SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 10
Download to read offline
Bottom up & Top down model 
BByy:: 
DDaarrsshhiinnyy RRaajjaasseeggaarraann
BOTTOM-UP PROCESSING 
words pphhrraasseess ideas/details 
main 
themes ideas 
(Gough 1972) Theories that stress bottom-up 
processing focus on how readers extract 
information from the printed page, claiming that 
readers deal with letters and words in a relatively 
complete and systematic fashion.
TOP-DOWN PROCESSING 
main 
ideas iiddeeaass/d/deettaaiillss 
tthheemmeess main 
ideas 
wwoorrddss pphhrraasseess 
• (Goodman 1967, Smith 1971) Readers form 
hypotheses about which words they will 
encounter and take in only just enough visual 
information to test their hypotheses
Bottom up model 
Proceeds from part to whole 
( phonics approach ) 
• Learn the sounds of 26 alphabet 
letters 
• By learning these letter-sound 
relationship,decoding formula 
provided that can be applied 
whenever a child/student encounters 
an unfamiliar word.
Benefits : 
• Better pronounciation and word recognition 
• Improve spelling 
• Auditory learners tend to benefit from phonics 
approach
Top down model 
proceeds from whole to part 
( whole language approach ) 
• Read to understand 
• This approach emphasizes the meaning of texts 
• Sounds of letters and phonics just becomes one 
small component of the whole approach. 
• Readers extract their meaning from a text 
based on their prior knowledge to interpret the 
meaning of what they read
Benefits : 
• Better understanding & interesting 
approach to reading 
• More concern on meaning of text 
• Visual learners tend to benefit from 
this approach
References : 
• Donat, Dorothy J. Reading Their Way: a Balance of Phonics and Whole Language. Lanham: 
The Scarecrow P, Inc., 2003. 
• Krashen, Stephen D. Three Arguments Against Whole Language & Why They are Wrong. 
Portsmouth: Heinemann, 1999. 
• Dr. Woodrow Trathen, Appalachian State University 
• Krashen, Stephen D. "Defending Whole Language." 4 Apr. 2006 
<http://www.sdkrashen.com/articles/defending_whole_language/defending_whole_language. 
pdf>. 
• "Whole Language." Wikipedia. 23 Feb. 2006. 4 Apr. 2006 
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_language>. 
• Cromwell, Sharon. “Whole Language and Phonics: Can They Work Together?” 2 Apr. 2006 < 
http://www.education-world.com/a_curr/curr029.shtml> 
• “North Central Regional Educational Laboratory” 12 Apr. 2006 
http://www.ncrel.org/sdrs/timely/briover.htm 
• Reyhner, Jon. “The Reading Wars.” 26 March 2006 
<http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jar/Reading_Wars.html>
THANK YOU
THANK YOU

More Related Content

What's hot

Teaching Listening
Teaching ListeningTeaching Listening
Teaching ListeningDorothy 76
 
Reading theories pp
Reading theories   ppReading theories   pp
Reading theories ppGe Cornejo
 
Learning Language Theories
Learning Language Theories Learning Language Theories
Learning Language Theories Self-employed
 
How to teach reading
How to teach readingHow to teach reading
How to teach readingJenny Cadena
 
The Direct Method in Language Teaching
The Direct Method in Language TeachingThe Direct Method in Language Teaching
The Direct Method in Language TeachingSoner Kalan
 
Individual differences in second language learning
Individual differences in second language learningIndividual differences in second language learning
Individual differences in second language learningUTPL UTPL
 
Models of reading process
Models of reading processModels of reading process
Models of reading processdanae
 
Teaching Writing to EFL students
Teaching Writing to EFL studentsTeaching Writing to EFL students
Teaching Writing to EFL studentsaspired
 
Teaching Reading Skills
Teaching Reading SkillsTeaching Reading Skills
Teaching Reading SkillsFarooq Niazi
 
Deductive vs inductive teaching grammar methods.pdf
Deductive vs inductive teaching grammar methods.pdfDeductive vs inductive teaching grammar methods.pdf
Deductive vs inductive teaching grammar methods.pdfMr Bounab Samir
 
English Language Teaching Methods
English Language Teaching MethodsEnglish Language Teaching Methods
English Language Teaching MethodsHala Nur
 
Situational language teaching
Situational language teachingSituational language teaching
Situational language teachingLoc Le
 
Factors that influence second language acquisition and learning
Factors that influence second language acquisition and learningFactors that influence second language acquisition and learning
Factors that influence second language acquisition and learninglislieroyo1
 
Internal and External factors affecting the Language learning
Internal and External factors affecting the Language learningInternal and External factors affecting the Language learning
Internal and External factors affecting the Language learningDepartment of English MKBU
 
Chomsky’s Universal Grammar
Chomsky’s Universal GrammarChomsky’s Universal Grammar
Chomsky’s Universal Grammarhamedtr
 

What's hot (20)

Teaching listening
Teaching listeningTeaching listening
Teaching listening
 
Teaching Listening
Teaching ListeningTeaching Listening
Teaching Listening
 
The top down approach
The top down approachThe top down approach
The top down approach
 
Reading theories pp
Reading theories   ppReading theories   pp
Reading theories pp
 
Teaching reading
Teaching readingTeaching reading
Teaching reading
 
Learning Language Theories
Learning Language Theories Learning Language Theories
Learning Language Theories
 
How to teach reading
How to teach readingHow to teach reading
How to teach reading
 
Models of Reading
Models of ReadingModels of Reading
Models of Reading
 
The Direct Method in Language Teaching
The Direct Method in Language TeachingThe Direct Method in Language Teaching
The Direct Method in Language Teaching
 
Individual differences in second language learning
Individual differences in second language learningIndividual differences in second language learning
Individual differences in second language learning
 
Models of reading process
Models of reading processModels of reading process
Models of reading process
 
How to teach grammar
How to teach grammarHow to teach grammar
How to teach grammar
 
Teaching Writing to EFL students
Teaching Writing to EFL studentsTeaching Writing to EFL students
Teaching Writing to EFL students
 
Teaching Reading Skills
Teaching Reading SkillsTeaching Reading Skills
Teaching Reading Skills
 
Deductive vs inductive teaching grammar methods.pdf
Deductive vs inductive teaching grammar methods.pdfDeductive vs inductive teaching grammar methods.pdf
Deductive vs inductive teaching grammar methods.pdf
 
English Language Teaching Methods
English Language Teaching MethodsEnglish Language Teaching Methods
English Language Teaching Methods
 
Situational language teaching
Situational language teachingSituational language teaching
Situational language teaching
 
Factors that influence second language acquisition and learning
Factors that influence second language acquisition and learningFactors that influence second language acquisition and learning
Factors that influence second language acquisition and learning
 
Internal and External factors affecting the Language learning
Internal and External factors affecting the Language learningInternal and External factors affecting the Language learning
Internal and External factors affecting the Language learning
 
Chomsky’s Universal Grammar
Chomsky’s Universal GrammarChomsky’s Universal Grammar
Chomsky’s Universal Grammar
 

Viewers also liked

Top down reading activities
Top down reading activitiesTop down reading activities
Top down reading activitiesSumi Waan
 
Top Down and Bottom Up Design Model
Top Down and Bottom Up Design ModelTop Down and Bottom Up Design Model
Top Down and Bottom Up Design ModelAbdul Rahman Sherzad
 
12 principles of language teaching power point notes page
12 principles of language teaching power point notes page12 principles of language teaching power point notes page
12 principles of language teaching power point notes pagegiselramos90
 
Teaching Reading & Listening
Teaching Reading & ListeningTeaching Reading & Listening
Teaching Reading & ListeningAquaine Kyunnie
 
Distributed operating system amoeba case study
Distributed operating system  amoeba case studyDistributed operating system  amoeba case study
Distributed operating system amoeba case studyRamuAryan
 
Amoeba Operating System
Amoeba Operating SystemAmoeba Operating System
Amoeba Operating SystemBurhan Abbasi
 
07 software design
07   software design07   software design
07 software designkebsterz
 
Comparison of Amoeba, Mach & Chorus: DOS
Comparison of Amoeba, Mach & Chorus: DOSComparison of Amoeba, Mach & Chorus: DOS
Comparison of Amoeba, Mach & Chorus: DOSEr. Shiva K. Shrestha
 
Teaching by Principles - Brown
Teaching by Principles - BrownTeaching by Principles - Brown
Teaching by Principles - BrownDiego ElCretino
 
Three Reading Models
Three Reading ModelsThree Reading Models
Three Reading ModelsAntonette A.
 

Viewers also liked (16)

Top down reading activities
Top down reading activitiesTop down reading activities
Top down reading activities
 
Top Down and Bottom Up Design Model
Top Down and Bottom Up Design ModelTop Down and Bottom Up Design Model
Top Down and Bottom Up Design Model
 
Top down-bottom-up
Top down-bottom-upTop down-bottom-up
Top down-bottom-up
 
12 principles of language teaching power point notes page
12 principles of language teaching power point notes page12 principles of language teaching power point notes page
12 principles of language teaching power point notes page
 
Teaching Reading & Listening
Teaching Reading & ListeningTeaching Reading & Listening
Teaching Reading & Listening
 
Top down approach
Top down approachTop down approach
Top down approach
 
Distributed Operating System_4
Distributed Operating System_4Distributed Operating System_4
Distributed Operating System_4
 
Top down design
Top down designTop down design
Top down design
 
Amoeba
AmoebaAmoeba
Amoeba
 
Distributed operating system amoeba case study
Distributed operating system  amoeba case studyDistributed operating system  amoeba case study
Distributed operating system amoeba case study
 
Amoeba Operating System
Amoeba Operating SystemAmoeba Operating System
Amoeba Operating System
 
07 software design
07   software design07   software design
07 software design
 
Amoeba
AmoebaAmoeba
Amoeba
 
Comparison of Amoeba, Mach & Chorus: DOS
Comparison of Amoeba, Mach & Chorus: DOSComparison of Amoeba, Mach & Chorus: DOS
Comparison of Amoeba, Mach & Chorus: DOS
 
Teaching by Principles - Brown
Teaching by Principles - BrownTeaching by Principles - Brown
Teaching by Principles - Brown
 
Three Reading Models
Three Reading ModelsThree Reading Models
Three Reading Models
 

Similar to Bottom up & top down tutorial 2

Mamrat method direct
Mamrat method directMamrat method direct
Mamrat method directIntanKrisnia
 
Case study about IEC reading classes
Case study about IEC reading classes Case study about IEC reading classes
Case study about IEC reading classes Ehsan Ataei
 
Vocabulary c.cronon & f. hill
Vocabulary c.cronon & f. hillVocabulary c.cronon & f. hill
Vocabulary c.cronon & f. hillhillfr
 
Catesol 2010 vocabulary presentation HW Kang
Catesol 2010 vocabulary presentation HW KangCatesol 2010 vocabulary presentation HW Kang
Catesol 2010 vocabulary presentation HW KangMichaele Smith
 
Grammar translation method
Grammar translation methodGrammar translation method
Grammar translation methodhasnorothman
 
The exploring nature of vocabulary acquisition and common main gaps in the cu...
The exploring nature of vocabulary acquisition and common main gaps in the cu...The exploring nature of vocabulary acquisition and common main gaps in the cu...
The exploring nature of vocabulary acquisition and common main gaps in the cu...Dr. Seyed Hossein Fazeli
 
Improving Reading
Improving Reading Improving Reading
Improving Reading Ahmed Al-fif
 
Qualitative Journal 2
Qualitative Journal 2Qualitative Journal 2
Qualitative Journal 2amirahjuned
 
Learner Views Of Using Authentic Audio To Aid Pronunciation You Can Just Grab...
Learner Views Of Using Authentic Audio To Aid Pronunciation You Can Just Grab...Learner Views Of Using Authentic Audio To Aid Pronunciation You Can Just Grab...
Learner Views Of Using Authentic Audio To Aid Pronunciation You Can Just Grab...englishonecfl
 
LANGUAGE TEACHING and EVALUATION APPROACHES & TECHNIQUES.pptx
LANGUAGE TEACHING and  EVALUATION APPROACHES & TECHNIQUES.pptxLANGUAGE TEACHING and  EVALUATION APPROACHES & TECHNIQUES.pptx
LANGUAGE TEACHING and EVALUATION APPROACHES & TECHNIQUES.pptxJorlin2
 
LANGUAGE TEACHING and EVALUATION APPROACHES & TECHNIQUES.pptx
LANGUAGE TEACHING and  EVALUATION APPROACHES & TECHNIQUES.pptxLANGUAGE TEACHING and  EVALUATION APPROACHES & TECHNIQUES.pptx
LANGUAGE TEACHING and EVALUATION APPROACHES & TECHNIQUES.pptxJorlin2
 
Reading model
Reading modelReading model
Reading modeljhayko
 
Reading and Writing Presentation
Reading and Writing PresentationReading and Writing Presentation
Reading and Writing PresentationMarshaSmiles
 
reading instruction and learning disabilities
reading instruction and learning disabilitiesreading instruction and learning disabilities
reading instruction and learning disabilitiesCarmenlink
 
Session 3 emergent readers concept of print 2014 Sample
Session 3  emergent readers concept of print 2014  SampleSession 3  emergent readers concept of print 2014  Sample
Session 3 emergent readers concept of print 2014 Sampledrblomberg
 

Similar to Bottom up & top down tutorial 2 (20)

Mamrat method direct
Mamrat method directMamrat method direct
Mamrat method direct
 
Case study about IEC reading classes
Case study about IEC reading classes Case study about IEC reading classes
Case study about IEC reading classes
 
Vocabulary c.cronon & f. hill
Vocabulary c.cronon & f. hillVocabulary c.cronon & f. hill
Vocabulary c.cronon & f. hill
 
Catesol 2010 vocabulary presentation HW Kang
Catesol 2010 vocabulary presentation HW KangCatesol 2010 vocabulary presentation HW Kang
Catesol 2010 vocabulary presentation HW Kang
 
Grammar translation method
Grammar translation methodGrammar translation method
Grammar translation method
 
Vocabulary Instruction
Vocabulary InstructionVocabulary Instruction
Vocabulary Instruction
 
The exploring nature of vocabulary acquisition and common main gaps in the cu...
The exploring nature of vocabulary acquisition and common main gaps in the cu...The exploring nature of vocabulary acquisition and common main gaps in the cu...
The exploring nature of vocabulary acquisition and common main gaps in the cu...
 
Improving Reading
Improving Reading Improving Reading
Improving Reading
 
Qualitative Journal 2
Qualitative Journal 2Qualitative Journal 2
Qualitative Journal 2
 
Learner Views Of Using Authentic Audio To Aid Pronunciation You Can Just Grab...
Learner Views Of Using Authentic Audio To Aid Pronunciation You Can Just Grab...Learner Views Of Using Authentic Audio To Aid Pronunciation You Can Just Grab...
Learner Views Of Using Authentic Audio To Aid Pronunciation You Can Just Grab...
 
LANGUAGE TEACHING and EVALUATION APPROACHES & TECHNIQUES.pptx
LANGUAGE TEACHING and  EVALUATION APPROACHES & TECHNIQUES.pptxLANGUAGE TEACHING and  EVALUATION APPROACHES & TECHNIQUES.pptx
LANGUAGE TEACHING and EVALUATION APPROACHES & TECHNIQUES.pptx
 
LANGUAGE TEACHING and EVALUATION APPROACHES & TECHNIQUES.pptx
LANGUAGE TEACHING and  EVALUATION APPROACHES & TECHNIQUES.pptxLANGUAGE TEACHING and  EVALUATION APPROACHES & TECHNIQUES.pptx
LANGUAGE TEACHING and EVALUATION APPROACHES & TECHNIQUES.pptx
 
Reading model
Reading modelReading model
Reading model
 
Reading and Writing Presentation
Reading and Writing PresentationReading and Writing Presentation
Reading and Writing Presentation
 
Listening Skill
Listening SkillListening Skill
Listening Skill
 
Rahim
RahimRahim
Rahim
 
ReadingFirstv3
ReadingFirstv3ReadingFirstv3
ReadingFirstv3
 
reading instruction and learning disabilities
reading instruction and learning disabilitiesreading instruction and learning disabilities
reading instruction and learning disabilities
 
Teaching grammar
Teaching grammarTeaching grammar
Teaching grammar
 
Session 3 emergent readers concept of print 2014 Sample
Session 3  emergent readers concept of print 2014  SampleSession 3  emergent readers concept of print 2014  Sample
Session 3 emergent readers concept of print 2014 Sample
 

Recently uploaded

Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxPractical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxKatherine Villaluna
 
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17Celine George
 
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024UKCGE
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptxSandy Millin
 
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesHow to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesCeline George
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17Celine George
 
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17Celine George
 
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfMohonDas
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsEugene Lysak
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationMJDuyan
 
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.raviapr7
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxDr. Santhosh Kumar. N
 
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxiammrhaywood
 
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptxmary850239
 
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxPractical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxKatherine Villaluna
 
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17Celine George
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.EnglishCEIPdeSigeiro
 
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxPISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxEduSkills OECD
 
General views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepGeneral views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepobaje godwin sunday
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxPractical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
 
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
 
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
 
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesHow to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
 
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
 
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
 
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
 
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
 
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
 
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxPractical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
 
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
 
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
 
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxPISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
 
General views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepGeneral views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and step
 

Bottom up & top down tutorial 2

  • 1. Bottom up & Top down model BByy:: DDaarrsshhiinnyy RRaajjaasseeggaarraann
  • 2. BOTTOM-UP PROCESSING words pphhrraasseess ideas/details main themes ideas (Gough 1972) Theories that stress bottom-up processing focus on how readers extract information from the printed page, claiming that readers deal with letters and words in a relatively complete and systematic fashion.
  • 3. TOP-DOWN PROCESSING main ideas iiddeeaass/d/deettaaiillss tthheemmeess main ideas wwoorrddss pphhrraasseess • (Goodman 1967, Smith 1971) Readers form hypotheses about which words they will encounter and take in only just enough visual information to test their hypotheses
  • 4. Bottom up model Proceeds from part to whole ( phonics approach ) • Learn the sounds of 26 alphabet letters • By learning these letter-sound relationship,decoding formula provided that can be applied whenever a child/student encounters an unfamiliar word.
  • 5. Benefits : • Better pronounciation and word recognition • Improve spelling • Auditory learners tend to benefit from phonics approach
  • 6. Top down model proceeds from whole to part ( whole language approach ) • Read to understand • This approach emphasizes the meaning of texts • Sounds of letters and phonics just becomes one small component of the whole approach. • Readers extract their meaning from a text based on their prior knowledge to interpret the meaning of what they read
  • 7. Benefits : • Better understanding & interesting approach to reading • More concern on meaning of text • Visual learners tend to benefit from this approach
  • 8. References : • Donat, Dorothy J. Reading Their Way: a Balance of Phonics and Whole Language. Lanham: The Scarecrow P, Inc., 2003. • Krashen, Stephen D. Three Arguments Against Whole Language & Why They are Wrong. Portsmouth: Heinemann, 1999. • Dr. Woodrow Trathen, Appalachian State University • Krashen, Stephen D. "Defending Whole Language." 4 Apr. 2006 <http://www.sdkrashen.com/articles/defending_whole_language/defending_whole_language. pdf>. • "Whole Language." Wikipedia. 23 Feb. 2006. 4 Apr. 2006 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_language>. • Cromwell, Sharon. “Whole Language and Phonics: Can They Work Together?” 2 Apr. 2006 < http://www.education-world.com/a_curr/curr029.shtml> • “North Central Regional Educational Laboratory” 12 Apr. 2006 http://www.ncrel.org/sdrs/timely/briover.htm • Reyhner, Jon. “The Reading Wars.” 26 March 2006 <http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jar/Reading_Wars.html>