. Las mtricas operativas de gestin de la atencin mdica
utilizan este mismo enfoque de funcin de produccin donde se mide la proporcin de insumos por
unidad de produccin. En este captulo se presentarn las mtricas operativas comunes y su
derivacin. MEDIDAS DE ENTRADA PARA LAS MTRICAS OPERATIVAS Existen diferentes
formas de determinar una entrada utilizada en la funcin de produccin que acabamos de describir.
Segn el objetivo de la organizacin o el problema particular que se aborde, varias medidas de
entrada pueden ser tiles para establecer controles operativos slidos. En general, un insumo se
puede medir en funcin del costo de los recursos dedicados a la produccin de atencin al paciente o
la cantidad de unidades individuales de un recurso en particular utilizado. Los costos de los
recursos a menudo se utilizan junto con la evaluacin de los resultados en el estado de resultados
de la organizacin. Por ejemplo, el costo por unidad de produccin se puede usar para determinar el
desempeo de la organizacin frente a las metas del estado de resultados al identificar si hay
resultados "buenos" o "malos" en un perodo contable determinado. Desde esta perspectiva, un
buen resultado se definira como un costo por unidad de produccin por debajo de un valor objetivo.
Por el contrario, se determinara un mal resultado si el costo por unidad de produccin estuviera por
encima de ese valor objetivo. Usar el costo por unidad de produccin como una medida d.
Elizabeth kk bir kasabada ylda yaklak 50000 dolar kazan.pdf
Elizabeth, kk bir kasabada ylda yaklak 50.000 dolar kazanan bir retmendir. ki ocuu ve denmesi
gereken bir araba notu var. Okul blgesinde, retmenler bir yllk szlemelerle alyor ve mdr her Nisan
aynda bir sonraki okul yl iin hangi retmenlerin yenileneceine karar veriyor.
Bu yln balarnda Elizabeth konumunu koruma konusunda gergindi nk snf tam bir karmaayd - kavga
eden renciler, her yerde notlandrlmam devler ve buna benzer dier hastalklar. Ancak, ubat aynn
banda, mdr Elizabeth'i arad ve ona, "Baz sorunlarn olduunu biliyoruz, ancak baz eyleri zmene izin
vermek isteyebiliriz. lerin nasl gideceini greceiz, ancak yenilenmeniz mmkn grnyor. Ayrca gelecek
yl tm retmenler iin 60.000 $'a zam yaplacan da bilin."
Daha sonra Elizabeth, mdrn temelde szlemesini yenileme sz verdiine inanarak heyecanland.
Okulda bir yl daha geirmeyi ve maana ykl bir zam yapmay bekleyen Elizabeth, snf iin toplam
500$'lk yeni malzemeler satn ald ve kardei Brandon' ziyaret etmek iin bir hafta sonu gezisi ayarlad.
Yolculuk, eski maayla asla karlayamayaca 700 dolara mal oldu.
Mart aynda mdr Elizabeth'i tekrar arad. Mdr, "Elizabeth, incelememizi yaptk. nmzdeki ay zaman
geldiinde szlemenizi yenileyeceiz. Belli ki Elizabeth kendinden gemiti. Daha byk bir daireye 3.000
$ gvenlik depozitosu koydu ve onu doldurmak iin 800 $ yeni mobilya satn ald.
Nisan aynda kontrat yenileme zaman geldiinde, mdr belli ki fikrini deitirmiti. Elizabeth'in szlemesini
yenilemeyi reddetti ve okulun Elizabeth'in almalarndan duyduu honutsuzluu dile getirdi.
fkeli -bir sonraki okul yl balamadan nce baka bir i bulmaya almaktan korkmaktan bahsetmiyorum
bile- Elizabeth okula dava at. 5.000 $ talep etti: 500 $ snf malzemeleri, 700 $ Brandon' ziyaret
gezisi iin, 3.000 $ gvenlik depozitosu ve 800 $ mobilya.
Elizabeth zarar verici gveni makul bir ekilde savunabilir mi?
Evet
HAYIR
Eer yleyse, ne kadar tazminat almas gerekir? (Ltfen cevabnz sadece rakamlarla girin, $ veya . )
cevaplanmad.
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