By 1917, both sides in World War I had resorted to defensive warfare as neither could launch a successful massive attack. There was growing discontent and mutinies in the British and French armies. Russia experienced several military defeats under Czar Nicholas II's weak leadership, which led to the November Revolution and the Bolsheviks seizing power under Vladimir Lenin. Russia then signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany to exit the war. Germany's own resources were depleted by shortages of food and supplies, and its final offensive in 1918 failed. On November 11, 1918, Germany agreed to an armistice to end the fighting based on U.S. President Woodrow Wilson's proposed Fourteen Points for negotiating a