X-RAY GENERATOR CIRCUIT DIAGRAM , PRODUCTION OF X-RAYS AND INTRACTION OF X-RAY WITH MATTER.
THIS PRESENTATION CONSISTS LOT OF ANIMATIONS YOU WOULD LOVE TO WATCHING IT.
JUST DOWNLOAD AND ENJOY
An oscillator is an amplifier which produces an output signal of significant high power whose waveform is similar to the input signal. It is an electronic circuit which generates an ac output signal without requiring any external input signal.
Behaviour of rlc circuit in dc using matlabSyed Shah
The document discusses the behavior of an RLC circuit when a DC voltage is applied. It first defines the basic components of a resistor, capacitor, and inductor. It then measures the voltage across each component when different resistor, capacitor and inductor values are used in the RLC circuit. The voltage across the resistor drops exponentially as the capacitor charges. The capacitor takes more time to charge as its capacitance increases. The inductor opposes current changes, causing the voltage across it to slow the rate of current change initially and become zero once the current stabilizes. Larger inductor values result in more time needed to store energy and more oscillations in the circuit.
The document discusses the basics of electricity including:
- Electrons flow through an atom's nucleus in orbits and electricity is the flow of electrons from atom to atom in a conductor.
- Current or amperage refers to the electrical flow in a circuit and is measured in amps. Resistance opposes the flow of current and is measured in ohms.
- There are two types of current - direct current (DC) which flows in one direction, and alternating current (AC) which flows back and forth as the polarity alternates.
- Transformers use changing magnetic fields to induce voltage in another coil and allow voltage conversion but cannot be used with direct current which produces a static magnetic field.
This document discusses different types of generators and their components. It begins by defining a generator as a device that converts mechanical energy to electricity. It then discusses common electricity terms like current, voltage, and EMF. The document outlines different types of generators including X-ray generators. It explains the workings of 3-phase, 6-pulse, and 12-pulse generators. Advantages are provided such as reduced ripple factor and increased X-rays. Overall, the document provides an overview of generators, their components, different pulse types, and their applications.
This document discusses electric circuits and their components. It begins by explaining that electric charges flow from areas of higher potential energy to lower potential energy. It then defines electrical potential energy and discusses how it arises from the position of an electric charge in an electric field. Capacitors are introduced as devices that can store electrical energy. The document defines capacitance and discusses how capacitors work. It also covers resistors, Ohm's Law, and the differences between series and parallel circuits. Key concepts like voltage, current, resistance, and how they relate are explained through examples, diagrams, and equations.
Electricity 101
- Electric charge can be positive or negative, and like charges repel while opposite charges attract. Protons have a positive charge while electrons have a negative charge.
- Electric current is the flow of electric charge carried by electrons moving between atoms. It is measured in amperes. Even small currents above 1 ampere can cause injury.
- Circuits consist of a voltage source, a load, and a path for current between them. Open circuits do not allow current to flow while closed circuits provide a complete path.
X-RAY GENERATOR CIRCUIT DIAGRAM , PRODUCTION OF X-RAYS AND INTRACTION OF X-RAY WITH MATTER.
THIS PRESENTATION CONSISTS LOT OF ANIMATIONS YOU WOULD LOVE TO WATCHING IT.
JUST DOWNLOAD AND ENJOY
An oscillator is an amplifier which produces an output signal of significant high power whose waveform is similar to the input signal. It is an electronic circuit which generates an ac output signal without requiring any external input signal.
Behaviour of rlc circuit in dc using matlabSyed Shah
The document discusses the behavior of an RLC circuit when a DC voltage is applied. It first defines the basic components of a resistor, capacitor, and inductor. It then measures the voltage across each component when different resistor, capacitor and inductor values are used in the RLC circuit. The voltage across the resistor drops exponentially as the capacitor charges. The capacitor takes more time to charge as its capacitance increases. The inductor opposes current changes, causing the voltage across it to slow the rate of current change initially and become zero once the current stabilizes. Larger inductor values result in more time needed to store energy and more oscillations in the circuit.
The document discusses the basics of electricity including:
- Electrons flow through an atom's nucleus in orbits and electricity is the flow of electrons from atom to atom in a conductor.
- Current or amperage refers to the electrical flow in a circuit and is measured in amps. Resistance opposes the flow of current and is measured in ohms.
- There are two types of current - direct current (DC) which flows in one direction, and alternating current (AC) which flows back and forth as the polarity alternates.
- Transformers use changing magnetic fields to induce voltage in another coil and allow voltage conversion but cannot be used with direct current which produces a static magnetic field.
This document discusses different types of generators and their components. It begins by defining a generator as a device that converts mechanical energy to electricity. It then discusses common electricity terms like current, voltage, and EMF. The document outlines different types of generators including X-ray generators. It explains the workings of 3-phase, 6-pulse, and 12-pulse generators. Advantages are provided such as reduced ripple factor and increased X-rays. Overall, the document provides an overview of generators, their components, different pulse types, and their applications.
This document discusses electric circuits and their components. It begins by explaining that electric charges flow from areas of higher potential energy to lower potential energy. It then defines electrical potential energy and discusses how it arises from the position of an electric charge in an electric field. Capacitors are introduced as devices that can store electrical energy. The document defines capacitance and discusses how capacitors work. It also covers resistors, Ohm's Law, and the differences between series and parallel circuits. Key concepts like voltage, current, resistance, and how they relate are explained through examples, diagrams, and equations.
Electricity 101
- Electric charge can be positive or negative, and like charges repel while opposite charges attract. Protons have a positive charge while electrons have a negative charge.
- Electric current is the flow of electric charge carried by electrons moving between atoms. It is measured in amperes. Even small currents above 1 ampere can cause injury.
- Circuits consist of a voltage source, a load, and a path for current between them. Open circuits do not allow current to flow while closed circuits provide a complete path.
This document provides an overview of key electronics concepts and components. It discusses basic concepts like capacitors, inductors, and measurements tools. It also covers topics such as types of circuits, Kirchhoff's laws, Ohm's law, resistors, and power sources. The document aims to introduce fundamental electronics principles and components.
This document is a physics investigatory project on self-inductance completed by Isha Saxena of Class IIX at Nosegay Senior Secondary School under the guidance of Mr. Rajan. The project examines how the self-inductance of a coil depends on factors like the number of turns in the coil and the material of the core. The experiment involves measuring the current through and brightness of a bulb connected in series with a coil of varying turns and core materials when powered by an AC source of changing frequency. The results show that self-inductance increases with the number of turns and permeability of the core material.
The document discusses a medical linear accelerator (LINAC). It begins with an overview and definition, explaining that a LINAC uses high-frequency electromagnetic waves to accelerate charged particles like electrons through a linear tube to produce x-rays for radiation therapy. The document then covers the history, generations, major components, and functioning of LINACs, describing how they have advanced from early bulky machines to today's computer-controlled systems that produce precise radiation beams for cancer treatment. Key components discussed include the electron gun, magnetron/klystron, waveguide system, bending magnet, and treatment head.
This document provides information about x-ray generators. It discusses the key components of x-ray generators including transformers, rectifiers, and exposure timers. The transformers are used to increase or decrease voltage in the circuit. Rectifiers convert alternating current to direct current. Exposure timers control the length of x-ray exposures. The document also describes different types of x-ray generators such as three-phase generators, power storage generators, and automatic exposure control systems.
1. Static electricity is a stationary electric charge produced by friction that causes sparks or attraction of dust. The triboelectric effect produces charge when objects rub against each other.
2. Materials are either conductors that allow electron flow or insulators that impede electron flow. Common conductors include metals and aqueous salt solutions, while common insulators include plastics, glass, and dry air.
3. Electrostatic induction modifies charge distribution on one material under the influence of a nearby charged object, allowing for charging by proximity without direct contact.
1. Static electricity is a stationary electric charge produced by friction that causes sparks or attraction of dust. The triboelectric effect produces charge when objects rub against each other.
2. Materials are either conductors that allow electron flow or insulators that impede electron flow. Common conductors include metals and aqueous salt solutions, while common insulators include plastics, glass, and dry air.
3. Electrostatic induction modifies charge distribution on one material under the influence of a nearby charged object, allowing for charging by proximity without direct contact.
This document provides an outline and overview of principles of electricity including:
- Electricity is the flow of electrons through conductors
- Direct current (DC) flows in one direction while alternating current (AC) switches direction regularly
- Ohm's law relates voltage, current, and resistance
- Transformers are used to change voltage for transmission and use
- Electrical safety hazards include shock from closing circuits and thermal injury from current passage
- Grounding, GFCIs, and line monitors help enhance safety for medical equipment and facilities
Electric stimulation works by mimicking the natural way by which the body exercises its muscles. The electrodes attached to the skin deliver impulses that make the muscles contract. It is beneficial in increasing the patient's range of motion and improves the circulation of the body.
This document provides an overview of electricity and electrical safety concepts. It begins with definitions of key electrical principles like conductors, insulators, direct current, alternating current, and Ohm's law. It then discusses electrical hazards like shocks and how grounding systems aim to reduce risk. Specific safety devices mentioned include line isolation monitors, ground fault circuit interrupters, and double insulation on equipment. The document stresses the importance of grounding for safety in operating rooms where patients are connected to electrical devices.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in atomic structure and electronics. It discusses topics like voltage, current, resistance, capacitors, diodes, transistors, integrated circuits, logic gates, and printed circuit boards. Key points covered include definitions of voltage, current, resistance and their units of measurement. Circuit components like resistors, capacitors, diodes, transistors and how they function are also summarized.
Clinical Generators in Radiotherapy by Dr.Avilash.pptxAbhilashBanerjee3
This document discusses different types of clinical generators used in radiation therapy. It describes low and high energy generators, including van de Graff generators, betatrons, cyclotrons, microtrons, and linear accelerators. It provides details on the operating principles, components, and historical development of various particle accelerators such as cyclotrons, synchrocyclotrons, and linear accelerators. It also discusses the different parts of linear accelerators including electron injection systems, radio frequency power generators, waveguides, and safety features.
This document provides an overview of the basics of electotherapy and electrical components. It discusses the structure of atoms and molecules, conduction of electricity, different types of currents including faradic and galvanic, voltage, resistance, heat effects, self-inductance, eddy currents, and skin surface effects of high frequency currents. It also describes common electrical components like resistors, transformers, capacitors, and valves/triode valves and their functions.
The document is a physics investigatory project report on self-inductance completed by a student. It includes sections on the aim, apparatus, theory, circuit diagram, procedure, observations, result, precautions, and sources of error of the experiment. The experiment aims to study how the self-inductance of a coil depends on factors like the number of turns in the coil, geometry of the coil, and nature of the core material. The student observes changes in current and brightness of a bulb in an AC circuit when inserting an iron core into the coil and varying the frequency of the AC source.
The document provides instruction on applying fundamentals of inductors in AC circuits. It includes lessons on inductive reactance, determining equivalent inductance of series and parallel inductors, and measuring inductive phase shift. Students will learn formulas for inductive reactance and equivalent inductance. Experiments will measure voltages, currents and power in inductive circuits to observe inductive behavior like 90 degree phase shift between current and voltage. The goal is for students to understand the effects of inductors in AC circuits through practical exercises and measurements.
An oscillator is an electronic circuit that generates an alternating current signal through feedback and amplification. The oscillator contains a feedback path where part of the output signal is fed back to the input. For oscillation to be sustained, the feedback signal must be larger than and in phase with the input signal. Common waveforms produced by oscillators include sinusoidal and square waves. Oscillators are classified by the waveform type and frequency range. Sine wave oscillators use inductors and capacitors (LC oscillators) or crystals to control frequency, while relaxation oscillators produce square waves. Oscillators are essential components in electronic devices and are used as stable frequency sources in applications like timers, calculators, and oscilloscopes.
This document discusses high frequency currents and their production and use in diathermy. It describes how high frequency currents are produced using thermionic valves like diodes and triodes to generate oscillations above 500,000 cycles per second. It then discusses how different types of diathermy, like shortwave and microwave, are produced using oscillators, resonator circuits, and for microwaves, a magnetron. The therapeutic effects of diathermy include increased blood flow and tissue heating, as well as its indications for pain relief and soft tissue injuries and contraindications.
This document discusses ultrasonics and its applications. It begins with an introduction to ultrasonic waves, including their properties and production methods such as magnetostriction and piezoelectric methods. Next, it describes common detection methods and applications of ultrasonics such as non-destructive testing to detect flaws in metals using ultrasonic beams. In closing, it provides a brief example of using ultrasonics for non-destructive testing to examine reflected echoes on an oscilloscope and detect flaws in materials.
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895 while experimenting with cathode rays. He noted a new type of ray coming from the cathode tube that could pass through materials and photographed his wife's hand. X-rays are produced when high-speed electrons collide with a metal target in a vacuum tube. This produces bremsstrahlung X-rays of varying energies and characteristic X-rays of specific energies related to the target material. Factors like target material, voltage, current, and filtration determine the quantity, quality, and efficiency of the X-ray beam produced.
This document provides an overview of key electronics concepts and components. It discusses basic concepts like capacitors, inductors, and measurements tools. It also covers topics such as types of circuits, Kirchhoff's laws, Ohm's law, resistors, and power sources. The document aims to introduce fundamental electronics principles and components.
This document is a physics investigatory project on self-inductance completed by Isha Saxena of Class IIX at Nosegay Senior Secondary School under the guidance of Mr. Rajan. The project examines how the self-inductance of a coil depends on factors like the number of turns in the coil and the material of the core. The experiment involves measuring the current through and brightness of a bulb connected in series with a coil of varying turns and core materials when powered by an AC source of changing frequency. The results show that self-inductance increases with the number of turns and permeability of the core material.
The document discusses a medical linear accelerator (LINAC). It begins with an overview and definition, explaining that a LINAC uses high-frequency electromagnetic waves to accelerate charged particles like electrons through a linear tube to produce x-rays for radiation therapy. The document then covers the history, generations, major components, and functioning of LINACs, describing how they have advanced from early bulky machines to today's computer-controlled systems that produce precise radiation beams for cancer treatment. Key components discussed include the electron gun, magnetron/klystron, waveguide system, bending magnet, and treatment head.
This document provides information about x-ray generators. It discusses the key components of x-ray generators including transformers, rectifiers, and exposure timers. The transformers are used to increase or decrease voltage in the circuit. Rectifiers convert alternating current to direct current. Exposure timers control the length of x-ray exposures. The document also describes different types of x-ray generators such as three-phase generators, power storage generators, and automatic exposure control systems.
1. Static electricity is a stationary electric charge produced by friction that causes sparks or attraction of dust. The triboelectric effect produces charge when objects rub against each other.
2. Materials are either conductors that allow electron flow or insulators that impede electron flow. Common conductors include metals and aqueous salt solutions, while common insulators include plastics, glass, and dry air.
3. Electrostatic induction modifies charge distribution on one material under the influence of a nearby charged object, allowing for charging by proximity without direct contact.
1. Static electricity is a stationary electric charge produced by friction that causes sparks or attraction of dust. The triboelectric effect produces charge when objects rub against each other.
2. Materials are either conductors that allow electron flow or insulators that impede electron flow. Common conductors include metals and aqueous salt solutions, while common insulators include plastics, glass, and dry air.
3. Electrostatic induction modifies charge distribution on one material under the influence of a nearby charged object, allowing for charging by proximity without direct contact.
This document provides an outline and overview of principles of electricity including:
- Electricity is the flow of electrons through conductors
- Direct current (DC) flows in one direction while alternating current (AC) switches direction regularly
- Ohm's law relates voltage, current, and resistance
- Transformers are used to change voltage for transmission and use
- Electrical safety hazards include shock from closing circuits and thermal injury from current passage
- Grounding, GFCIs, and line monitors help enhance safety for medical equipment and facilities
Electric stimulation works by mimicking the natural way by which the body exercises its muscles. The electrodes attached to the skin deliver impulses that make the muscles contract. It is beneficial in increasing the patient's range of motion and improves the circulation of the body.
This document provides an overview of electricity and electrical safety concepts. It begins with definitions of key electrical principles like conductors, insulators, direct current, alternating current, and Ohm's law. It then discusses electrical hazards like shocks and how grounding systems aim to reduce risk. Specific safety devices mentioned include line isolation monitors, ground fault circuit interrupters, and double insulation on equipment. The document stresses the importance of grounding for safety in operating rooms where patients are connected to electrical devices.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in atomic structure and electronics. It discusses topics like voltage, current, resistance, capacitors, diodes, transistors, integrated circuits, logic gates, and printed circuit boards. Key points covered include definitions of voltage, current, resistance and their units of measurement. Circuit components like resistors, capacitors, diodes, transistors and how they function are also summarized.
Clinical Generators in Radiotherapy by Dr.Avilash.pptxAbhilashBanerjee3
This document discusses different types of clinical generators used in radiation therapy. It describes low and high energy generators, including van de Graff generators, betatrons, cyclotrons, microtrons, and linear accelerators. It provides details on the operating principles, components, and historical development of various particle accelerators such as cyclotrons, synchrocyclotrons, and linear accelerators. It also discusses the different parts of linear accelerators including electron injection systems, radio frequency power generators, waveguides, and safety features.
This document provides an overview of the basics of electotherapy and electrical components. It discusses the structure of atoms and molecules, conduction of electricity, different types of currents including faradic and galvanic, voltage, resistance, heat effects, self-inductance, eddy currents, and skin surface effects of high frequency currents. It also describes common electrical components like resistors, transformers, capacitors, and valves/triode valves and their functions.
The document is a physics investigatory project report on self-inductance completed by a student. It includes sections on the aim, apparatus, theory, circuit diagram, procedure, observations, result, precautions, and sources of error of the experiment. The experiment aims to study how the self-inductance of a coil depends on factors like the number of turns in the coil, geometry of the coil, and nature of the core material. The student observes changes in current and brightness of a bulb in an AC circuit when inserting an iron core into the coil and varying the frequency of the AC source.
The document provides instruction on applying fundamentals of inductors in AC circuits. It includes lessons on inductive reactance, determining equivalent inductance of series and parallel inductors, and measuring inductive phase shift. Students will learn formulas for inductive reactance and equivalent inductance. Experiments will measure voltages, currents and power in inductive circuits to observe inductive behavior like 90 degree phase shift between current and voltage. The goal is for students to understand the effects of inductors in AC circuits through practical exercises and measurements.
An oscillator is an electronic circuit that generates an alternating current signal through feedback and amplification. The oscillator contains a feedback path where part of the output signal is fed back to the input. For oscillation to be sustained, the feedback signal must be larger than and in phase with the input signal. Common waveforms produced by oscillators include sinusoidal and square waves. Oscillators are classified by the waveform type and frequency range. Sine wave oscillators use inductors and capacitors (LC oscillators) or crystals to control frequency, while relaxation oscillators produce square waves. Oscillators are essential components in electronic devices and are used as stable frequency sources in applications like timers, calculators, and oscilloscopes.
This document discusses high frequency currents and their production and use in diathermy. It describes how high frequency currents are produced using thermionic valves like diodes and triodes to generate oscillations above 500,000 cycles per second. It then discusses how different types of diathermy, like shortwave and microwave, are produced using oscillators, resonator circuits, and for microwaves, a magnetron. The therapeutic effects of diathermy include increased blood flow and tissue heating, as well as its indications for pain relief and soft tissue injuries and contraindications.
This document discusses ultrasonics and its applications. It begins with an introduction to ultrasonic waves, including their properties and production methods such as magnetostriction and piezoelectric methods. Next, it describes common detection methods and applications of ultrasonics such as non-destructive testing to detect flaws in metals using ultrasonic beams. In closing, it provides a brief example of using ultrasonics for non-destructive testing to examine reflected echoes on an oscilloscope and detect flaws in materials.
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895 while experimenting with cathode rays. He noted a new type of ray coming from the cathode tube that could pass through materials and photographed his wife's hand. X-rays are produced when high-speed electrons collide with a metal target in a vacuum tube. This produces bremsstrahlung X-rays of varying energies and characteristic X-rays of specific energies related to the target material. Factors like target material, voltage, current, and filtration determine the quantity, quality, and efficiency of the X-ray beam produced.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Basics of crystallography, crystal systems, classes and different forms
EMT group 10 ppt.pptx
1. INTRODUCTION
• Electromagnetic oscillations refer to the repetitive back-and-forth
movement of electric and magnetic fields.
HISTORY
• 19th century when James Clerk Maxwell formulated his
electromagnetic theory.
• 1880s, Heinrich Hertz confirmed the maxwells theory.
2. SYSTEMS :
The three major systems used to produce the electromegnatic oscialltion are
here ;
Alternarting currents in LC circuit
Antenas
Electronic devices
LC CIRCUIT :
The circuit consisting of inductor and capacitor in series is
called LC circuit .
7. NUMERICAL#01
An LC circuit contains a 20 mH inductor and a 25 μ F
capacitor with an initial charge of 5 mC. The total energy
stored in the circuit initially is
Solution:
Formula:
U=Q²m/2C
Answer:0.5J
8. Numerical #02
The self-inductance and capacitance of an LC circuit are 0.20 mH and 5.0 pF.
What is the angular frequency at which the circuit oscillates?
Solution ;
Formula;
9. Free & Forced Oscillations
.
Free Oscillations:
• Oscillations in the absence of external force. Or oscillates with its natural frequency without
interference of external force.
• Only restoring force acts i.e. Fx ≠ 0 .
Natural Frequency :
• The frequency with which system oscillates in the absence of external forces is called natural
frequency of system.
MAJOR POINTS:
• Free oscillations always exist in Ideal system .
• Amplitude remains constant.
e.g
Simple pendulum when displaced from its mean position performing free oscillations.
10. Forced oscillations:
.
• Oscillations in the presence of some external forces.
• External forces may be damping force or periodic force .
e.g simple pendulum by applying external force.
guitar
floor
MAJOR POINTS:
• Forced oscillations exists in Real systems .
• Its amplitude doesn't remain constant .
• Energy also doesn’t remain constant.
Damped Oscillations:
• Oscillations whose amplitude decreases with time is called damped
oscillations .
e.g shock absorber
11. Resonance:
.
• When natural frequency of system becomes equal to frequency of applied force ,it is called
resonance.
• Its amplitude increases and energy is absorbed .